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The Effects of Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue on the Production and Reproductive Performance Parameters of Beef Cattle and Calves
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Agronomic Characteristics and Nutritive Value of Purple Prairie Clover (Dalea purpurea Vent) Grown in Irrigated and Dryland Conditions in Western Canada
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Impacts of Nitrogen Fertilization on Hybrid Bermudagrass During Deficit Irrigation
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Response of Turf Bermudagrass Hybrids to Induced Drought Stress Under Controlled Environment
Journal Description
Grasses
Grasses
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on all fundamental and applied fields of grass, published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus and other databases.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 22.3 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 13.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.
- Grasses is a companion journal of Agriculture and Agronomy.
Latest Articles
Effect of Harvest Age on Forage Production and Silage Quality of Pearl Millet Hybrid in Cerrado Biome
Grasses 2025, 4(3), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/grasses4030034 - 18 Aug 2025
Abstract
Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) is a promising crop for silage production in the Cerrado biome, but its use is still limited, and the ideal age for ensiling has not been well defined. This study aimed to evaluate the ADRf 6010 pearl
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Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) is a promising crop for silage production in the Cerrado biome, but its use is still limited, and the ideal age for ensiling has not been well defined. This study aimed to evaluate the ADRf 6010 pearl millet hybrid at four harvest ages for ensiling: 75, 85, 95, and 105 days after planting (DAP). Forage production (green and dry forage mass), chemical composition, and fermentation parameters were analyzed. Harvested forage was chopped into 2.0 cm particles and treated with a concentration of 1 × 105 CFU/g (Colony Forming Units; Lactobacillus plantarum CNCM I-3736 and Pediococcus acidilactici CNCM I-4622) of fresh forage. Forage mass increased linearly with harvest age. At 105 days of growth, the crop yielded 65,980 kg/ha of fresh forage and 15,569 kg/ha of dry matter. The dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations also increased with advancing harvest age. The concentrations of crude protein (CP), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) decreased with increasing harvest age before ensiling. In the silages, pH, ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), effluent loss, gas losses, and silage density decreased linearly, while DM recovery increased. With advancing harvest age, there was a positive linear increase in the concentrations of DM, NDF, and acid detergent fiber (ADF). On the other hand, CP, NFC, and IVDMD showed a negative linear trend. Based on the results, the ADRf 6010 pearl millet hybrid demonstrated high forage yield and favorable fermentative characteristics when harvested at different growth stages during the summer season. Advancing harvest age resulted in increased forage mass, dry matter content, and dry matter recovery, along with reduced fermentation losses such as effluents and gases. Although later harvests led to reductions in crude protein concentration and in vitro digestibility, these effects were compensated for by the higher dry matter yield per hectare and better preservation conditions. Thus, ADRf 6010 pearl millet is a promising crop for silage production under tropical conditions.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Forage in Sustainable Agriculture)
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Effect of 24-Epibrassinolide Plant Hormone Rates on the Level of Macronutrients in Forage Sorghum Plants Subjected to Water Deficit and Rehydration
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Daniele Monteiro Ribeiro, Sabrina de Nazaré Barbosa dos Santos, Dayana Castilho dos Santos Ferreira, Júlia Fernanda Ferreira de Miranda, Job Teixeira de Oliveira, Fernando França da Cunha, Caio Lucas Alhadas de Paula Velloso, Priscilla Andrade Silva and Cândido Ferreira de Oliveira Neto
Grasses 2025, 4(3), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/grasses4030033 - 12 Aug 2025
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Forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.)) is a cereal native to Africa and belongs to the family Poaceae. It is a forage with a C4 photosynthetic pathway that stands out for its ability to adapt to different environments; it is able to produce
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Forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.)) is a cereal native to Africa and belongs to the family Poaceae. It is a forage with a C4 photosynthetic pathway that stands out for its ability to adapt to different environments; it is able to produce even in unfavorable circumstances. The objective of this study was to analyze the attenuating effect of the brassinosteroid hormone in the form of 24-epibrassinolide on forage sorghum plants subjected to water deficit and rehydration. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used in the experiment. A 2 × 3 × 5 factorial arrangement was used, with two water conditions (water deficit and rehydration), three brassinosteroid doses (0 nM, 50 nM, and 100 nM as 24-epibrassinolide), and five replicates. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse. Sorghum seeds were sown in pots with a capacity of 3 kg of substrate. Analyses were performed on the roots and leaves of sorghum plants at different growth stages. The macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) were analyzed in the soil physics laboratory. As a result, the content of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg decreased under a water deficit and was then restored by the hormone 24-epibrassinolide, which was able to restore these nutrients. The effect of the hormone under rehydration had a positive effect, increasing the levels of nutrients. Given the above, it was possible to conclude that there were no significant divergences between the treatments during the period of irrigation suspension. Among the tested concentrations, 50 nM of 24-epibrassinolide showed the most consistent improvements in nutrient concentrations under water-deficit conditions, suggesting a potential role in mitigating nutritional imbalance during stress. Rehydrated plants maintained nutrient levels similar to the controls regardless of 24-epibrassinolide application. However, it is important to note that nutritional quality indices such as crude protein and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were not evaluated in this study, which limits direct conclusions about the forage nutritional value.
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Open AccessArticle
Performance of Mombaça Grass Under Irrigation and Doses of Biodegradable Hydroretentive Polymer
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Amilton Gabriel Siqueira de Miranda, Policarpo Aguiar da Silva, Job Teixeira de Oliveira and Fernando França da Cunha
Grasses 2025, 4(3), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/grasses4030032 - 9 Aug 2025
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Biodegradable hydroretentive polymers, such as UPDT®, have emerged as promising alternatives to synthetic hydrogels, particularly in pasture systems where sustainable water management is crucial. These materials enhance subsurface drip irrigation by maintaining soil moisture, which supports germination and early root development
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Biodegradable hydroretentive polymers, such as UPDT®, have emerged as promising alternatives to synthetic hydrogels, particularly in pasture systems where sustainable water management is crucial. These materials enhance subsurface drip irrigation by maintaining soil moisture, which supports germination and early root development until roots access deeper water reserves. However, their degradation dynamics in tropical forage systems remain poorly characterized, posing a challenge to long-term application strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different UPDT® doses (0, 7.5, 15, 22.5, and 30 kg ha−1) on the morphological and agronomic traits of Mombaça grass under controlled conditions. After a uniformity cycle, treatments were evaluated across four cultivation cycles with monitored irrigation to avoid water deficits. Morphogenetic traits such as number of live leaves (NLL), final number of emerging leaves (NEmL), leaf appearance rate (LAR), and stem elongation rate (SER), as well as shoot dry mass (SDM), were analyzed. Results showed that morphological variables responded quadratically to polymer doses during the initial and intermediate cycles. In the final cycle, reductions in these traits and in water productivity suggested the onset of polymer degradation and loss of hydroretentive capacity. Agronomic traits were influenced throughout all cycles, with the fourth cycle showing the highest SDM due to elevated temperatures. These findings highlight the need to better understand the degradation kinetics of biodegradable hydrogels such as UPDT® in tropical pastures. Field trials are recommended to define optimal reapplication intervals and integrate degradation monitoring into irrigation planning, ensuring long-term sustainability in pasture management.
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Open AccessArticle
Absence of Sulfur Fertilization at Establishment in Urochloa brizantha Cultivars
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Carlos Eduardo Avelino Cabral, Luis Carlos Oliveira Borges, Anna Cláudia Cardoso Paimel, Eildson Souza de Oliveira Silva, Izabela Aline Gomes da Silva, Camila Fernandes Domingues Duarte, Lucas Gimenes Mota, Anne Caroline Dallabrida Avelino and Carla Heloisa Avelino Cabral
Grasses 2025, 4(3), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/grasses4030031 - 5 Aug 2025
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Sulfur-containing fertilizers increase production costs, which leads to low utilization of this nutrient. Thus, evaluating how the absence of sulfur influences the early development of Urochloa brizantha is essential. Study was conducted in a greenhouse at the Federal University of Rondonópolis in a
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Sulfur-containing fertilizers increase production costs, which leads to low utilization of this nutrient. Thus, evaluating how the absence of sulfur influences the early development of Urochloa brizantha is essential. Study was conducted in a greenhouse at the Federal University of Rondonópolis in a completely randomized design, with six treatments in a 3 × 2 factorial scheme, and eight replications. Three cultivars of U. brizantha (Marandu, Xaraés and Piatã) were evaluated under two fertilization strategies: with or without sulfur fertilization. Sufur presence increased the number of leaves and forage mass, in which cultivar Xaraés presented the greatest means. Piatã was the cultivar most sensitive to sulfur deficiency at establishment, which reduced forage mass, number of leaves and number of tillers by 42%, 32%, and 45%, respectively. Despite these differences between cultivars, sulfur efficiently increased the forage yield. Sulfur fertilization increased the concentrations of nutrients in the plants without significantly affecting the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Sulfur omission resulted in increased phosphorus uptake in all grass. In contrast, Marandu grass exhibited the greatest reduction in sulfur uptake. Therefore, the use of sulfur in the fertilization of grasses is recommended, it is important to evaluate the responses of each cultivar to better adjust the fertilization management.
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Open AccessArticle
Does the Slope Aspect Really Affect the Soil Chemical Properties, Growth and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization of Centipedegrass in a Hill Pasture?
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Manabu Tobisa, Yoshinori Uchida and Yoshinori Ikeda
Grasses 2025, 4(3), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/grasses4030030 - 16 Jul 2025
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (AMF) form a symbiotic association with terrestrial plants and increase growth and productivity. The relationships between the growth of centipedegrass (CG) and AMF are not well understood. We monitored the growth and AM colonization of CG growing on the
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (AMF) form a symbiotic association with terrestrial plants and increase growth and productivity. The relationships between the growth of centipedegrass (CG) and AMF are not well understood. We monitored the growth and AM colonization of CG growing on the four slopes (north, east, south, and west) of a pasture, to obtain information on aspect differences in the soil chemical properties–grass–AMF association. Soil properties almost always varied between the slope aspects. The total soil N, C, EC, and moisture tended to be highest on the northern aspect, whereas the soil available P and pH tended to be highest on the western and southern aspects, respectively. Despite the aspect differences in the microclimate and soil properties, CG grew well in all aspects, showing similar dry matter weights (DMW) for the fouraspects. Furthermore, the AM colonization of CG, in any characteristic structures (internal hyphae, vesicles, and arbuscules), was not significantly different between the slope aspects on most measurement occasions, although the colonization usually varied between the seasons and years. There were no relationships between the DMW and AM characteristic structure colonization and between the DMW and soil chemical properties. However, the colonization of the arbuscules and vesicles of the CG had a correlation with some soil chemical properties. The results suggest that AM colonization on CG growing in a hill pasture did not differ between the slope aspects. This may be a factor contributing to the high adaptability of the grass to all slope aspects.
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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
The Effects of Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue on the Production and Reproductive Performance Parameters of Beef Cattle and Calves
by
Amber A. Taylor, John H. Fike, Vitor R. G. Mercadante and Gabriel J. Pent
Grasses 2025, 4(3), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/grasses4030029 - 15 Jul 2025
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Records from 2012 to 2019 for two herds were analyzed to determine how tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumont) endophyte (Epichloë coenophialum) status affected the productivity of spring-calving cows and calves. Pastures either contained tall fescue with wildtype endophyte (high
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Records from 2012 to 2019 for two herds were analyzed to determine how tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumont) endophyte (Epichloë coenophialum) status affected the productivity of spring-calving cows and calves. Pastures either contained tall fescue with wildtype endophyte (high levels of ergot alkaloids) or novel- or endophyte-free tall fescue (largely ergot alkaloid free). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with year as the replication unit. Forage samples from the farm with toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue contained 1136 ± 413 ppb total ergot alkaloids, while forage from the non-toxic pastures on the second farm contained 118 ± 83 ppb total ergot alkaloids. Artificial insemination pregnancy rates and calving rates were greater (p < 0.05) for cows that grazed non-toxic tall fescue (51.2 ± 2.8% and 93.5 ± 1.4%, respectively) than for cows on toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue (43.3 ± 2.8% and 88.8 ± 1.4%, respectively). Birth weights and weaning weights were greater (p < 0.05) for calves from the non-toxic tall fescue system (37 ± 1 kg and 278 ± 8 kg, respectively) than for calves from the toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue system (33 ± 1 kg and 254 ± 8 kg, respectively). Raising cattle on tall fescue without the toxic endophyte improved cow and calf productivity.
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Open AccessArticle
Can Molybdenum Fertilization Enhance Protein Content and Digestibility of Sorghum Single Cropped and Intercropped with Cowpea?
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Nágila Sabrina Guedes da Silva, Alexandre Campelo de Oliveira, Baltazar Cirino Júnior, Rhaiana Oliveira de Aviz, Kedes Paulo Pereira, Domingos Sávio Marques de Menezes Vieira, Claudenilde de Jesus Pinheiro Costa, Jucelane Salvino de Lima, Jamiles Carvalho Gonçalves de Souza Henrique and Evaristo Jorge Oliveira de Souza
Grasses 2025, 4(3), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/grasses4030028 - 2 Jul 2025
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Molybdenum fertilization represents a viable alternative for improving forage quality, potentially complementing or enhancing the effects of nitrogen fertilization. This study aimed to determine whether foliar or soil application of molybdenum would increase the crude protein content and digestibility of sorghum cultivated as
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Molybdenum fertilization represents a viable alternative for improving forage quality, potentially complementing or enhancing the effects of nitrogen fertilization. This study aimed to determine whether foliar or soil application of molybdenum would increase the crude protein content and digestibility of sorghum cultivated as a monoculture or intercropped with cowpea. The first experiment followed a 2 × 2 + 2 factorial design, including two application methods (foliar or soil), two cropping systems (monoculture or intercropping), and two additional control treatments (with and without molybdenum). In the second experiment, a split-plot design was used to assess the effects of molybdenum fertilization on the in situ digestibility of sorghum from monoculture and intercropping systems. Molybdenum fertilization increased the levels of crude protein, total carbohydrates, and soluble fractions. It also enhanced the disappearance rate, potential degradability, and effective degradability of sorghum, regardless of the application method or cropping system. Foliar or soil application of molybdenum is recommended to optimize the crude protein content and in situ digestibility of sorghum cultivated either as a monoculture or intercropped with cowpea.
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Open AccessArticle
Agronomic Characteristics and Nutritive Value of Purple Prairie Clover (Dalea purpurea Vent) Grown in Irrigated and Dryland Conditions in Western Canada
by
Yuxi Wang, Alan Iwaasa, Tim McAllister and Surya Acharya
Grasses 2025, 4(3), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/grasses4030027 - 2 Jul 2025
Abstract
Three purple prairie clover (PPC; Dalea purpurea Vent.) varieties, namely Common seed (CS), AC Lamour (ACL) and Bismarck (BIS), were established in plots of irrigated land (rain-fed plus irrigation, Lethbridge, AB) and dryland (rain-fed only, Swift Current, SK) to assess its agronomic characteristics
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Three purple prairie clover (PPC; Dalea purpurea Vent.) varieties, namely Common seed (CS), AC Lamour (ACL) and Bismarck (BIS), were established in plots of irrigated land (rain-fed plus irrigation, Lethbridge, AB) and dryland (rain-fed only, Swift Current, SK) to assess its agronomic characteristics and nutritive value under different ecoclimate and growing conditions in Western Canada. Each seed source was replicated in four test plots arranged as a randomized complete block design at each experimental site. Forage mass on dry matter (DM) basis, canopy height, proportions of leaf and stem and nutritive value were determined at vegetative (VEG), full flower (FF) and late flower (LF) phenological stages. The forage masses of the three PPC varieties were similar (p < 0.05) at each phenological stage with the mean values for VFG, FF and LF being 4739, 4988 and 6753 kg DM/ha under the Lethbridge irrigated conditions, and 1423, 2014 and 2297 kg DM/ha under the Swift Current dryland conditions. The forage mass was higher (p < 0.001) under Lethbridge irrigation than under Swift Current dryland conditions and increased (p < 0.05) with maturity. The three varieties had similar concentrations of organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and crude protein (CP) and in vitro DM digestibility (DMD) at each phenological stage, but CP concentration and in vitro DMD decreased (p < 0.001) whilst NDF and ADF concentration increased (p < 0.001) with maturity. Purple prairie clover grown at Lethbridge irrigated land had higher (p < 0.001) DMD, OM and CP, but lower (p < 0.001) NDF, ADF and condensed tannin concentrations than that grown at Swift Current dryland conditions. These results indicate that PPC has great potential as an alternative legume forage for the cattle industry.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Forage in Sustainable Agriculture)
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Feasibility of Organic Fertilization for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Compared to Mineral Fertilization
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Sirio Douglas da Silva dos Reis, Marco Antonio Previdelli Orrico Junior, Michely Tomazi, Ana Carolina Amorim Orrico, Stéfane de Sousa Cunha and Isabele Paola de Oliveira Amaral
Grasses 2025, 4(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/grasses4020026 - 16 Jun 2025
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different nitrogen sources (urea, compost, and digestate) on N2O and CH4 emissions and the forage production of Piatã grass in tropical pastures, with the aim of identifying the fertilization
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different nitrogen sources (urea, compost, and digestate) on N2O and CH4 emissions and the forage production of Piatã grass in tropical pastures, with the aim of identifying the fertilization practices that can balance productivity with environmental mitigation. The experiment included 10 forage cuts over a period of 14 months, from January 2017 to February 2018. The CH4 and N2O emissions were monitored using closed chambers and analyzed by gas chromatography. The forage production was assessed by weighing and drying the material. The emission intensity was calculated based on the global warming potential of the gases. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and compared by Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05). Fertilizer application increased the N2O emissions, with the highest flux (79.56 mg N-N2O/m2/day) observed for the digestate treatment (p < 0.01). The N2O consumption was the most significant for the control treatment (−5.90 mg N-N2O/m2/day) in July. The CH4 oxidation was prevalent across all the treatments, with the highest oxidation for the urea treatment (−49.80 µg C-CH4/m2/day) two days after fertilization. The dry matter production (DMP) was the highest with urea during the summer (16.9 t/ha; p < 0.01). The emission intensity values were 243.41 kg CO2eq/t DM for urea, 103.44 kg CO2eq/t DM for digestate, and 27.35 kg CO2eq/t DM for compost (p < 0.01). The compost application stimulated CH4 oxidation. In conclusion, compost can be considered an important alternative for fertilizing pasture areas, both from a productive and environmental perspective.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Grasses)
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Open AccessArticle
Impacts of Nitrogen Fertilization on Hybrid Bermudagrass During Deficit Irrigation
by
Reagan W. Hejl, Matthew M. Conley, Julia G. Farias, Desalegn D. Serba and Clinton F. Williams
Grasses 2025, 4(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/grasses4020025 - 13 Jun 2025
Abstract
Fertilizer application is a critical component of turfgrass management as it influences growth, color, stress tolerance, and overall quality. However, limited information exists on how fertilizer application, particularly nitrogen (N), affects hybrid bermudagrass performance and actual plant evapotranspiration (ETa) in both
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Fertilizer application is a critical component of turfgrass management as it influences growth, color, stress tolerance, and overall quality. However, limited information exists on how fertilizer application, particularly nitrogen (N), affects hybrid bermudagrass performance and actual plant evapotranspiration (ETa) in both well-watered and deficit irrigation scenarios. A 7-week greenhouse experiment was conducted over two replicated runs to evaluate responses of ‘TifTuf’ hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. traansvalensis Burtt Davy) to three nitrogen rates (0, 2.4, and 4.8 g N m−2 month−1) and three irrigation levels (1.0, 0.65, and 0.30 × ETa). Fertilized turfgrass exhibited 11–12% greater ETa compared to unfertilized turfgrass, with no significant differences between the two fertilizer rates. Under well-watered conditions (1.0 × ETa), the high nitrogen rate significantly improved visual quality (7.8) relative to the unfertilized control (7.1) and the low-rate treatment (7.4). High-rate fertilizer application significantly enhanced visual quality at both deficit levels (7.2 and 6.6, at 0.65 and 0.30 × ETa, respectively) compared to the unfertilized control (6.2 and 5.9, at 0.65 and 0.30 × ETa, respectively). At 0.30 × ETa, low-rate fertilizer application also significantly improved visual quality (7.0) compared to the unfertilized control. Soil nitrate-N levels increased with higher nitrogen application (1.30 ppm, 0.48 ppm, and 0.37 ppm, respectively, for high-rate, low-rate, and unfertilized), and shoot tissue analysis revealed greater N concentration in fertilized turfgrass (1.51%, 1.24%, and 0.85%, respectively, for high-rate, low-rate, and unfertilized). Clipping production and water use efficiency (WUE) were also improved with fertilization, although root development was hindered at the 0.30 × ETa irrigation level. These findings demonstrate that nitrogen fertilization improves visual quality, shoot growth, WUE, and drought response; however, tradeoffs such as elevated water use and nitrate-N leaching risk necessitate careful management to balance turfgrass performance with water conservation and ecosystem service preservation.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Turfgrass Management)
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Open AccessArticle
Root and Shoot Biomass Contributions to Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Under Grazing Intensity and Crop Rotation in an Integrated Crop–Livestock System
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Lucas Aquino Alves, Fernando Arnuti, Leandro Bittencourt de Oliveira, Moacir Tuzzin de Moraes, Luiz Gustavo de Oliveira Denardin, Ibanor Anghinoni, Paulo César de Faccio Carvalho and Tales Tiecher
Grasses 2025, 4(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/grasses4020024 - 9 Jun 2025
Abstract
In integrated crop–livestock systems (ICLSs), grazing intensity and crop rotation influence residue dynamics, making it essential to assess shoot and root contributions to soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) inputs. This study aimed to assess the shoot and root biomass of Italian ryegrass,
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In integrated crop–livestock systems (ICLSs), grazing intensity and crop rotation influence residue dynamics, making it essential to assess shoot and root contributions to soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) inputs. This study aimed to assess the shoot and root biomass of Italian ryegrass, soybean, and maize; the distribution of roots within the soil profile; and the contributions of shoot and root biomass to soil C and N under varying winter grazing intensities and summer crop rotations. The experiment was conducted within a long-term (12-year) field protocol, arranged in a randomized complete block design with split plots and four replicates. Grazing intensity was defined as the following: (i) moderate grazing—forage allowance equivalent to 2.5 times the potential dry matter intake of sheep, and (ii) low grazing—forage allowance equivalent to 5.0 times the intake potential. Grazing intensities (moderate and low) were allocated to the main plots, while cropping systems—monoculture (soybean/soybean) and crop rotation (soybean/maize)—were assigned to the subplots. Soil depth layers (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, and 30–40 cm) were treated as sub-subplots. Root samples of Italian ryegrass, soybean, and maize were collected using the soil monolith method. Low grazing intensity (8.6 Mg ha−1) promoted greater aboveground biomass production of Italian ryegrass compared to moderate intensity (6.6 Mg ha−1). Maize exhibited a higher capacity for both root and shoot biomass accumulation, with average increases of 85% and 120%, respectively, compared to soybean. Root biomass was primarily concentrated in the surface soil layer, with over 70% located within the top 10 cm. Italian ryegrass showed a more uniform root distribution throughout the soil profile compared to soybean and maize. Carbon inputs were higher under crop rotation (17.2 Mg ha−1) than under monoculture (15.0 Mg ha−1), whereas nitrogen inputs were greater in soybean monoculture (0.23 Mg ha−1) than in crop rotation (0.16 Mg ha−1). Low grazing intensity in winter and summer crop rotation with high-residue and quality species enhance the balance between productivity and soil C and N inputs, promoting the sustainability of ICLSs.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Grazing Management)
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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Response of Turf Bermudagrass Hybrids to Induced Drought Stress Under Controlled Environment
by
Mitiku A. Mengistu, Desalegn D. Serba, Matthew M. Conley, Reagan W. Hejl, Yanqi Wu and Clinton F. Williams
Grasses 2025, 4(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/grasses4020023 - 5 Jun 2025
Abstract
Bermudagrass is a warm-season turfgrass commonly grown in drought-prone areas. Harnessing natural genetic variation available in germplasm is a principal strategy to enhance its resilience to drought stress. This study was carried out to assess the comparative performance of bermudagrass hybrids under drought
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Bermudagrass is a warm-season turfgrass commonly grown in drought-prone areas. Harnessing natural genetic variation available in germplasm is a principal strategy to enhance its resilience to drought stress. This study was carried out to assess the comparative performance of bermudagrass hybrids under drought conditions and their subsequent recovery following the drought period. A total of 48 hybrids, including 2 commercial cultivars, ‘Tifway’ and ‘TifTuf’, were established under optimum growth conditions in the greenhouse and then subjected to drought stress by withholding irrigation for four weeks. The dry-down experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Turf color, visual quality, and active spectral reflectance data were collected weekly and used to assess the health and vigor of the hybrids during progression of the drought stress for four weeks and through recovery after rewatering. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the hybrids for color, visual quality, and spectral vegetation indices. A multivariate analysis grouped the hybrids into drought-tolerant with full recovery after rewatering, moderately tolerant, and susceptible to extended drought stress without recovery. These results showed the prevalence of genetic variation for drought tolerance and proved instrumental in the development of bermudagrass cultivars resilient to drought stress and improved water use efficiency.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Turfgrass Management)
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Open AccessReview
Mixing Tropical Perennial Forage Grasses in Pastures—An Opportunity for Sustainable Intensification
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Alex Marciano dos Santos Silva, Emanoella Karol Saraiva Otaviano, Caio Macret Gomes, Alexandre Fameli Mammana, Larissa Fernanda Garcia Carvalho and Sila Carneiro da Silva
Grasses 2025, 4(2), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/grasses4020022 - 26 May 2025
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Botanical richness and diversity play crucial roles in regulating ecosystem functions and contribute to the sustainable intensification of perennial grasslands. This approach can be achieved through simultaneous or partial production of grasses in the same field, leading to enhanced productivity, reduced dependence on
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Botanical richness and diversity play crucial roles in regulating ecosystem functions and contribute to the sustainable intensification of perennial grasslands. This approach can be achieved through simultaneous or partial production of grasses in the same field, leading to enhanced productivity, reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers and pesticides, and mitigating effects of edaphoclimatic variations. However, the existing literature predominantly focuses on associations between forage grasses and legumes or annual species. Furthermore, the subject should be explored under tropical conditions and environments, particularly considering the associations among well-managed perennial forage grasses. The interaction among perennial tropical forage grasses presents an alternative for exploration in the tropics, given the vast diversity of species and genotypes available. This review discusses the existing literature on multispecific pastures, elucidating the potential benefits for pastoral ecosystems. The association of perennial tropical forage grasses represents an emerging research area offering strategic opportunities for the sustainable intensification of animal production systems. Mixed pastures may be an economical and ecological alternative and enhance the production and sustainability of forage systems in the tropics. However, challenges persist in selecting plant species to achieve multifunctionality and understanding the underlying mechanisms shaping botanical diversity and productive performance within an association. This review emphasizes that understanding the morphological and agronomic characteristics of species and genotypes intended for cultivation in association is key to grasping the dynamics of competition for aboveground and belowground resources and creating combinations that deliver specific ecosystem services.
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Open AccessArticle
An Economic Evaluation of an Intensive Silvo-Pastoral System in San Martín, Peru
by
John Jairo Junca Paredes, Sandra Guisela Durango Morales and Stefan Burkart
Grasses 2025, 4(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/grasses4020021 - 20 May 2025
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The cattle sector plays a critical role in Peru’s agricultural economy, yet it faces challenges related to low productivity and environmental degradation. Sustainable alternatives like silvo-pastoral systems (SPSs) offer promising solutions to enhance both economic returns and ecological outcomes in cattle farming. This
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The cattle sector plays a critical role in Peru’s agricultural economy, yet it faces challenges related to low productivity and environmental degradation. Sustainable alternatives like silvo-pastoral systems (SPSs) offer promising solutions to enhance both economic returns and ecological outcomes in cattle farming. This study examines the economic viability of an intensive SPS (SPSi) compared to traditional monoculture grass systems in San Martín, Peru. The SPSi under study is in the evaluation phase, integrates grasses, legumes, shrubs, and trees, and has the potential to enhance cattle farming profitability while simultaneously offering environmental benefits such as improved soil health and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Through a discounted cash flow model over an eight-year period, key profitability indicators—Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Benefit–Cost Ratio (BC), and payback period—were estimated for four dual-purpose cattle production scenarios: a traditional system and three SPSi scenarios (pessimistic, moderate, and optimistic). Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to assess risk, ensuring robust results. The results show that the NPV for the traditional system was a modest USD 61, while SPSi scenarios ranged from USD 9564 to USD 20,465. The IRR improved from 8.17% in the traditional system to between 26.63% and 30.33% in SPSi scenarios, with a shorter payback period of 4.5 to 5.8 years, compared to 7.98 years in the traditional system. Additionally, the SPSi demonstrated a 30% increase in milk production and a 50% to 250% rise in stocking rates per hectare. The study recommends, subject to pending validations through field trials, promoting SPSi adoption through improved access to credit, technical assistance, and policy frameworks that compensate farmers for ecosystem services. Policymakers should also implement monitoring mechanisms to mitigate unintended consequences, such as deforestation, ensuring that SPSi expansion aligns with sustainable land management practices. Overall, the SPSi presents a viable solution for achieving economic resilience and environmental sustainability in Peru’s cattle sector.
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Open AccessArticle
Phosphorus Use Efficiency: Morphogenetic and Productive Responses of Brachiaria decumbens Genotypes (Syn: Urochloa decumbens)
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Néstor Eduardo Villamizar Frontado, Gelson dos Santos Difante, Alexandre Romeiro de Araújo, Denise Baptaglin Montagner, Jéssica Gomes Rodrigues, Gabriela Oliveira de Aquino Monteiro, Manuel Cláudio Motta Macedo, Marislayne de Gusmão Pereira, Amanda Eunice Silva Moura and Eduardo Weisz Arze
Grasses 2025, 4(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/grasses4020020 - 14 May 2025
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This study evaluated the phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) in two genotypes and one cultivar of Brachiaria decumbens (HD1, HD4, and Basilisk) and the productive, morphogenic, and structural responses. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with five P rates (0, 13, 26, 52,
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This study evaluated the phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) in two genotypes and one cultivar of Brachiaria decumbens (HD1, HD4, and Basilisk) and the productive, morphogenic, and structural responses. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with five P rates (0, 13, 26, 52, and 104 mg dm−3). There was no forage × P rate interaction (p > 0.05), but the P rates affected the leaf appearance rate (TAR; p = 0.0314), leaf life span (LLS; p = 0.0207), phyllochron (PC; p = 0.0207), leaf elongation rate (LER; p = 0.0350), stem elongation rate (SER; p = 0.0109), and the number of live leaves (NLL; p = 0.0033). The LAR, LLS, and PC followed quadratic trends, increasing up to 52 mg dm−3, while the PC declined. The FLL, SER, and NLL increased linearly. HD1 had the highest final leaf length, LER, and NLL, while Basilisk had the lowest. There was an interaction for tiller population density (p = 0.0431), with increases of 0.26, 0.28, and 0.24 tillers for HD4, HD1, and Basilisk, respectively. Forage production (FP) increased with P, gaining 0.51 g of DM for each mg dm−3 of P added. The HD1 genotype showed higher FLL, LER, NLL, FP, and higher PUE than the HD4 genotype and the Basilisk cultivar. HD1 was more responsive to higher P rates for root production, indicating a greater need for nutrients to reach its productive potential. Phosphate fertilization positively influenced morphogenesis and forage production in the evaluated genotypes and cultivars. The HD1 genotype stood out in relation to the others, showed superiority in forage and root production, and demonstrated greater efficiency in the use of P, at a dose of 13 mg dm−3.
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Open AccessArticle
Overcoming Forage Challenges in Mesophytic Grasslands—The Advantages of Lotus tenuis
by
María Elena Vago, Paula Virginia Fernández, Juan Pedro Ezquiaga, Santiago Javier Maiale, Andrés Alberto Rodriguez, Juan Manuel Acosta, Maximiliano Gortari, Oscar Adolfo Ruiz and Marina Ciancia
Grasses 2025, 4(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/grasses4020019 - 7 May 2025
Cited by 1
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Previous studies in the Salado River Basin (Argentina) demonstrated that the introduced forage species, Lotus tenuis Waldst. & Kit. ex Wild. (Fabaceae), possesses high tolerance to abiotic stresses—including flooding, alkalinity, salinity, and drought. The efficient biological fixation of nitrogen in a region
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Previous studies in the Salado River Basin (Argentina) demonstrated that the introduced forage species, Lotus tenuis Waldst. & Kit. ex Wild. (Fabaceae), possesses high tolerance to abiotic stresses—including flooding, alkalinity, salinity, and drought. The efficient biological fixation of nitrogen in a region with a scarce presence of native legumes is one of its advantages. Despite these qualities, a year-long characterization of cell wall (CW) polysaccharides in Lotus tenuis and their relationship with the high nutritional quality is missing. In this study, seasonal parametric investigations of L. tenuis, regarding its photosynthetic and ionic status, modifications in CW composition, and concomitant nutritional quality, were performed. Our results demonstrate the high plant digestibility and protein content of this legume, even in summer, when most accompanying species reduce their forage quality. Regarding gas production kinetics (in vitro production is a proxy for the animal rumen’s output), spring biomass had the highest values. The CW material yields are similar throughout the year, but with differences in polysaccharide composition. In summer and winter, pectins predominate, while in the regrowth periods (spring and autumn), pectins and β-glucans are found in similar amounts. This work confirms that Lotus tenuis can help optimize grassland productivity in challenging mesophytic terrains to increase livestock productivity through environmentally friendly services.
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Open AccessArticle
Effect of Light on Yield, Nutritive Value of Brachiaria decumbens, and Soil Properties in Silvopastoral Systems, Peruvian Amazon
by
María Díaz, Julio Alegre, Carlos Gómez, Carlos García and Cesar Arévalo-Hernández
Grasses 2025, 4(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/grasses4020018 - 6 May 2025
Abstract
Silvopastoral systems, integrating trees, forages, and livestock, are recognized as a sustainable approach to livestock production. This study evaluated the effect of shade vs. open-field conditions on the yield and nutritive value of Brachiaria decumbens in three systems—Inga edulis (guaba), Eucalyptus torrelliana
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Silvopastoral systems, integrating trees, forages, and livestock, are recognized as a sustainable approach to livestock production. This study evaluated the effect of shade vs. open-field conditions on the yield and nutritive value of Brachiaria decumbens in three systems—Inga edulis (guaba), Eucalyptus torrelliana (eucalyptus), and Cedrelinga cateniformis (tornillo)—in the Peruvian Amazon. A 3 × 2 factorial design with three replicates was used to analyze forage production (mass and mass by harvest), quality (NDF, protein, digestibility, metabolizable energy), and soil variables (bulk density, pH, organic matter, moisture, porosity, etc.). Most interactions were non-significant, except forage mass by harvest (FMH, p = 0.0328). B. decumbens in the guaba system under shade had the highest FMH (1406 kg DM ha−1), while the tornillo system showed elevated protein (10.63%). Protein was significantly higher under shade (9.55%) than in open field. Eucalyptus increased neutral detergent fiber (69.72%), whereas guaba provided the greatest metabolizable energy (8.08 MJ kg−1 DM). Soil analyses revealed improved moisture and CEC under guaba, while tornillo boosted soil phosphorus. Principal component analysis confirmed these associations (82.3% variance). B. decumbens grown under the shade of guaba or tornillo appears to enhance forage productivity and soil fertility, representing a promising strategy for sustainable tropical livestock management.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Forage in Sustainable Agriculture)
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Open AccessArticle
Dryland Fodder Radish Genotypes: Planting Date Effects on Nutritive Value and In-Vitro Dry Matter Degradability in Midlands of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
by
Lwando Mbambalala, Thamsanqa Doctor Empire Mpanza, Tlou Julius Tjelele, Lusanda Ncisana, Sphesihle Mkhungo, Lucky Sithole, Mpho Siennah Nzeru, Patrick Ngwako Rakau, Zikhona Theodora Rani-Kamwendo and Ntuthuko Raphael Mkhize
Grasses 2025, 4(2), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/grasses4020017 - 1 May 2025
Cited by 1
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Erratic rainfall and extended dry periods challenge forage production and livestock feed sustainability in dryland agriculture regions. This study investigated the effects of planting dates and genotype selection on the nutritive value and in-vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) of fodder radish genotypes in
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Erratic rainfall and extended dry periods challenge forage production and livestock feed sustainability in dryland agriculture regions. This study investigated the effects of planting dates and genotype selection on the nutritive value and in-vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) of fodder radish genotypes in Midlands of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The experiment followed a completely randomised design with three fodder radish genotypes (Endurance, Line 2, and Nooitgedacht) and five planting dates (December, January, February, March and May). After three months of growth in each planting date, crops were harvested, prepared and analysed for various nutritional parameters including crude protein, fibre content, and IVDMD. Results revealed that December had the highest crude protein (28–31%) across genotypes, while March plantings optimised total non-structural carbohydrates (13.31%) and metabolisable energy (6.64 MJ/kg). The Nooitgedacht genotype demonstrated improved performance, achieving higher IVDMD of 85.54% for leaves in December plantings and 77.51% for tubers in February plantings. Significant interactions between planting dates and genotypes were observed for ash, crude protein, and cellulose in leaves. In conclusion, these findings highlight the crucial role of planting date selection and genotype choice in optimising fodder radish production under dryland conditions, offering valuable insights for enhancing livestock productivity and supporting sustainable rural livelihoods.
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Open AccessReview
Sustainable Warm-Climate Forage Legumes: Versatile Products and Services
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James P. Muir, José C. Batista Dubeux Junior, Mércia V. Ferreira dos Santos, Jamie L. Foster, Rinaldo L. Caraciolo Ferreira, Mário de Andrade Lira, Jr., Barbara Bellows, Edward Osei, Bir B. Singh and Jeff A. Brady
Grasses 2025, 4(2), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/grasses4020016 - 18 Apr 2025
Cited by 1
Abstract
Forage legumes, besides their use as ruminant feed supplements, contribute to other agricultural, forestry and natural ecosystems’ sustainability around the world. Our objective in this summary is to emphasize that versatility in the face of biotic, abiotic and socio-economic variability is among the
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Forage legumes, besides their use as ruminant feed supplements, contribute to other agricultural, forestry and natural ecosystems’ sustainability around the world. Our objective in this summary is to emphasize that versatility in the face of biotic, abiotic and socio-economic variability is among the most important traits that forage legumes contribute to sustaining human populations in those diverse ecosystems. Forage legumes could contribute even more to agroecosystems if we 1. consider ecosystem services as well as food, feed and fuel production; 2. more fully exploit what we already know about forage legumes’ multiple uses; and 3. focus greater attention and energy exploring and expanding versatility in currently used and novel versatile species. To draw attention to the importance of this versatility to sustainable grasslands, here we review multiple legumes’ roles as forage, bioenergy, pulses (legume seeds for human consumption), pharmaceuticals and cover crops as well as environmental services, in particular soil health, C sequestration and non-industrial organic N. The major points we single out as distinguishing sustainable versatile forage legumes include (1) multiple uses; (2) adaptation to a wide range of edaphoclimatic conditions; (3) flexible economic contributions; and (4) how genomics can harness greater legume versatility. We predict that, because of this versatility, forage legumes will become ever more important as climates change and human pressures on sustainable agro-environments intensify.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Forage in Sustainable Agriculture)
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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Herbage Responses and Grazing Performance of Mature Horses in Warm-Season Perennial Grass–Legume Mixed Pastures
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Ana Caroline Cerqueira de Melo Vasco, Erick R. da Silva Santos, Jose C. Batista Dubeux Junior, Lynn E. Sollenberger, Marcelo O. Wallau, Helio Lauro Soares Vasco Neto, Jill M. Lance, Lori K. Warren and Carissa L. Wickens
Grasses 2025, 4(2), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/grasses4020015 - 14 Apr 2025
Abstract
The pasture–animal interface of warm-season perennial grass–legume mixed pastures has never been investigated in forage-based equine systems. Therefore, this 2-year study investigated the herbage and animal responses under 84-day continuous stocking in mixed pastures of rhizoma peanut (RP, Arachis glabrata Benth) and bahiagrass
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The pasture–animal interface of warm-season perennial grass–legume mixed pastures has never been investigated in forage-based equine systems. Therefore, this 2-year study investigated the herbage and animal responses under 84-day continuous stocking in mixed pastures of rhizoma peanut (RP, Arachis glabrata Benth) and bahiagrass (BG, Paspalum notatum Flüggé) with 30 kg nitrogen (N) ha−1 (BG-RP) compared to BG pastures fertilized with 120 kg N ha−1 (BG-N120) and no N (BG-N0). Measurements were taken every 14 days, except for intake and in vivo digestibility, which were measured every 28 days. BG-N120 had the highest stocking rate (p = 0.01; 3.7 AU ha−1) in 2019, while BG-N0 had the lowest (p = 0.01; 2.6 AU ha−1) in 2020. Crude protein and digestible energy were greatest (p < 0.05) for BG-N120 and BG-RP in some of the evaluation days in 2019 but similar across pastures in 2020. Crude protein digestibility was greatest (p < 0.05) for BG-RP in the late season. Intake was less (p = 0.03) for horses grazing BG-RP (3.2%BW) compared to BG-N0 (5.0%BW). Nonetheless, no differences (p > 0.05) were observed among pastures for body measurements. The results indicate that BG-RP pastures can improve forage nutritive value and maintain horse body condition while maintaining similar stocking rate to monoculture bahiagrass with high N fertilizer rates.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Forage in Sustainable Agriculture)
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