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  • Review
  • Open Access
84 Citations
34,103 Views
27 Pages

10 November 2023

This review highlights the potential of vermicompost and its derived products as sustainable and eco-friendly solutions for enhancing production and pest management in grain crops. It assesses their impact comprehensively on crops such as maize, whea...

  • Review
  • Open Access
166 Citations
30,737 Views
21 Pages

Soil Carbon Sequestration in the Context of Climate Change Mitigation: A Review

  • Cristina I. Dias Rodrigues,
  • Luís Miguel Brito and
  • Leonel J. R. Nunes

This review article aims to acknowledge the multifaceted functions of soil, and given its status as the largest terrestrial carbon store, to reaffirm its previously established importance in carbon sequestration. The article outlines the key variable...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
24,425 Views
27 Pages

Soil Physical Properties, Root Distribution, and “Ponkan” Tangerine Yield Across Different Rootstocks in a Deep Tillage Ultisol

  • Pedro Antônio Namorato Benevenute,
  • Laura Beatriz Batista Melo,
  • Samara Martins Barbosa,
  • Mariany Isabela Soares Domingues,
  • Isabela Cristina Filardi Vasques,
  • Everton Geraldo de Morais,
  • Lucas Roberto de Castro,
  • Geraldo César de Oliveira,
  • Ester Alice Ferreira and
  • Bruno Montoani Silva

Deep soil tillage and proper rootstock selection mitigate the root development limitations in Ultisol’s Bt horizon, enhancing the citrus yield potential. This study evaluates the root spatial distribution of three Ponkan tangerine rootstocks in...

  • Review
  • Open Access
140 Citations
22,159 Views
34 Pages

Intensive agriculture causes land degradation and other environmental problems, such as pollution, soil erosion, fertility loss, biodiversity decline, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which exacerbate climate change. Sustainable agricultural pract...

  • Review
  • Open Access
76 Citations
17,062 Views
29 Pages

Review of Crop Response to Soil Salinity Stress: Possible Approaches from Leaching to Nano-Management

  • Hassan El-Ramady,
  • József Prokisch,
  • Hani Mansour,
  • Yousry A. Bayoumi,
  • Tarek A. Shalaby,
  • Szilvia Veres and
  • Eric C. Brevik

Soil salinity is a serious problem facing many countries globally, especially those with semi-arid and arid climates. Soil salinity can have negative influences on soil microbial activity as well as many chemical and physical soil processes, all of w...

  • Review
  • Open Access
34 Citations
14,878 Views
23 Pages

Fate and Transport of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) at Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) Discharge Sites: A Review

  • Jeffery Tyler McGarr,
  • Eric Gentil Mbonimpa,
  • Drew Clifton McAvoy and
  • Mohamad Reza Soltanian

Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are an environmentally persistent group of chemicals that can pose an imminent threat to human health through groundwater and surface water contamination. In this review, we evaluate the subsurface beh...

  • Review
  • Open Access
28 Citations
13,933 Views
34 Pages

Soil Phytomining: Recent Developments—A Review

  • Christos Kikis,
  • Georgios Thalassinos and
  • Vasileios Antoniadis

Phytomining (PM) is defined as the process of using plants capable of bio-extracting metals from soil in order to explore them economically. This relatively new, innovative method has been gathering significant attention in both the academic and comm...

  • Review
  • Open Access
13 Citations
12,473 Views
32 Pages

Biochar Improves Soil Fertility and Crop Performance: A Case Study of Nigeria

  • Abdulrahman Maina Zubairu,
  • Erika Michéli,
  • Caleb Melenya Ocansey,
  • Norbert Boros,
  • Gabriella Rétháti,
  • Éva Lehoczky and
  • Miklós Gulyás

22 November 2023

Africa, specifically Nigeria, has witnessed a dramatic increase in population over the last century, prompting efforts to ensure sustainable food production and quality. Concerns for soil sustainability and food security have led to the exploration o...

  • Review
  • Open Access
8 Citations
12,251 Views
29 Pages

Liquid Nanoclay: Synthesis and Applications to Transform an Arid Desert into Fertile Land

  • Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam,
  • Mirza Abid Mehmood,
  • Muhammad Ashfaq,
  • Toka E. Abdelkhalek,
  • Rawan K. Hassan and
  • Mythili Ravichandran

Nanoclay, a processed clay, is utilized in numerous high-performance cement nanocomposites. This clay consists of minerals such as kaolinite, illite, chlorite, and smectite, which are the primary components of raw clay materials formed in the presenc...

  • Review
  • Open Access
20 Citations
11,802 Views
32 Pages

Using Date Palm Residues to Improve Soil Properties: The Case of Compost and Biochar

  • Victor Kavvadias,
  • Elie Le Guyader,
  • Mohamed El Mazlouzi,
  • Maxime Gommeaux,
  • Belkacem Boumaraf,
  • Mohamed Moussa,
  • Hafouda Lamine,
  • Mahtali Sbih,
  • Ines Rahma Zoghlami and
  • Xavier Morvan
  • + 4 authors

Agricultural residues are generated during the production and processing of agricultural crops. Under modern date palm plantation practices, field operations generate huge quantities of residues, which are discarded with little valorization. The date...

  • Review
  • Open Access
6 Citations
10,287 Views
24 Pages

Soil Remediation: Current Approaches and Emerging Bio-Based Trends

  • Micaela Santos,
  • Sofia Rebola and
  • Dmitry V. Evtuguin

Currently, increasing anthropogenic pressure and overexploitation expose soils to various forms of degradation, including contamination, erosion, and sealing. Soil contamination, primarily caused by industrial processes, agricultural practices (such...

  • Review
  • Open Access
32 Citations
10,135 Views
21 Pages

Soil inorganic carbon (SIC), a potential carbon sink especially in arid and semi-arid environments, contributes to soil development, landscape stability, carbon (C) sequestration, and global C dynamics but due to the lack of SIC scientific reporting...

  • Review
  • Open Access
11 Citations
9,431 Views
25 Pages

Trends in the Application of Phosphate-Solubilizing Microbes as Biofertilizers: Implications for Soil Improvement

  • Kingsley T. Ughamba,
  • Johnson K. Ndukwe,
  • Ian D. E. A. Lidbury,
  • Nnabueze D. Nnaji,
  • Chijioke N. Eze,
  • Chiugo C. Aduba,
  • Sophie Groenhof,
  • Kenechi O. Chukwu,
  • Chukwudi U. Anyanwu and
  • Christian K. Anumudu
  • + 1 author

The application of phosphate-solubilizing microbes (PSMs) as biofertilizers in agricultural systems has not satisfactorily solved the problem of reducing our reliance on chemical phosphorus (P) fertilizers. Ongoing efforts are continually trying to t...

  • Review
  • Open Access
27 Citations
8,406 Views
26 Pages

Soil Contamination by Heavy Metals and Radionuclides and Related Bioremediation Techniques: A Review

  • Yelizaveta Chernysh,
  • Viktoriia Chubur,
  • Iryna Ablieieva,
  • Polina Skvortsova,
  • Olena Yakhnenko,
  • Maksym Skydanenko,
  • Leonid Plyatsuk and
  • Hynek Roubík

The migration of heavy metals and radionuclides is interrelated, and this study focusses on the interaction and complex influence of various toxicants. The rehabilitation of radioactively contaminated territories has a complex character and is based...

  • Review
  • Open Access
27 Citations
7,838 Views
17 Pages

Soil Health Assessment and Management Framework for Water-Limited Environments: Examples from the Great Plains of the USA

  • Rajan Ghimire,
  • Vesh R. Thapa,
  • Veronica Acosta-Martinez,
  • Meagan Schipanski,
  • Lindsey C. Slaughter,
  • Steven J. Fonte,
  • Manoj K. Shukla,
  • Prakriti Bista,
  • Sangamesh V. Angadi and
  • Tess Noble Strohm
  • + 2 authors

Healthy soils provide the foundation for sustainable agriculture. However, soil health degradation has been a significant challenge for agricultural sustainability and environmental quality in water-limited environments, such as arid and semi-arid re...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
7,225 Views
20 Pages

Irrigation Practices and Their Effects on Soil Quality and Soil Characteristics in Arid Lands: A Comprehensive Geomatic Analysis

  • Mohamed E. Fadl,
  • Yasser A. Sayed,
  • Ahmed I. El-Desoky,
  • Eltaher M. Shams,
  • Mohammedi Zekari,
  • Elsayed A. Abdelsamie,
  • Marios Drosos and
  • Antonio Scopa

Comprehension of the long-term effects of irrigation on basic soil characteristics and quality is essential for sustainable land management and agricultural production, particularly in arid regions where water availability is limited. This study aime...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
7,070 Views
14 Pages

The application of biochar is considered an alternative amendment strategy for improving soil fertility. In this study, we performed pot experiments using soils of low and medium fertility to assess the effects of different combinations of biochar an...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
7,045 Views
21 Pages

Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are used as a soil amendment for retaining water, but suitable methods for the application of SAPs have not yet been developed. Here, we characterized a variety of soil–SAP mixtures prepared using four different t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
28 Citations
6,927 Views
14 Pages

Effects of Irrigation Regimes and Rice Varieties on Methane Emissions and Yield of Dry Season Rice in Bangladesh

  • Muhammad Ashraful Habib,
  • S. M. Mofijul Islam,
  • Md. Ashraful Haque,
  • Lutful Hassan,
  • Md. Zulfiker Ali,
  • Swati Nayak,
  • Manzoor Hussain Dar and
  • Yam Kanta Gaihre

Adoption of the right rice variety and water-saving irrigation method could reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in lowland rice cultivation. A study was conducted at the research farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, i...

  • Review
  • Open Access
47 Citations
6,847 Views
29 Pages

Do Microplastics and Nanoplastics Pose Risks to Biota in Agricultural Ecosystems?

  • Naga Raju Maddela,
  • Balasubramanian Ramakrishnan,
  • Tanvi Kadiyala,
  • Kadiyala Venkateswarlu and
  • Mallavarapu Megharaj

The presence of microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) in soils is becoming pervasive in most agroecosystems. The recent estimates suggest that the soil burden of MNPs in the agroecosystems is more than 0.5 megatons (Mt) annually. In all the agroecosy...

  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
6,838 Views
25 Pages

Using Various Models for Predicting Soil Organic Carbon Based on DRIFT-FTIR and Chemical Analysis

  • Fatma N. Thabit,
  • Osama I. A. Negim,
  • Mohamed A. E. AbdelRahman,
  • Antonio Scopa and
  • Ali R. A. Moursy

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a crucial factor influencing soil quality and fertility. In this particular investigation, we aimed to explore the possibility of using diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT-FTIR) in conjuncti...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
6,830 Views
45 Pages

Despite the wealth of Late Pleistocene archaeology that exists across southern Africa’s open landscape, it is routinely neglected in favour of rock shelter (re)excavation, biasing interpretation of human–environment interaction. This is c...

  • Article
  • Open Access
36 Citations
6,640 Views
21 Pages

Cognitive Soil Digital Twin for Monitoring the Soil Ecosystem: A Conceptual Framework

  • Nikolaos L. Tsakiridis,
  • Nikiforos Samarinas,
  • Eleni Kalopesa and
  • George C. Zalidis

The digital twin concept has found widespread application across diverse industries. Herein, we present a comprehensive conceptual framework for the cognitive soil digital twin, which embodies the intricate physical reality of the soil ecosystem, aid...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
6,499 Views
17 Pages

Effect of Natural Phytohormones on Growth, Nutritional Status, and Yield of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.) and N Availability in Sandy-Loam Soil of Sub-Tropics

  • Aasma Parveen,
  • Muhammad Mahran Aslam,
  • Rashid Iqbal,
  • Muhammad Ali,
  • Muhammad Kamran,
  • Mona S. Alwahibi,
  • Muhammad Akram and
  • Mohamed S. Elshikh

Climate changes and poor soil nutrient profiles in sub-tropics are determinant factors to estimate crop productivity. This study aims to evaluate the impact of phytohormones, e.g., indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA3), on mung bean yie...

  • Review
  • Open Access
7 Citations
6,281 Views
28 Pages

Conservation Agriculture for Sustainable Soil Health Management: A Review of Impacts, Benefits and Future Directions

  • Fatihu Kabir Sadiq,
  • Ojone Anyebe,
  • Fatima Tanko,
  • Aisha Abdulkadir,
  • Bonface O. Manono,
  • Tiroyaone Albertinah Matsika,
  • Fahad Abubakar and
  • Suleiman Kehinde Bello

18 September 2025

Conservation agriculture (CA) is widely recognized as the cornerstone of sustainable agriculture. It prioritizes minimizing soil disturbance, maintaining permanent soil cover, and diversifying crop species to restore soil health and ecosystem resilie...

  • Review
  • Open Access
8 Citations
6,030 Views
19 Pages

Comparison between Chemical and Biological Degradation Processes for Perfluorooctanoic Acid

  • Xuhan Shu,
  • Rama Pulicharla,
  • Pratik Kumar and
  • Satinder Kaur Brar

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a perfluoro compound that contains an eight-carbon perfluoroalkyl chain followed by a carboxylic acid function group. The C-F bound possesses a strong bond energy of approximately 485 kJ/mol, rendering PFOA thermally...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
6,009 Views
17 Pages

Soil and Land Cover Interrelationships: An Analysis Based on the Jenny’s Equation

  • Manuel Rodríguez-Rastrero,
  • Almudena Ortega-Martos and
  • Víctor Cicuéndez

This research analyzes the relationships between “soil” and “organisms” within the framework of the Jenny equation, a fundamental expression in soil science that is the theoretical basis for modeling the complex occurrence of...

  • Review
  • Open Access
19 Citations
5,984 Views
24 Pages

10 December 2023

Microplastic (MP) pollution is a widespread global environmental concern, representing an emerging contaminant with major implications for ecosystems and human well-being. While extensive research has focused on MPs in aquatic environments, their imp...

  • Review
  • Open Access
13 Citations
5,961 Views
23 Pages

Baculoviruses are DNA viruses that can naturally control insects and form the basis for a range of biological insecticides. These viruses are occluded in a crystalline protein matrix, the occlusion body (OB), which favors their persistence in the env...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
5,933 Views
19 Pages

Optimizing Sampling Strategies for Near-Surface Soil Carbon Inventory: One Size Doesn’t Fit All

  • Charles Bettigole,
  • Juliana Hanle,
  • Daniel A. Kane,
  • Zoe Pagliaro,
  • Shaylan Kolodney,
  • Sylvana Szuhay,
  • Miles Chandler,
  • Eli Hersh,
  • Stephen A. Wood and
  • Kristofer R. Covey
  • + 4 authors

Soils comprise the largest pool of terrestrial carbon yet have lost significant stocks due to human activity. Changes to land management in cropland and grazing systems present opportunities to sequester carbon in soils at large scales. Uncertainty i...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
5,913 Views
20 Pages

Comparative Study of Fertilizers in Tomato-Grown Soils: Soil Quality, Sustainability, and Carbon/Water Footprints

  • Angela Maffia,
  • Federica Marra,
  • Francesco Canino,
  • Mariateresa Oliva,
  • Carmelo Mallamaci,
  • Giuseppe Celano and
  • Adele Muscolo

This manuscript delves into the pivotal role of sustainable agriculture in addressing environmental challenges and meeting the nutritional demands of a burgeoning global population. The primary objective is to assess the impact of a recently develope...

  • Article
  • Open Access
29 Citations
5,872 Views
15 Pages

A pot experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of polyethylene (PE), a broadly utilized polymer type, on soil properties and lettuce growth. Two Zn- and Cd-contaminated soil samples were obtained from urban and rural areas of Greece, res...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
5,603 Views
18 Pages

11 November 2023

Controlled-release urea fertilization is an innovative approach and effective means to reduce the loss of nitrogen and enhance fertilizer use efficiency to optimize crop yield while minimizing the environmental impact. The objective of this study was...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
5,593 Views
14 Pages

Salt-affected soils are related to salinity (high content of soluble salts) and/or sodicity (excess of sodium), which are major leading causes of agricultural land degradation. This study aimed to evaluate the performances of three machine learning (...

  • Review
  • Open Access
13 Citations
5,457 Views
23 Pages

Over the last few decades, different types of plastics have been found in different soil types with documented or potential negative effects on the environment, the flora and fauna inhabiting the soils, and subsequently human health. This article is...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
5,394 Views
16 Pages

Comparison of the Structure of Soil Microbial Communities of Different Ecosystems Using the Microbiome Sequencing Approach

  • Audrius Kačergius,
  • Diana Sivojienė,
  • Renata Gudiukaitė,
  • Eugenija Bakšienė,
  • Aistė Masevičienė and
  • Lina Žičkienė

In this study, we aimed to compare the functional and taxonomic composition of soil microbial communities in different ecosystems, agricultural, natural grasslands, and old-growth forests, in the context of different environmental conditions. In this...

  • Review
  • Open Access
8 Citations
5,253 Views
16 Pages

Process-Based Crop Models in Soil Research: A Bibliometric Analysis

  • Eranga M. Wimalasiri,
  • Sachini Ariyachandra,
  • Aruna Jayawardhana,
  • Thejani Dharmasekara,
  • Ebrahim Jahanshiri,
  • Nitin Muttil and
  • Upaka Rathnayake

Different types of soil data are used in process-based crop models as input data. Crop models have a diverse range of applications, and soil research is one of them. This bibliographic analysis was conducted to assess the current literature on soil-r...

  • Review
  • Open Access
4 Citations
5,091 Views
22 Pages

Strategies and Public Policies for Soil and Water Conservation and Food Production in Brazil

  • Luis Eduardo Akiyoshi Sanches Suzuki,
  • Helvio Debli Casalinho and
  • Idel Cristiana Bigliardi Milani

There is an urgent demand to change our intensive crop production systems, replacing them with soil use and management systems that recover, preserve, or improve soil health and are environmentally sustainable, producing healthy and good-quality food...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
5,051 Views
18 Pages

Toward Soil Nutrient Security for Improved Agronomic Performance and Increased Resilience of Taro Production Systems in Samoa

  • Diogenes L. Antille,
  • Ben C. T. Macdonald,
  • Aleni Uelese,
  • Michael J. Webb,
  • Jennifer Kelly,
  • Seuseu Tauati,
  • Uta Stockmann,
  • Jeda Palmer and
  • James R. F. Barringer

A progressive decline in soil fertility in taro (Colocasia esculenta L., Schott) production systems has contributed to reduced crop productivity and farm profitability, and is recognized to be a threat to soil nutrient and food security in Samoa. Evi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,866 Views
19 Pages

The mulching of agricultural soils has been identified as a viable solution to sequester carbon into the soil, increase soil health, and fight desertification. This is why it is a promising solution for carbon farming in Mediterranean areas. Models a...

  • Review
  • Open Access
22 Citations
4,857 Views
27 Pages

The escalating risks of drought and salinization due to climate change and anthropogenic activities are a major global concern. Rhizobium–legume (herb or tree) symbiosis is proposed as an ideal solution for improving soil fertility and rehabili...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
4,853 Views
20 Pages

Soil-Forming Factors of High-Elevation Mountains along the East African Rift Valley: The Case of the Mount Guna Volcano, Ethiopia

  • Mekonnen Getahun Sisay,
  • Enyew Adgo Tsegaye,
  • Alemayehu Regassa Tolossa,
  • Jan Nyssen,
  • Amaury Frankl,
  • Eric Van Ranst and
  • Stefaan Dondeyne

The soils of the high-elevation mountains along the East African Rift Valley are poorly understood. Assessing the potential of soils for agriculture, climate change mitigation, and environmental functioning requires insight into how they relate to th...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,849 Views
16 Pages

Water Infiltration in Different Soil Covers and Management in the Cerrado–Amazon Ecotone, Brazil

  • Marco Aurélio Barbosa Alves,
  • Daniela Roberta Borella,
  • Rhavel Salviano Dias Paulista,
  • Frederico Terra de Almeida,
  • Adilson Pacheco de Souza and
  • Daniel Fonseca de Carvalho

Soil water infiltration is an important component of the hydrological cycle, and it is best evaluated when the raindrop impacts the ground surface. For this reason, it is affected by changes in land use and land cover and by the characteristics and p...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,839 Views
23 Pages

Soil makes important contributions to the United Nations (UN) Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) concept and targets; however, currently, soil is not integrated into measurable information (e.g., indicators, metrics) to monitor land degradation (LD) p...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
4,787 Views
14 Pages

Heavy Metals in Wetland Ecosystem: Investigating Metal Contamination in Waterbirds via Primary Feathers and Its Effect on Population and Diversity

  • Jeganathan Pandiyan,
  • Radjassegarin Arumugam,
  • Khalid A. Al-Ghanim,
  • Nadezhda Sachivkina,
  • Marcello Nicoletti and
  • Marimuthu Govindarajan

16 November 2023

Wetlands are dynamic ecosystems that provide feeding and nesting grounds for diverse species of waterbirds. The quality of wetland habitat may have an impact on the density, diversity, and species richness of waterbirds. Toxic metal contamination is...

  • Review
  • Open Access
15 Citations
4,773 Views
29 Pages

Impact of Abiotic Stressors on Soil Microbial Communities: A Focus on Antibiotics and Their Interactions with Emerging Pollutants

  • Abdul Rashid P. Rasheela,
  • Muhammad Fasih Khalid,
  • Dana A. Abumaali,
  • Juha M. Alatalo and
  • Talaat Ahmed

Soil is a complex and dynamic ecosystem containing a diverse array of microorganisms, and plays a crucial and multifaceted role in various functions of the ecosystem. Substantial fluctuations in the environmental conditions arise from diverse global...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
2 Citations
4,749 Views
30 Pages

The Research Gap between Soil Biodiversity and Soil-Related Cultural Ecosystem Services

  • Marlene Oberreich,
  • Bastian Steinhoff-Knopp,
  • Benjamin Burkhard and
  • Janina Kleemann

Soil and soil biodiversity are often a neglected component in assessments of ecosystems and their services. One of the reasons is the increasing complexity of scientific investigation of biotic and abiotic interactions and mechanisms from soil biodiv...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
4,693 Views
14 Pages

26 September 2023

The capabilities of pure bacterial strains and their consortia isolated from agricultural soil were evaluated during a bioremediation process of the organophosphate pesticide malathion. The pure bacterial strains efficiently degraded 50.16–68.4...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,683 Views
16 Pages

Impact of Saline Water Irrigation on Soil Salinity, Growth, and Productivity of Triticale in Sandy Soil

  • Hassan M. Abd El Baki,
  • Haruyuki Fujimaki,
  • Kristina Toderich,
  • Jean Bosco Nana and
  • Asad S. Qureshi

Salinity and water scarcity are among the major environmental challenges requiring the use of non-conventional water sources and the adoption of salt-tolerant crops. We assessed the impact of irrigation with different concentrations of NaCl: 50 mM an...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,646 Views
16 Pages

Physiological Responses and Adaptations of the Halophyte Atriplex halimus to Soil Contaminated with Cd, Ni, and NaCl

  • Shumailah Ishtiyaq,
  • Harsh Kumar,
  • Rohan J. D’Souza,
  • Mayank Varun,
  • Paulo J. C. Favas and
  • Manoj S. Paul

Soils contaminated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and salt manifest a large number of physical, chemical, and structural problems by various processes such as reduced water availability, water and air movement in soil space, water holding cap...

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Soil Syst. - ISSN 2571-8789