Biochar Improves Soil Fertility and Crop Performance: A Case Study of Nigeria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Feedstock for Biochar Production in Nigeria
3. Production and Properties of Biochar
3.1. Biochar Production Methods
3.2. Biochar Kilns
3.3. Properties of Biochar
4. Biochar and Soil Fertility
4.1. Biochar and Nutrient Supply
4.2. Biochar and Soil pH
4.3. Biochar and Soil CEC
4.4. Biochar and Nitrogen Use Efficiency
4.5. Biochar and Soil Carbon Storage
4.6. Biochar and Soil Microorganisms
4.7. Biochar and Micronutrients
5. Biochar and Crop Performance
6. Studies on Biochar in Africa
6.1. A Case Study of Recent Studies of Biochar in Nigeria
Feedstock | Temperature (°C) | State | Agroecological Zone * (Figure 5) | Scope | Effect | Author (s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prosopis africana tree | 580 | Kwara | DS | BC + K fertilizer | Improved sweet-potato performance and elevated soil pH, organic carbon content, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium concentrations | [168] |
Maize stover | 463.36 | Ekiti | DS | Sole BC application | Decreased P adsorption | [124] |
Hardwood BC | 580 | Ondo | DS/HF | Poultry manure + hardwood BC | Enhanced the condition of impoverished acidic soil and bolstered the yield of sweet-potato tubers | [169] |
Tectona grandis, Irvingia gabonensis, and Gmelina arborea | - | Anambra | HF | Sole BC and goat dung, sawdust, and chicken droppings | BC gave the highest growth performance in terms of plant height, collar diameter, and number of leaves | [171] |
Bambara-seed-residue BC | - | Enugu | DS | BC + NPK | Enhanced soil characteristics and increased cucumber yield | [172] |
Sawdust, maize cob, swine dung, and poultry manure | 400 | Niger | NGS/SGS | BC + inorganic phosphate fertilizer | Favorable impact on soybean growth and nodulation | [173] |
Hardwood BC | 580 | Ondo | HF | BC + poultry manure | Increased leaf nutrient concentrations and mineral composition of sweet potato | [174] |
Maize-stalk BC | 400 | Gombe | SS/NGS/SGS | Sole BC | Improved soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and accessible phosphorus but maize production and growth were not said to be significantly affected | [175] |
Maize cob, rice husk, cow dung, and chicken litter | 600 | Adamawa | NGS/SGS | BC + cow dung + chicken litter | Reduced nitrate leaching | [44] |
Rice-husk BC | >700 | Lagos | HF | Sole BC | Increased soil pH, CEC, and cowpea growth and yield | [176] |
Sawdust | - | Kwara | DS | Sole BC | Enhanced growth and yield characteristics of sesame | [177] |
Wood and cattle-dung BC | - | Bayelsa | HF | Sole BC application | Increased soil pH and elevated levels of organic material, accessible phosphorus, and exchangeable cations, decreased cadmium and nickel at the colloidal exchange sites of soil | [178] |
- | - | Nasarawa | DS | BC + micronutrients | Enhanced the growth and yield of soybean | [179] |
Rice-husk BC | - | Plateau | MA/DS/NGS | BC + NPK fertilizer | Improved nutritional status, soil qualities, and the development and yield of okra | [180] |
Rice straw | 400 | Ondo | HF | BC + fertilizer types (solid, liquid NPK and poultry manure) | Effective in rice-yield increase | [181] |
Rice husk | 350 | Ogun | DS | Sole BC | Improved soil Ca, Mg, K, Na, S, P, B, and CEC, which enhanced tomato agronomic performance and microbial biomass | [182] |
Rice husk | - | Kano | NGS/SS | BC + irrigation intervals | Increased number of tomato leaves and fruits | [42] |
Maize cob, rice husk, cow dung, and poultry litter | 600 | Kaduna | NGS | Sole BC | Maize-cob and poultry-litter BC have the ability to adsorb nitrate (Langmuir adsorption isotherm) NO3− adsorption on to poultry litter (Freundlich and Dubunin–Radushkevich, while Freundlich best described NO3− adsorption onto maize-cob BC) | [183] |
Wood | - | Cross River | HF | BC + poultry manure + urea | Whole BC and half poultry manure increased the pH value with a more beneficial result than BC alone or in combination with urea on an amaranth crop | [184] |
Hardwood | 580 | Ondo | HF | BC + poultry manure + NPK fertilizer | Utilizing NPK fertilizer, BC, and poultry manure at less-than-optimal levels led to enhanced soil physical characteristics across various tillage methods. This approach also resulted in an increased accessibility of essential nutrients in the soil, fostering greater growth and yield of carrot crops | [185] |
Rice husk | 550–600 | Enugu | DS | Sole BC | As the rate of rice-husk-biochar (BC) application rose, there was a corresponding increase in soil organic carbon content and improvement in aggregate stability | [186] |
-- | - | Abia | HF | BC + poultry manure | Significant improvement in soil chemical characteristics and the yield of fresh ginger rhizomes | [187] |
Softwood prune branches | - | Nasarawa | DS | BC + supplemental micronutrient | Okra vegetative-growth parameters increased with the application of both BC and micronutrients with no significant difference. Increased soil percentage of organic carbon, organic material, cation exchange capacity, nitrogen content, and pH levels | [188] |
6.2. Challenges and Opportunities for Biochar Implementation in Africa
7. Summary and Conclusions
- With seven agroecological zones in Nigeria, each vary in available biomass, with the dominating agricultural waste being mostly from grass species across the northern part and shrubs and trees in the southern part. Straw/husk/stover from rice, corn, and sorghum can be the best option as feedstock for biochar production, as well tree prunings and timber/wood by-products like sawdust being likely suitable.
- Knowledge Gaps and Potential Research Directions: This review suggests that although some studies have examined the impact of biochar on soil fertility and crop performance in specific Nigerian regions, knowledge gaps still exist, especially in low-fertility, semi-arid regions like the SLS. Future research should focus on addressing these gaps and exploring the optimal utilization of biochar in various agroecological zones across the country.
- BC research with SLS and SS soils are highly recommended in Nigeria at any scope or magnitude comprising sole BC application and BC macronutrient, micronutrient, and manure combinations and as a slow-release fertilizer,
- More micronutrient or more advanced BC research can be recommended in the other agroecological zones of Nigeria as the majority of the soils in these areas are rich in soil organic matter.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Fertility Factors | Improvement Mechanism | Reference |
---|---|---|
Nutrient supply | Supplies the soil with nutrients from the feedstocks and enhances nutrient use efficiency | [104] |
Soil pH | Provides liming effect | [105] |
Soil CEC | High surface functional group | [36] |
Nitrogen use efficiency | Decreases N leaching | [106] |
Soil C storage | More stable and recalcitrant in soil | [107] |
Soil microbial activity | The presence of pore spaces in biochar offers a conducive environment for microorganisms | [108] |
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Zubairu, A.M.; Michéli, E.; Ocansey, C.M.; Boros, N.; Rétháti, G.; Lehoczky, É.; Gulyás, M. Biochar Improves Soil Fertility and Crop Performance: A Case Study of Nigeria. Soil Syst. 2023, 7, 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems7040105
Zubairu AM, Michéli E, Ocansey CM, Boros N, Rétháti G, Lehoczky É, Gulyás M. Biochar Improves Soil Fertility and Crop Performance: A Case Study of Nigeria. Soil Systems. 2023; 7(4):105. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems7040105
Chicago/Turabian StyleZubairu, Abdulrahman Maina, Erika Michéli, Caleb Melenya Ocansey, Norbert Boros, Gabriella Rétháti, Éva Lehoczky, and Miklós Gulyás. 2023. "Biochar Improves Soil Fertility and Crop Performance: A Case Study of Nigeria" Soil Systems 7, no. 4: 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems7040105