Land

32 pages, 3484 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Model for Future Development Scenario Planning to Address Population Change and Sea Level Rise

by Daniel Farrah, Michael Volk, Thomas S. Hoctor, Vivian Young, Margaret Carr, Paul D. Zwick, Crystal Goodison and Michael O’Brien

Land 2025, 14(8), 1536; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081536 (registering DOI) - 26 Jul 2025

Abstract

Population growth and land use change often have significant environmental impacts, affecting biodiversity, water supply, agricultural production, and other resources. Future scenario models can provide a better understanding of these changes, helping planners and the public understand the consequences of choices regarding development [...] Read more.

Population growth and land use change often have significant environmental impacts, affecting biodiversity, water supply, agricultural production, and other resources. Future scenario models can provide a better understanding of these changes, helping planners and the public understand the consequences of choices regarding development density, land use, and conservation. This study presents a model that has been used to identify alternative future scenarios for Florida considering future population growth and land use. It includes two scenarios: a “Sprawl” scenario reflecting a continuation of current development patterns and a “Conservation” scenario with higher densities, redevelopment, and more land protection. The study incorporates sea level rise scenarios for both 2040 and 2070. Results show that the Sprawl scenario could lead to 3.5 million acres of new developed land and 1.8 million acres of lost agricultural land by 2070 in Florida. In contrast, the Conservation scenario for 2070 results in 1.3 million fewer acres of developed land and 5 million more acres of protected natural land, showing that it is possible to accommodate future population growth while reducing impacts to agricultural and conservation priorities in Florida. Although this is by no means a “prediction” of future Florida, it has been useful as a tool for evaluating potential future land use scenarios and is a model that may be more broadly applied by other locations and users. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling Biodiversity and Landscape Conservation Planning (Second Edition))

17 pages, 4163 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact Assessment of Climate Change on Climate Potential Productivity in Central Africa Based on High Spatial and Temporal Resolution Data

by Mo Bi, Fangyi Ren, Yian Xu, Xinya Guo, Xixi Zhou, Dmitri van den Bersselaar, Xinfeng Li and Hang Ren

Land 2025, 14(8), 1535; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081535 (registering DOI) - 26 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the spatio-temporal dynamics of Climate Potential Productivity (CPP) in Central Africa during 1901–2019 using the Thornthwaite Memorial model coupled with Mann–Kendall tests based on high spatial and temporal resolution data. The results demonstrate the climate–vegetation interactions under global warming: (1) [...] Read more.

This study investigates the spatio-temporal dynamics of Climate Potential Productivity (CPP) in Central Africa during 1901–2019 using the Thornthwaite Memorial model coupled with Mann–Kendall tests based on high spatial and temporal resolution data. The results demonstrate the climate–vegetation interactions under global warming: (1) Central Africa exhibited a statistically significant warming trend (r² = 0.33, p < 0.01) coupled with non-significant rainfall reduction, suggesting an emerging warm–dry climate regime that parallels meteorological trends observed in North Africa. (2) Central Africa exhibited an overall increasing trend in CPP, with temporal fluctuations closely aligned with precipitation variability. Specifically, the CPP in Central Africa has undergone three distinct phases: an increasing phase (1901–1960), a decreasing phase (1960–1980), and a slow recovery phase (1980–2019). The multiple intersection points between the UF and UB curves indicate that Central Africa’s CPP has been significantly affected by climate change under global warming. (3) The correlation of CPP–Temperature was mainly positive, mainly distributed in the Lower Guinea Plateau and the northern part of the Congo Basin (r² = 0.26, p < 0.1). The relationship of CPP–Precipitation showed predominantly a very strong positive correlation (r² = 0.91, p < 0.01). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land–Climate Interactions)

20 pages, 4127 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review of Urban Expansion and Its Driving Factors

by Ming Li, Yongwang Cao, Jin Dai, Jianxin Song and Mengyin Liang

Land 2025, 14(8), 1534; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081534 (registering DOI) - 26 Jul 2025

Abstract

Urban expansion has a profound impact on both society and the environment. In this study, VOSviewer 1.6.16 and CiteSpace 6.3.R1 were used to conduct a bibliometric analysis of 2987 articles published during the period of 1992–2022 from the Web of Science database in [...] Read more.

Urban expansion has a profound impact on both society and the environment. In this study, VOSviewer 1.6.16 and CiteSpace 6.3.R1 were used to conduct a bibliometric analysis of 2987 articles published during the period of 1992–2022 from the Web of Science database in order to identify the research hotspots and trends of urban expansion and its driving factors. The number of articles significantly increased during the period of 1992–2022. The spatiotemporal characteristics and driving forces of urban expansion, urban growth models and simulations, and the impacts of urban expansion were the main research topics. The rate of urban expansion showed regional differences. Socioeconomic factors, political and institutional factors, natural factors, path effects, and proximity effects were the main driving factors. Urban expansion promoted economic growth, occupied cultivated land, and affected ecological environments. Big data and deep learning techniques were recently applied due to advancements in information techniques. With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, the number of studies on environmental impacts and spatial planning regulations has increased. Some political and institutional factors, such as subsidies, taxation, spatial planning, new development strategies, regulation policies, and economic industries, had controversial or unknown impacts. Further research on these factors and their mechanisms is needed. A limitation of this study is that articles which were not indexed, were not included in bibliometric analysis. Further studies can review these articles and conduct comparative research to capture the diversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Urbanization: Urban-Rural Coordination and Sustainable Development)

21 pages, 882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Variations in Perceptions of Decarbonization Impacts and Public Acceptance of the Bioeconomy in Western Macedonia

by Christina-Ioanna Papadopoulou, Stavros Kalogiannidis, Dimitrios Kalfas, Efstratios Loizou and Fotios Chatzitheodoridis

Land 2025, 14(8), 1533; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081533 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study examines the regional disparities in public perceptions of decarbonization and the acceptance of the bioeconomy within Western Macedonia, a Greek region undergoing structural economic change. While the environmental benefits of decarbonization, such as reduced carbon emissions and improved air quality, are [...] Read more.

This study examines the regional disparities in public perceptions of decarbonization and the acceptance of the bioeconomy within Western Macedonia, a Greek region undergoing structural economic change. While the environmental benefits of decarbonization, such as reduced carbon emissions and improved air quality, are widely acknowledged, perceptions of economic and social outcomes, including investments, new business development, and policy support, vary significantly across sub-regions. To this end, a structured survey was conducted among 765 residents, utilizing Likert-scale items to assess attitudes, with demographic data providing a contextual framework. Statistical analyses, incorporating techniques such as one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal–Wallis, and multiple regression, were employed to explore spatial variations and identify the primary drivers of bioeconomy acceptance. The results indicate that perceived government action, visible investment, new enterprises, and a positive view of public sentiment are all significant predictors of acceptance, with institutional support showing the strongest influence. The findings reveal that certain areas feel less engaged in the transition, expressing skepticism about its benefits, while others report more optimism. This disparity in perception underscores the necessity for targeted policy interventions to ensure inclusive and equitable participation. The study emphasizes the necessity for regionally responsive governance, enhanced communication strategies, and tangible local development initiatives to cultivate public trust and support. The study makes a significant contribution to the broader discourse on just transitions by emphasizing the role of place-based perceptions in shaping sustainable change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptation Strategies of Sustainable Agriculture to Climate Change and Land Use)

24 pages, 9197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Recreation Across the Jinma Mountain Region: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Suburban Mountain Greenway Networks

by Wen Wei, Ao Yang, Lanxi Jiang, Gillian Lawson and Wen Lei

Land 2025, 14(8), 1532; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081532 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

Investigating the construction of greenway network systems in mountainous suburban areas from an integrated “ecology–recreation” perspective is crucial for promoting the coordinated development of regional multifunctionality. Taking Jinma Mountain in Kunming as a specific case study, this research comprehensively adopts a multivalue, multidimensional [...] Read more.

Investigating the construction of greenway network systems in mountainous suburban areas from an integrated “ecology–recreation” perspective is crucial for promoting the coordinated development of regional multifunctionality. Taking Jinma Mountain in Kunming as a specific case study, this research comprehensively adopts a multivalue, multidimensional perception evaluation method to construct an assessment framework for suburban mountainous greenway networks that couples ecological and recreational functions. The results show that the Jinma Mountain greenway network exhibits a unique “multiple rings intertwined and dense network” pattern, with an optimized density of 0.79 km/km², achieving efficient utilization. Compared to single-function greenways, the network’s ring index (α), connectivity index (β), and cohesion index (γ) have improved by 12.88%, 20%, and 4.19%, respectively, demonstrating a high degree of coupling and coordination. These improvements demonstrate the rationality and scientific rigor of the designed evaluation system, offering significant advantages over traditional single-function greenways. This comprehensive evaluation system not only supplements existing research on greenway networks but also provides a theoretical reference for integrated “ecology–recreation” and sustainable development in mountainous suburban areas. Full article

25 pages, 1192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Transformative Power of Ecotourism: A Comprehensive Review of Its Economic, Social, and Environmental Impacts

by Paulino Ricardo Cossengue, Jose Fraiz Brea and Fernando Oliveira Tavares

Land 2025, 14(8), 1531; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081531 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

Based on a literature review, the present article aims to present ecotourism as a transformative factor in the economic, social, cultural, and environmental contexts, revealing key elements for the sustainable development of ecotourism. To ensure that this objective is met, the review combines [...] Read more.

Based on a literature review, the present article aims to present ecotourism as a transformative factor in the economic, social, cultural, and environmental contexts, revealing key elements for the sustainable development of ecotourism. To ensure that this objective is met, the review combines the insights of classical authors and many recent authors who have best addressed the subject. The review carefully selected consensual and contradictory arguments, reflecting on the relevance of each group, particularly in aspects such as the influence of emotional experience on behaviour and satisfaction, strategy and competitive advantage, cooperation and sustainability, and the influence of resilience on ecotourism. The impact of each perspective was presented without ignoring the major constraints that ecotourism faces in its search for a position in the tourism industry. This led the study to accept the fact that the active participation of the community is indispensable in the formula for the success of ecotourism. Some statistical data were consulted and analysed, which enabled the study to determine the quantitative impact of ecotourism on economic, social, and environmental life. In terms of benefits to communities, the review clarifies the fact that ecotourism serves as an instrument that mobilizes not only the additional value of products and services traded in the process, but also the return on investments and job creation. The combination of visiting activities with the involvement of tour guides contributes to maximizing profits in the destinations, thus supporting solid economic, social, and environmental development for the benefit of both ecotourism promoters and local communities. However, the analysis makes it clear that the economic, social, and environmental benefit depends on the degree of involvement of the local population. In terms of usability, for other studies, this review can contribute to the understanding and positioning of ecotourism in the search for a balance between satisfying socioeconomic and environmental interests. Additionally, it can serve as an aid to policy makers in their decisions related to ecotourism. Full article

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22 pages, 504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rural Public Science and Technology Services, Land Productivity, and Agricultural Modernization: Case Study of Southwest China

by Tingting Huang and Qinghua Huang

Land 2025, 14(8), 1530; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081530 - 24 Jul 2025

Abstract

The realization of agricultural modernization inevitably requires the improvement of agricultural land productivity. Rural public science and technology services is an important driving force to improve agricultural land productivity. However, can rural public science and technology services accelerate the process of agricultural modernization [...] Read more.

The realization of agricultural modernization inevitably requires the improvement of agricultural land productivity. Rural public science and technology services is an important driving force to improve agricultural land productivity. However, can rural public science and technology services accelerate the process of agricultural modernization by improving land productivity? This paper innovatively constructs an evaluation index system and an mediating mechanism model, measures the comprehensive index of agricultural modernization and rural public science and technology services through the global entropy method, and empirically tests the mediating effect of the mechanism of “land productivity” with the help of measurement methods such as the Sobel–Goodman test and Bootstrap test. The research results find that rural public science and technology services can positively promote agricultural modernization and pass the 1% significance level test. There is a significant mediating effect of “increasing production” in the impact of rural public science and technology services on agricultural modernization, that is, rural public science and technology services can significantly promote agricultural modernization through the mechanism of “improving land productivity”. Government intervention and economic growth are significantly positive, which can significantly promote agricultural modernization. These findings have clear policy implications: Chinese government should accelerate the filling of gaps in rural public technology services between urban and rural areas in the southwest region, empower land productivity through science and technology, and promote the transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements into real productive forces. This research is helpful to provide policy reference and case experience for similar areas to speed up agricultural modernization by giving full play to the mechanism of “improving land productivity” of agricultural science and technology services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Use Policy and Food Security: 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 8566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Evaluation of Mercury Accumulation Dynamics in Tree Leaves Growing in a Contaminated Area as Part of the Ecosystem Services: A Case Study of Turda, Romania

by Marin Senila, Cerasel Varaticeanu, Simona Costiug and Otto Todor-Boer

Land 2025, 14(8), 1529; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081529 - 24 Jul 2025

Abstract

Mercury (Hg) poses a significant threat to human health and ecosystems, garnering increased attention in environmental studies. This paper evaluates the dynamics of Hg accumulation in various common tree leaves, specifically white poplar, linden, and cherry plum, throughout their growing season. The findings [...] Read more.

Mercury (Hg) poses a significant threat to human health and ecosystems, garnering increased attention in environmental studies. This paper evaluates the dynamics of Hg accumulation in various common tree leaves, specifically white poplar, linden, and cherry plum, throughout their growing season. The findings offer valuable insights into air quality and the ability of urban vegetation to mitigate mercury pollution in urban areas. A case study was conducted in Turda, a town in northwestern Romania, where a former chlor-alkali plant operated throughout the last century. Although the plant ceased its electrolysis activities over 25 years ago, the surrounding soil remains contaminated with mercury (Hg) due to the significant amounts released during its operation. The results indicated that the Hg concentration varied between 2.4 and 7.3 mg kg⁻¹ dry weight (dw), exceeding the intervention threshold for soil of 2.0 mg kg⁻¹. Additionally, the Hg content in the leaf samples consistently increased over time, influenced by leaf age and tree species. The Hg content increased in the following order: cherry plum < white poplar < linden. On average, white poplar leaves accumulated 72 ng Hg g⁻¹ dw, linden leaves 128 ng Hg g⁻¹ dw, and cherry plum leaves 47 ng Hg g⁻¹ dw during the six-month monitored period from April to September. The results obtained can be used to evaluate the potential of different tree species for mitigating atmospheric Hg contamination and to elaborate on the suitable management of fallen leaves in the autumn. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Solutions for Sustainable Land: Soil Quality and Contamination)

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27 pages, 516 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Does Migrant Workers’ Return Affect Land Transfer Prices? An Investigation Based on Factor Supply–Demand Theory

by Mengfei Gao, Rui Pan and Yueqing Ji

Land 2025, 14(8), 1528; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081528 - 24 Jul 2025

Abstract

Given the significant shifts in rural labor mobility patterns and their continuous influence on the transformation of the land factor market, it is crucial to understand the relationship between labor factor prices and land factor prices. This understanding is essential to keep land [...] Read more.

Given the significant shifts in rural labor mobility patterns and their continuous influence on the transformation of the land factor market, it is crucial to understand the relationship between labor factor prices and land factor prices. This understanding is essential to keep land factor prices within a reasonable range. This study establishes a theoretical framework to investigate how migrant workers’ return shapes land price formation mechanisms. Using 2023 micro-level survey data from eight counties in Jiangsu Province, China, this study empirically examines how migrant workers’ return affects land transfer prices and its underlying mechanisms through OLS regression and instrumental variable approaches. The findings show that under the current pattern of labor mobility, the outflow factor alone is no longer sufficient to exert substantial downward pressure on land transfer prices. Instead, the localized return of labor has emerged as a key driver behind the rise in land transfer prices. This upward mechanism is primarily realized through the following pathways. First, factor substitution effect: this effect lowers labor prices and increases the relative marginal output value of land factors. Second, supply–demand effect: migrant workers’ return simultaneously increases land demand and reduces supply, intensifying market shortages and driving up transfer prices. Lastly, the results demonstrate that enhancing the stability of land tenure security or increasing local non-agricultural employment opportunities can mitigate the effect of rising land transfer prices caused by the migrant workers’ return. According to the study’s findings, stabilizing land factor prices depends on full non-agricultural employment for migrant workers. This underscores the significance of policies that encourage employment for returning rural labor. Full article

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28 pages, 4716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Addressing Urban Vulnerability: A Comprehensive Approach

by Iwona Kaczmarek, Małgorzata Świąder, Maria Hełdak and Maria Prezioso

Land 2025, 14(8), 1527; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081527 - 24 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the impacts of urbanization and propose strategies to mitigate urban vulnerability. The study first defines and examines urban vulnerability within the context of spatial management, allowing for the introduction of indicators derived from the Sustainable Territorial Economic/Environmental Management [...] Read more.

This study aims to investigate the impacts of urbanization and propose strategies to mitigate urban vulnerability. The study first defines and examines urban vulnerability within the context of spatial management, allowing for the introduction of indicators derived from the Sustainable Territorial Economic/Environmental Management Approach (STeMA), complemented by maps, to assess urban vulnerability. These indicators offer a holistic view of urban areas, highlighting the key areas of concern. Secondly, the study identifies highly vulnerable areas and provides targeted intervention recommendations. A European city with a population of more than 500,000 is considered as a case study. By integrating quantitative analysis and qualitative insights, this study aims to provide actionable solutions for urban planners and policymakers in order to improve sustainability in rapidly urbanizing regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vulnerability and Resilience of Urban Planning and Design)

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20 pages, 342 KiB

Open AccessReview

Grassy and Herbaceous Interrow Cover Crops in European Vineyards: A Review of Their Short-Term Effects on Water Management and Regulating Ecosystem Services

by Mihály Zalai, Olimpia Bujtás, Miklós Sárospataki and Zita Dorner

Land 2025, 14(8), 1526; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081526 - 24 Jul 2025

Abstract

Interrow management in vineyards significantly contributes to sustainable viticulture, particularly in water-scarce European regions. Grassy and herbaceous cover crops have been proven to enhance multiple regulating ecosystem services, including soil conservation, carbon sequestration, and improved water infiltration. However, the potential for water competition [...] Read more.

Interrow management in vineyards significantly contributes to sustainable viticulture, particularly in water-scarce European regions. Grassy and herbaceous cover crops have been proven to enhance multiple regulating ecosystem services, including soil conservation, carbon sequestration, and improved water infiltration. However, the potential for water competition with vines necessitates region-specific approaches. This review aims to analyze the effects of different cover crop types and interrow tillage methods on water management and regulating ecosystem services, focusing on main European vineyard areas. The research involved a two-stage literature review by Google Scholar and Scopus, resulting in the identification of 67 relevant scientific publications, with 11 offering experimental data from European contexts. Selected studies were evaluated based on climate conditions, soil properties, slope characteristics, and interrow treatments. Findings highlight that the appropriate selection of cover crop species, sowing and mowing timing, and mulching practices can optimize vineyard resilience under climate stress. Practical recommendations are offered to help winegrowers adopt cost-effective and environmentally adaptive strategies, especially on sloped or shallow soils, where partial cover cropping is often the most beneficial for both yield and ecological balance. Cover crops and mulching reduce erosion, enhance vineyard soil moisture, relieve water stress consequences, and, as a result, these cover cropping techniques can improve yield and nutritional values of grapes (e.g., Brix, pH, K concentration), but effects vary; careful, site-specific, long-term management is essential for best results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Grassland Ecosystem Services: Research Advances and Future Directions for Sustainability: 3rd Edition)

27 pages, 4152 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recent Advances in the EAGLE Concept—Monitoring the Earth’s Surface Based on a New Land Characterisation Approach

by Stephan Arnold, Geoffrey Smith, Geir-Harald Strand, Gerard Hazeu, Michael Bock, Barbara Kosztra, Christoph Perger, Gebhard Banko, Tomas Soukup, Nuria Valcarcel Sanz, Stefan Kleeschulte, Julián Delgado Hernández and Emanuele Mancosu

Land 2025, 14(8), 1525; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081525 - 24 Jul 2025

Abstract

The demand for land monitoring information continues to increase, but the range and diversity of the available products to date have made their integrated use challenging and, at times, counterproductive. There has therefore been a growing need to enhance and harmonise the practice [...] Read more.

The demand for land monitoring information continues to increase, but the range and diversity of the available products to date have made their integrated use challenging and, at times, counterproductive. There has therefore been a growing need to enhance and harmonise the practice of land monitoring on a pan-European level with the formulation of a more consistent and standardised set of modelling criteria. The outcome has been a paradigm shift away from a “paper map”-based world where features are given a single, fixed label to one where features have a rich characterisation which is more informative, flexible and powerful. The approach allows the characteristics to be dynamic so that, over time, a feature may only change part of its description (i.e., a forest can be felled, but it may remain as forestry if replanted) or it can have multiple descriptors (i.e., a forest may be used for both timber production and recreation). The concept proposed by the authors has evolved since 2008 from first drafts to a comprehensive and powerful tool adopted by the European Union’s Copernicus programme. It provides for the semantic decomposition of existing nomenclatures, as well as supports a descriptive approach to the mapping of all landscape features in a flexible and object-oriented manner. In this way, the key move away from classification towards the characterisation of the Earth’s surface represents a novel and innovate approach to handling complex land surface information more suited to the age of distributed databases, cloud computing and object-oriented data modelling. In this paper, the motivation for and technical approach of the EAGLE concept with its matrix and UML model implementation are explained. This is followed by an update of the latest developments and the presentation of a number of experimental and operational use cases at national and European levels, and it then concludes with thoughts on the future outlook. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances on Land Cover/Land Use Ontologies for Innovative Production/Utilization of Land Information)

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22 pages, 4404 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Multiple Effects of Land Transfer on Rural Revitalization: A Meta-Analysis of Chinese Cases

by Yangguang Hou, Haoyang Kang, Meichen Fu, Xu Dong, Yuting Wu and Lijiao Li

Land 2025, 14(8), 1524; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081524 - 24 Jul 2025

Abstract

Rural revitalization, as a crucial strategic goal for rural development in contemporary China, encompasses multidimensional connotations and requirements. Following the establishment of the ‘three rights separation’ system in 2014, land transfer has increasingly assumed a vital role, demonstrating a close and complex intrinsic [...] Read more.

Rural revitalization, as a crucial strategic goal for rural development in contemporary China, encompasses multidimensional connotations and requirements. Following the establishment of the ‘three rights separation’ system in 2014, land transfer has increasingly assumed a vital role, demonstrating a close and complex intrinsic logical relationship with rural revitalization. To comprehensively analyze the diverse impacts of land transfer on rural revitalization as discussed in the literature, we employ a ‘goal–strategy–indicator–outcome’ analytical framework to conduct a meta-analysis and visual assessment of 131 cases drawn from 52 articles published over the past decade. We systematically explore the pathways by which land transfer impacts rural revitalization and validate the results using typical cases reported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs through Python 3.9 analysis. The findings reveal the following: (1) Land transfer generally exerts a positive impact on rural revitalization (81.7% of 107 cases). (2) It significantly boosts living standards (84% positive cases) and industrial prosperity (88.4% positive cases); rural cultural civilization shows 100% positive cases yet with statistically insignificant coefficients, while its impacts on ecological livability (60%) and effective governance (70.6%) are insignificant. (3) Among 12 indicators, those related to agricultural production and farmers’ livelihoods are positive, whereas those concerning rural ecology and governance are negative. This study indicates that land transfer plays a key role in the rural revitalization strategy, but the ecological impacts and governance challenges that it presents require ongoing attention and optimization at the policy level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land Socio-Economic and Political Issues)

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23 pages, 30904 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Do Invasive Species Influence Biotic and Abiotic Factors Drive Vegetation Success in Salt Marsh Ecosystems?

by Yong Zhou, Chunqi Qiu, Hongyu Liu, Yufeng Li, Cheng Wang, Gang Wang, Mengyuan Su and Chen He

Land 2025, 14(8), 1523; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081523 - 24 Jul 2025

Abstract

Vegetation succession is a critical indicator of ecosystem structure and function and is often disrupted by the expansion of invasive species. However, ecosystem-scale studies elucidating invasion-driven succession mechanisms remain limited. This research focused on the Yancheng coastal salt marsh and analyzed the distribution [...] Read more.

Vegetation succession is a critical indicator of ecosystem structure and function and is often disrupted by the expansion of invasive species. However, ecosystem-scale studies elucidating invasion-driven succession mechanisms remain limited. This research focused on the Yancheng coastal salt marsh and analyzed the distribution variation of invasive species (Spartina alterniflora) and native species (Suaeda salsa and Phragmites australis) from 1987 to 2022 via the Google Earth Engine and random forest method. Logistic/Gaussian models were used to quantify land–sea distribution changes and vegetation succession trajectories. By integrating data on soil salinity, invasion duration, and fractional vegetation cover, generalized additive models (GAMs) were applied to identify the main factors influencing vegetation succession and to explore how Spartina alterniflora invasion affects the succession of salt marsh vegetation. The results indicated that the areas of Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis significantly increased by 3787.49 ha and 3452.60 ha in 35 years, respectively, contrasting with Suaeda salsa’s 82.46% decline. The FVC in the area has significantly increased by 42.10%, especially in the coexisted areas of different vegetation communities, indicating intensified interspecific competition. The overall trend of soil salinity was decreasing, with a decrease in soil salinity in native species areas from 0.72% to 0.37%. From the results of GAMs, soil salinity, tidal action, and invasion duration were significant factors influencing the distribution of native species, but salinity was not a significant factor affecting the Spartina alterniflora distribution. The findings revealed that the expansion of Spartina alterniflora changed the soil salinity and interspecific interactions, thereby altering the original plant community structure and establishing a new vegetation succession. This study enhances the understanding of the impacts of invasive species on ecosystems and offers theoretical support for salt marsh restoration. Full article

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22 pages, 11876 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Revealing Ecosystem Carbon Sequestration Service Flows Through the Meta-Coupling Framework: Evidence from Henan Province and the Surrounding Regions in China

by Wenfeng Ji, Siyuan Liu, Yi Yang, Mengxue Liu, Hejie Wei and Ling Li

Land 2025, 14(8), 1522; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081522 - 24 Jul 2025

Abstract

Research on ecosystem carbon sequestration services and ecological compensation is crucial for advancing carbon neutrality. As a public good, ecosystem carbon sequestration services inherently lead to externalities. Therefore, it is essential to consider externalities in the flow of sequestration services. However, few studies [...] Read more.

Research on ecosystem carbon sequestration services and ecological compensation is crucial for advancing carbon neutrality. As a public good, ecosystem carbon sequestration services inherently lead to externalities. Therefore, it is essential to consider externalities in the flow of sequestration services. However, few studies have examined intra- and inter-regional ecosystem carbon sequestration flows, making regional ecosystem carbon sequestration flows less comprehensive. Against this background, the research objectives of this paper are as follows. The flow of carbon sequestration services between Henan Province and out-of-province regions is studied. In addition, this study clarifies the beneficiary and supply areas of carbon sink services in Henan Province and the neighboring regions at the prefecture-level city scale to obtain a more systematic, comprehensive, and actual flow of carbon sequestration services for scientific and effective eco-compensation and to promote regional synergistic emission reductions. The research methodologies used in this paper are as follows. First, this study adopts a meta-coupling framework, designating Henan Province as the focal system, the Central Urban Agglomeration as the adjacent system, and eight surrounding provinces as remote systems. Regional carbon sequestration was assessed using net primary productivity (NEP), while carbon emissions were evaluated based on per capita carbon emissions and population density. A carbon balance analysis integrated carbon sequestration and emissions. Hotspot analysis identified areas of carbon sequestration service supply and associated benefits. Ecological radiation force formulas were used to quantify service flows, and compensation values were estimated considering the government’s payment capacity and willingness. A three-dimensional evaluation system—incorporating technology, talent, and fiscal capacity—was developed to propose a diversified ecological compensation scheme by comparing supply and beneficiary areas. By modeling the ecosystem carbon sequestration service flow, the main results of this paper are as follows: (1) Within Henan Province, Luoyang and Nanyang provided 521,300 tons and 515,600 tons of carbon sinks to eight cities (e.g., Jiaozuo, Zhengzhou, and Kaifeng), warranting an ecological compensation of CNY 262.817 million and CNY 263.259 million, respectively. (2) Henan exported 3.0739 million tons of carbon sinks to external provinces, corresponding to a compensation value of CNY 1756.079 million. Conversely, regions such as Changzhi, Xiangyang, and Jinzhong contributed 657,200 tons of carbon sinks to Henan, requiring a compensation of CNY 189.921 million. (3) Henan thus achieved a net ecological compensation of CNY 1566.158 million through carbon sink flows. (4) In addition to monetary compensation, beneficiary areas may also contribute through technology transfer, financial investment, and talent support. The findings support the following conclusions: (1) it is necessary to consider the externalities of ecosystem services, and (2) the meta-coupling framework enables a comprehensive assessment of carbon sequestration service flows, providing actionable insights for improving ecosystem governance in Henan Province and comparable regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Resource Assessment (Second Edition))

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28 pages, 4701 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact and Mechanism of National Park Construction on County-Level Livelihood and Well-Being—A Case Study in Wuyishan National Park, China

by Suwan Li, Jiameng Yang, Renjie Wei and Mengyuan Qiu

Land 2025, 14(8), 1521; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081521 - 24 Jul 2025

Abstract

Exploring the impact of national park construction on county-level livelihood and well-being holds significant implications for enhancing social livelihood. This study treats Wuyishan National Park Construction (WNPC) as a quasi-natural experiment, utilizing panel data from 138 counties (2011–2023) to construct a county-level livelihood [...] Read more.

Exploring the impact of national park construction on county-level livelihood and well-being holds significant implications for enhancing social livelihood. This study treats Wuyishan National Park Construction (WNPC) as a quasi-natural experiment, utilizing panel data from 138 counties (2011–2023) to construct a county-level livelihood and well-being index through the CRITIC weighting method. Kernel density estimation and the Theil index are applied to depict the spatiotemporal dynamics of WNPC. Moreover, the difference-in-differences model and mediating effect model are employed to assess the impact and mechanisms of WNPC on livelihood and well-being. The results reveal that, in the period 2011–2023, livelihood and well-being scores ranged from 0.1329 to 0.4565, indicating considerable scope for improvement. Over time, inter-county disparities narrowed, displaying a spatial pattern of “higher in the east and west, lower in the middle.” Overall disparities remained pronounced, driven chiefly by within-region variation, and Jiangxi displayed notably larger internal gaps than Fujian and Zhejiang. Benchmark regressions confirm that WNPC significantly improved livelihood and well-being, with robust results according to multiple tests. Mechanism analysis indicates that WNPC enhances livelihood and well-being by promoting population mobility and improving infrastructure. Heterogeneity analysis suggests that compared to industrial counties, WNPC has a stronger positive effect on the livelihood and well-being of agricultural counties. Based on this, it is suggested that WNPC promotes population mobility and improves infrastructure construction. This study provides a scientific basis and decision-making reference for achieving high-quality construction of national parks and enhancing livelihood and well-being. Full article

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21 pages, 1792 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Urban Planning to Territorial Spatial Planning: The Evolution of China’s Planning System and the Persistent Barriers to Urban–Rural Integration

by Shengxi Xin and Hui Qian

Land 2025, 14(8), 1520; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081520 - 24 Jul 2025

Abstract

This paper critically examines the persistent limitations of spatial planning reforms in China in addressing urban–rural integration, despite significant and successive legislative and planning reforms. Through a historically grounded and institutionally informed analysis, the study traces the evolution of China’s planning regimes across [...] Read more.

This paper critically examines the persistent limitations of spatial planning reforms in China in addressing urban–rural integration, despite significant and successive legislative and planning reforms. Through a historically grounded and institutionally informed analysis, the study traces the evolution of China’s planning regimes across three key phases—urban planning, urban–rural planning, and territorial spatial planning (TSP)—highlighting shifting policy logics and the enduring structural challenges that shape rural marginalization. Drawing on national planning documents and authors’ empirical insights from planning practice, the paper identifies four interrelated and persistent constraints: (1) cross-scalar and interdepartmental fragmentation in governance, (2) contradictions in the land system that restrict rural development rights, (3) fiscal dependence on land conversion that distorts planning priorities, and (4) technical and conceptual gaps that reduce rural planning to physicalist and exogenous interventions. The paper contributes by offering a periodized account of China’s rural planning reforms, situating these within global debates on rural marginalization, and evaluating the transformative potential of the TSP framework. It argues that achieving meaningful urban–rural integration requires a fundamental rethinking of planning as a developmental, rather than solely regulatory, practice—one that is territorially embedded, socially responsive, and functionally aligned with endogenous rural revitalization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synergies in Land Use Planning: Advancing Urban-Rural Integration for Sustainable Development)

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25 pages, 2756 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The People-Oriented Urban Planning Strategies in Digital Era—Inspiration from How Urban Amenities Shape the Distribution of Micro-Celebrities

by Han He and Huasheng Zhu

Land 2025, 14(8), 1519; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081519 - 23 Jul 2025

Abstract

How to promote sustainable development and deal with the actual development demands in economic transformation through land-use planning is crucial for local governments. The urban sustainable development mainly relies on creativity and talents in the digital era, and talents are increasingly attracted by [...] Read more.

How to promote sustainable development and deal with the actual development demands in economic transformation through land-use planning is crucial for local governments. The urban sustainable development mainly relies on creativity and talents in the digital era, and talents are increasingly attracted by local people-oriented land use. However, the current planning ideology remains at meeting corporate and people’s basic needs rather than specific needs of talents, especially the increasingly emerging digital creatives. To promote the talent agglomeration and sustainable development through land planning, this paper uses micro-celebrities on Bilibili, an influential creative content creation platform among young people in China, as an example to study the geographical distribution of digital creative talents and its relationship with urban amenities by constructing an index system of urban amenities, comprising natural, leisure, infrastructure, and social and institutional amenities. The concept of borrowed amenities is introduced to examine the effects of amenities of surrounding cities. This study demonstrates that micro-celebrities show a stronger preference for amenities compared with other skilled talents. Meanwhile, social and institutional amenities are most crucial. Furthermore, urban leisure represented by green spaces and consumption spaces is also attractive. At the regional scale, with prefecture-level cities as units, the local talents agglomeration is also influenced by the borrowed amenities in the context of regional integration. It indicates that the local land use should consider the characteristics of the surrounding cities. This study provides strategic inspiration that a happy and sustainable city should first be people-oriented and provide sufficient space for consumption, entertainment, and interaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Governance and Spatial Planning for Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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27 pages, 63490 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatio-Temporal Evolution and Driving Mechanisms of Ecological Resilience in the Upper Yangtze River from 2010 to 2030

by Hongxiang Wang, Lintong Huang, Shuai Han, Jiaqi Lan, Zhijie Yu and Wenxian Guo

Land 2025, 14(8), 1518; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081518 - 23 Jul 2025

Abstract

Watershed ecosystem resilience (RES) plays a vital role in supporting ecosystem sustainability. However, comprehensive assessments and investigations into the complex mechanisms driving RES remain limited, particularly in ecologically sensitive basins. To address this gap, this study proposes a multidimensional RES evaluation framework tailored [...] Read more.

Watershed ecosystem resilience (RES) plays a vital role in supporting ecosystem sustainability. However, comprehensive assessments and investigations into the complex mechanisms driving RES remain limited, particularly in ecologically sensitive basins. To address this gap, this study proposes a multidimensional RES evaluation framework tailored to watershed-specific natural characteristics. The framework integrates five core dimensions: ecosystem resistance, ecosystem recovery capacity, ecosystem adaptability, ecosystem services, and ecosystem vitality. RES patterns under 2030 different future scenarios were simulated using the PLUS model combined with CMIP6 climate projections. Spatial and temporal dynamics of RES from 2010 to 2020 were quantified using Geodetector and Partial Least Squares Path Modeling, offering insights into the interactions among natural and anthropogenic drivers. The results reveal that RES in the Upper Yangtze River Basin exhibits a spatial gradient of “high in the east and west, low in the middle” with an overall 2.80% decline during the study period. Vegetation coverage and temperature emerged as dominant natural drivers, while land use change exerted significant indirect effects by altering ecological processes. This study emphasizes the importance of integrated land-climate strategies and offers valuable guidance for enhancing RES and supporting sustainable watershed management in the context of global environmental change. Full article

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