Journal of Personalized Medicine

24 pages, 1211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Evaluation of Automatic Detection and Classification of Daily Living Activities Using Batch Learning and Stream Learning Algorithms

by Paula Sofía Muñoz, Ana Sofía Orozco, Jaime Pabón, Daniel Gómez, Ricardo Salazar-Cabrera, Jesús D. Cerón, Diego M. López and Bernd Blobel

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(5), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15050208 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) are crucial for assessing an individual’s autonomy, encompassing tasks such as eating, dressing, and moving around, among others. Predicting these activities is part of health monitoring, elderly care, and intelligent systems, improving quality of life, and facilitating [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) are crucial for assessing an individual’s autonomy, encompassing tasks such as eating, dressing, and moving around, among others. Predicting these activities is part of health monitoring, elderly care, and intelligent systems, improving quality of life, and facilitating early dependency detection, all of which are relevant components of personalized health and social care. However, the automatic classification of ADLs from sensor data remains challenging due to high variability in human behavior, sensor noise, and discrepancies in data acquisition protocols. These challenges limit the accuracy and applicability of existing solutions. This study details the modeling and evaluation of real-time ADL classification models based on batch learning (BL) and stream learning (SL) algorithms. Methods: The methodology followed is the Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM). The models were trained with a comprehensive dataset integrating 23 ADL-centric datasets using accelerometers and gyroscopes data. The data were preprocessed by applying normalization and sampling rate unification techniques, and finally, relevant sensor locations on the body were selected. Results: After cleaning and debugging, a final dataset was generated, containing 238,990 samples, 56 activities, and 52 columns. The study compared models trained with BL and SL algorithms, evaluating their performance under various classification scenarios using accuracy, area under the curve (AUC), and F1-score metrics. Finally, a mobile application was developed to classify ADLs in real time (feeding data from a dataset). Conclusions: The outcome of this study can be used in various data science projects related to ADL and Human activity recognition (HAR), and due to the integration of diverse data sources, it is potentially useful to address bias and improve generalizability in Machine Learning models. The principal advantage of online learning algorithms is dynamically adapting to data changes, representing a significant advance in personal autonomy and health care monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers From the pHealth 2024 Conference, Rende, Italy, 27–29 May 2024)

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18 pages, 1898 KiB

Open AccessReview

Point of View: A Holistic Four-Interface Conceptual Model for Personalizing Shock Resuscitation

by Philippe Rola, Eduardo Kattan, Matthew T. Siuba, Korbin Haycock, Sara Crager, Rory Spiegel, Max Hockstein, Vimal Bhardwaj, Ashley Miller, Jon-Emile Kenny, Gustavo A. Ospina-Tascón and Glenn Hernandez

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(5), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15050207 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

The resuscitation of a patient in shock is a highly complex endeavor that should go beyond normalizing mean arterial pressure and protocolized fluid loading. We propose a holistic, four-interface conceptual model of shock that we believe can benefit both clinicians at the bedside [...] Read more.

The resuscitation of a patient in shock is a highly complex endeavor that should go beyond normalizing mean arterial pressure and protocolized fluid loading. We propose a holistic, four-interface conceptual model of shock that we believe can benefit both clinicians at the bedside and researchers. The four circulatory interfaces whose uncoupling results in shock are as follows: the left ventricle to arterial, the arterial to capillary, the capillary to venular, and finally the right ventricle to pulmonary artery. We review the pathophysiology and clinical consequences behind the uncoupling of these interfaces, as well as how to assess them, and propose a strategy for approaching a patient in shock. Bedside assessment of shock may include these critical interfaces in order to avoid hemodynamic incoherence and to focus on microcirculatory restoration rather than simply mean arterial pressure. The purpose of this model is to serve as a mental model for learners as well as a framework for further resuscitation research that incorporates these concepts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Medicine in Critical Care Medicine: Novel Challenges and Advances)

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Graphical abstract

13 pages, 246 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Features of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Diseases

by Lyazat Ibrayeva, Meruyert Aubakirova, Irina Bacheva, Assel Alina, Nazira Bazarova, Aizhan Zhanabayeva, Olga Avdiyenko, Seda Borchashvili, Saltanat Tazhikhanova and Askhat Murzabaeyev

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(5), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15050206 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aims to investigate the potential etiopathogenesis of HFpEF development and identify possible different phenotypes of HFpEF in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung diseases (SS-ILDs). It could help clinicians improve early HFpEF personalized [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aims to investigate the potential etiopathogenesis of HFpEF development and identify possible different phenotypes of HFpEF in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung diseases (SS-ILDs). It could help clinicians improve early HFpEF personalized detection and management. Methods: This study included 150 patients with chronic lung diseases (CLDs), such as COPD and SS-ILD, who were outside of exacerbation, had no history of chronic heart failure (CHF), and had a left ventricular ejection fraction (LV EF) of ≥50%. The functional status of the lungs, heart, endothelial dysfunction, and acid–base balance was assessed. The results obtained were compared in groups of patients with CLD depending on the presence or absence of HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The diagnosis of HFpEF was established based on the HFA-PEFF Score classification. Nonparametric statistical methods were used. Results: In patients with CLD, indicators such as age, longitudinal size of the right atrium, mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP), and highly sensitive cardiac troponin T (hsTnT) were higher than in the group of patients without HFpEF. In patients with COPD and HFpEF, statistically significant changes were found in the volume of the left atrium. In patients with SS-ILD and HFpEF, statistically significant differenceswere found in SBP before and after the 6 min walk test (6MWT), the Borg scale before 6MWT, MR-proANP, and the longitudinal dimension of the right atrium. Conclusions: The results of our study allow us to identify two different mechanisms of HFpEF development: In patients with COPD, the predominant factor in the development of HFpEF was hypoxia, while in patients with SS-ILD, myocardial dysfunction with remodeling developed against the background of secondary pulmonary hypertension, highlighting the importance of phenotype-specific evaluation. These findings suggest potential approaches for personalized risk stratification and the development of targeted management strategies for patients with HFpEF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mechanisms of Diseases)

10 pages, 208 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

A Talk with ChatGPT: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Shaping the Future of Cardiology and Electrophysiology

by Angelica Cersosimo, Elio Zito, Nicola Pierucci, Andrea Matteucci and Vincenzo Mirco La Fazia

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(5), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15050205 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is poised to significantly impact the future of cardiology and electrophysiology, offering new tools to interpret complex datasets, improve diagnosis, optimize clinical workflows, and personalize therapy. ChatGPT-4o, a leading AI-based language model, exemplifies the transformative potential of AI [...] Read more.

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is poised to significantly impact the future of cardiology and electrophysiology, offering new tools to interpret complex datasets, improve diagnosis, optimize clinical workflows, and personalize therapy. ChatGPT-4o, a leading AI-based language model, exemplifies the transformative potential of AI in clinical research, medical education, and patient care. Aim and Methods: In this paper, we present an exploratory dialogue with ChatGPT to assess the role of AI in shaping the future of cardiology, with a particular focus on arrhythmia management and cardiac electrophysiology. Topics discussed include AI applications in ECG interpretation, arrhythmia detection, procedural guidance during ablation, and risk stratification for sudden cardiac death. We also examine the risks associated with AI use, including overreliance, interpretability challenges, data bias, and generalizability. Conclusions: The integration of AI into cardiovascular care offers the potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy, tailor interventions, and support decision-making. However, the adoption of AI must be carefully balanced with clinical expertise and ethical considerations. By fostering collaboration between clinicians and AI developers, it is possible to guide the development of reliable, transparent, and effective tools that will shape the future of personalized cardiology and electrophysiology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Methodology, Drug and Device Discovery)

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13 pages, 476 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Ocular Disease Burden and Increased Referral Needs in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Step Toward Personalized Care

by Yulia Liem, Pavitra Thyagarajan, Miao Li Chee, Cynthia Ciwei Lim, Boon Wee Teo and Charumathi Sabanayagam

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(5), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15050204 - 19 May 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of eye diseases in patients with confirmed chronic kidney disease (CKD) and their referral patterns to ophthalmologists, with the aim of informing personalized screening and referral strategies. Methods: This study involved 528 CKD patients from a tertiary hospital’s [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of eye diseases in patients with confirmed chronic kidney disease (CKD) and their referral patterns to ophthalmologists, with the aim of informing personalized screening and referral strategies. Methods: This study involved 528 CKD patients from a tertiary hospital’s outpatient renal clinics in Singapore, with CKD defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m². Retinal photographs from each dilated eye were graded for the presence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and other eye diseases by professional graders. Patients with significant eye conditions were referred to ophthalmologists based on severity and urgency, categorized as urgent (same day or within 24 h), semi-urgent (within 1–2 weeks), fast-track (within 1–3 months), or annual referrals. Results: More than half of the CKD patients (53.7%) had some form of eye disease; 20% were diagnosed with DR, and 29% required fast-track referrals. Of the 251 patients with diabetes, 67% adhered to annual follow-ups; however, despite this regular monitoring, over half required fast-track referrals for severe eye conditions. Among the 167 non-diabetic CKD patients, nearly a third (31%) were on follow-up, with 7.8% requiring fast-track referrals. Notably, 11% of those not on follow-up also needed fast-track referrals. Seven non-diabetic and ten diabetic patients required urgent referral due to critical conditions such as pseudo-holes, impending occlusions, and disc swelling. Conclusions: These findings underscore the high prevalence and severe nature of eye diseases in CKD patients, even those who are under regular annual follow-up. Integrating systematic eye screening into CKD care supports personalized medicine by enabling early detection and tailored interventions, ultimately improving both visual and overall patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Advances in Diagnosis and Personalized Treatments of Chronic Kidney Diseases)

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11 pages, 535 KiB

Open AccessReview

Data-Driven Defragmentation: Achieving Value-Based Sarcoma and Rare Cancer Care Through Integrated Care Pathway Mapping

by Bruno Fuchs and Philip Heesen

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(5), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15050203 - 19 May 2025

Abstract

Sarcomas, a rare and complex group of cancers, require multidisciplinary care across multiple healthcare settings, often leading to delays, redundant testing, and fragmented data. This fragmented care landscape obstructs the implementation of Value-Based Healthcare (VBHC), where care efficiency is tied to measurable patient [...] Read more.

Sarcomas, a rare and complex group of cancers, require multidisciplinary care across multiple healthcare settings, often leading to delays, redundant testing, and fragmented data. This fragmented care landscape obstructs the implementation of Value-Based Healthcare (VBHC), where care efficiency is tied to measurable patient outcomes.ShapeHub, an interoperable digital platform, aims to streamline sarcoma care by centralizing patient data across providers, akin to a logistics system tracking an item through each stage of delivery. ShapeHub integrates diagnostics, treatment records, and specialist consultations into a unified dataset accessible to all care providers, enabling timely decision-making and reducing diagnostic delays. In a case study within the Swiss Sarcoma Network, ShapeHub has shown substantial impact, improving diagnostic pathways, reducing unplanned surgeries, and optimizing radiotherapy protocols. Through AI-driven natural language processing, Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources, and Health Information Exchanges, HIEs, the platform transforms unstructured records into real-time, actionable insights, enhancing multidisciplinary collaboration and clinical outcomes. By identifying redundancies, ShapeHub also contributes to cost efficiency, benchmarking treatment costs across institutions and optimizing care pathways. This data-driven approach creates a foundation for precision medicine applications, including digital twin technology, to predict treatment responses and personalize care plans. ShapeHub offers a scalable model for managing rare cancers and complex diseases, harmonizing care pathways, improving precision oncology, and transforming VBHC into a reality. This article outlines the potential of ShapeHub to overcome fragmented data barriers and improve patient-centered care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Methodology, Drug and Device Discovery)

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11 pages, 1923 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Outcomes in the Treatment of Pertrochanteric Femur Fractures: A Retrospective Cohort Study

by Cesare Donadono, Domenico Tigani, Andrea Assenza, Davide Censoni, Francesco Pesce and Giuseppe Melucci

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(5), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15050202 - 19 May 2025

Abstract

Background: Pertrochanteric fractures of the proximal femur present a common challenge for traumatologists, with intramedullary nailing emerging as the preferred treatment. Complication rates are around 20%, including screw jamming, refractures, implant breakage, or medial migration, with cut-out being the most common. A tip–apex [...] Read more.

Background: Pertrochanteric fractures of the proximal femur present a common challenge for traumatologists, with intramedullary nailing emerging as the preferred treatment. Complication rates are around 20%, including screw jamming, refractures, implant breakage, or medial migration, with cut-out being the most common. A tip–apex distance (TAD) of >25 mm and incorrect cephalic screw position are predictive factors for cut-out. This study assesses outcomes using the Elos intramedullary nail, based on the experience of the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology at Ospedale Maggiore in Bologna. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 344 patients treated with the Elos intramedullary nail for pertrochanteric femoral fractures from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2022. The Elos^®-Intrauma nail was implanted using the standard technique. Initial X-rays classified fractures according to the AO-OTA classification, and postoperative X-rays confirmed the cephalic screw’s placement per Cleveland’s regions. Patients were divided into two groups: optimal cephalic screw position (positions 5-8-9) and other positions. We evaluated TAD, calcar-referred TAD (CalTAD), and postoperative reduction quality using Chang’s criteria. The incidence of cut-out and other complications were assessed in connection with these measurements. Results: Among the 344 patients, 227 (65.9%) had the screw in positions 5-8-9, while 117 (34.1%) had it in other positions. The median TAD was 19.47 ± 6.26 mm (range 3.96–46.6), with TAD ≤ 25 mm in 265 patients (77%). The median CalTAD was 22.37 ± 5.65 mm (range 8.75–45.3), with CalTAD ≤ 25 mm in 231 patients (67.1%). According to Chang’s criteria, 8 cases (2.3%) had poor reduction, 139 cases (40.4%) had acceptable reduction, and 197 cases (57.3%) had excellent reduction. Cut-out occurred in four cases (1.19%). Multivariate analysis revealed only poor reduction and TAD > 25 mm as independent predictors of cut-out (p < 0.05), while cephalic screw position, CalTAD, and fracture type did not impact cut-out incidence. Conclusions: This study indicates that optimal TAD and quality of reduction are crucial for minimizing cut-out risks. The Elos intramedullary nail shows favorable outcomes with a low cut-out incidence when these parameters are met. Emphasis should be placed on achieving a TAD ≤ 25 mm and excellent reduction quality to reduce complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthopedic Trauma: New Perspectives and Innovative Techniques)

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17 pages, 252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trans-Oral Robotic Surgery (TORS) and Postoperative Hemorrhage: An Analysis of Risk Factors

by Andrea Migliorelli, Elia Biancoli, Marianna Manuelli, Alberto Caranti, Andrea Ciorba, Chiara Bianchini, Giuseppe Meccariello and Claudio Vicini

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(5), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15050201 - 16 May 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Postoperative hemorrhage is the most common complication after Trans-Oral Robotic Surgery (TORS) described in the literature. The aim of this study is to assess the presence of any risk factors that may impact postoperative bleeding. Methods: This was a retrospective study [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Postoperative hemorrhage is the most common complication after Trans-Oral Robotic Surgery (TORS) described in the literature. The aim of this study is to assess the presence of any risk factors that may impact postoperative bleeding. Methods: This was a retrospective study based on the analysis of patient data. Patients undergoing TORS procedures at the ENT Unit of Forlì Hospital from 2008 to 2022 for OSA (obstructive sleep apnea) or oncological disease and with a minimum follow-up of 30 days were included. The comorbidities analyzed were perioperative anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy and clinicopathological features concerning the pathology. Total bleeding and severe bleeding (which required management in the operating room) were included. Results: A total of 414 patients (106 oncological TORS and 308 OSA TORS patients) were included. Post-TORS bleeding occurred in 47 cases (11.3%) and severe bleeding in 18 cases (4.3%). The pathology (oncology vs. OSA) treated with TORS did not represent a risk factor (p = 0.466). Antiplatelet intake represented an important risk factor (p = 0.002). Postoperative hemorrhage for oncological TORS occurred in 11.3% patients; of these, 6.6% had severe bleeding. Artery ligation during neck dissection prevented the risk of severe bleeding (p < 0.001). In TORS for OSA, postoperative hemorrhage was found in 11.4% cases, of which 3.6% were major bleeding. Neither the degree of OSA nor the association with other concurrent procedures were risk factors for postoperative bleeding in this study. Conclusions: Patients taking perioperative antiplatelet therapy have an almost 5-fold increased risk of developing postoperative bleeding. The pathology (oncology vs. OSA) does not influence the risk of bleeding. Prophylactic arterial ligation during neck dissection significantly decreases the risk of severe bleeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Medicine, Cell, and Organism Physiology)

15 pages, 1725 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Preliminary Urinalysis to Decision Support: Machine Learning for UTI Prediction in Real-World Laboratory Data

by Athanasia Sergounioti, Dimitrios Rigas, Vassilios Zoitopoulos and Dimitrios Kalles

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(5), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15050200 - 16 May 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are frequently diagnosed empirically, often leading to overtreatment and rising antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to develop and evaluate machine learning (ML) models that predict urine culture outcomes using routine urinalysis and demographic data, supporting more targeted [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are frequently diagnosed empirically, often leading to overtreatment and rising antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to develop and evaluate machine learning (ML) models that predict urine culture outcomes using routine urinalysis and demographic data, supporting more targeted empirical antibiotic use. Methods: A real-world dataset comprising 8065 urinalysis records from a hospital laboratory was used to train five ensemble ML models, including random forest, XGBoost (eXtreme gradient boosting), extra trees, voting classifier, and stacking classifier. Models were developed using 10-fold stratified cross-validation and assessed via clinically relevant metrics including specificity, sensitivity, likelihood ratios, and diagnostic odds ratios (DORs). To enhance screening utility, threshold optimization was applied to the best-performing model (XGBoost) using the Youden index. Results: XGBoost and random forest demonstrated the most balanced diagnostic profiles (AUROC: 0.819 and 0.791, respectively), with DORs exceeding 21. The voting and stacking classifiers achieved the highest specificity (>95%) and positive likelihood ratios (>10) but exhibited lower sensitivity. Feature importance analysis identified positive nitrites, white blood cell count, and specific gravity as key predictors. Threshold tuning of XGBoost improved sensitivity from 70.2% to 87.9% and reduced false negatives by 82%, with an associated NPV of 96.4%. The adjusted model reduced overtreatment by 56% compared to empirical prescribing. Conclusions: ML models based on structured urinalysis and demographic data can support clinical decision-making for UTIs. While high-specificity models may reduce unnecessary antibiotic use, sensitivity trade-offs must be considered. Threshold-optimized XGBoost offers a clinically adaptable tool for empirical treatment decisions by improving sensitivity and reducing overtreatment, thus supporting the more personalized and judicious use of antibiotics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Use of Machine Learning for Personalized Medicine)

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12 pages, 1985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinicopathological Features of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma with NRAS Mutation

by Andrea Ambrosini-Spaltro, Claudia Rengucci, Laura Capelli, Elisa Chiadini, Chiara Bennati, Angelo Delmonte, Silvia Vecchiarelli, Francesco Limarzi, Sofia Nosseir, Graziana Gallo, Mirca Valli, Paola Ulivi and Daniele Calistri

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(5), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15050199 - 16 May 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: NRAS mutations affect fewer than 1% of lung adenocarcinomas. The aim of this study was to describe the clinicopathological features of lung carcinomas with NRAS mutations. (2) Methods: A series of NRAS-mutated lung carcinomas was collected from a molecular [...] Read more.

(1) Background: NRAS mutations affect fewer than 1% of lung adenocarcinomas. The aim of this study was to describe the clinicopathological features of lung carcinomas with NRAS mutations. (2) Methods: A series of NRAS-mutated lung carcinomas was collected from a molecular diagnostic unit (from four hospitals). The cases were analyzed with next-generation sequencing. A log-rank test for overall survival (OS) was calculated. (3) Results: NRAS mutations were detected in 14/1948 samples (0.72%) of non-small-cell lung carcinomas from 13 patients (8 males, 5 females). NRAS mutations involved codon 61 in the majority (9/13, 69.2%) of cases. The other NRAS mutations affected codon 12 (2/13, 15.4%), codon 13 (1/13, 7.7%), and codon 142 (1/13, 7.7%). In 7/13 cases, co-alterations in additional genes were also present. Pleomorphic/sarcomatoid features were identified in 3/13 (23.1%) cases, in 2/8 (25.0%) histological specimens, and in 2/5 (40.0%) surgical specimens, respectively. Follow-up data were available in 11/13 cases, with 6 patients deceased. By a log-rank test, patients with NRAS mutations in codon 61 had a better outcome (estimated mean of 32.6 ± 7.1 months) compared to those with other NRAS mutations (estimated mean of 8.7 ± 4.4 months), with a significant difference (p = 0.048 for OS). (4) Conclusions: Lung carcinomas with NRAS mutation may display pleomorphic or sarcomatoid features. Mutations in codon 61 showed a more favorable prognosis than those in other codons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics in the Personalized Treatment of Lung Diseases)

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Graphical abstract

13 pages, 797 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shoulder Tendinopathy Induced by Statins: A Case Report and Systematic Review

by Nicola Manocchio, Carmelo Pirri, Andrea Sorbino, Laura Giordani, Giulia Vita, Concetta Ljoka and Calogero Foti

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(5), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15050198 - 15 May 2025

Abstract

Background: Statins are essential for managing cholesterol levels but can induce musculoskeletal side effects, including tendinopathy of the shoulder. Rotator Cuff Disease (RCD) is one of the most common shoulder tendinopathy. The aim of the present study is to report a clinical case [...] Read more.

Background: Statins are essential for managing cholesterol levels but can induce musculoskeletal side effects, including tendinopathy of the shoulder. Rotator Cuff Disease (RCD) is one of the most common shoulder tendinopathy. The aim of the present study is to report a clinical case of statin-induce RCD after performing a systematic review on the subject. Materials and Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature and report the case of a 49-year-old man with statin-induced RCD treated with a personalized individual rehabilitation project (IRP) (steroid and HA injections, mesotherapy, and therapeutic exercise) to investigate the relationship between statins and shoulder tendinopathy. The review followed PRISMA guidelines (2020 version), searching PubMed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS. Results: Out of a total of 217 articles, three cohort studies were suitable for our review. Conflicting evidence emerged regarding the association between statins and shoulder tendinopathy from the included papers. The case report describes a patient who experienced RCD after increasing atorvastatin dosage, with symptoms improving after dose reduction and a multimodal personalized IRP. Conclusions: Statins may contribute to tendon injury by altering the extracellular matrix and cell membrane integrity. While tendinopathy and statin relation is still under discussion, clinicians should monitor patients for tendinopathy and consider switching to alternative treatments in case symptoms arise. The case report demonstrated the successful management of statin-induced RCD with a multimodal personalized IRP. Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between statins and shoulder tendinopathy. Early diagnosis and appropriate personalized management are crucial for optimizing patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Personalized Therapy and Drug Delivery)

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19 pages, 1115 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

One-Stop Mitral Valve Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair and Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Mitral Regurgitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Konstantinos Pamporis, Dimitrios Tsiachris, Konstantinos Grigoriou, Paschalis Karakasis, Ioannis Doundoulakis, Panagiotis Theofilis, Panagiotis Kouvatsos, Athanasios Saplaouras, Athanasios Kordalis, Aikaterini-Eleftheria Karanikola, Panagiotis Antonios Goutis and Konstantinos Tsioufis

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(5), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15050197 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Patients with atrial fibrillation and mitral regurgitation (MR) undergoing transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair (M-TEER) often have concomitant indications for left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO), mandating a more personalized treatment approach. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness and safety of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Patients with atrial fibrillation and mitral regurgitation (MR) undergoing transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair (M-TEER) often have concomitant indications for left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO), mandating a more personalized treatment approach. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness and safety of combining M-TEER/LAAO in one procedure. Methods: MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, and Cochrane were searched through 21 March 2025 for studies examining M-TEER/LAAO with or without control (M-TEER only). Double-independent study selection, extraction, and quality assessments were performed. Frequentist random-effects models were used to calculate mean differences (MDs) and risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Seven studies (223 participants) were included. For M-TEER/LAAO, the mean procedural time was 101.6 min (95% CI = [85.06, 118.13]), the mean radiation time was 29.97 min (95% CI = [23.85, 36.09]), the mean length of stay was 5.21 days (95% CI = [3.31, 7.12]), procedural success was achieved in 89.5% of cases (95% CI = [73.4, 96.3], and post-procedure MR > 2+ occurred in 14.8% of cases (95% CI = [3.6, 44.5]). Compared to M-TEER only, patients with M-TEER/LAAO had similar procedural (RR = 0.91, 95% CI = [0.71, 1.17]) and technical success (RR = 1, 95% CI = [0.94, 1.06]) with a similar risk of acute kidney injury (RR = 1, 95% CI = [0.07, 15.12]), bleeding (RR = 0.40, 95% CI = [0.01, 18.06]), and all-cause death (RR = 0.59, 95% CI = [0.22, 1.54]). M-TEER/LAAO was non-significantly associated with in-hospital death (RR = 3, 95% CI = [0.13, 70.23]), stroke (RR = 3, 95% CI = [0.13, 70.23]), and vascular complications (RR = 1.55, 95% CI = [0.43, 5.59]) compared to M-TEER only. Most patients (34.2%, 95% CI = [2.8, 90.4]) received dual antiplatelet therapy at discharge, followed by anticoagulation only (20.2%, 95% CI = [7.5, 44.3]). Conclusions: M-TEER/LAAO can be combined into a single procedure with good peri-procedural outcomes. Safety was also satisfactory; however, some concerns may arise regarding in-hospital death, stroke, and vascular complications. Further research is needed to explore the effectiveness and safety of this combined strategy and elucidate the risk–benefit profile of this personalized treatment approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiology and Vascular Health: Pathophysiology, Therapeutics and Epidemiology)

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16 pages, 2552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Yeast-Produced Human Recombinant Lysosomal β-Hexosaminidase Efficiently Rescues GM2 Ganglioside Accumulation in Tay–Sachs Disease

by Orhan Kerim Inci, Andrés Felipe Leal, Nurselin Ates, Diego A. Súarez, Angela Johana Espejo-Mojica, Carlos Javier Alméciga-Diaz and Volkan Seyrantepe

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(5), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15050196 - 10 May 2025

Abstract

Background: Tay–Sachs disease (TSD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder characterized by the accumulation of GM2 ganglioside due to mutations in the HEXA gene, which encodes the α-subunit of β-Hexosaminidase A. This accumulation leads to significant neuropathological effects and premature death in [...] Read more.

Background: Tay–Sachs disease (TSD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder characterized by the accumulation of GM2 ganglioside due to mutations in the HEXA gene, which encodes the α-subunit of β-Hexosaminidase A. This accumulation leads to significant neuropathological effects and premature death in affected individuals. No effective treatments exist, but enzyme replacement therapies are under investigation. In our previous work, we demonstrated the internalization and efficacy of human recombinant lysosomal β-hexosaminidase A (rhHex-A), produced in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris, in reducing lipids and lysosomal mass levels in fibroblasts and neural stem cells derived from patient-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In this study, we further evaluated the potential of rhHex-A to prevent GM2 accumulation using fibroblast and neuroglia cells from a TSD patient alongside a relevant mouse model. Methods: Fibroblasts and neuroglial cell lines derived from a murine model and TSD patients were treated with 100 nM rhHexA for 72 h. After treatment, cells were stained by anti-GM2 (targeting GM2 ganglioside; KM966) and anti-LAMP1 (lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1) colocalization staining and incubated with 50 nM LysoTracker Red DND-99 to label lysosomes. In addition, GM2AP and HEXB expression were analyzed to assess whether rhHex-A treatment affected the levels of enzymes involved in GM2 ganglioside degradation. Results: Immunofluorescence staining for LysoTracker and colocalization studies of GM2 and Lamp1 indicated reduced lysosomal mass and GM2 levels. Notably, rhHex-A treatment also affected the expression of the HEXB gene, which is involved in GM2 ganglioside metabolism, highlighting a potential regulatory interaction within the metabolic pathway. Conclusions: Here, we report that rhHex-A produced in yeast can efficiently degrade GM2 ganglioside and rescue lysosomal accumulation in TSD cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inborn Errors of Metabolism: From Pathomechanisms to Treatment)

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25 pages, 1626 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Methodologies for the Emulation of Biomarker-Guided Trials Using Observational Data: A Systematic Review

by Faye D. Baldwin, Rukun K. S. Khalaf, Ruwanthi Kolamunnage-Dona and Andrea L. Jorgensen

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(5), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15050195 - 10 May 2025

Abstract

Background: Target trial emulation involves the application of design principles from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to observational data, and is particularly useful in situations where an RCT would be unfeasible. Biomarker-guided trials, which incorporate biomarkers within their design to either guide treatment [...] Read more.

Background: Target trial emulation involves the application of design principles from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to observational data, and is particularly useful in situations where an RCT would be unfeasible. Biomarker-guided trials, which incorporate biomarkers within their design to either guide treatment and/or determine eligibility, are often unfeasible in practice due to sample size requirements or ethical concerns. Here, we undertake a systematic review of methodologies used in target trial emulations, comparing treatment effectiveness, critically appraising them, and considering their applicability to the emulation of biomarker-guided trials. Methods: A comprehensive search strategy was developed to identify studies reporting on methods for target trial emulation comparing the effectiveness of treatments using observational data, and applied to the following bibliographic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Ovid MEDLINE. A narrative description of methods identified in the review was undertaken alongside a critique of their relative strengths and limitations. Results: We identified a total of 59 papers: 47 emulating a target trial (‘application’ studies), and 12 detailing methods to emulate a target trial (‘methods’ studies). A total of 25 papers were identified as emulating a biomarker-guided trial (42%). While all papers reported methods to adjust for baseline confounding, 40% of application papers did not specify methods to adjust for time-varying confounding. Conclusions: This systematic review has identified a range of methods used to control for baseline, time-varying, and residual/unmeasured confounding within target trial emulation and provides a guide for researchers interested in emulation of biomarker-guided trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Disease Biomarker)

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17 pages, 2456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Accuracy of ChatGPT-4o in Interpreting Chest and Abdominal X-Ray Images

by Pietro G. Lacaita, Malik Galijasevic, Michael Swoboda, Leonhard Gruber, Yannick Scharll, Fabian Barbieri, Gerlig Widmann and Gudrun M. Feuchtner

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(5), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15050194 - 10 May 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have emerged as potential clinical support tools to enhance precision in personalized patient care, but their reliability in radiological image interpretation remains uncertain. The primary aim of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have emerged as potential clinical support tools to enhance precision in personalized patient care, but their reliability in radiological image interpretation remains uncertain. The primary aim of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ChatGPT-4o in interpreting chest X-rays (CXRs) and abdominal X-rays (AXRs) by comparing its performance to expert radiology findings, whilst secondary aims were diagnostic confidence and patient safety. Methods: A total of 500 X-rays, including 257 CXR (51.4%) and 243 AXR (48.5%), were analyzed. Diagnoses made by ChatGPT-4o were compared to expert interpretations. Confidence scores (1–4) were assigned and responses were evaluated for patient safety. Results: ChatGPT-4o correctly identified 345 of 500 (69%) pathologies (95% CI: 64.81–72.9). For AXRs 175 of 243 (72.02%) pathologies were correctly diagnosed (95% CI: 66.06–77.28), while for CXRs 170 of 257 (66.15%) were accurate (95% CI: 60.16–71.66). The highest detection rates among CXRs were observed for pulmonary edema, tumor, pneumonia, pleural effusion, cardiomegaly, and emphysema, and lower rates were observed for pneumothorax, rib fractures, and enlarged mediastinum. AXR performance was highest for intestinal obstruction and foreign bodies, and weaker for pneumoperitoneum, renal calculi, and diverticulitis. Confidence scores were higher for AXRs (mean 3.45 ± 1.1) than CXRs (mean 2.48 ± 1.45). All responses (100%) were considered to be safe for the patient. Interobserver agreement was high (kappa = 0.920), and reliability (second prompt) was moderate (kappa = 0.750). Conclusions: ChatGPT-4o demonstrated moderate accuracy for the interpretation of X-rays, being higher for AXRs compared to CXRs. Improvements are required for its use as efficient clinical support tool. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Methodology, Drug and Device Discovery)

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10 pages, 571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Epidemiological Characteristics, Treatment Patterns, and Factors Influencing the Timeliness of Treatment in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) in Stages III and IV: Experience of a Mexican Hospital

by Victor Manuel Oyervides Juarez, Daneli Ruiz Sanchez, Alejandro De Leon Cruz, Luis Angel Ceceñas Falcon, Marco Mendez Saenz, Carlos Alfredo Gomez de la Cruz, Mario Alberto Campos Coy, Juan Manuel Sánchez Castillo, Oscar Vidal Gutierrez, Joaquin Manzo Merino, Silvia Peralonso Bombin, Yuridia Evangelina Rodríguez Rosales, Gabriela Lugo Martinez, Jimena Maria Iglesias, Sebastian Medina Gonzalez and Claudia Catalina Beltran Rodriguez

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(5), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15050193 - 9 May 2025

Abstract

Objective: In Mexico, head and neck cancers pose a significant health burden. GLOBOCAN reported approximately 3183 new cases and 1636 deaths in 2020. Despite being the sixth leading cause of cancer incidence and mortality worldwide, data on epidemiology and treatment patterns in Mexico [...] Read more.

Objective: In Mexico, head and neck cancers pose a significant health burden. GLOBOCAN reported approximately 3183 new cases and 1636 deaths in 2020. Despite being the sixth leading cause of cancer incidence and mortality worldwide, data on epidemiology and treatment patterns in Mexico remain limited. This study aimed to characterize the profile, clinical features, and management of patients with Stage III–IVB head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in a real-world setting. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a database of 187 patients with Stage III, IVA, or IVB HNSCC treated at the University Hospital Dr. José Eleuterio González. Demographics, disease characteristics, and treatment patterns were summarized as frequencies and percentages. Exploratory endpoints included clinical outcomes and recurrence types. Results: The cohort was 82.9% male (n = 155). The most frequent tumor sites were the oral cavity (36.9%) and larynx (36.9%), with 55% (n = 103) diagnosed at stage IVA. Of 75 cases tested for p16, 35.3% (n = 36) were positive. The median time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 166.5 days (95% CI: 123.4–197.8) and from diagnosis to treatment 42 days (95% CI: 31.6–50.4). Initial treatments included surgery (36.4%), chemoradiotherapy (24.6%), induction chemotherapy (19.8%), supportive care (11.2%), and radiotherapy (8%). Locoregional control was achieved in 42.8% of patients, with an overall recurrence rate of 2.8%. Conclusions: This study provides real-world insights into the epidemiology and management of locally advanced HNSCC in Mexico, outlining the patient journey from initial symptoms to treatment and underscoring the need for more individualized therapeutic strategies based on molecular profiling and clinical characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology)

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16 pages, 1030 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Three in a Bed: Can Partner Support Improve CPAP Adherence? A Systematic Review and Intervention Recommendations

by Giada Rapelli, Carola Caloni, Francesca Cattaneo, Marco Redaelli, Roberto Cattivelli, Giulia Landi, Eliana Tossani, Silvana Grandi, Gianluca Castelnuovo and Giada Pietrabissa

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(5), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15050192 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the standard approach for treating obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), but patient adherence is often low due to various influencing factors. Recently, researchers have increasingly begun to explore the influence of partner support on adherence [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the standard approach for treating obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), but patient adherence is often low due to various influencing factors. Recently, researchers have increasingly begun to explore the influence of partner support on adherence to CPAP therapy. This systematic review seeks to consolidate current evidence regarding the impact of partner support on CPAP adherence in individuals with OSAS. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was carried out across PubMed, Scopus, Medline, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases under PRISMA guidelines. Stringent inclusion criteria were used, and at least two independent reviewers screened all studies. The mixed methods appraisal tool (MMAT) was used to assess selected articles for quality. Data relevant to the review’s objectives were extracted and presented through narrative synthesis. The review protocol was preregistered (Prospero CRD420251016574). Results: Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Findings highlighted the significant influence of adherence to CPAP. Partner support, relationship quality, and collaborative efforts emerged as facilitators of adherence, with partnered individuals exhibiting higher adherence to CPAP use. However, barriers such as anxiety, interruption in intimacy, and conflict in relationships were also identified. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review to synthesize evidence on the partner’s role in CPAP adherence and inform clinicians on the importance of providing personalized care based on biopsychosocial characteristics of patients; for example, assessing the partner support in the management of the illness. Furthermore, the findings emphasize the need for further research—particularly randomized controlled trials and dyadic designs—to deepen understanding of how partner dynamics influence effects of CPAP treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Personalized Therapy and Drug Delivery)

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11 pages, 811 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Consultation to Collaboration: A Patient-Centered Approach to Shingles Pain and Postherpetic Neuralgia Management

by Yin-Tse Wu, Hsuan-Chih Lao, Sheng-Chin Kao, Ying-Chun Lin, Ying-Wei Yang, Ying-Hsin Li and Yi-Jun Chen

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(5), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15050191 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Herpes zoster (shingles), caused by reactivation of the varicella zoster virus, often leads to acute pain that may progress to postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). Current evidence is insufficient to determine the optimal interventional treatment for these conditions. This study aimed to evaluate [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Herpes zoster (shingles), caused by reactivation of the varicella zoster virus, often leads to acute pain that may progress to postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). Current evidence is insufficient to determine the optimal interventional treatment for these conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of shared decision-making (SDM) forms developed by MacKay Memorial Hospital (MMH) in reducing patient anxiety and improving personalized care. Method: Between 1 August 2022 and 30 August 2024, we retrospectively reviewed SDM records of patients with shingles pain and PHN who were referred to the pain clinic for interventional treatment due to unresolved pain. The SDM forms were developed, reviewed, and authorized by the MMH Committee of Medical Quality and Safety. We analyzed the chosen interventions, anxiety levels, pain intensity, and patient preferences regarding treatment selection. Results: A total of 51 individuals (36 with shingles pain, 15 with PHN) were included in this cohort study. Most patients with acute or chronic zoster pain opted for subcutaneous steroid injections. Anxiety scores significantly decreased following SDM intervention, from 5.0 (IQR: 3.5–5.0) to 3.0 (IQR: 2.0–3.0) in shingles patients and from 5.0 (IQR: 4.0–5.0) to 2.0 (IQR: 2.0–3.0) in PHN patients. Pain intensity, measured using the numerical rating scale (NRS), also improved markedly after interventional pain management, with scores reducing from 8.0 (IQR: 6.0–9.0) to 3.0 (IQR: 1.0–6.5) in shingles patients and from 5.0 (IQR: 4.0–8.0) to 2.0 (IQR: 1.0–3.0) in PHN patients. Shingles patients expressed greater concern about the risks of interventional therapy complications, whereas PHN patients prioritized cost, complication rates, treatment frequency, and continuity of care. Additionally, SDM forms received high scores for promoting patient participation and knowledge, indicating that they improved their understanding of their condition and treatment options. Conclusions: SDM significantly improved patient comprehension, reduced anxiety, facilitated informed treatment decisions, and strengthened doctor–patient communication for those with shingles pain and PHN. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue How to Undertake Personalized Assessments and Cures for Pain)

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12 pages, 744 KiB

Open AccessReview

Tissue Preservation and Access: Modern Innovation in Biobanking Moving Forwards a Personalized Treatment

by Chiara Tessari, Saima Jalil Imran, Nukhba Akbar and Gino Gerosa

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(5), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15050190 - 7 May 2025

Abstract

Tissue substitution and graft transplantation are currently the best treatment options for patients suffering from severe heart diseases. However, the limited availability of donors and the restricted durability of tissues applied in cardiovascular treatments result in a constraint on applicability and a suboptimal [...] Read more.

Tissue substitution and graft transplantation are currently the best treatment options for patients suffering from severe heart diseases. However, the limited availability of donors and the restricted durability of tissues applied in cardiovascular treatments result in a constraint on applicability and a suboptimal therapeutic approach that is still not fully resolved. There are multiple ways to preserve heart tissue grafts, and the choice of method is solely dependent upon the nature and complexity of the tissue and the length of storage. The conventional cold storage method provides the base to nearly all of the preservation protocols for short- and long-term storage. Short-term storage methods frequently rely on designing preserving solutions to protect the graft against warm and cold ischemia at the temperature above freezing point. As ice-nucleation is the major notorious phenomenon during graft preservation, the modern era of research is focusing on developing ice-free preservation techniques, termed vitrification. However, despite the promising outcomes of vitrification, there are several recognized hurdles required to be overcome to build a biobank of heart grafts for an extended period of time. Besides tissue deterioration due to extreme cold temperature, there is another extreme phenomenon of tissue rejection mainly caused by the presence of cellular antigens. The modern approach of decellularization has the potential to minimize the chances of tissue rejection by removing the cells and providing a structural support and sustained biochemical signal via keeping the extracellular matrix of the graft intact. In conclusion, both nano-warming and decellularization are the leading approaches that have great potential to store the graft tissue in its optimal form via keeping its viability safe for a longer time and extending its applicability. This review article outlines a variety of approaches for the preservation and bioengineering of tissue to fulfill the need for the availability of on-shelf long-lasting grafts both in clinical and laboratory setups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on Heart Valve Diseases: Personalized Treatment and Management)

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