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Open AccessEditorial

Preface of the 6th Efficient Water Systems International Conference (EWaS6) on “Safeguarding Water & Health in a Financially, Socially and Environmentally Fragile Era”

by Vasilis Kanakoudis, Evangelos Keramaris, Francesco De Paola, Habib Muhammetoglu and Theodora Papamitsou

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044001 - 17 Jun 2026

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Abstract

This article belongs to the proceedings of the 6th Efficient Water Systems International Conference (EWaS6) on “Safeguarding Water & Health in a financially, socially and environmentally fragile era” [...] Full article

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9 pages, 501 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

SWANP-AI: The First AI-Powered Software for Automated DMA/PMA Generative Design in Water Distribution Network

by Armando Di Nardo, Ludovica Palma, Enrico Creaco, Anna Di Mauro, Michele Iervolino and Giovanni F. Santonastaso

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044002 - 18 Jun 2026

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Abstract

SWANP-AI (Smart Water Network Partitioning with Artificial Intelligence) is a web application with AI natively embedded in its core engines for automated Water Network Partitioning (WNP) of water distribution networks. It is presented as the web-based evolution of SWANP 4.0, whose computational routines [...] Read more.

SWANP-AI (Smart Water Network Partitioning with Artificial Intelligence) is a web application with AI natively embedded in its core engines for automated Water Network Partitioning (WNP) of water distribution networks. It is presented as the web-based evolution of SWANP 4.0, whose computational routines have already been tested in operational and research applications. The paper clarifies the full development chain of the platform, from graph-based grouping of candidate District Metered Areas/pressure management Areas (DMA/PMA) to multi-objective boundary pipe optimization and operational decision support. The methodology combines spectral and multilevel k-way partitioning for district generation, NSGA-II for cost–resilience boundary selection, hydraulic simulation through EPANET/WNTR, and AI-supported modules for solution interpretation, sensor placement, natural language editing, and Bayesian leak localization. The application to a real water distribution network shows that SWANP-AI can transform natural language engineering requests into formal optimization tasks, identify hydraulically meaningful candidate interventions, and select balanced solutions through Utopia point analysis, thus reducing manual trial-and-error in DMA/PMA design. The main contribution is a structural generative AI workflow that supports engineers not only in analyzing a network as it is, but also in designing how the network should be partitioned and operated. Full article

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7 pages, 7701 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhancing Urban Water Efficiency Through Integrated NRW Management: Outcomes of an EU-Funded Project in Antalya, Türkiye

by Habib Muhammetoglu, Ayse Muhammetoglu, Tugba Akdeniz, Pelin Ulutas and Manuel Sapiano

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044003 - 18 Jun 2026

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Abstract

An EU-funded project was implemented to enhance efficiency and reliability in the water supply system of Antalya city in Türkiye to support climate change adaptation by reducing Non-Revenue Water (NRW). Extensive fieldwork and targeted actions of continuous Minimum Night Flow monitoring, Active Leakage [...] Read more.

An EU-funded project was implemented to enhance efficiency and reliability in the water supply system of Antalya city in Türkiye to support climate change adaptation by reducing Non-Revenue Water (NRW). Extensive fieldwork and targeted actions of continuous Minimum Night Flow monitoring, Active Leakage Control, pressure management, and replacement of aging meters were applied to identify and reduce NRW. The project demonstrated that the commonly used percentage water loss indicator in Türkiye, the regulatory performance indicator, is biased and that the Infrastructure Leakage Index provides a more accurate performance measure. Training and experience-sharing workshops were conducted for district, provincial, and metropolitan municipalities in addition to an international regional conference, strengthening institutional capacity for sustainable water loss management. The project demonstrated that substantial gains in efficiency, reliability, and climate resilience can be achieved through integrated water loss management, advanced monitoring technologies, and performance-based evaluation frameworks. Full article

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6 pages, 205 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

When Stress Changes the Flow: A Brain–Body Perspective on Hemodynamic Regulation

by Nikolaos Statharakos, Elisavet Papadopoulou, Dimitra Zarkadoula, Maria Draga, Alexandros Parisis, Eirini Nikolopoulou, Taxiarchis Gravanis and Aikaterini Vlachaki

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044004 - 18 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Stress alters hemodynamic regulation through intricate brain–body pathways, translating psychological phenomena into systemic cardiovascular changes. This review explores these complex neurobiological mechanisms, focusing on how the autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis orchestrate pathological fluctuations in heart rate, vascular resistance, and blood pressure. [...] Read more.

Stress alters hemodynamic regulation through intricate brain–body pathways, translating psychological phenomena into systemic cardiovascular changes. This review explores these complex neurobiological mechanisms, focusing on how the autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis orchestrate pathological fluctuations in heart rate, vascular resistance, and blood pressure. The neurophysiological data link limbic system hyperactivation to endothelial dysfunction and altered cerebral blood flow. Furthermore, we investigate the bidirectional nature of this relationship wherein stress-induced hemodynamic instability can exacerbate psychiatric conditions. Bridging affective neuroscience with cardiovascular physiology, this integrative framework underscores the critical need for multidisciplinary clinical approaches in managing stress-related psychosomatic and cardiovascular pathologies. Full article

7 pages, 6791 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Applying GALDIT Method to Assess Groundwater Vulnerability to Seawater Intrusion in the Coastal Aquifer of Katerini, Greece

by Charalampia-Maria Chatzikonstantinou, Ilias Siarkos and Pantelis Sidiropoulos

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044005 - 18 Jun 2026

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Abstract

This study applies the GALDIT index within a GIS environment to assess groundwater vulnerability to seawater intrusion (SWI) in the coastal aquifer of Katerini, Greece. In addition, a single-parameter sensitivity analysis (SPSA) is performed to evaluate the relative influence of the GALDIT parameters [...] Read more.

This study applies the GALDIT index within a GIS environment to assess groundwater vulnerability to seawater intrusion (SWI) in the coastal aquifer of Katerini, Greece. In addition, a single-parameter sensitivity analysis (SPSA) is performed to evaluate the relative influence of the GALDIT parameters and to produce a modified vulnerability map based on SPSA-derived weights. The results indicate that, in both cases, most of the study area exhibits low and moderate vulnerability, with high vulnerability limited to small areas along the coastal zone. Minor differences were observed between the two approaches, with the modified GALDIT map showing a slightly larger proportion of moderate-vulnerability areas. The SPSA further revealed that L is the most influential parameter in the GALDIT index, whereas G and I have the least influence. Overall, the study findings may serve as a valuable basis for prioritizing groundwater monitoring and management in the study area, and for guiding targeted measures to help prevent SWI. Full article

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6 pages, 743 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Cloud-Based Technologies and Bias Correction for Rendering Big Data Precipitation at National Scale—The Case of Greece

by Nikolaos Alpanakis, Charalampos Skoulikaris, Kondylia Velikou and Athanasios Loukas

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044006 - 18 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Gridded precipitation datasets are increasingly used as operational tools, with growing emphasis on cloud-native processing to handle multi-decadal archives through reproducible and auditable workflows. This paper presents an end-to-end pipeline that uses Google Earth Engine for the automated extraction of ERA5-Land precipitation, enabling [...] Read more.

Gridded precipitation datasets are increasingly used as operational tools, with growing emphasis on cloud-native processing to handle multi-decadal archives through reproducible and auditable workflows. This paper presents an end-to-end pipeline that uses Google Earth Engine for the automated extraction of ERA5-Land precipitation, enabling on-the-fly analysis and targeted spatiotemporal data retrieval. The extracted outputs are subsequently evaluated through station-based comparisons using one linear and one non-linear bias-correction technique. The workflow emphasizes scalable data access, consistent station alignment, and distribution-aware diagnostics for extremes. It is designed to support rapid national screening and to provide a transferable blueprint for hydrometeorological applications. Full article

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6 pages, 860 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

From Rainfall to Outflow: Field Evidence of Permeable Pavement Retention and Seasonal Hydrological Behaviour

by Chrysoula Pantsi, Ye Lwin Aung, Ismail Elhassnaoui and Cletus Moobela

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044007 - 18 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Permeable pavements offer a dual-function solution, converting hardstanding into active stormwater control, yet field performance data under real rainfall remain limited. Unlike laboratory-based studies, this research captures in situ hydrological behaviour under natural rainfall variability. This study monitors the hydrological performance of a [...] Read more.

Permeable pavements offer a dual-function solution, converting hardstanding into active stormwater control, yet field performance data under real rainfall remain limited. Unlike laboratory-based studies, this research captures in situ hydrological behaviour under natural rainfall variability. This study monitors the hydrological performance of a full-scale permeable pavement system at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, over seven months, using paired rainfall and underdrain outflow measurements. Monthly water balance metrics, including retained depth and retention ratio, were derived from April to October. Results show the strongest volume retention during moderate-rainfall months, peaking at 18.7% in July, with an overall monitoring-period retention of 4.9%. Negative retention ratios in May and August reveal inter-event sub-base drainage dynamics that monthly metrics alone cannot fully resolve. Weekly hydrograph analysis identified two distinct hydraulic regimes: sub-base attenuation under low-to-moderate rainfall and near-direct underdrain transmission when antecedent wetness exhausted storage capacity. These findings demonstrate that the antecedent moisture condition is the primary control on the hydraulic regime, with implications for SuDS design and performance monitoring in temperate climates. Full article

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7 pages, 1837 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development of Python-Based, GIS-Embedded Geoprocessing Tools for Hydrological and Hydraulic Modeling Workflows

by Nikolaos Xafoulis and Evangelia Farsirotou

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044008 - 18 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Efficient hydrological-hydraulic analysis requires rapid, reproducible preparation of key GIS inputs. This paper presents two ArcGIS Pro-embedded Python tools that consolidate preprocessing into parameterized, single-run workflows. WATDYN derives hydrologically conditioned flow fields from a DEM and outputs sub-watershed polygons, a vector drainage network, [...] Read more.

Efficient hydrological-hydraulic analysis requires rapid, reproducible preparation of key GIS inputs. This paper presents two ArcGIS Pro-embedded Python tools that consolidate preprocessing into parameterized, single-run workflows. WATDYN derives hydrologically conditioned flow fields from a DEM and outputs sub-watershed polygons, a vector drainage network, and outlet/junction points. MRET generates a spatial Manning’s roughness coefficient (n) layer by mapping CORINE Land Cover 2018 classes to the literature-based values, producing a model-ready roughness raster with optional tabular export. In the Thessaly water district (EL08), Greece (813.71 km²), WATDYN produced 3249 stream/accumulation polylines and ~3100 sub-watersheds (threshold 5000) in ~2 min, while MRET generated the corresponding n raster in ~1 min. Full article

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8 pages, 931 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Nonlinear Analysis of Hydrological Time Series Using Visual Boundary Recurrence Plots: The Nestos River Case Study

by Athanasios Fragkou, Avraam Charakopoulos and Theodoros Karakasidis

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044009 - 22 Jun 2026

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Abstract

This study investigates the dynamical behavior of hydrological time series using nonlinear analysis methods, with emphasis on the Visual Boundary Recurrence Plots (VBRPs) approach. Water level data from three monitoring stations along the Nestos River (Greece) are analyzed to uncover underlying system dynamics [...] Read more.

This study investigates the dynamical behavior of hydrological time series using nonlinear analysis methods, with emphasis on the Visual Boundary Recurrence Plots (VBRPs) approach. Water level data from three monitoring stations along the Nestos River (Greece) are analyzed to uncover underlying system dynamics and variability across different hydrological settings. The VBRP methodology is employed to identify and quantify recurrent and non-recurrent structures in the time series, enabling the detection of temporal persistence, fluctuations, and transitions between system states. The derived VBRP rates reveal significant differences among the examined stations, reflecting variations in basin characteristics such as topography, flow organization, and storage capacity. Specifically, the Temenos (E6) station exhibits higher recurrence-related structure, indicating a more coherent and rapidly responding system, while the Arkoudorema (E8) station shows increased non-recurrent behavior, suggesting stronger fluctuations associated with tributary dynamics. The Papades (E7) station displays intermediate characteristics. The results demonstrate that VBRP provides physically interpretable insights into hydrological dynamics and constitutes a robust tool for the analysis of complex environmental time series, complementing traditional nonlinear approaches. Full article

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7 pages, 10727 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Flood-Event Analysis in a Large Combined Sewer Catchment: The Arena S. Antonio Case Study (Naples, Italy)

by Benedetta Sansone, Roberta Padulano, Sergio De Marco and Giuseppe Del Giudice

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044010 - 22 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Environmental risk management in urban areas has become increasingly important in recent decades, mainly due to climate change and the anticipated rise in the frequency and severity of extreme rainfall events. In highly urbanized environments, these conditions can intensify hydraulic stress on drainage [...] Read more.

Environmental risk management in urban areas has become increasingly important in recent decades, mainly due to climate change and the anticipated rise in the frequency and severity of extreme rainfall events. In highly urbanized environments, these conditions can intensify hydraulic stress on drainage systems, leading to flooding and surcharge within combined sewer networks. Continuous simulations (2008–2018) were performed using coupled hydrological–hydraulic modeling. Discharge outputs and rainfall series were aggregated at hourly resolution and segmented into independent events. Results show marked seasonality: ~86 events/year and ~118 events/year were identified, with higher occurrence in autumn and winter and fewer events in summer. Event duration tends to be longer from late autumn to spring, whereas summer events are generally shorter. Conversely, peak rainfall and peak discharge exhibit higher median values and variability during summer and early autumn, consistent with intense convective Mediterranean storms. Full article

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9 pages, 234 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Effect of Drinking Water on Children’s Neurological Development: A Scoping Review

by Georgios Kiosis, Despoina Ioannou, Kanellos Skourtsidis, Dimitrios Kavvadas, Konstantinos Stergiou, Maria-Nefeli Georgaki, Theodora Papamitsou and Sofia Karachrysafi

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044011 - 22 Jun 2026

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Abstract

This scoping review examines how contaminants in drinking water influence children’s neurological development. Evidence across epidemiological, experimental, and mechanistic studies demonstrates that early-life exposure to lead, arsenic, fluoride, manganese, and PFAS is consistently associated with adverse cognitive, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. These effects [...] Read more.

This scoping review examines how contaminants in drinking water influence children’s neurological development. Evidence across epidemiological, experimental, and mechanistic studies demonstrates that early-life exposure to lead, arsenic, fluoride, manganese, and PFAS is consistently associated with adverse cognitive, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. These effects occur even at low exposure levels and involve pathways such as oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, and impaired neuronal signaling. In contrast, data on nitrates and microplastics remain limited, highlighting substantial research gaps. Overall, the findings underscore drinking water quality as a critical determinant of child neurodevelopment and emphasize the need for strengthened monitoring and public health protections. Full article

7 pages, 754 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Short-Term Probabilistic Forecasting of Water Demand Using GPR: A Case Study in Southern Italy

by Cristian Cappello, Carla Tricarico, Giovanni de Marinis and Angelo Leopardi

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044012 - 22 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Short-term water demand forecasting is a key issue for the management of smart water networks, particularly in the context of remote control and active regulation. This study analyses a real-world dataset of water demand coefficients, collected at 15 min intervals, from a municipality [...] Read more.

Short-term water demand forecasting is a key issue for the management of smart water networks, particularly in the context of remote control and active regulation. This study analyses a real-world dataset of water demand coefficients, collected at 15 min intervals, from a municipality in Southern Italy serving approximately 73,000 inhabitants. The proposed model, based on Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) with a Rational Quadratic kernel (RQ), is compared with a statistical benchmark constructed using average patterns for each time slot by the application of the Gauss Distribution. The results show a reduction in RMSE and MAE and a better ability to track the daily dynamics of demand using the GPR approach. Full article

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7 pages, 635 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Integrated Water Demand Forecasting and Loss Reduction Scenarios for Climate-Resilient Urban Water Management in Antalya, Türkiye

by Ayse Muhammetoglu and Habib Muhammetoglu

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044013 - 22 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Climate change is intensifying water scarcity in the Mediterranean region, placing the Antalya province of Türkiye at significant risk due to declining water availability, rapid population growth, and intense tourism activities which increase seasonal demand. This study forecasts population and urban water demand [...] Read more.

Climate change is intensifying water scarcity in the Mediterranean region, placing the Antalya province of Türkiye at significant risk due to declining water availability, rapid population growth, and intense tourism activities which increase seasonal demand. This study forecasts population and urban water demand until 2050 and evaluates several water loss reduction scenarios for the city’s drinking water distribution network. In developing the forecasted water demand, the analysis incorporates several water loss reduction scenarios. These include a baseline scenario maintaining current water loss levels, a moderate improvement scenario aligned with Türkiye’s national regulatory targets, and an advanced scenario achieving international best practices. Results show that reducing water losses, caused mainly by aging infrastructure, pressure fluctuations, and leaks, can substantially decrease total water demand. Improved network efficiency is therefore essential for maintaining long-term water security and supporting climate change adaptation efforts in Antalya. Full article

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7 pages, 1460 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Assessing Seasonal Streamflow Predictability in Alpine Catchments of Contrasting Geological Settings

by Maria Stergiadi and Maurizio Righetti

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044014 - 22 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Seasonal streamflow predictability in alpine catchments is governed by the interplay between initial hydrological conditions (IC) and climate forcing (CF), with catchment geology exerting a modulating influence. This study applied the Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP)/reverse ESP (revESP) framework, which isolates predictability arising from [...] Read more.

Seasonal streamflow predictability in alpine catchments is governed by the interplay between initial hydrological conditions (IC) and climate forcing (CF), with catchment geology exerting a modulating influence. This study applied the Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP)/reverse ESP (revESP) framework, which isolates predictability arising from IC and CF, respectively, to two alpine catchments of differing geology and subsurface storage, resulting in markedly different hydrological behavior. The results were contrasted with End Point Blending (EPB) experiments that quantify the relative contributions of IC and CF to the forecast skill. The two approaches exhibited strong agreement under well-defined hydrological regimes but diverged during transitional periods, highlighting implications for operational seasonal forecasting and reservoir management in snow-dominated regions. Full article

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7 pages, 4030 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

GIS-Based Groundwater Level Mapping of the Mavrorachi Landfill Site in Greece

by Paschalis Koutalakis, Konstantinos Tsompanoglou, Konstantinos Poulios, Styliani Kotsikari, Theodoros Laspidis, Thomas Goutsios, Antonia Athanasiou, Petros Iliadis, Eleftherios Drizis, Elpida Veneti, Georgios Spyrou, Georgios Petridis and Antonios Dachlidis

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044015 - 22 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Groundwater level mapping is used in order to detect aquifer locations, flow paths, recharge zones, and contamination/pollution of groundwater. This is crucial for water management, environmental studies and resource planning focusing on landfills. This study involves the collection of monitoring well data and [...] Read more.

Groundwater level mapping is used in order to detect aquifer locations, flow paths, recharge zones, and contamination/pollution of groundwater. This is crucial for water management, environmental studies and resource planning focusing on landfills. This study involves the collection of monitoring well data and the mapping of the groundwater table at the Mavrorachi landfill site using Geographic Information Systems (GISs). The monitoring period spans from 2008 (startup) to 2025 (the current full year) for the 11 monitoring boreholes. Interpolation methods in GISs enabled us to map the groundwater level, while spatial analysis tools modeled the potential groundwater flow. The above process proved to be a valuable tool for modeling groundwater resources. The monitoring of groundwater level is essential to prevent the impact of leachate generated from landfill. Full article

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6 pages, 2225 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Reconstructing the Natural Hydrological Regime of the Egirdir Lake Basin Using SWAT: Assessing the Effects of Irrigation and Reservoir Regulation

by Filiz Dadaser Celik and Meltem Kacikoc

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044016 - 22 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Reservoir construction and agricultural irrigation have substantially altered the natural hydrological regimes of many Mediterranean watersheds. This study aims to reconstruct the natural flow conditions of the Egirdir Lake Basin (Türkiye) and quantify the impacts of irrigation and reservoir operations on water inflows [...] Read more.

Reservoir construction and agricultural irrigation have substantially altered the natural hydrological regimes of many Mediterranean watersheds. This study aims to reconstruct the natural flow conditions of the Egirdir Lake Basin (Türkiye) and quantify the impacts of irrigation and reservoir operations on water inflows to Egirdir Lake using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The SWAT model consisted of 14 subbasins and 274 hydrologic response units (HRUs) and initially calibrated and validated using naturalized flow data provided by the State Hydraulic Works (DSI) for the period from 1990 to 2014. The same model structure and parameters were then applied to simulate a regulated condition representing the combined effects of irrigation and reservoir operation. Results showed a considerable reduction in annual streamflows under the regulated condition. This study demonstrated the significant impact of irrigation water use and reservoir operation on the hydrological dynamics of semi-arid basins. Full article

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7 pages, 6334 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Advancing Circular Wastewater Treatment Through Hybrid Microalgae–Bacteria Photobioreactors

by Alexandros Pavlou, Angeliki Athanasiadi, Sotiris I. Patsios, Dimitrios C. Sioutopoulos, Konstantinos V. Plakas, Petros Samaras, Christos Chatzidoukas and Giannis Penloglou

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044017 - 22 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Transitioning from conventional wastewater treatment to circular wastewater management requires novel technologies that enable resource recovery, energy efficiency, and resilience under variable conditions. Within the NAMOR project, hybrid microalgae–bacteria Membrane PhotoBioReactors (MPBRs) are assessed as a sustainable solution for decentralized wastewater treatment and [...] Read more.

Transitioning from conventional wastewater treatment to circular wastewater management requires novel technologies that enable resource recovery, energy efficiency, and resilience under variable conditions. Within the NAMOR project, hybrid microalgae–bacteria Membrane PhotoBioReactors (MPBRs) are assessed as a sustainable solution for decentralized wastewater treatment and reuse. This study focuses on screening and optimizing mixed microalgae–bacterial consortia to treat municipal wastewater streams in the Mediterranean region, with an emphasis on achieving high nutrient removal, biomass productivity and robustness. A diverse set of strains will be evaluated under controlled temperature, light and nutrient regimes to enhance the symbiotic synergy between photosynthetic microalgae and heterotrophic bacteria, while minimizing aeration demand. Based on these results, a pilot demo in Lagadas, Greece, will integrate the optimized consortia into a moving-bed PBR equipped with polymeric carriers and membrane filtration for advanced effluent polishing, intended to produce reclaimed water for irrigation and biomass for valorisation into fertilizers or biogas. Full article

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7 pages, 3241 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Hydro-Climatic Changes in the Burdur Lake Basin

by Mehmet Soylu, Meltem Kacikoc and Filiz Dadaser Celik

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044018 - 22 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Burdur Lake is a saline lake in southwestern Türkiye that has undergone significant hydrological changes in recent decades. Water levels dropped by about 18 m, and the surface area became 75 km² smaller between 1980 and 2022. Trend analyses showed a strong [...] Read more.

Burdur Lake is a saline lake in southwestern Türkiye that has undergone significant hydrological changes in recent decades. Water levels dropped by about 18 m, and the surface area became 75 km² smaller between 1980 and 2022. Trend analyses showed a strong downward trend in lake levels (p < 0.01), while air temperatures increased significantly. Wind speed and relative humidity decreased, and no significant trend in precipitation was detected. Analysis of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values showed that the vegetation density increased during the same period. Correlation results indicated no link with precipitation and water levels, but a strong negative relationship of water levels with temperature and NDVI was found. Overall, the decline in lake level cannot be explained solely by climatic changes; anthropogenic effects are also highly influential. Full article

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7 pages, 1913 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Deep Learning Approach for Monthly Streamflow Prediction in Yamula Reservoir Watershed in Türkiye

by Arshya Razavi Nematollahi, Mete Celik and Filiz Dadaser-Celik

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044019 - 23 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Data-driven models can be used to understand basin-wide hydrological processes and generate predictions for future conditions, particularly in cases of scarce data availability related to basin characteristics. Although they have long been applied in hydrological modeling, there is still limited information regarding their [...] Read more.

Data-driven models can be used to understand basin-wide hydrological processes and generate predictions for future conditions, particularly in cases of scarce data availability related to basin characteristics. Although they have long been applied in hydrological modeling, there is still limited information regarding their ability to produce reliable long-term projections under climate change conditions. This study evaluates the long-term predictive performance of data-driven models by employing a hybrid deep learning architecture combining Wavelet Transform (WT) and Deep Neural Network (DNN). The dataset used in this study was obtained from the Yamula Reservoir Basin, a semi-arid agricultural basin in Türkiye. Monthly streamflow was simulated based on climate projection data from the HadGEM2-ES model under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Results showed that the WT–DNN framework was successful in learning the system dynamics and reproducing observed streamflow behavior. The model produced continuous projections for the future period; however, these projections should be interpreted with caution due to the increasing uncertainty associated with long-term climate forcing and the sensitivity of data-driven approaches to shifts in climatic and hydrological regimes. Full article

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7 pages, 213 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Correlation Between Soil and Water-Derived Cadmium and Lead Exposure and Peripheral Artery Disease: A Ten-Year Scoping Review

by Kanellos Skourtsidis, Georgios Kiosis, Despoina Ioannou, Maria-Nefeli Georgaki, Konstantinos Stergiou, Theodora Papamitsou and Sofia Karachrysafi

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044020 - 23 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is increasingly recognized as a complex environmental pathology driven by “contaminant metals,” rather than solely lifestyle factors. This scoping review (2016–2025) analyses the correlation between anthropogenic soil/water-derived Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) and progressive vascular hardening. The analysis confirms [...] Read more.

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is increasingly recognized as a complex environmental pathology driven by “contaminant metals,” rather than solely lifestyle factors. This scoping review (2016–2025) analyses the correlation between anthropogenic soil/water-derived Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) and progressive vascular hardening. The analysis confirms a robust, non-linear dose–response relationship. Chronic Cd exposure functions as a potent independent toxicant (Risk Ratio = 2.58 at 1 µg/L), significantly lowering Ankle–Brachial Index scores by inducing oxidative stress, inhibiting nitric oxide bioavailability, and displacing calcium in endothelial walls. Synergistically, Pb exposure, even at levels <5 µg/dL, compounds toxicity, amplifying arterial stiffness and hypertension. Consequently, “Heavy Metal Hardening” constitutes a critical link between water quality management and public health. Current regulatory thresholds appear insufficient to prevent chronic vascular remodeling, mandating urgent remediation of metal-laden aquifers and agricultural soils to mitigate this silent cardiovascular epidemic. Full article

10 pages, 786 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Data-Driven Framework for Identifying the Best Electricity Use Point (BEUP) of a Water Pump Under Real Operating Conditions

by Anastasia Papadopoulou, Vasilis Kanakoudis, Dimitris Tolikas, Petros Tsampas and Eftychia Papalexiou

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044021 - 23 Jun 2026

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Abstract

This paper advances pump energy optimization by shifting the analytical focus from nominal efficiency to energy-optimal operating areas derived directly from in-field measurements. A structured experimental methodology is presented for reconstructing pump performance under real hydraulic and electrical conditions using existing systems and [...] Read more.

This paper advances pump energy optimization by shifting the analytical focus from nominal efficiency to energy-optimal operating areas derived directly from in-field measurements. A structured experimental methodology is presented for reconstructing pump performance under real hydraulic and electrical conditions using existing systems and variable frequency drives. High-resolution datasets obtained from in-field testing are densified and normalized to map the operational area of pumps across flow, head, and rotational speed. The Best Electricity Use Point (BEUP) is identified as an energy-optimal area rather than a single operating point, accounting for system-level losses. Application to a municipal water supply pumping station on Kos Island (Greece) demonstrates that real operating behavior deviates substantially from manufacturer specifications and that BEUP-oriented control enables systematic reductions in energy consumption while improving hydraulic stability and mechanical stress conditions. The proposed framework supports a transition from static efficiency concepts to adaptive, measurement-driven pump operation. Full article

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8 pages, 2495 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Long-Term Changes in Lake Marmara (Western Türkiye) Based on Remote Sensing and Climate Indicators

by Efem Bilgiç

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044022 - 23 Jun 2026

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Abstract

This study investigates recent changes in the surface area of Lake Marmara, a shallow lake located in western Türkiye under Mediterranean climate conditions, and their relationship with hydrometeorological variability. Lake surface area dynamics were quantified using the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) [...] Read more.

This study investigates recent changes in the surface area of Lake Marmara, a shallow lake located in western Türkiye under Mediterranean climate conditions, and their relationship with hydrometeorological variability. Lake surface area dynamics were quantified using the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) derived from Landsat satellite imagery processed on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Climatic conditions were characterized by using precipitation, air temperature, and potential evapotranspiration data obtained from the ERA5-Land reanalysis dataset, from which drought indices including the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) were derived. Temporal analyses covering the period 2000–2025 were conducted to identify long-term tendencies and seasonal variability in lake area and climatic indicators. The results indicate that the rapid post-2015 lake desiccation cannot be explained by a statistically significant monotonic meteorological drought trend alone, highlighting the likely contribution of basin-scale hydrological pressures. Full article

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6 pages, 1304 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Reynolds Number Effect on the Turbulent Micropolar Open-Channel Flow with Sediment Transport

by George Sofiadis, Christos Liosis, Theodoros Karakasidis and Ioannis Sarris

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044023 - 24 Jun 2026

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Abstract

The present work focuses on the investigation of the turbulent Reynolds number effect on the characteristics of an open-channel flow with sediment transport, by employing the micropolar model. The micropolar model is essentially a Eulerian non-Newtonian model that has already been proven to [...] Read more.

The present work focuses on the investigation of the turbulent Reynolds number effect on the characteristics of an open-channel flow with sediment transport, by employing the micropolar model. The micropolar model is essentially a Eulerian non-Newtonian model that has already been proven to correctly describe the secondary phase of turbulent wall-bounded flows. The current under investigation geometry, open channel, comprises an ideal candidate to further test the characteristics of the micropolar model as many environmental flows contain a secondary phase. Such flows are of great engineering and physics interest for applications such as sedimentation transport and debris flow. Direct Numerical Simulations (DNSs) have been carried out on an open channel for three different turbulent Reynolds numbers. The simulated results are compared against previous DNS data of similar flows. The micropolar model is capable of describing the same problem but in a Eulerian frame, thus significantly simplifying the computational cost and complexity. Full article

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9 pages, 1469 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Spatiotemporal Analysis and Prediction of Pipe Failures in a Water Distribution Network Using Cluster Analysis and near and Spatial Join Geoprocessing Tools

by Zoi Papavasileiou and Vasilis Kanakoudis

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044024 - 23 Jun 2026

Viewed by 244

Abstract

Water loss and significant problems in the operation of water distribution networks caused by pipe failures are a global problem that needs immediate attention. This study is based on the experience-based assumption that the probability of water main breaks occurring is highest within [...] Read more.

Water loss and significant problems in the operation of water distribution networks caused by pipe failures are a global problem that needs immediate attention. This study is based on the experience-based assumption that the probability of water main breaks occurring is highest within a short time and a short distance from a previous (considered initial or base) break. The dataset used includes the historical pipe breaks recorded from 2007 to 2020 in the city of Larisa, Greece. A Geographic Information System (GIS) application is used for better data visualization, but also for effective operation and management of the developed water network database. Cluster analysis and Near and Spatial Join geoprocessing tools are the main tools used to detect and analyze trends in data related to space and time. In addition, the study attempts to identify relations between pipe attributes (material, age), environmental stressors (traffic load, soil type), and spatiotemporal clustering patterns. Finally, a machine learning-based water pipe failure Prediction Model is developed to serve as the computational engine of a Decision Support System (DSS) designed to optimize pipe replacement prioritization. Full article

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7 pages, 2881 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

SEM Analysis of Red Blood Cell Morphology as a Biomarker in Agricultural and Industrial Environments: Initial Findings in Exposome Research

by Maria-Nefeli Georgaki, Lambrini Papadopoulou, Despoina Ioannou, Catherine Gabriel, Elpis Chochliourou, Kanellos Skourtsidis, Theodora Papamitsou and Dimosthenis Sarigiannis

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044025 - 24 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Red blood cells (RBCs) are sensitive biomarkers of human health, influenced by urbanization and agricultural exposures. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) within an exposome framework, we examined RBC morphology in residents of an industrialized area of Thessaloniki, Greece, and in a rural population [...] Read more.

Red blood cells (RBCs) are sensitive biomarkers of human health, influenced by urbanization and agricultural exposures. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) within an exposome framework, we examined RBC morphology in residents of an industrialized area of Thessaloniki, Greece, and in a rural population primarily exposed to agricultural stressors. Blood samples and questionnaires covering demographics, lifestyle, and environmental factors were statistically analyzed. SEM revealed moderate morphological alterations without significant differences between groups. Observed features were associated with longer residence duration and suboptimal nutrition, suggesting subclinical cellular stress. Integrating these findings into exposome research may clarify cumulative industrial and agricultural impacts on RBC morphology. Full article

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7 pages, 979 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Application of Machine Learning for Analyzing and Assessing the Suitability of Specific Habitat Conditions

by Goran Volf, Gorana Ćosić Flajsig, Barbara Karleuša and Ivan Vučković

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044026 - 24 Jun 2026

Viewed by 320

Abstract

The analysis of specific habitat conditions involves a systematic assessment of environmental variables such as temperature, hydrology, and vegetation, to clarify species’ ecological requirements and develop conservation strategies. Common approaches include statistical modelling, various Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) models, and GIS-based spatial analyses, [...] Read more.

The analysis of specific habitat conditions involves a systematic assessment of environmental variables such as temperature, hydrology, and vegetation, to clarify species’ ecological requirements and develop conservation strategies. Common approaches include statistical modelling, various Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) models, and GIS-based spatial analyses, which quantify factors like topography, land cover and anthropogenic pressures. Today, machine learning (ML) methods are widely applied across engineering disciplines, including water resources management. In this study, ML methods, particularly model trees, are employed to model and predict key abiotic factors relevant to fish communities. The research focuses on the bioindicator species Barbus balcanicus (brook barbel), which inhabits the middle part of the Sutla River (transboundary river basin between Croatia and Slovenia) and serves as an indicator of ecological conditions in this system. Using ML, models for water depth, water velocity, and water temperature were developed and applied together with SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) data to determine the HSI for future scenarios to support habitat assessment and water management planning. Full article

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7 pages, 677 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Land Consolidation and Sustainable Water Management in Agricultural Production

by Bogdan Bojović, Jelena Tatalović and Žarko Nestorović

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044027 - 22 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Land consolidation is predominantly considered a tool for consolidating fragmented land into larger plots with the aim of grouping land ownership. This process is very complex and encompasses different, predominantly positive, influences on agricultural land and agricultural production. The exceptional significance of the [...] Read more.

Land consolidation is predominantly considered a tool for consolidating fragmented land into larger plots with the aim of grouping land ownership. This process is very complex and encompasses different, predominantly positive, influences on agricultural land and agricultural production. The exceptional significance of the agricultural land ownership rearrangement process lies in increasing the water regime in an area where land consolidation is planned. In this research, the theoretical aspects of land consolidation and possible irrigation system designs were considered. The changing of hydrological conditions and the issues related to groundwater regime changes were investigated using some available data in the Vojvodina region, Republic of Serbia. Full article

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8 pages, 384 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Assessment of Non-Revenue Water Using a Monthly Standard Water Balance Approach: Application to a DMA in Antalya

by Pelin Ulutas, Ayse Muhammetoglu, Tugba Akdeniz and Habib Muhammetoglu

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044028 - 24 Jun 2026

Viewed by 235

Abstract

Efficient and sustainable management of urban water resources is challenged by increasing water demand and water losses in distribution networks. Developing a Standard Water Balance (SWB) at the District Metered Area (DMA) scale is an effective method for quantifying water losses and supporting [...] Read more.

Efficient and sustainable management of urban water resources is challenged by increasing water demand and water losses in distribution networks. Developing a Standard Water Balance (SWB) at the District Metered Area (DMA) scale is an effective method for quantifying water losses and supporting Non-Revenue Water (NRW) reduction strategies. This study applies a monthly SWB to a pilot DMA in Antalya, Türkiye. System input volumes were obtained from SCADA-based flow measurements, while billed authorized consumption was calculated using customer billing records from the local water utility. The results show distinct monthly variations in system input volume, with higher water losses observed during periods of increased demand. These findings demonstrate that a monthly, DMA-based SWB is a practical decision-support tool for sustainable water loss management. Full article

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7 pages, 1824 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Smart Meter Based Assessment of Post-Meter Water Leakage in Public Areas: Pilot Study in Antalya, Türkiye

by Ayse Muhammetoglu, Burak Emre, Tugba Akdeniz, Mert Can Emre and Habib Muhammetoglu

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044029 - 24 Jun 2026

Viewed by 264

Abstract

Post-meter water leakage management is critical because leaks occurring after the subscriber meter often remain undetected for long periods, resulting in substantial water wastage and increased abstraction, treatment, and pumping requirements. This study presents a pilot application in Antalya, Türkiye, covering 29 public [...] Read more.

Post-meter water leakage management is critical because leaks occurring after the subscriber meter often remain undetected for long periods, resulting in substantial water wastage and increased abstraction, treatment, and pumping requirements. This study presents a pilot application in Antalya, Türkiye, covering 29 public areas, including schools, mosques, cemeteries, parks, public toilets, health service units, and municipal buildings. Smart meters recording 15-min interval data over nine months were used to distinguish water consumption from post-meter leakage. The analysis revealed high leakage volumes, particularly in schools (7955 m³), cemeteries (3233 m³), and mosques (2721 m³), with the highest leakage ratio observed in mosques (0.77). Overall, post-meter leakages significantly increased operational costs, energy use, and associated greenhouse gas emissions. Full article

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10 pages, 4705 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

From Smart to Intelligent Water Networks and the Greek Water Utilities Experience

by Vasilis Kanakoudis and Anastasia Papadopoulou

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044030 - 25 Jun 2026

Viewed by 237

Abstract

This discussion paper examines the evolution of freshwater distribution networks from smart to intelligent and ultimately meta-intelligent or wise systems, highlighting the transition from human-supervised operation to autonomous adaptive management. Smart systems integrate monitoring, automation and remote control through information technologies. Intelligent systems [...] Read more.

This discussion paper examines the evolution of freshwater distribution networks from smart to intelligent and ultimately meta-intelligent or wise systems, highlighting the transition from human-supervised operation to autonomous adaptive management. Smart systems integrate monitoring, automation and remote control through information technologies. Intelligent systems extend these capabilities by adding predictive analytics, demand forecasting and automated operational optimization. Wise systems further evolve through adaptive learning mechanisms that allow continuous self-improvement while minimizing dependence on operators. Evidence from Greek water utilities demonstrates practical applications and operational outcomes. The analysis discusses implementation challenges including investment costs, system complexity, data governance and resilience. Finally, the paper proposes design principles for scalable adaptive water networks applicable to utilities with different sizes, resources and levels of technological maturity. Full article

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8 pages, 1016 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Impact of Recent Precipitation Trends on the Performance of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Systems: A Storage Yield Assessment for Mediterranean Urban Conditions

by Tuğçe Başar and Şahnaz Tiğrek

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044031 - 24 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Rooftop rainwater harvesting (RWH) offers a practical adaptation option for Mediterranean cities where water scarcity is amplified by seasonal rainfall and climate variability. This study reports early findings from a simplified monthly water balance screening model for a typical residential building, driven by [...] Read more.

Rooftop rainwater harvesting (RWH) offers a practical adaptation option for Mediterranean cities where water scarcity is amplified by seasonal rainfall and climate variability. This study reports early findings from a simplified monthly water balance screening model for a typical residential building, driven by ERA5-Land monthly precipitation for Antalya and İzmir (Türkiye). Scenarios cover roof areas of 250–3000 m² and practical tank capacities of 2–100 m³ under a fixed non-potable demand of 0.20 m³/day. The model tracks monthly storage dynamics and supply demand in order to compute demand coverage and monthly reliability (i.e., fraction of months in which full demand is met). Reliability-based storage thresholds (≥0.80) are derived for four evaluation windows (1996–2010, 2011–2025, 1996–2025, 1950–2025) to explore climate sensitivity. In parallel, a guideline-style sizing which is consistent with the Turkish rainwater harvesting guideline is implemented using a three-day storage rule based on the wettest month potential. To enable a like-for-like comparison, the collection losses are harmonized by setting loss to 0.10 in the simulation and efficiency to 0.90 in the guideline method. The results show stable thresholds for Antalya but stronger period sensitivity in İzmir. They also quantify cases where guideline sizing does not achieve the target reliability under dry season constraints. This approach supports the rapid, climate-aware pre-design of small- to medium-scale urban RWH systems. Full article

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5 pages, 4201 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Investigation of the Performance of an Intermittent Anoxic/Aerobic MBBR: The Need to Transition from Conventional Modelling to a CFD-Based Approach

by Cristian Cappello, Daniele Montecchio, Roberta Muoio, Anna Lanzetta, Giacomo Bellandi, Giovanni Esposito, Angelo Leopardi and Rudy Gargano

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044032 - 25 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was applied to an intermittent anoxic/aerobic Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) operated under six different aeration intermittency cycles and dissolved oxygen concentration levels. Experimental results showed that most aeration cycles did not provide a sufficiently long anoxic phase to [...] Read more.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was applied to an intermittent anoxic/aerobic Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) operated under six different aeration intermittency cycles and dissolved oxygen concentration levels. Experimental results showed that most aeration cycles did not provide a sufficiently long anoxic phase to sustain effective denitrification, thereby limiting NOx removal efficiency. This behavior was not adequately captured by simulations performed using conventional biological models (BioWin), which rely on the assumption of complete mixing. In contrast, the CFD model implemented in ANSYS Fluent 2024 R2 enabled a detailed characterization of reactor hydrodynamics and the identification of several inefficiencies, including short-circuiting, back-mixing, and the presence of dead zones. Notably, the simulations revealed a pronounced asymmetric distribution of carriers within the reactor, with the majority accumulating along one side, leaving a significant fraction of the reactor volume largely unoccupied. Further analysis indicated that this phenomenon was caused by a design flaw—specifically, the asymmetric placement of the aerators—combined with an excessively high air injection flow rate. Full article

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9 pages, 9902 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Vulnerability Assessment of the Island Aquifer of Bozcaada (Türkiye) to Seawater Intrusion Using the GALDIT Approach

by Khalilullah Zulal, Raquel Marijuan Cuevas, Alper Baba and Orhan Gündüz

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044033 - 26 Jun 2026

Viewed by 179

Abstract

Global population growth and numerous anthropogenic activities are putting increasing pressure on island aquifers. This situation is exacerbated in popular tourist destinations where seasonal population fluctuations increase water consumption. Most island aquifers are threatened by overexploitation, contamination, and seawater intrusion (SWI), which threaten [...] Read more.

Global population growth and numerous anthropogenic activities are putting increasing pressure on island aquifers. This situation is exacerbated in popular tourist destinations where seasonal population fluctuations increase water consumption. Most island aquifers are threatened by overexploitation, contamination, and seawater intrusion (SWI), which threaten these resources’ sustainability. In this study, the vulnerability of the Bozcaada Island (Türkiye) to SWI during peak seasons (summer) was assessed using the GALDIT approach. The GALDIT index takes into account six key hydrogeological characteristics, including groundwater occurrence (G), which represents the type of aquifer (confined, unconfined, or semi-confined) and influences the interface between freshwater and saline water; aquifer hydraulic conductivity (A), where higher conductivity increases the risk of SWI and determines how easily water flows; groundwater level above mean sea level (L), which indicates hydraulic pressure against SWI; distance from the coast (D), which implies higher SWI risk when close to the coast; existing intrusion status (I), which takes into account current SWI detections based on the ratio of chloride ions to bicarbonate ions in a groundwater sample; and aquifer thickness (T). Bozcaada Island hosts a large number of tourists during the summer months, when agricultural production is at its peak, with a high demand for irrigation. This significantly increases the demand for groundwater and leads to saltwater intrusion. Based on the results of the GALDIT index, the island’s groundwater reserves are heavily used throughout the summer. The GALDIT index for the summer shows that this increased groundwater abstraction intensifies the SWI problem. In summer, the island is vulnerable with 6.11 km² of extremely high SWI, 7.88 km² of high SWI, 7.34 km² of moderate SWI, 7.40 km² of low SWI and 8.50 km² of very low SWI. This study emphasizes how urgently Bozcaada Island needs sustainable water management techniques. Full article

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7 pages, 3522 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Modeling the Hydrological Regime of the Evros Prefecture Transboundary River Basin for the Hydrological Year 2024/2025

by Thomas Papalaskaris, Helias Tsagkalidis and Archontoula-Roumpini Papalaskaris

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044034 - 25 Jun 2026

Viewed by 660

Abstract

The Evros transboundary river basin is of vital importance for the survival and development of agriculture within its incorporated areas in Greece, Bulgaria and Türkiye, as well as for the undisturbed thriving of the wildlife protected by the Ramsar Convention intergovernmental treaty for [...] Read more.

The Evros transboundary river basin is of vital importance for the survival and development of agriculture within its incorporated areas in Greece, Bulgaria and Türkiye, as well as for the undisturbed thriving of the wildlife protected by the Ramsar Convention intergovernmental treaty for the Evros’ Delta (“Ainision Delta”) area. This is especially because the northern part of Evros Prefecture (Greece) has a very high degree of dependency on the Ardas River (Evros River tributary) for sufficient irrigation water supply. The present study, using hydrological modeling (“HEC-HMS” and Geographical Information Systems), explores the total water quantities Greece might have control of by the means of four (4) separate dams which have not been constructed yet (“Mikron Dereion”, “Itea/Mantheia”, “Aspronerion” and “Protoklision”) within its territory during the hydrological year 2024–2025 (September 2024–August 2025) and part of the hydrological year 2025–2026 (September 2025–January 2026). Full article

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5 pages, 819 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Protecting the Public Health from Biotoxins, Is There Any Economic Impact on the Hellenic Mussel Farmers?

by Marios Charidimou and Sofia Galinou-Mitsoudi

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044035 - 29 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Greek mussel farming produces ~15,000 tons annually, though it faces severe threats from biotoxins (DSP, ASP, PSP). Weekly monitoring protects public health through harvest bans, which lasted up to 200 days near the Axios Delta between 2018 and 2023. These restrictions, alongside COVID-19 [...] Read more.

Greek mussel farming produces ~15,000 tons annually, though it faces severe threats from biotoxins (DSP, ASP, PSP). Weekly monitoring protects public health through harvest bans, which lasted up to 200 days near the Axios Delta between 2018 and 2023. These restrictions, alongside COVID-19 and rising sea temperatures (>27 °C) causing mass mortality, have reduced production volume and value. Although wholesale prices rose to €0.7/kg, they remain below historical peaks. While essential for safety, prolonged toxin presence and climate change impose a heavy socio-economic burden on producers, necessitating more efficient monitoring to sustain the sector. Full article

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6 pages, 675 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Markov Chain–Based Analysis of Hydrological Drought Transitions in the Nestos River Basin

by Konstantinos Spiliotis, Mike Spiliotis, Charalampos Skoulikaris, Stamatios Petkopoulos, Dimitris Bourdis and George Kampas

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044037 - 29 Jun 2026

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Abstract

In this study Markov chains process in combination with chi-squared test were applied to hydrological drought dataset of Nestos hydrosystem to highlight the drought transition attitude from one drought state to another. This examined hydrosystem is of great importance to the region due [...] Read more.

In this study Markov chains process in combination with chi-squared test were applied to hydrological drought dataset of Nestos hydrosystem to highlight the drought transition attitude from one drought state to another. This examined hydrosystem is of great importance to the region due to it is exploited for hydrodynamic generation and irrigation purposes. Hence, it is important to identify the transitions from one drought situation to another so that operational water management can be carried out throughout the year. Full article

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9 pages, 3103 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Some Hydraulic Characteristics of Three Mega-Rivers: Amazon, Congo and Orinoco

by Carlo Gualtieri and Paola Gualtieri

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044038 - 30 Jun 2026

Viewed by 496

Abstract

The present study compares the results from field studies conducted over several years using ADCP profiling to identify basic hydraulic characteristics in some locations of the Amazon River, Congo River and Orinoco River, which rank as the three largest rivers in the world [...] Read more.

The present study compares the results from field studies conducted over several years using ADCP profiling to identify basic hydraulic characteristics in some locations of the Amazon River, Congo River and Orinoco River, which rank as the three largest rivers in the world in terms of discharge. The results highlighted some temporal trends among years and seasons in terms of discharge, cross-sectional average velocity and water depth and demonstrated that the classical power laws between discharge and water depth are reasonably valid even in those mega-rivers. Full article

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7 pages, 588 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Removing the Nitrogen Barrier: Ammonium Recovery via Ion Exchange as an Operational Pathway for Low-GHG Wastewater Treatment Plants

by Paz Nativ, Chen Dagan-Jaldety, Anat Weisbrod, Raz Ben-Asher, Shahar Oz and Ori Lahav

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044039 - 30 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are designed and operated with nitrogen removal as the primary constraint. Reliance on nitrification–denitrification-based treatment results in significant nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions. We propose a paradigm shift in WWTP operation, in which nitrogen removal is transformed [...] Read more.

Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are designed and operated with nitrogen removal as the primary constraint. Reliance on nitrification–denitrification-based treatment results in significant nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions. We propose a paradigm shift in WWTP operation, in which nitrogen removal is transformed into an opportunity for resource recovery. Ammonium remaining in the treated effluent is subsequently recovered via ion exchange (IX) and converted into high-purity ammonium salts using a novel, closed-loop, high-pH, low-volume, controlled-regeneration process. Two IX materials are investigated for compliance with the method: zinc hexacyanoferrate composite beads and clinoptilolite-type zeolite. Operating WWTPs using this approach can achieve energy self-sufficiency while contributing to a circular nitrogen economy. Full article

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7 pages, 185 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhancing Access, Interoperability and Innovation in Water Research Through the WATER4ALL Research Infrastructures and Observatories Repository

by Ioanna Villa and Maria Mimikou

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044040 - 1 Jul 2026

Viewed by 200

Abstract

Research Infrastructures (RIs) and Observatories (Obs) are essential to the advancement of environmental and water sciences as they offer facilities, services, and data that foster innovative and high-quality research. However, their broader use is often prevented by fragmentation, limited visibility, and complex access [...] Read more.

Research Infrastructures (RIs) and Observatories (Obs) are essential to the advancement of environmental and water sciences as they offer facilities, services, and data that foster innovative and high-quality research. However, their broader use is often prevented by fragmentation, limited visibility, and complex access mechanisms. Within the European Water4All Partnership, a comprehensive and continuously updated repository of water-related RIs and Obs is being developed to enhance connectivity, accessibility, and use across Europe and beyond. The repository offers a structured and well-categorized overview of water-related RIs and Obs, including information on facilities, data and services provided, highlighting their remote data access capabilities, capacity for interconnections, and policy support, thereby improving visibility, interoperability, and identification of needs and gaps within the European water sector. By linking data producers, researchers, academics, policy-decision makers and stakeholders, it supports evidence-based decision-making, fosters capacity building, and facilitates cross-domain research while contributing to European and global water initiatives aligned with EU policies, UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and key water priorities, highlighting its added value for the water Research and Innovation (R&I) sector. Full article

9 pages, 4023 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Integrated Flow and Water Quality Assessment of the Pinios River

by Eleftheria Karagiannidou, Vasiliki Kinigopoulou, Ioannis Hatzispiroglou, Andreas Tsaousis and Evangelos Hatzigiannakis

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044041 - 1 Jul 2026

Viewed by 258

Abstract

The study evaluates the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the Pinios River, one of the major river systems in Greece, based on systematic monthly monitoring conducted by the Soil & Water Resources Institute (SWRI) of the Hellenic Agricultural Organization “DEMETER”. Accurate discharge estimation [...] Read more.

The study evaluates the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the Pinios River, one of the major river systems in Greece, based on systematic monthly monitoring conducted by the Soil & Water Resources Institute (SWRI) of the Hellenic Agricultural Organization “DEMETER”. Accurate discharge estimation is crucial for water resources management, flood forecasting and hydraulic modeling, particularly in Mediterranean basins with high variability. A comparative analysis between the Stage–Discharge (H–Q) method and the Index Velocity method is performed at six stations. Additionally, water quality is assessed through physicochemical analyses. The integrated approach provides insights supporting effective river basin management and environmental protection. Full article

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6 pages, 3469 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparing Constant and Gaussian Rainfall Patterns in Experimental Setups

by Felipe Rezende da Costa, Francesco Pugliese, Lorenzo Diana and Francesco Polverino

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044042 - 1 Jul 2026

Viewed by 121

Abstract

This study investigates the accuracy of the constant-intensity rainfall approach in laboratory experiments with artificial rains by replacing the conventional application with a time-varying profile modelled by a Gaussian curve. The aim is to assess how a non-uniform rainfall pattern affects the hydrological [...] Read more.

This study investigates the accuracy of the constant-intensity rainfall approach in laboratory experiments with artificial rains by replacing the conventional application with a time-varying profile modelled by a Gaussian curve. The aim is to assess how a non-uniform rainfall pattern affects the hydrological responses of green roofs and whether it offers a more realistic representation of natural precipitation. The methodology includes developing a Gaussian-shaped intensity and conducting comparative tests with an equivalent constant-intensity set. The results showed that constant-intensity rainfall can represent the hydraulic response of green roofs, providing a simpler, more practical setup and still accurate. Full article

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5 pages, 8393 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Application of Floating Evaporimeters for Refining Hydrological Balance

by Adam Beran, Adam Vizina, Roman Kožín and Petr Pavlík

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044043 - 1 Jul 2026

Viewed by 132

Abstract

In the Czech Republic, water balance assessments still rely on an outdated method for estimating evaporation losses from open water surfaces. To address this limitation, we developed floating evaporimeters that directly measure evaporation from the water surface of specific water bodies under real [...] Read more.

In the Czech Republic, water balance assessments still rely on an outdated method for estimating evaporation losses from open water surfaces. To address this limitation, we developed floating evaporimeters that directly measure evaporation from the water surface of specific water bodies under real conditions. This paper introduces the design and operating principles of the floating evaporimeters and highlights their main advantages, including higher accuracy, site-specific applicability, and improved representation of actual evaporation processes relevant for contemporary water management practice. Full article

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7 pages, 2916 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimal Sensor Placement in Water Distribution Networks: An Integrated Approach for Leak Detection and Network Monitoring

by Francesco Di Menna, Marco Maio, Giorgia Diglio, Nicola Fontana and Gustavo Marini

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044044 - 1 Jul 2026

Viewed by 247

Abstract

The optimal deployment of pressure monitoring sensors in water distribution networks is crucial for leak detection, network calibration, and system diagnostics. Water utilities face increasing pressure to reduce non-revenue water losses while continuing to improve service quality under budget constraints, thus making the [...] Read more.

The optimal deployment of pressure monitoring sensors in water distribution networks is crucial for leak detection, network calibration, and system diagnostics. Water utilities face increasing pressure to reduce non-revenue water losses while continuing to improve service quality under budget constraints, thus making the strategic deployment of sensors a critical priority. However, traditional optimization approaches come with various disadvantages including high computational complexity, limited scalability, or dependence on uncertain preliminary parameter estimates. This paper addresses these shortcomings by proposing an innovative integrated framework that balances topological and hydraulic considerations, and applying a flexible metric blending approach to enable robust sensor positioning across networks that differ in scales and topologies. The methodology has been validated through three case studies: a theoretical reference grid, an urban district network, and a large-scale multisource irrigation system. The results prove the methodology to be consistently effective in identifying optimal sensor configurations across all test cases. Full article

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6 pages, 497 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Decision Making in Water Resource Management from the Aspect of Land Consolidation Process

by Gorana Marinković, Goran Marinković and Žarko Nestorović

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044045 - 1 Jul 2026

Viewed by 128

Abstract

Land consolidation is related to the agricultural land defragmentation and to improvement of agricultural production. The process of land consolidation encompasses a wide scale of changes including possibilities of irrigation system building and/or improvement. The process of competing land consolidation project (LCP) choice [...] Read more.

Land consolidation is related to the agricultural land defragmentation and to improvement of agricultural production. The process of land consolidation encompasses a wide scale of changes including possibilities of irrigation system building and/or improvement. The process of competing land consolidation project (LCP) choice relates to adopting criteria and their values, and aiming to determine the LCP rank, i.e., its priority. In this research the influences of different criteria were investigated in combination with different approaches related to irrigation system building or risks they could cause. Four methods for decision making were applied (AHP, TOPSIS, VIKOR and SAW) when considering the simulated values of irrigation system and risk they could be burdened with. Full article

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8 pages, 205 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Urban Flood Risk Modeling Using SWAT and HEC-RAS 2D: The Case of the City of Volos, Thessaly, Greece

by Vasiliki Kouremenou and Vasilis Kanakoudis

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044046 - 1 Jul 2026

Viewed by 320

Abstract

Flood risk assessment in urban areas is becoming increasingly important due to climate change and rapid urbanization. This study presents an integrated flood risk modeling framework for the city of Volos, Thessaly, Greece, coupling the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) with HEC-RAS [...] Read more.

Flood risk assessment in urban areas is becoming increasingly important due to climate change and rapid urbanization. This study presents an integrated flood risk modeling framework for the city of Volos, Thessaly, Greece, coupling the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) with HEC-RAS 2D for comprehensive hydrological–hydraulic analysis. The study area is characterized by complex geomorphology, intense urban development and the presence of torrent streams (Xirias, Krausidonas and Anavros) with a total catchment area of 166.25 km². Geospatial and hydrological datasets, including land use, soil types and a Digital Elevation Model, were integrated within SWAT to generate 19-year daily discharge time series. These outputs were linked to HEC-RAS 2D boundary conditions to simulate flood extent, depth and velocity under two scenarios: Baseline (Manning n = 0.05) and Nature-Based Solutions (Manning n = 0.15). Results show that NBS interventions reduce flooded area by 25.3%, maximum depth by 20.4%, and affected buildings by 28.7%, with a Benefit–Cost Ratio of approximately 2.2. The methodology provides valuable input for flood risk management, spatial planning and civil protection strategies in Mediterranean urban environments. Full article

7 pages, 1220 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

From Hydrological Drought Indicators to Local Threshold Limits

by Adam Vizina, Petr Pavlík, Irina Georgievová, Martin Pecha, Martin Hanel, Eva Melišová, Martina Peláková, Miroslav Trnka and Adam Beran

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044047 - 2 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Local threshold limits translate abstract information on hydrological drought into concrete operational guidance for individual water resources. For reservoirs, surface water intakes, and groundwater sources that are important to a region, key monitored quantities and failure conditions are identified, critical levels corresponding to [...] Read more.

Local threshold limits translate abstract information on hydrological drought into concrete operational guidance for individual water resources. For reservoirs, surface water intakes, and groundwater sources that are important to a region, key monitored quantities and failure conditions are identified, critical levels corresponding to loss of function or unacceptable quality are derived, and an advance time to reach them is set. From these, threshold values analogous to flood stages are calculated, possibly varying over the year with the hydrological regime and demand. Implemented through regional drought plans and displayed in the HAMR (Hydrology–Agronomy–Meteorology–Retention drought monitoring and prediction system, hamr.chmi.cz), local threshold limits complement nationwide warnings by capturing the specific behaviour of each resource and enabling timely, proportionate and locally accepted drought management actions. Full article

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7 pages, 1150 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Geothermal Water Desalination in Greece’s Islands, Coupled with Extracting Precious Metal Salts from the RO Retentate

by Ori Lahav, Paz Nativ, Dimitrios Kantemnidis, Amerssa Tsirigoti, Liat Birnhack, Yaron Aviezer and Chen Dagan-Jaldety

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044048 - 2 Jul 2026

Viewed by 259

Abstract

Many Greek islands host geothermal springs whose waters can be desalinated to produce drinking water. Some of these waters contain meaningful concentrations of the valuable Rb⁺ and Cs⁺ ions, which, when extracted from the desalination brine as RbCl and CsCl salts, [...] Read more.

Many Greek islands host geothermal springs whose waters can be desalinated to produce drinking water. Some of these waters contain meaningful concentrations of the valuable Rb⁺ and Cs⁺ ions, which, when extracted from the desalination brine as RbCl and CsCl salts, can yield revenues exceeding the freshwater production costs. We demonstrate the use of reverse osmosis (RO) to produce freshwater and apply theoretical simulations to assess a proven extraction method applied to the RO retentate of geothermal water from Samothrace, characterized by [Rb⁺] = 2.72, [Cs⁺] = 0.55, [K⁺] = 514, [Na⁺] = 3759 (all in mg/L) and pH 6. The extraction method, developed by the authors, relies on ion exchange using a PES-coated Zn-hexacyanoferrate sorbent with high affinity for monovalent cations (no affinity for multi-valent cations), followed by a unique ion-chromatography separation. We show that the production cost remains <25% of the salts’ market price, with ROI of ~4.5 years. Full article

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5 pages, 516 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Water Governance from the Perspective of Natural Monopoly and Regulation Theory

by Žarko Nestorović, Milan Trifković and Miroslav Kuburić

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044049 - 3 Jul 2026

Viewed by 160

Abstract

Water, provided in adequate quantity and quality, is necessary for the maintenance of human life itself. But it is also, from the economic side, a commercial good that requires huge investments to be provided. The infrastructure for water provision is not easy or [...] Read more.

Water, provided in adequate quantity and quality, is necessary for the maintenance of human life itself. But it is also, from the economic side, a commercial good that requires huge investments to be provided. The infrastructure for water provision is not easy or cheap to construct, and sources of water are relatively scarce. The necessity of water combined with investments and commercial treatment leads to different problems related to market approach. In market conditions, free competition among suppliers is assumed. Free competition leads to prices decreasing for certain goods and services. But one anomaly was noticed in theory and in practice: in some cases, prices tend to rise. Those cases are treated in theory and in practice as natural monopolies. When one supplier establishes a monopoly, the prices tend to rise again. To solve this problem, theoreticians established the theory of regulation, which aims to limit the trend of excessive price growth. This research deals with theoretical approaches to water issues. Full article

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8 pages, 815 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Water Demand Patterning, Prediction and Control in Gönen Sub-Basin

by Arzu Boga and Meltem Kacikoc

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044050 - 7 Jul 2026

Viewed by 152

Abstract

The Gönen Sub-Basin in Türkiye’s Marmara Region is characterized by intensive agricultural water use and increasing drought pressure. A basin-scale water allocation model developed using the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) system was applied to evaluate sectoral water demands under different drought scenarios. [...] Read more.

The Gönen Sub-Basin in Türkiye’s Marmara Region is characterized by intensive agricultural water use and increasing drought pressure. A basin-scale water allocation model developed using the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) system was applied to evaluate sectoral water demands under different drought scenarios. Under existing conditions, approximately 98% of total water demand was satisfied, while irrigation performance declined to 93% under severe drought. Adaptive allocation and crop adjustment scenarios increased irrigation satisfaction to 97% despite reduced water availability. The findings demonstrate that water stress in the basin is predominantly driven by the agricultural sector, and that efficiency-oriented allocation strategies substantially improve system resilience under drought conditions. Full article

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5 pages, 482 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Energy-Oriented Management in Water Distribution Networks: A Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming Approach

by Maria Cristina Morani, Armando Carravetta, Oreste Fecarotta and Renato Montillo

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044051 - 8 Jul 2026

Viewed by 206

Abstract

Pressure management in water distribution networks requires the integration of hydraulic modeling and discrete device allocation, naturally leading to mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) formulations. This study presents a MINLP problem for the joint placement of pressure-reducing valves and pumps as turbines, using the [...] Read more.

Pressure management in water distribution networks requires the integration of hydraulic modeling and discrete device allocation, naturally leading to mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) formulations. This study presents a MINLP problem for the joint placement of pressure-reducing valves and pumps as turbines, using the Global Excess Power index to quantify energy inefficiencies related to excess pressure and leakage. The formulation incorporates nonlinear hydraulic equations, leakage–pressure relationships, and operational constraints. Application to a real network illustrates model behavior and highlights the computational challenges associated with energy-oriented pressure control in practical water distribution systems. Full article

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7 pages, 2215 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Towards a Green, Low-Carbon Water Supply for Islands: Wind, Solar, and Energy and Water Management Strategy for Kos Island

by Maria Margarita Bertsiou, Eftychia Papalexiou and Evangelos Baltas

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044052 - 8 Jul 2026

Viewed by 218

Abstract

Ensuring adequate water supply on islands is challenging due to high costs, limited resources, and energy constraints. This study examines the potential of meeting the water supply demands of the island of Kos through renewable-energy-powered desalination, supported by battery storage systems and the [...] Read more.

Ensuring adequate water supply on islands is challenging due to high costs, limited resources, and energy constraints. This study examines the potential of meeting the water supply demands of the island of Kos through renewable-energy-powered desalination, supported by battery storage systems and the utilization of the under-construction Mia Dam. Energy management prioritizes domestic demand, with surplus energy stored or used for desalination, and deficits covered by battery storage and reservoirs. The results estimate water costs per cubic meter, allowing the assessment of the economic viability of the scenarios and the optimal strategic coverage of the island’s water needs. Full article

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7 pages, 1090 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Characterization of Check Valves Under Steady and Unsteady Conditions

by Federico Vincenzo Maraschi, Niccolò Casati, Matteo Dell’Avo, Giacomo Ferrarese and Stefano Malavasi

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044053 - 8 Jul 2026

Viewed by 263

Abstract

Check valves are essential components in hydraulic systems, preventing reverse flow that may lead to critical operating conditions. Simultaneously, their operation can induce system-damaging overpressure phenomena. This study investigates the behaviour of dual-disc check valves through an experimental approach, examining valve performance under [...] Read more.

Check valves are essential components in hydraulic systems, preventing reverse flow that may lead to critical operating conditions. Simultaneously, their operation can induce system-damaging overpressure phenomena. This study investigates the behaviour of dual-disc check valves through an experimental approach, examining valve performance under quasi-steady and unsteady conditions. In a quasi-steady regime, flow coefficients and fluid–structure interaction instabilities are investigated for partially and fully open configurations. Under unsteady conditions, when the valves act to prevent reverse flow, the analysis focuses on the slam process and the associated overpressure, enhancing the understanding of the mechanisms underlying dual-disc check valve operations. Full article

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6 pages, 672 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Application of the 222 nm Emitting KrCl Excimer Lamp in the Elimination of Trace Organic Pollutants from Water

by Réka Biró, Kornél Erdős, Bence Veres and Tünde Alapi

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044054 - 8 Jul 2026

Viewed by 184

Abstract

UV-based water treatment technologies are suitable for removing persistent organic micropollutants and can be used as a quaternary treatment in the production of drinking water. The most commonly used light source is a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp (LPMV) that emits at 254 nm. [...] Read more.

UV-based water treatment technologies are suitable for removing persistent organic micropollutants and can be used as a quaternary treatment in the production of drinking water. The most commonly used light source is a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp (LPMV) that emits at 254 nm. KrCl excimer lamps emitting at 222 nm are a potential mercury-free light source for ultraviolet (UV)-based advanced oxidation processes. In addition, 222 nm UV light may be more effective in photolysis of oxidants and radical generation than 254 nm. Experiments were conducted in both ultrapure water and biologically treated domestic wastewater, using LPMV and KrCl lamps, with two radical promoters (H₂O₂ and peroxydisulfate (PDS)) to transform and eliminate the trimetoprim antibiotic. At the same electrical power, the UV photon flux of the LPMV exceeds that of the KrCl lamp by an order of magnitude. However, the molar absorbance of PDS and H₂O₂ at 222 nm was significantly higher than that measured at 254 nm, thereby compensating for the low photon flux. Although competition between trimethoprim and matrix components for 222 nm UV photons may significantly reduce efficiency, the 222 nm excimer lamp was found to be a viable alternative to the 254 nm LPM, given its advantages and disadvantages. Full article

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8 pages, 1143 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Two-Dimensional Shallow-Water Model for Pluvial Flood Analysis in Urban Areas

by Francesco De Paola, Francesco Pugliese, Giuseppe Speranza, Giuseppe Ascione and Nunzio Marrone

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044055 - 8 Jul 2026

Viewed by 241

Abstract

Urban flood simulation requires numerical models capable of representing the two-dimensional propagation of water over topographically complex surfaces under intense rainfall and localized inflows. The paper presents a two-dimensional hydraulic model based on the Saint-Venant equations (shallow-water equations). The numerical model uses a [...] Read more.

Urban flood simulation requires numerical models capable of representing the two-dimensional propagation of water over topographically complex surfaces under intense rainfall and localized inflows. The paper presents a two-dimensional hydraulic model based on the Saint-Venant equations (shallow-water equations). The numerical model uses a Rusanov-type flux and operates on raster-based digital elevation models (DEMs). Notably, it allows for the modeling of both spatially distributed rainfall over the domain (rain-on-grid approach) and multiple independent point sources representing urban drainage system surcharging or overflow, each associated with a specific discharge hydrograph. The results confirm the model’s reliability for urban hydraulic hazard assessments. Full article

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7 pages, 491 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Health Implications of Microplastics in Drinking Water: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence

by Despoina Ioannou, Maria-Nefeli Georgaki, Kanellos Skourtsidis, Georgios Kiosis, Dimitrios Kavvadas, Sofia Karachrysafi and Theodora Papamitsou

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044056 - 9 Jul 2026

Viewed by 397

Abstract

This systematic review addresses the critical public health concern regarding the pervasive contamination of drinking water by microplastics (MPs). With global plastic production escalating, the degradation of waste into MPs has led to their ubiquity in freshwater sources. This review synthesizes recent findings [...] Read more.

This systematic review addresses the critical public health concern regarding the pervasive contamination of drinking water by microplastics (MPs). With global plastic production escalating, the degradation of waste into MPs has led to their ubiquity in freshwater sources. This review synthesizes recent findings on the occurrence of MPs in tap and bottled water and evaluates the associated toxicological risks to human health. Results indicate that humans ingest tens of thousands of particles annually, with drinking water being a significant vector. The review highlights that particles, particularly those in the nanoplastic range, can breach biological barriers, leading to bioaccumulation in secondary organs such as the liver and placenta. Toxicological impacts include oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic disruption. Full article

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7 pages, 1427 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Search Space Reduction for Efficient Rupture Localization in Water Distribution Networks

by Sabrina Galbo, Gabriele Dorigo, Giacomo Ferrarese and Stefano Malavasi

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044057 - 9 Jul 2026

Viewed by 272

Abstract

Leakage detection is a key challenge in water distribution systems, yet the reliability of numerical methods is often difficult to validate, as consistent field data before and after application are seldom available. To tackle this limitation, a reliable experimental and numerical platform is [...] Read more.

Leakage detection is a key challenge in water distribution systems, yet the reliability of numerical methods is often difficult to validate, as consistent field data before and after application are seldom available. To tackle this limitation, a reliable experimental and numerical platform is under development at Politecnico di Milano to validate advanced monitoring tools and methodologies: the E-NET benchmark network, a scaled (length scale 1:44) model of a widely used numerical benchmark case. An active monitoring strategy for new rupture localization is here applied to the numerical model of the E-NET. The method is further refined by applying a search-space reduction criterion based on sensor adjacency and distance, yielding results consistent with the original methodology while significantly reducing computational time. The combined numerical–experimental benchmark will allow quantitative validation of the methodology on a physical network under real transient conditions and support the assessment of the inherent limitations in current network models and optimization algorithms. These results mark a crucial step towards real network applicability. Full article

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12 pages, 1596 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

NRW Reduction Cost Allocation: Financial Viability vs. Social Fairness, Realism vs. Ethics

by Vasileios Kanakoudis

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044058 - 9 Jul 2026

Viewed by 195

Abstract

This discussion paper addresses the financial and regulatory challenges of implementing Full Water Cost recovery in urban systems with high Non-Revenue Water under climate variability. Using a pipe network in Kozani, Greece, as a case study, the analysis quantifies Direct, Environmental, and Resource [...] Read more.

This discussion paper addresses the financial and regulatory challenges of implementing Full Water Cost recovery in urban systems with high Non-Revenue Water under climate variability. Using a pipe network in Kozani, Greece, as a case study, the analysis quantifies Direct, Environmental, and Resource Costs across the water cycle. A novel indicator, the Minimum Charge Difference (MCD), reveals distortions caused by fixed charges. The framework integrates pricing, demand elasticity, and hydraulic management. Additionally, a per capita tariff approach is introduced under revenue neutrality, enabling evaluation of distributional impacts and revealing inequities of connection-based pricing, providing a practical tool for socially fair tariff design and policy implementation. Full article

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8 pages, 1178 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Acceptable and Economic Leakage Levels in Water Supply Systems

by Dejan Dimkić and Aleksandar Djukić

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044059 - 13 Jul 2026

Viewed by 192

Abstract

Definitions of Non-Revenue Water (NRW), the Economic Level of Leakage (ELL), and their components are well-established and extensively documented in the literature. However, their practical calculation is often complex, typically requiring data that may not be readily available, or which must be estimated. [...] Read more.

Definitions of Non-Revenue Water (NRW), the Economic Level of Leakage (ELL), and their components are well-established and extensively documented in the literature. However, their practical calculation is often complex, typically requiring data that may not be readily available, or which must be estimated. In particular, the methodology used to determine the ELL is frequently subject to debate. All water supply systems (WSS) seek to minimize water losses, but the key challenge lies in identifying the optimal level of loss reduction. Beyond purely financial considerations, leakage reduction activities can have significant operational, social, and environmental implications for WSS. The broader environmental context in which a WSS operates can also shape the acceptable level of NRW. In this paper, the Acceptable Leakage Level (ALL) is defined as the level of NRW that is considered acceptable for a given WSS within its societal context, but is not universally quantifiable. The ALL can differ from the ELL, and this paper presents examples from Serbia and other countries. Factors influencing ALL are also discussed, including the underlying reasons for its divergence from ELL. Full article

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6 pages, 752 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Influence of Surfactant Treatment and Ultrasonic Dispersion on the Coagulation–Flocculation and Filterability of LDPE Microplastics

by Helin Dilan Polatbilek and Selda Yiğit Hunce

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044060 - 15 Jul 2026

Viewed by 210

Abstract

The aggregation behavior of microplastics is often assumed to facilitate their removal during water treatment; however, this assumption has not been systematically evaluated for low-density polyethylene (LDPE) particles. This study aims to experimentally distinguish the effects of aggregation and dispersion on the coagulation–flocculation [...] Read more.

The aggregation behavior of microplastics is often assumed to facilitate their removal during water treatment; however, this assumption has not been systematically evaluated for low-density polyethylene (LDPE) particles. This study aims to experimentally distinguish the effects of aggregation and dispersion on the coagulation–flocculation behavior and filterability of LDPE microplastics in the context of urban water treatment. Surface modification using two non-ionic surfactants (Tween 20 and Tween 80), combined with ultrasonic dispersion, was applied to induce controlled changes in particle aggregation behavior. Optical microscopy was used to characterize aggregation and dispersion behavior. Subsequent jar tests and filtration experiments were conducted to assess how these distinct particle states influence separation performance. Rather than presuming improved removal, the study focuses on identifying the conditions under which aggregation or dispersion governs microplastic breakthrough and filterability. By addressing process-related factors that may influence microplastic passage into treated water, the findings contribute to understanding short-term exposure risks within the urban water and health nexus. Full article

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7 pages, 707 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Managing Water and Sanitation Services System Under Disaster: Gaza War 2023

by Sakher Yousef Inteir and Husam Al-Najar

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044061 - 21 Jul 2026

Viewed by 231

Abstract

This study aims to assess the impact of the October 2023 Gaza War on water and sanitation systems and propose actionable solutions for effective management. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach (quantitative and qualitative). Primary data were collected through semi-structured interviews, targeted questionnaires, [...] Read more.

This study aims to assess the impact of the October 2023 Gaza War on water and sanitation systems and propose actionable solutions for effective management. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach (quantitative and qualitative). Primary data were collected through semi-structured interviews, targeted questionnaires, and direct field observations. Secondary data were gathered from reports by international organizations (UNRWA, OCHA, WHO), Palestinian authorities, academic research, in addition to satellite imagery and Geographic Information System (GIS) data for damage assessment. The results showed that the institutional level of emergency preparedness before the war varied significantly. Despite the existence of pre-developed emergency plans (mean score 3.26, relative weight 65.28%, p = 0.0355), there were significant shortcomings in practical staff training (mean score 2.64, relative weight 52.83%, p = 0.006), logistical readiness, and the activation of international partnerships. The study also revealed major challenges faced in providing water and sanitation services during the war, including fuel and resource shortages, safety risks for field teams, weak coordination with security agencies, lack of materials and equipment, insufficient emergency funding, coordination gaps, staff displacement, communication breakdowns, difficulty accessing water sources, area division and blockade, and loss of personnel. Specifically, the inability to access water sources was a critical challenge (mean score 4.30, relative weight 86.04%, p < 0.0001), as was indiscriminate shelling impacting field team safety (mean score 4.19, relative weight 83.77%, p < 0.0001) and lack of materials and equipment (mean score 4.15, relative weight 83.02%, p < 0.0001). Residents reported water availability only every 10–15 days, and over 70% of water and sanitation systems were damaged. While funding proposals were being prepared (mean score 3.26, relative weight 65.28%, p = 0.02), weaknesses in reporting systems and coordination of roles were observed (mean score 2.55, relative weight 50.94%, p < 0.0001). The research contributes to guiding local and international efforts towards reconstruction, enhancing resilience, and ensuring the provision of safe drinking water and adequate sanitation for the affected population, thereby reducing the risks of waterborne diseases and improving public health. Full article

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7 pages, 2011 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Histological and Ultrastructural Study of the Effect of Cisplatin on the Retina of Wistar Rats and the Protective Effect of Selenium and Zinc Nanoparticles

by Sofia Karachrysafi, Kiriaki Papadopoulou, Pavlos Pavlidis, Vasilis-Spyridon Tseriotis, Vasileios Fouskas, Despoina Ioannou, Nikolaos Pliatsikas, Stavros Panos, Panagiotis Patsalas, Chrysanthi Sardeli, Dimitrios Kouvelas and Theodora Papamitsou

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044062 - 28 Jul 2026

Viewed by 155

Abstract

Ocular toxicity induced by cisplatin appears to be almost irreversible, while trace elements have been shown to be protective in retinal angiopathies, degenerative or inflammatory conditions. A total of 60 Wistar rats were used in which administration of cisplatin intraperitoneally and of selenium [...] Read more.

Ocular toxicity induced by cisplatin appears to be almost irreversible, while trace elements have been shown to be protective in retinal angiopathies, degenerative or inflammatory conditions. A total of 60 Wistar rats were used in which administration of cisplatin intraperitoneally and of selenium and zinc nanoparticles, both per os and intraperitoneally, were performed. Retinal tissues were studied with TEM and optical microscopy. The results showed reduced tissue lesions in the trace element administration groups compared to the cisplatin administration group concluding that trace elements in the form of nanoparticles can achieve better tissue penetration for the treatment of cisplatin-induced ocular toxicity. Full article

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6 pages, 1939 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Modeling the Hydrological Regime of the Tenagi Plains Basin for the Hydrological Year 2024/2025

by Thomas Papalaskaris, Helias Tsagkalidis and Archontoula-Roumpini Papalaskaris

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044063 - 4 Aug 2026

Viewed by 97

Abstract

The Tenagi Plains Basin periodically suffers either severe flooding or drought conditions especially due to the lack of both sufficient and proper water management infrastructure works, whilst at the same time playing a vital role for the survival and development of agriculture within [...] Read more.

The Tenagi Plains Basin periodically suffers either severe flooding or drought conditions especially due to the lack of both sufficient and proper water management infrastructure works, whilst at the same time playing a vital role for the survival and development of agriculture within its incorporated areas in Paggaion Municipality, Kavala Prefecture, Greece. Moreover, due to its limited reservoir storing capacity within its upper catchment area, some dams of relatively small capacity are suggested to be taking advantage of the great water resources regime of the entire watershed area, especially during hydrological years of increased rainfall. The present study, using hydrological modeling (“HEC-HMS” and Geographical Information Systems), explores the total water quantities of the entire watershed that would have been effectively controlled during the hydrological year 2024–2025. Full article

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6 pages, 1740 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluating the Quality of Drinking Water and Associated Health Risks in Emergency Shelters in the Northern Gaza Strip

by Abedalrahman Mahmoud Mousa, Adnan Aish and Husam Al-Najar

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2026, 44(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2026044064 - 17 Aug 2026

Viewed by 39

Abstract

Access to clean drinking water is one of the main factors influencing public health during humanitarian crises. In the northern districts of the Gaza Strip, long-term warfare and mass migration caused serious damage to the water supply system, cutting off access to drinking [...] Read more.

Access to clean drinking water is one of the main factors influencing public health during humanitarian crises. In the northern districts of the Gaza Strip, long-term warfare and mass migration caused serious damage to the water supply system, cutting off access to drinking water, limiting the availability of fuel and chemicals used for water chlorination, and increasing reliance on intermittent networks and water transportation services. The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study of water quality and health risks in 11 emergency camps. Water samples were collected from supply points, communal tanks, and household storage containers and analyzed for key physicochemical indicators (pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity/total dissolved solids, residual free chlorine) and microbiological contamination (E. coli and fecal coliforms). Household surveys documented transport and storage practices, perceived service adequacy, and recent gastrointestinal illness. Overall, 35% of samples exceeded WHO microbiological limits; E. coli was detected in 28% of household containers and 24% of distribution tanks. Residual chlorine was <0.5 mg/L in 40% of samples and turbidity exceeded guidance in 18%. Forty-five percent of households reported transferring water using open/uncovered containers, and 42% reported gastrointestinal illness in the previous month, with higher reporting in sites showing microbial contamination. The results suggest that there are significant weaknesses in the source-to-point-of-use system during emergencies. The priority actions we recommend are, restoring residual disinfection; strengthening monitoring at important control points; improving hygienic transport and covered storage; and providing backup fuel and treatment supplies to minimize the risk of waterborne diseases in shelters in North Gaza. Full article

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