Philosophies

8 pages, 180 KB

Open AccessArticle

Desire and Emptiness: Rethinking Fantasy Through the Diamond Sutra and Lacanian Psychoanalysis

by Yuhong Wang

Philosophies 2025, 10(6), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies10060131 - 5 Dec 2025

The Diamond Sutra and Lacanian psychoanalytic theory, though grounded in distinct traditions, converge in their critique of the substantial “self,” revealing it as a fantasy produced by symbolic or conceptual structures. The Sutra dismantles attachment to “name-and-form,” asserting that realizing emptiness (śūnyatā) entails [...] Read more.

The Diamond Sutra and Lacanian psychoanalytic theory, though grounded in distinct traditions, converge in their critique of the substantial “self,” revealing it as a fantasy produced by symbolic or conceptual structures. The Sutra dismantles attachment to “name-and-form,” asserting that realizing emptiness (śūnyatā) entails realizing non-self (anātman). Lacan, through the mirror stage, the Symbolic Order, and the Real, exposes the subject’s alienation within language, where desire continually circles around a constitutive lack. Both disclose that symbolic systems simultaneously generate and obscure reality. Practically, the Diamond Sutra prescribes the letting-go of all attachments—“letting the mind function without abiding anywhere”—while Lacan’s ethics of “traversing the fantasy” calls for confronting one’s fundamental lack and assuming responsibility for desire. By juxtaposing their approaches to the deconstruction of ego-fantasy, critique of symbolic mediation, and transcendence of illusion, this paper illuminates a shared insight into the interrelation of desire, language, and the real. Full article

13 pages, 1407 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cultivating Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Through the Chinese Philosophy of Self-Cultivation and Awakening: An Educational Intervention Study

by Zixu Zhu, Hui Deng, Mingyong Hu, Nianming Hu and Zhihong Zhang

Philosophies 2025, 10(6), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies10060130 - 30 Nov 2025

Viewed by 144

Abstract

This study investigates how the traditional Chinese “philosophy of self-cultivation and awakening” (xiu-wu) can be systematically harnessed to foster Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) among undergraduates. Through historical–philosophical reconstruction and conceptual analysis, the study distills three recurring instructional principles—gradual cultivation (jian-xiu), gradual awakening (jian-wu), [...] Read more.

This study investigates how the traditional Chinese “philosophy of self-cultivation and awakening” (xiu-wu) can be systematically harnessed to foster Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) among undergraduates. Through historical–philosophical reconstruction and conceptual analysis, the study distills three recurring instructional principles—gradual cultivation (jian-xiu), gradual awakening (jian-wu), and sudden awakening (dun-wu), and their dialectical synthesis, and re-casts them as design parameters for thinking-centered instruction. These principles are then translated into a macro-level instructional metaphor, the Bridge-Building Model, which sequences curricular elements as bridge piers (the teaching process of “gradual cultivation”), bridge deck (student-constructed “an isolated fragments of knowing”), and final closure (holistic knowledge). The model integrates constructivist, behaviorist and intuitive dimensions: repetitive, scaffolded tasks foster behavioral automaticity; guided reflection precipitates incremental insight; and calibrated “epistemic shocks” elicit sudden reorganization of conceptual schemata. The framework clarifies the locus, timing and contingency of each phase while acknowledging the metaphysical indeterminacy of ultimate “holistic” mastery. By translating classical Chinese pedagogical insights into operational design heuristics, the paper offers higher-education instructors a culturally grounded, theoretically coherent blueprint for systematically nurturing HOTS without sacrificing the spontaneity essential to creative cognition. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 373 KB

Open AccessArticle

Intensional Differences Between Programming Languages: A Conceptual and Practical Analysis

by Paula Quinon

Philosophies 2025, 10(6), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies10060129 - 29 Nov 2025

Viewed by 187

Abstract

This paper investigates intensional differences between programming languages—understood as differences in how computational processes are expressed, structured, and specified rather than merely in what they compute. While such differences have been studied in classical models of computation, they remain underexplored in the context [...] Read more.

This paper investigates intensional differences between programming languages—understood as differences in how computational processes are expressed, structured, and specified rather than merely in what they compute. While such differences have been studied in classical models of computation, they remain underexplored in the context of programming languages. Yet, programming languages undeniably compute, and any account of what “computing” means must include the ways in which they do so. The paper first clarifies the extensional/intensional distinction and introduces a methodological framework to study this distinction based on Carnapian explication. It then follows an idealized programming workflow, which I structure according to the Carnapian framework, to identify where and how intensional differences arise—including during problem specification, algorithm design, language choice, data representation, and physical implementation. The final part situates intensionality within the broader epistemology of programming practice, examining how it is shaped by type-theoretic assumptions, social and historical context, and the implications of bounded outcomes. Throughout, the paper examines both the “nature” (inherent features of computable functions) and “nurture” (human factors influencing programming language design and use) of intensional differences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Semantics and Computation)

12 pages, 262 KB

Open AccessArticle

Threatening Happiness: “No One Can Compel Me to Be Happy Their Way”

by Lorenzo Magnani

Philosophies 2025, 10(6), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies10060128 - 28 Nov 2025

Viewed by 176

Abstract

Starting from classical philosophical suggestions about the status of happiness recipes that suggest the optimal ways to reach it, I will soon illustrate the fundamental Kantian suggestion: “No one can coerce me to be happy in his way”, that is, an individual has [...] Read more.

Starting from classical philosophical suggestions about the status of happiness recipes that suggest the optimal ways to reach it, I will soon illustrate the fundamental Kantian suggestion: “No one can coerce me to be happy in his way”, that is, an individual has the right to choose their own kind of happiness “provided he does not infringe upon that freedom of others to strive for a like end which can coexist with the freedom of everyone”. I will conclude that happiness (and even its very possibility) is constrained in a relational interplay in a collective of human beings. Thanks to the events that took place during the notorious “enclosures”, which violently expropriated peasants by destroying their homes and cottages during the so-called primitive accumulation of capitalism, I will provide a very clear example of the relational nature of happiness and even its potential to be jeopardized. The idea of a “moral bubble” will be proposed as an explanation for why some people fail to recognize the harm they create when they jeopardize the happiness of other humans. A study of the current predatory neoliberal capitalism’s peculiar propensity to make the majority of people unhappy will be the focus of the last section. The article interdisciplinarily aims at bridging philosophy, economics, sociology, and political theory, enriching the philosophical analysis with historical and contemporary contexts, and also providing the following critical engagement: the analysis of how dominant narratives and economic frameworks serve to mask violence, thus challenging readers at least to reconsider accepted truths about progress and prosperity. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1259 KB

Open AccessArticle

Virtual Suffering and Awakening of Subjectivity: A Biopolitical Analysis of Black Myth: Wukong

by Shangyuan Li and Yan Li

Philosophies 2025, 10(6), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies10060127 - 27 Nov 2025

Viewed by 298

Abstract

Video games prioritize “fun” and “immersion”, yet suffering can disrupt play. Using phenomenology of emotion, this study examines Black Myth: Wukong as a case where suffering is integral to gameplay and narrative. It argues that suffering awakens player subjectivity, enabling resistance to algorithmic [...] Read more.

Video games prioritize “fun” and “immersion”, yet suffering can disrupt play. Using phenomenology of emotion, this study examines Black Myth: Wukong as a case where suffering is integral to gameplay and narrative. It argues that suffering awakens player subjectivity, enabling resistance to algorithmic and biopolitical constraints. As mass art, video games harness suffering’s affective power to transform players from passive participants to active agents, revealing their potential for resistance. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 251 KB

Open AccessArticle

Justified True Belief + Diachronic Justification: A Contemporary Defence

by Ahmet Küçükuncular

Philosophies 2025, 10(6), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies10060126 - 18 Nov 2025

Viewed by 381

Abstract

I defend a diachronic constraint on justification as a necessary condition for knowledge. In my view (JTB + D), a belief is knowledge-apt only if its justification is maintainable over a context-sensitive interval Δ under ordinary avenues of evidence-accrual, including reliable memory, testimony, [...] Read more.

I defend a diachronic constraint on justification as a necessary condition for knowledge. In my view (JTB + D), a belief is knowledge-apt only if its justification is maintainable over a context-sensitive interval Δ under ordinary avenues of evidence-accrual, including reliable memory, testimony, and communal inquiry, with no accessible undefeated defeaters arising within that interval. This temporal, process-sensitive requirement mitigates Gettier-style luck by targeting “snapshot” justification that would easily collapse under minimal further scrutiny (as in Fake Barn County), while avoiding infallibilism and over-intellectualism. I calibrate Δ by stakes and domain volatility to avoid vagueness and moving goalposts, distinguish responsive stability from mere habituation, and show how the account handles no-new-evidence scenarios without undermining ordinary memorial and testimonial knowledge. Conceptually, the proposal integrates internalist and externalist insights as it preserves reason-responsiveness over time and serves as an actual-world temporal analogue of safety, not a standalone fourth ‘dimension’. I engage canonical cases and acknowledge Zagzebski’s challenge: the view does not promise full Gettier immunity, but it raises the bar for counterexamples in ordinary environments. The result is a principled, parameterised refinement of the justification condition that better captures knowledge as an enduring, responsibly supported true belief. Full article

16 pages, 288 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Meanings of (The Word) Trade: Adam Smith’s Political Economy as General Grammar

by Leonardo André Paes Müller

Philosophies 2025, 10(6), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies10060125 - 13 Nov 2025

Viewed by 334

Abstract

Some mid-eighteenth-century Political Economists, among them Adam Smith, employed the conceptual and methodological tools from General Grammar. Instead of offering, at the outset, a set of formal definitions of their concepts, they departed from ordinary language’s words (‘popular notions’, as Smith puts it) [...] Read more.

Some mid-eighteenth-century Political Economists, among them Adam Smith, employed the conceptual and methodological tools from General Grammar. Instead of offering, at the outset, a set of formal definitions of their concepts, they departed from ordinary language’s words (‘popular notions’, as Smith puts it) and endeavored to map all the different meanings of a particular notion. The goal of this paper is to follow Smith’s efforts as Grammarian by offering a mapping of the meanings of the word trade in the Wealth of Nations. According to Smith, trade has (1) a proper and original meaning as occupation or métier, that is, a specific productive activity or branch of labor; (2) a derived meaning as business, when it involves the employment of capital in pursuit of profit; and (3) an abstract meaning as commerce, especially when referring to a sector of economic activity, such as domestic or foreign trade. The article argues that key Mercantilist errors also stem from a grammatical confusion between these meanings, illustrating the critical aspect of Smith’s Political Economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adam Smith's Philosophy and Modern Moral Economics)

4 pages, 168 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Introduction—Plant Poiesis: Aesthetics, Philosophy and Indigenous Thought

by Patrícia Vieira

Philosophies 2025, 10(6), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies10060124 - 8 Nov 2025

Viewed by 316

Abstract

In a recent stay in Senegal, I had a chance to contemplate a baobab tree (Adansonia digitata)1 located in the Bandia Reserve, whose hollow interior had been used as a burial site [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Poiesis: Aesthetics, Philosophy and Indigenous Thought)

14 pages, 185 KB

Open AccessEssay

Is Raz’s Critique Correct?—Dworkin’s Interpretive Theory and the Justification of Legal Authority

by Qian Zhang

Philosophies 2025, 10(6), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies10060123 - 5 Nov 2025

Viewed by 546

Abstract

If evaluated solely by Raz’s criteria, Dworkin’s interpretive theory of law indeed faces a crisis of authority justification. This controversy stems from their divergent understandings of the nature of authority. By drawing on Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics to interrogate the rational foundation of prejudice, [...] Read more.

If evaluated solely by Raz’s criteria, Dworkin’s interpretive theory of law indeed faces a crisis of authority justification. This controversy stems from their divergent understandings of the nature of authority. By drawing on Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics to interrogate the rational foundation of prejudice, the rational essence of authority is re-exposed. Authority is a rational and free activity, tied to recognition, and manifests as the possibility of being justified through reasoning. Dworkin’s methodological approach provides a robust justification for legal authority, which manifests in three key dimensions. First, the very act of interpretation demonstrates recognition that authority constitutes a rational activity, thereby affirming that the establishment of legal authority represents a voluntary, autonomous, and reason-governed enterprise. Second, the interpretive theory of law correlates with the be-earned character of authority across three constitutive aspects: its susceptibility to justifiability, its normative demand for justification, and its substantive realization through justificatory practices. Third, the substantive content of interpretive theory corresponds to the epistemic features of authoritative justification—including its informational properties, scope of application, communal dimensions, and capacity for adaptive rationalization. Consequently, contra Raz’s critique, Dworkin’s theoretical framework successfully provides a coherent account of legal authority’s justificatory foundations. Full article

24 pages, 370 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tonal Isomorphism: A Methodology for Cross-Domain Mapping in the Generative Age

by Jonah Y. C. Hsu

Philosophies 2025, 10(6), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies10060122 - 5 Nov 2025

Viewed by 444

Abstract

This paper presents a methodological framework, Tonal Isomorphism (TI), derived from Tonal Meta-Ontology (TMO), focusing on operational protocols rather than ontological foundations. Tonal Isomorphism is framed as a meta-protocol rather than a metaphysical doctrine: its purpose is to provide a transferable logic that [...] Read more.

This paper presents a methodological framework, Tonal Isomorphism (TI), derived from Tonal Meta-Ontology (TMO), focusing on operational protocols rather than ontological foundations. Tonal Isomorphism is framed as a meta-protocol rather than a metaphysical doctrine: its purpose is to provide a transferable logic that bridges disciplinary silos. We argue that knowledge breakthroughs can emerge not through trial-and-error experimentation alone, but through the isomorphic translation of tonal structures into domain-specific models. The methodology is demonstrated through three key contributions: (1) the Operationalization of Metaphysics, where tonal principles are expressed in executable forms such as the ToneWarp Equation and integrity-preserving responsibility chains; (2) the Unified Generative Field, a cross-domain modeling scaffold applicable to contexts ranging from arithmetic closure to digital trust protocols; and (3) the Generative Proof, which positions the methodology itself as a living demonstration of its claims, resistant to external mimicry. In an era defined by AI’s capacity for replication and simulation, Tonal Isomorphism offers a framework for knowledge generation where truth is not fixed discovery but a defensible, continuously enacted act of creation. Full article

18 pages, 477 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sacrifice and the Sublime in Kant’s Moral Vision

by Paolo Diego Bubbio and Meredith Trexler Drees

Philosophies 2025, 10(6), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies10060121 - 4 Nov 2025

Viewed by 489

Abstract

This article examines how Kant’s conception of sacrifice in Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason connects with his account of the sublime in the Critique of Judgment. We argue that the analogy between sacrifice and sublimity illuminates the transformation involved in [...] Read more.

This article examines how Kant’s conception of sacrifice in Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason connects with his account of the sublime in the Critique of Judgment. We argue that the analogy between sacrifice and sublimity illuminates the transformation involved in moral rebirth, whereby the old self is relinquished for the sake of the new. This transformation comprises two interrelated aspects: suppressive sacrifice, which subordinates self-centered inclinations to the moral law, and kenotic sacrifice, in which self-centeredness is relinquished as part of a radical reorientation of one’s disposition. By situating these aspects within Kant’s discussions of grace, the archetype–prototype distinction, and the imagination’s “sacrifice” during experiences of the sublime, we show how sacrifice functions as a symbol both of the moral exemplar (Vorbild) and of the conversion process. The resulting threefold analogy—between the old/new self, Christ’s kenotic self-emptying, and the imagination’s renunciation within the experience of the sublime—reveals how aesthetic experience, especially the sublime, helps exemplify and empower moral transformation in Kant’s thought, supplementing what his ethics alone can explain. Full article

8 pages, 179 KB

Open AccessArticle

Kenneth Boulding’s Extension of Adam Smith’s Ethical Framework

by Terence D. Agbeyegbe

Philosophies 2025, 10(6), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies10060120 - 1 Nov 2025

Viewed by 336

Abstract

This paper examines the conceptual relationship between Adam Smith’s theory of moral sentiments and Kenneth Boulding’s integrative systems approach to economics. Rather than claiming a direct intellectual lineage, we argue that Boulding’s work addresses a specific limitation in Smith’s moral framework: Smith’s restriction [...] Read more.

This paper examines the conceptual relationship between Adam Smith’s theory of moral sentiments and Kenneth Boulding’s integrative systems approach to economics. Rather than claiming a direct intellectual lineage, we argue that Boulding’s work addresses a specific limitation in Smith’s moral framework: Smith’s restriction of justice to commutative duties (non-interference with persons, property, and promises) leaves the systematic organization of beneficent motivations underdeveloped, which modern economies require. Through a close analysis of Smith’s concept of beneficence in The Theory of Moral Sentiments and Boulding’s grants economy in The Economy of Love and Fear, we demonstrate that Boulding provides theoretical resources for understanding how moral motivations beyond reciprocal exchange can be systematically integrated into economic analysis. This comparison illuminates both the strengths and limitations of Smith’s naturalistic approach to moral economics. It suggests how contemporary business ethics might move beyond the stakeholder–shareholder debate toward a more comprehensive understanding of corporate moral agency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adam Smith's Philosophy and Modern Moral Economics)

11 pages, 220 KB

Open AccessArticle

Habit Formation and Change from a Deweyan Perspective

by Erik Yves Adalberon

Philosophies 2025, 10(6), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies10060119 - 30 Oct 2025

Viewed by 946

Abstract

This paper aims to outline a framework based on John Dewey and his ideas relating to the topic of habit formation and change. The approach utilised in this article can best be described as a semi-systematic reading and is based on 884 extracts [...] Read more.

This paper aims to outline a framework based on John Dewey and his ideas relating to the topic of habit formation and change. The approach utilised in this article can best be described as a semi-systematic reading and is based on 884 extracts taken from his bibliography. Tendencies that were observed in this material include a distinction between flexible and inflexible habits, and how habit formation and change can be explained by central variables like valuation, experience, and conditions. Full article

3 pages, 169 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Stella, A.; Divino, F. Reality, Truth, and Detachment: Comparing Buddhist Thought with Western Philosophy and Science. Philosophies 2025, 10, 43

by Aldo Stella and Federico Divino

Philosophies 2025, 10(6), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies10060118 - 29 Oct 2025

Viewed by 196

Abstract

The order of the references in the published version is incorrect [...] Full article

24 pages, 1290 KB

Open AccessArticle

A New Paradigm of Metaverse Philosophy: From Anthropocentrism to Metasubjectivity

by Oleksii Kostenko, Oleksii Dniprov, Dmytro Zhuravlov, Oleksandr Tykhomyrov and Serhii Vladov

Philosophies 2025, 10(6), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies10060117 - 23 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1145

Abstract

This article explores the philosophical and legal foundations of the Metaverse as an emerging socio-technological reality. It examines the co-evolution of technology, law, and society, emphasizing the need for new frameworks to address identity, subjectivity, and regulation in virtual spaces. Central to the [...] Read more.

This article explores the philosophical and legal foundations of the Metaverse as an emerging socio-technological reality. It examines the co-evolution of technology, law, and society, emphasizing the need for new frameworks to address identity, subjectivity, and regulation in virtual spaces. Central to the analysis is the concept of Metasubjectivity, which affirms the ontological equality of humans, AI, and digital avatars. The study critiques classical anthropocentric paradigms and highlights postanthropocentric approaches that integrate ethical pluralism and algorithmic governance. Key risks, including dehumanization, identity crises, and algorithmic discrimination, are discussed in the context of digital subjectivity and emerging e-jurisdictions. The study presents a philosophical model that integrates critical rationalism, process philosophy, and the e-jurisdiction legal paradigm, with the aim of ensuring fairness and balance in digital ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Consciousness in the Age of Intelligent Systems: Philosophical Frameworks, Neural Theories, and Generative AI)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 251 KB

Open AccessArticle

Atmospheres of Exclusion: Dante’s Inferno and the Mathematics Classroom

by Constantinos Xenofontos

Philosophies 2025, 10(6), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies10060116 - 22 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1323

Abstract

This paper employs allegory to examine how pupils experience exclusion in mathematics education. Using Dante’s Inferno as a structural frame, I present nine fictional narratives aligned with the nine circles of Hell. These depict recurring learner experiences: displacement, disorientation, mechanical drill, grade-chasing, resistance, [...] Read more.

This paper employs allegory to examine how pupils experience exclusion in mathematics education. Using Dante’s Inferno as a structural frame, I present nine fictional narratives aligned with the nine circles of Hell. These depict recurring learner experiences: displacement, disorientation, mechanical drill, grade-chasing, resistance, doubt, internalised failure, performance without understanding, and withdrawal. The narratives are not verbatim accounts but constructed stories synthesising themes from research, classroom practice, and observed discourse. Through narrative inquiry, each story reframes issues such as language barriers, high-stakes assessment, proceduralism, and stereotype threat—not as individual shortcomings but systemic conditions shaping learner identities. The allegorical mode makes these conditions vivid, positioning mathematics education as a moral landscape where inclusion and exclusion are continually negotiated. The analysis yields three insights: first, forms of exclusion are diverse yet interconnected, often drawing pupils into cycles of silence, resistance, or performance; second, metaphor and fiction can serve as rigorous research tools, allowing affective and structural dimensions of schooling to be understood together; and third, teacher education and policy must confront the hidden costs of privileging narrow forms of knowledge. Reimagining classrooms through Dante’s allegory, this paper calls for pedagogies that disrupt exclusion and open pathways to belonging and mathematical meaning. Full article

13 pages, 514 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Morality and Science: Semi-Imperative Evidentialism Paradigm for an Ethical Medical Practice

by José Nunes de Alencar, Francisca Rego and Rui Nunes

Philosophies 2025, 10(6), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies10060115 - 22 Oct 2025

Viewed by 505

Abstract

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) supplies the best available data, yet clinicians still face low-value care, surrogate-driven reversals, and pseudoscientific claims. We propose Semi-Imperative Evidentialism (SIE), a normative framework that links evidential warrant to proportionate professional duties while preserving patient autonomy. Using a targeted narrative [...] Read more.

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) supplies the best available data, yet clinicians still face low-value care, surrogate-driven reversals, and pseudoscientific claims. We propose Semi-Imperative Evidentialism (SIE), a normative framework that links evidential warrant to proportionate professional duties while preserving patient autonomy. Using a targeted narrative review in philosophy of science, bioethics, and clinical epidemiology, we distilled six binary attributes to classify activities as Science, Pseudoscience, or Non-science. Scientific items enter a two-tier ladder—Tier 1 (established clinical evidence) or Tier 2 (emerging or preclinical evidence)—with status re-scored as randomized trials, living meta-analyses, and post-marketing safety signals accrue. SIE maps tiers to action: Tier 1 should be offered or strongly recommended, with reasons documented if declined; Tier 2 should be discussed with explicit consent, preferably within trials or registries; Pseudoscience should be refused or discontinued with corrective education; Non-science may be acknowledged as contextual support when safe and non-substitutive. Worked examples—antiarrhythmic suppression post–myocardial infarction (CAST) and “complementary cancer cures”—illustrate earlier and more transparent course-correction. SIE provides a fallibilist bridge from evidence to duty, constraining discretion without eroding autonomy; prospective audits and cluster trials should test its impact on prescribing and consent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Ethics and Philosophy)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Philosophies, Volume 10, Issue 6 (December 2025) – 17 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI