Journal of Fungi

25 pages, 10659 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics of Plant Community, Soil Physicochemical Properties, and Soil Fungal Community in a 22-Year Established Poaceae Mixed-Sown Grassland

by Pei Gao, Liangyu Lyu, Yunfei Xing, Jun Ma, Yan Liu, Zhijie Yang, Xin Wang and Jianjun Shi

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 756; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100756 - 21 Oct 2025

Viewed by 497

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the restoration effect of artificially mixed-sown grasslands by investigating the characteristics of plant communities and soil fungal communities in long-term (22-year-established) artificial grasslands under six Poaceae mixture combinations. The experiment took mixed-sown grasslands of grass species established in [...] Read more.

This study aims to evaluate the restoration effect of artificially mixed-sown grasslands by investigating the characteristics of plant communities and soil fungal communities in long-term (22-year-established) artificial grasslands under six Poaceae mixture combinations. The experiment took mixed-sown grasslands of grass species established in 2002 on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau as the research object. It employed ITS gene high-throughput sequencing technology to construct a fungal community distribution map and combined it with FUNGuild (Functional Guilds of Fungi) functional predictions to analyze fungal species abundance, structural diversity, molecular co-occurrence networks, and functional characteristics. By integrating Mantel test and RDA (redundancy analysis), we identified key environmental factors driving soil microbial community structure in mixed-sown grasslands and revealed the plant–soil–microbe interaction mechanisms in a Poaceae mixture grassland. The results showed that the HC treatment (a mixture of three grass species) significantly enhanced plant biomass and soil nutrient accumulation. In 2023 and 2024, its aboveground biomass increased by 66.14% and 60.91%, respectively, compared to the HA treatment (monoculture). Soil organic matter increased by 52.32% and 48.35%, while electrical conductivity decreased by 48.99% and 51.72%, respectively. The fungal community structure improved under the HD treatment (a mixture of four grass species), with an increased abundance of the dominant phylum Ascomycota and a 14.44% rise in the Shannon index compared to the HA treatment. The network complexity under the HF treatment (a mixture of six grass species) increased (with edge numbers reaching 494), while the functional abundance of plant pathogen was significantly lower than that under the HA treatment. Mantel test and RDA revealed that SEC (soil electrical conductivity) was significantly positively correlated with pH, while both exhibited negative correlations with other plant and soil physicochemical indicators. Moreover, SEC emerged as the core factor driving fungal community assembly. Mixed sowing of three to four grass species effectively regulated soil electrical conductivity, simultaneously enhancing plant biomass, soil nutrients, and fungal community diversity, representing an optimal strategy for artificial restoration of degraded grasslands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Ecological Interactions of Fungi)

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19 pages, 2206 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sclerotia-Mediated Soil Microbiome Modulation in Rice–Rapeseed Cropping Systems

by Mirza Abid Mehmood, Jianguang Wang, Jiasen Cheng, Jiatao Xie, Daohong Jiang and Yanping Fu

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100755 - 21 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Rhizoctonia solani (Rs) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Ss) are devastating pathogens of rice and rapeseed, contributing 20–69% and 10–50% of yield losses, respectively. These pathogens develop resistant overwintering and/or oversummering sclerotia, which serve as inocula for infection in the subsequent season under favorable conditions. [...] Read more.

Rhizoctonia solani (Rs) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Ss) are devastating pathogens of rice and rapeseed, contributing 20–69% and 10–50% of yield losses, respectively. These pathogens develop resistant overwintering and/or oversummering sclerotia, which serve as inocula for infection in the subsequent season under favorable conditions. The present study was designed to investigate the month-wise variation in microbial diversity by mixing Rs and Ss sclerotia separately in rice-rapeseed rotation field soil, thereby identifying key microbial players associated with specific sclerotia and their implications for subsequent crops. Therefore, we incubated 2.5 g of Rs and Ss sclerotia in 100 g of soil for 3 months to mimic the field conditions and subjected month-wise soil samples to 16S rRNA and ITS2 sequencing. Data analysis of bacterial communities revealed diversity, richness, and evenness in Ss treated soil samples compared to the control, while fungal communities exhibited less diversity. These results were also evident in PCoA and hierarchical clustering, where control and treated samples were scattered in 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing. Genus level diversity exhibited enrichment of bacterial genera with known beneficial potential, notably Acidibacter, Stenotrophobacter, Sphingomonas, Flavisolibacter, Gaiella, and Neobacillus in control. Beneficial bacterial genera such as Ramlibacter, Geomonas, Kofleria, Nitrospira, and Paraflavitalea were enriched in Ss treated soil samples. The addition of Ss and Rs sclerotia activated several beneficial fungi, notably Trichoderma, Talaromyces, Clonostachys in Ss treated samples, and Vermispora, Hyalorbilia, Mortierella, Lecanicillium in Rs treated samples. Additionally, Rs treated soil samples also activated pathogenic genera, including Typhula, Fusarium, and Rhizoctonia. Sclerotia in soil modulates the microbiome and activates beneficial and pathogenic microbes. During the off-season, the Sclerotinia inoculum pressure in the soil reduces, and it is safe to grow crops next season. Whereas, in the case of Rhizoctonia infected soil, it is suggested to avoid growing crops susceptible to wilt, root rot, and blight. However, field experiments to understand the pathogen–pathogen interactions around the sclerotiosphere require further exploration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Utilizing Fungal Diversity for Sustainable Biotechnology)

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21 pages, 790 KB

Open AccessReview

Computational Approaches for Discovering Virulence Factors in Coccidioides

by Arianna D. Daniel, Vikram Senthil and Katrina K. Hoyer

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 754; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100754 - 21 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Emerging respiratory dimorphic fungi, including Coccidioides, pose a growing public health threat due to their ability to cause severe disease and the limited therapeutic options. A growing gap exists between rapidly expanding computational data and slower traditional experimental methods for virulence factor [...] Read more.

Emerging respiratory dimorphic fungi, including Coccidioides, pose a growing public health threat due to their ability to cause severe disease and the limited therapeutic options. A growing gap exists between rapidly expanding computational data and slower traditional experimental methods for virulence factor identification, limiting progress in fungal pathogenesis research and therapeutic development. This review presents a framework for integrating computational and experimental methodologies to accelerate virulence discovery in Coccidioides. We examine predictive tools for adhesins, transporters, secreted effectors, carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), and secondary metabolites, plus therapeutic target prioritization strategies based on druggability, selectivity, essentiality, and precedent. Examples from Coccidioides and other World Health Organization-designated emerging fungi highlight how computational pipelines clarify pathogenic mechanisms and guide experimental design. We also assess machine learning, structural prediction, and reverse vaccinology approaches for enhance target discovery. By applying computational advances to Coccidioides research with experimental validation, this integrated approach can guide future antifungal drug and vaccine development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proteomic Studies of Pathogenic Fungi and Hosts)

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11 pages, 1487 KB

Open AccessArticle

Wildlife Dermatophytoses in Central Italy (Umbria and Marche Regions): A Fifteen-Year Investigation (2010–2024)

by Silvia Crotti, Deborah Cruciani, Nicoletta D’Avino, Alessandro Fiorucci, Giulia Morganti, Daniele Paoloni, Manuela Papini, Vincenzo Piscioneri, Alice Ranucci, Sara Spina and Marco Gobbi

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 753; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100753 - 21 Oct 2025

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Abstract

The expansion of urbanized areas is leading to increased human−animal interactions, thereby creating potential new ecosystems for wildlife. In this context, dermatophytoses are of particular significance. This investigation aimed to evaluate the presence of dermatophyte species in wild animals enrolled by passive control [...] Read more.

The expansion of urbanized areas is leading to increased human−animal interactions, thereby creating potential new ecosystems for wildlife. In this context, dermatophytoses are of particular significance. This investigation aimed to evaluate the presence of dermatophyte species in wild animals enrolled by passive control and targeted active control plans or deceased for causes independent of this study and analyzed for necroscopic procedures. From 2010 to 2024, a total of 704 samples were collected and analyzed by conventional and molecular assays. Dermatophytes were detected in 77 animals. The molecular approach identified Paraphyton mirabile (5.96%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex (2.41%), Microsporum canis (0.71%), Arthroderma curreyi, A. thuringense (0.57% each), A. uncinatum, and A. eboreum (0.43% each). In one animal a co-infection of T. mentagrophytes and M. canis was found. Considering wild animals as sentinels for dermatophytoses, it is crucial to implement surveillance to prevent potential zoonotic outbreaks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Human and Zoonotic Dermatophytoses，2nd Edition)

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1 pages, 166 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Scharmann et al. Evaluation of the Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay (LAMP) Eazyplex^® Pneumocystis jirovecii. J. Fungi 2025, 11, 300

by Ulrike Scharmann, Lisa Kirchhoff, Jan Buer, Franziska Schuler, Annerose Serr, Susann Rößler, Jürgen Held, Tobias Szumlanski, Joerg Steinmann and Peter-Michael Rath

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 752; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100752 - 21 Oct 2025

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Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

33 pages, 3443 KB

Open AccessArticle

Virulence and Stress-Related Proteins Are Differentially Enriched and N-Terminally Acetylated in Extracellular Vesicles from Virulent Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

by Carla E. Octaviano-Azevedo, Karolina R. F. Beraldo, Natanael P. Leitão-Júnior, Cássia M. de Souza, Camila P. da Silva, Rita C. Sinigaglia, Erix A. Milán Garcés, Evandro L. Duarte, Alexandre K. Tashima, Maria A. Juliano and Rosana Puccia

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 751; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100751 - 21 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are bilayer-membrane cellular components that deliver protected cargo to the extracellular environment and can mediate long-distance signaling. We have previously reported that EVs isolated from the virulent fungal pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Vpb18 can revert the expression, in the attenuated variant [...] Read more.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are bilayer-membrane cellular components that deliver protected cargo to the extracellular environment and can mediate long-distance signaling. We have previously reported that EVs isolated from the virulent fungal pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Vpb18 can revert the expression, in the attenuated variant Apb18, of stress-related virulence traits. We presently show that the Vev and Aev, respectively, produced by these variants display distinct proteomes, with prevalent functional enrichment in Vev related to oxidative stress response, signal transduction, transport, and localization, in addition to richer protein–protein interaction. Proteome sequences were obtained by nanoflow liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (nano LC-ESI-MS/MS). The Vev and corresponding Vpb18 proteomes also differed, suggesting a selective bias in vesicle protein cargo. Moreover, sublethal oxidative (VevOxi) and nitrosative (VevNO) stress modulated the Vev proteome and a positive correlation between VevOxi/VevNO-enriched and Vev-enriched (relative to Aev) proteins was observed. Out of 145 fungal virulence factors detected in Vev, 64% were enriched, strongly suggesting that molecules with virulence roles in Paracoccidioides are selectively concentrated in Vev. Our study significantly advanced the field by exploring protein N-terminal acetylation to a dimension rarely investigated in fungal EV proteomics. The proportion of N-terminally acetylated proteins in Vev was higher than in Vpb18 and the presence of Nt-acetylation in Vev-enriched virulence factors varied across the samples, suggesting that it might interfere with protein sorting into EVs and/or protein functionality. Our findings highlight the relevance of our fungal model to unraveling the significance of fungal EVs in pathogenesis and phenotypic transfer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proteomic Studies of Pathogenic Fungi and Hosts)

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20 pages, 3649 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome Analysis and Its Application in Screening Genes Related to the Growth and Development of Sarcomyxa edulis

by Wanzhu Jiang, Xiao Huang, Peng Wang, Bilal Ahmad, Ting Yang, Ziyuan Wang, Tianyu Ren and Jize Xu

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 750; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100750 - 20 Oct 2025

Viewed by 622

Abstract

Sarcomyxa edulis is a characteristic edible and medicinal mushroom found in Northeast China that is highly valued by consumers for its tender texture, pleasant flavor, and high nutritional value. To gain a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of S. [...] Read more.

Sarcomyxa edulis is a characteristic edible and medicinal mushroom found in Northeast China that is highly valued by consumers for its tender texture, pleasant flavor, and high nutritional value. To gain a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of S. edulis fruiting bodies, this study utilized the Illumina NovaSeq platform to perform transcriptome sequencing at three growth and development stages of S. edulis strain SE8, namely primordia (SE8–P), fruiting body differentiation (SE8–F), and mature fruiting body (SE8–M). A total of 54.67 Gb of clean data was obtained, with a GC content of around 51%. After assembly, 36,423 Unigenes were obtained. Functional annotation was performed on the Unigenes, resulting in 21,206 Unigene annotation results. Differential expression gene analysis showed that 79,606 and 523 DEGs were annotated in at least one database during the SE8–P vs. SE8–F, SE8–F vs. SE8–M, and SE8–P vs. SE8–M processes, respectively. Among these, the genes encoding aldehyde dehydrogenase and fungal hydrophobins were consistently downregulated, playing a negative regulatory role in the growth and development of S. edulis. The genes encoding glycoside hydrolase and AB hydrolase superfamily proteins were consistently upregulated, playing a positive regulatory role in growth and development. Among these, the genes encoding aldehyde dehydrogenase were annotated to the Tryptophan metabolism (ko00380) pathway through KEGG, suggesting that aldehyde dehydrogenase regulates indoacetate formation in the fruiting body of S. edulis. The accuracy of RNA–Seq and DEG analysis was validated using quantitative PCR. This study enriches our knowledge of the genetic information and provides a theoretical basis for the molecular mechanisms of fruiting body development of S. edulis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Biotechnology and Application 3.0)

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66 pages, 37968 KB

Open AccessArticle

Human Activity Impacts on Macrofungal Diversity: A Case Study of Grazing in Subtropical Forests

by Kun L. Yang, Xunan Xiong, Zejia Luo, Yanqun Huang, Rong Huang, Huajie Chen, Jia Y. Lin, Zhu L. Yang, Guang-Mei Li and Xiaorong Jia

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 749; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100749 - 20 Oct 2025

Viewed by 696

Abstract

Concerns about potential negative impacts of human activity on macrofungal diversity are spreading globally, yet research on this topic remains scarce. This study focuses on forest grazing (silvopasture), a popular economic practice whose impacts on macrofungal diversity are underexplored. Through investigation and comparison [...] Read more.

Concerns about potential negative impacts of human activity on macrofungal diversity are spreading globally, yet research on this topic remains scarce. This study focuses on forest grazing (silvopasture), a popular economic practice whose impacts on macrofungal diversity are underexplored. Through investigation and comparison of macrofungal diversity and selected environmental factors in three types of subtropical forests (secondary mixed forests, dense-tree plantations and sparse-tree plantations) before and after two years of grazing at an intensity of 10 goats per hectare in South China, three key findings emerged: (1) Macrofungal alpha-diversity increased significantly after grazing, associated with an increase in large plant remains and a decrease in litterfall thickness; (2) dominance was monopolized by few taxa before grazing but became more balanced among a number of taxa after grazing; and (3) dominance of endemic taxa decreased in two of the three types of forests after grazing. Such findings suggest that grazing may create additional niches through foraging, trampling and excretion by livestock and thus recruit diverse macrofungi but may also lead to homogenization of fungal florae across regions and thus result in recessive beta-diversity loss. As this study heavily relies on taxonomy, allied updates for ambiguous taxa recognized in analyses are additionally proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Fungal Biodiversity and Ecology)

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10 pages, 1344 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Occurrence of Colletotrichum karstii and C. fructicola Causes Anthracnose on Endangered Ethnic Vegetable Yunnanopilia longistaminea in Yunnan, China

by Jian-Wei Guo, Rong-Chuan Tian, Chun-Lian Yang, Lizhi Jia, Su-Yue Zhou, Min Yang, Lifang Li, Penghua Gao, Lei Yu, Murad Muhammad, Ming-Liang Ding and Shi-Kang Shen

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 748; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100748 - 19 Oct 2025

Viewed by 467

Abstract

The study investigates the morphological and phylogenetic characteristics of Colletotrichum species linked to anthracnose on Yunnanopilia longistaminea (Opiliaceae) in Yunnan, China. From July 2023 to July 2024, foliar anthracnose on Y. longistaminea 20-year-old plants with an incidence rate of 16% and [...] Read more.

The study investigates the morphological and phylogenetic characteristics of Colletotrichum species linked to anthracnose on Yunnanopilia longistaminea (Opiliaceae) in Yunnan, China. From July 2023 to July 2024, foliar anthracnose on Y. longistaminea 20-year-old plants with an incidence rate of 16% and two-year-old seedlings with an incidence rate of >90% were investigated in Yunnan, China. Based on morphological features and molecular approaches, four isolates of Colletotrichum were identified as C. karstii and C. fructicola. Two species were verified to induce foliar anthracnose by validating Koch’s postulates. This is the first report of C. karstii and C. fructicola inducing foliar anthracnose on Y. longistaminea in Yunnan, China, and globally. These findings enhance our understanding of the fungal pathogens affecting Y. longistaminea leaves and provides a theoretical basis of conservation and disease management in the study area. Further research is needed to explore these species’ ecological impacts and potential control measures in agricultural practices and wild resources protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Fungal Pathogenesis 2025)

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19 pages, 6880 KB

Open AccessArticle

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal and Trichoderma longibrachiatum Enhance Soil Quality and Improve Microbial Community Structure in Albic Soil Under Straw Return

by Yu Zhang, Bo Zhang, Qiuju Wang, Jie Liu, Wenwen Xun, Yanling Lv, Fuqiang Song and Hongjiu Yu

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 747; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100747 - 18 Oct 2025

Viewed by 580

Abstract

Albic soil is acidic and nutrient-deficient, resulting in low soil fertility that significantly limits the sustainable utilization of arable land. Microbial inoculants have emerged as promising biotechnological interventions to enhance soil quality by stimulating microbial activity and facilitating nutrient accumulation. This study focused [...] Read more.

Albic soil is acidic and nutrient-deficient, resulting in low soil fertility that significantly limits the sustainable utilization of arable land. Microbial inoculants have emerged as promising biotechnological interventions to enhance soil quality by stimulating microbial activity and facilitating nutrient accumulation. This study focused on improving the characteristics of albic soil through the incorporation of straw residues combined with inoculation treatments involving arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Trichoderma. Four experimental treatments were established: a Control (CK), single inoculation with AMF (AM), single inoculation with Trichoderma (TL), and a combined inoculation of both (AT). The investigation focused on assessing the synergistic effects of the AT treatment on albic soil chemical characteristics and its microbial community structure. The AT treatment significantly elevated rhizosphere soil pH, TN, and TP by 3.8%, 19.2%, and 10.9%, respectively, relative to the Control. The AT treatment markedly enhanced soil cellulase, β-glucosidase, and lignin peroxidase activities by 24.9%, 77.6%, and 36.7%, respectively, and increased the SQI by 78.9% compared to CK. Furthermore, the AT treatment led to a higher correlation abundance of Sphingomonas and aerobic chemoheterotrophs taxa. Structural equation modeling (SEM) uncovered that the interactions between AMF and Trichoderma modulated microbial community functions, augmented soil enzyme activities, promoted nutrient accumulation, and consequently improved albic soil quality. This study elucidates arbuscular mycorrhizal and Trichoderma longibrachiatum interactions with the soil environment, providing insights for improving albic soil health and microbial community structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi)

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19 pages, 7983 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fusarium pseudonygamai Promotes Blastospore Transformation in Ophiocordyceps sinensis: Insights into Microbial Interaction and Key Mechanisms

by Muhammad Zaryab Khalid, Xuehong Zheng, Richou Han and Li Cao

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 746; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100746 - 18 Oct 2025

Viewed by 458

Abstract

Chinese cordyceps, a highly valued traditional medicine, is formed when the fungal parasite Ophiocordyceps sinensis infects an underground caterpillar (Thitarodes). This interaction progresses slowly, as the larvae have a long developmental period and the fungus requires several months to complete its [...] Read more.

Chinese cordyceps, a highly valued traditional medicine, is formed when the fungal parasite Ophiocordyceps sinensis infects an underground caterpillar (Thitarodes). This interaction progresses slowly, as the larvae have a long developmental period and the fungus requires several months to complete its growth. The medicinal fungus O. sinensis has a complex life cycle that requires successful transformation from blastospores to hyphae for the formation of Chinese cordyceps. Building on our previous identification of diverse microbial communities associated with Thitarodes xiaojinensis larvae, this study investigates the role of host microbiota in enhancing O. sinensis blastospore transformation under in vitro conditions. Cultured supernatant of Fusarium pseudonygamai associated with T. xiaojinensis larvae significantly increased transformation rates by 31.6% after 8 days. Transcriptomic profiling revealed early upregulation of genes involved in energy metabolism, stress response, detoxification, and hyphal morphogenesis (notably CYC1, hmp, gedE, and fahA), supporting the cellular reprogramming required for fungal development. Additionally, mannitol isolated from F. pseudonygamai culture acted as a key promoter of transformation. Further functional assays confirmed that modulation of mannitol biosynthesis genes (M1PDH and MDH) through chemical agonists and inhibitors directly influenced mannitol levels and transformation efficiency. Collectively, these results highlight the pivotal role of microbiota-derived metabolites, particularly mannitol, in regulating O. sinensis transformation, offering potential strategies to improve artificial cultivation of Chinese cordyceps. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Cell Biology, Metabolism and Physiology)

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21 pages, 3255 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phenolic Compounds Accumulation and Cell Death Degree Induced by Fusaric Acid in Agroforestry Hosts Plants of Fusarium Species

by Angélica Gutiérrez-Sánchez, Javier Plasencia, Juan L. Monribot-Villanueva, Benjamín Rodríguez-Haas, Eliel Ruiz-May, José A. Guerrero-Analco and Diana Sánchez-Rangel

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 745; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100745 - 17 Oct 2025

Viewed by 857

Abstract

The genus Fusarium comprises multiple species recognized as plant pathogens in both annual and perennial crops. Some phytopathogenic species of this genus can be transmitted by insect vectors, which introduce them into woody plant species of ecological and agroeconomic importance. Among these species, [...] Read more.

The genus Fusarium comprises multiple species recognized as plant pathogens in both annual and perennial crops. Some phytopathogenic species of this genus can be transmitted by insect vectors, which introduce them into woody plant species of ecological and agroeconomic importance. Among these species, Fusarium kuroshium stands out, but studies are limited because it is a quarantine pathogen that requires special biosafety measures for its culture. This fungus produces fusaric acid (FA), a virulence factor that is widespread in Fusarium spp. To gain insight into the role of this phytotoxin in virulence, we exposed leaves of four woody host species (Liquidambar styraciflua, Persea americana, Citrus sinensis, and Populus nigra) of F. kuroshium to FA in vitro. The plant tissue exhibited varying degrees of cell death and physiological alterations, including a reduction in biomass, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), elevated electrolyte leakage, and loss of photosynthetic pigments. A chemical analysis demonstrated that the flavonoid and isoflavonoid pathways, in addition to linoleic and linolenic acid metabolism, were markedly affected by FA. Following the quantification of phenolic compounds in leaves, 11 metabolites were identified whose concentrations increased in response to FA stress. The findings of this study indicate that phenolic compounds play a significant role in the response to FA stress. Particularly, scopoletin has a protective effect on leaves of Liquidambar styraciflua. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Morphology, Phylogeny and Pathogenicity of Fusarium)

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1 pages, 147 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Aldejohann et al. Catastrophic Cerebral Infarctions in a Pediatric Patient with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Due to Mucorales Infection. J. Fungi 2025, 11, 618

by Alexander M. Aldejohann, Antonio Uribe Munoz, Miriam A. Füller, Grit Walther, Oliver Kurzai, Frieder Schaumburg, Ronald Sträter, Jenny Potratz, Julia Sandkötter, Daniel Ebrahimi-Fakhari, Christian P. Stracke, Laura Beck, Christian Thomas and Andreas H. Groll

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 744; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100744 - 17 Oct 2025

Viewed by 254

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Pathogenic Fungal Infections in Cancer and Transplant Patients)

16 pages, 1343 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Impact of a Novel Trichoderma sp. Strain STP8 on Lettuce Yield and Mineral Content

by Snježana Topolovec-Pintarić, Martina Stvorić, Božidar Benko, Sanja Slunjski, Neven Matočec and Ivana Kušan

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 743; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100743 - 17 Oct 2025

Viewed by 528

Abstract

The fungal genus Trichoderma is highly valued in agriculture for its versatile roles, mainly as a biocontrol agent against plant pathogens. Recently, its use as a natural biofertilizer has gained attention, as Trichoderma spp. promotes crop growth and improves yield by enhancing the [...] Read more.

The fungal genus Trichoderma is highly valued in agriculture for its versatile roles, mainly as a biocontrol agent against plant pathogens. Recently, its use as a natural biofertilizer has gained attention, as Trichoderma spp. promotes crop growth and improves yield by enhancing the rhizosphere environment and activating plant defences. Globally, over 250 Trichoderma-based products dominate 60–90% of the market, but their efficacy can decline during transportation and storage. Additionally, concerns about their impact on native soil biodiversity have led to interest in using locally adapted, native strains. The novel native strain of Trichoderma sp. STP8 (formerly T. koningiopsis agg. STP8) previously showed strong antagonism against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and promoted lettuce growth in greenhouse conditions. This study evaluated Trichoderma sp. STP8’s effectiveness in field-grown lettuce, revealing yield increases of 16.6% to 30.5%. The most significant gains occurred when Trichoderma sp. STP8 was applied before head formation, 26 days after planting. That was in one treatment with two applications (at seedling planting and after 26 days) and another with three applications (at sowing, at seedling planting, and after 26 days). These results demonstrate Trichoderma sp. STP8’s potential as a sustainable biocontrol and biofertilizer agent for lettuce, encouraging further research across different agricultural systems, including hydroponics and soil-less medium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Utilizing Fungal Diversity for Sustainable Biotechnology)

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18 pages, 330 KB

Open AccessArticle

Aetiology of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Ecuador and In Vitro Antifungal Activity Against Candida Vaginal Isolates

by Celia Bowen, Cristina Marcos-Arias, Carmen Checa, María Eugenia Castellanos, Katherine Miranda-Cadena, Elena Eraso and Guillermo Quindós

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 742; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100742 - 16 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1004

Abstract

The epidemiology of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) in Ecuador remains poorly reported and outdated. We therefore conducted a 12-month prospective survey to assess the aetiology and antifungal resistance patterns among symptomatic Ecuadorian patients. VVC diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic examination and culture. Isolates were [...] Read more.

The epidemiology of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) in Ecuador remains poorly reported and outdated. We therefore conducted a 12-month prospective survey to assess the aetiology and antifungal resistance patterns among symptomatic Ecuadorian patients. VVC diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic examination and culture. Isolates were identified by biochemical and molecular methods. In vitro antifungal susceptibilities to amphotericin B, clotrimazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, miconazole, and nystatin were determined by CLSI methods. Among 195 women, 71 VVC episodes were recorded (36.4%), whereof 56 (28.7%) had acute VVC (AVVC) and 15 (7.7%) had recurrent VVC (RVVC). The predominant species was Candida albicans, isolated in pure culture from 45 AVVC (80.3%) and 9 RVVC patients (60%), and in mixed culture from 7 AVVC (12.5%) and 3 RVVC patients (20%). Candida glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were also isolated in AVVC and RVVC patients, but Candida parapsilosis and Candida famata were only isolated from AVVC. Fluconazole- and miconazole-resistant C. albicans isolates were recovered from 5 (8.9%) and 24 (42.9%) of 56 AVVC patients, respectively, and from 1 (8.3%) and 5 (41.7%) of 12 RVVC patients, respectively. Fluconazole and miconazole resistance is relevant in Ecuador, emphasising the need for targeted antifungal strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungi in Vulvovaginal Infections)

23 pages, 5443 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Temperature, pH, and Relative Humidity on Growth of Penicillium crustosum OM1 Isolated from Pears and Its Penitrem A Production

by Shengming Gao, Sung-Yong Hong, Gyu-Mi Jung and Ae-Son Om

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 741; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100741 - 16 Oct 2025

Viewed by 399

Abstract

Penitrem A, an indole–diterpenoid neurotoxin, is produced by several species of Penicillium on cereal grains, meat, dairy products, and fruits. Penicillium crustosum is a well-known penitrem A producer, but much is unknown about physiological characteristics of P. crustosum. In this study, we [...] Read more.

Penitrem A, an indole–diterpenoid neurotoxin, is produced by several species of Penicillium on cereal grains, meat, dairy products, and fruits. Penicillium crustosum is a well-known penitrem A producer, but much is unknown about physiological characteristics of P. crustosum. In this study, we isolated penitrem A-producing P. crustosum OM1 from pears, and investigated the influence of temperature, pH, and relative humidity [RH] on its growth and penitrem A production. The fungal species exhibited the highest growth at 25 °C and pH 4.5 on mYES4 under RH 98%, whereas it produced the highest level of penitrem A at 22 °C and pH 6.5 on the same media under RH 98%. Furthermore, RT-qPCR analysis of six penitrem A biosynthetic genes (ptmB, ptmJ, ptmK, ptmO, ptmS, and ptmT) expression in P. crustosum OM1 showed that the four penitrem A biosynthetic genes (ptmJ, ptmK, ptmO, and ptmS) were up-regulated in mYES4 (penitrem A conducive medium), whereas they were not in mMEB (penitrem A non-conducive medium). Our results demonstrated that the three key environmental factors significantly affected the growth of P. crustosum OM1 and its penitrem A production. These findings could help find efficient methods to prevent penitrem A contamination from fresh fruits including pears. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungi in Focus: Fungal Enzyme and Fungal Metabolism)

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21 pages, 6757 KB

Open AccessArticle

Untargeted Metabolomics-Based Characterization of the Metabolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Its Substitutes

by Bing Jia, Haoxu Tang, Chuyu Tang, Chao Feng, Yuling Li and Xiuzhang Li

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 740; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100740 - 16 Oct 2025

Viewed by 531

Abstract

Ophiocordyceps sinensis represents a valuable medicinal resource. In this study, mechanisms underlying differences in chemical composition and antioxidant capacity among wild O. sinensis (GL), artificially cultivated O. sinensis (RG), and product of O. sinensis “Bailing” capsules (BL) were systematically investigated via in vitro [...] Read more.

Ophiocordyceps sinensis represents a valuable medicinal resource. In this study, mechanisms underlying differences in chemical composition and antioxidant capacity among wild O. sinensis (GL), artificially cultivated O. sinensis (RG), and product of O. sinensis “Bailing” capsules (BL) were systematically investigated via in vitro antioxidant capacity assays and untargeted metabolomics. Results showed GL exhibited the highest total phenol (TPS) content and superior free radical scavenging activity. Additionally, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities in RG were higher than those in BL. Correlation analysis of antioxidant indices demonstrated significant positive correlations between total phenols (TPS) and flavonoids (TF) with DPPH radical scavenging, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), hydroxyl radical scavenging rate, and superoxide anion radical scavenging rate (p < 0.01). A total of 6729 metabolites were detected, encompassing amino acids and their derivatives, lipids, and nucleotides and their derivatives, among other classes. Furthermore, metabolites exhibited distinct intergroup separation, indicating significant differences in metabolic profiles between O. sinensis and its substitute products. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that differential metabolites were mainly enriched in amino acid, lipid, and nucleotide metabolic pathways, among which the linoleic acid metabolic pathway was significantly downregulated. Key metabolites included γ-linolenic acid, 12(13)-EpOME-d, 9-HpODE, etc. Additionally, results of correlation analysis revealed that differential metabolites of lipids, nucleotides, and amino acids exhibited a significant positive correlation with antioxidant indices (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the antioxidant capacity of O. sinensis and its substitutes may be regulated via linoleic acid metabolism, providing a theoretical basis for advancing targeted functional development of O. sinensis and its substitute products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Metabolomics and Genomics, 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 1945 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Inoculation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (Rhizophagus irregularis BGC AH01) on the Soil Bacterial Community Assembly

by Xueli Wang, Xuemin Jing, Yan Wang, Youran Ma, Xiangyang Shu, Wei Fu, Shuping Xing, Weijia Liu, Qinxin Ye, Yalan Zhu, Ping Ren, Xin Zhang, Baodong Chen and Xia Wang

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 739; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100739 - 15 Oct 2025

Viewed by 523

Abstract

Soil bacterial communities are crucial drivers of nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning; however, their temporal dynamics under arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi colonization remain insufficiently characterized. In this study, we used a non-destructive continuous sampling method and undertook a 90-day pot experiment to examine [...] Read more.

Soil bacterial communities are crucial drivers of nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning; however, their temporal dynamics under arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi colonization remain insufficiently characterized. In this study, we used a non-destructive continuous sampling method and undertook a 90-day pot experiment to examine the process of shaping the bacterial community of hyphosphere soil. Following inoculation with AM fungi, we found an increase in the α-diversity index of the hyphosphere bacterial community. The community diversity and richness and the key bacterial taxa in the hyphosphere both gradually increased from 30 to 60 days and stabilized thereafter. Principal coordinated (PCoA) analysis and network analysis further confirmed these findings. Stabilized by 60 days post-inoculation, with deterministic processes dominating assembly in inoculated AM fungi soils, while stochastic processes prevailed in non-inoculated controls. Inoculation strengthened bacterial associations with available phosphorus, while making the key bacterial communities more responsive to multiple soil physicochemical properties (available P, CEC, N, and TOC). These findings provide critical insights into AM fungi mediation of soil microbiome dynamics, with the identified 60-day stabilization period offering a key temporal framework for understanding tripartite soil–AM fungi-bacteria interactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Ecological Interactions of Fungi)

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23 pages, 2591 KB

Open AccessReview

Edible Fungi Melanin: Recent Advances in Extraction, Characterization, Biological Activity and Applications

by Jiandong Tang, Hebin Shen, Wenyu Lv, Jingxuan Zhang and Junsheng Fu

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 738; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100738 - 14 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1044

Abstract

Natural melanin biopolymers exhibit a variety of biological activities, but their commercial development is constrained by numerous factors, including high costs, unsustainable sources, the use of harmful solvents during extraction, and low extraction efficiency. Notably, existing research indicates that synthetic melanin differs from [...] Read more.

Natural melanin biopolymers exhibit a variety of biological activities, but their commercial development is constrained by numerous factors, including high costs, unsustainable sources, the use of harmful solvents during extraction, and low extraction efficiency. Notably, existing research indicates that synthetic melanin differs from natural melanin in nature, and this difference may directly impact its application efficacy. Additionally, the extraction process itself is highly challenging, primarily due to the diversity and complexity of melanin biopolymer structures. The melanin produced by edible fungi primarily belongs to the eumelanin category. Given its outstanding sustainability and accessibility, it is regarded as an ideal raw material for industrial production. To deepen our understanding of edible fungus-derived melanin and promote its effective application across various fields, a comprehensive review of research on melanin isolated from edible fungi is urgently needed. Such a review will help researchers from different disciplinary backgrounds recognize the importance of edible fungus melanin and provide reference information for their research planning. With this objective in mind, this report reviews the latest research progress in recent years regarding extraction methods, structural characterization, biological activity, and application areas of edible fungus-derived melanin. Additionally, the report explores key characteristic parameters for distinguishing different types of melanin and emphasizes the importance of deepening our understanding of the biosynthetic mechanisms of edible mushroom melanin, aiming to lay the foundation for its efficient production and application in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress on Edible Fungi)

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15 pages, 3399 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Symbiotic Effects of Mycorrhizal Fungal Strains from Different Hosts on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth in Dendrobium officinale

by Jian-Yu He, Xiao-Yan Xie, Zhuo-Qi Liang, Jian-Xia Zhang, Shu Liu and Xiao-Lan Zhao

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 737; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100737 - 14 Oct 2025

Viewed by 673

Abstract

Compatible fungal partners of orchids can significantly enhance seed germination and increase seedling establishment under both in vitro and in situ conditions. This study isolated 14 Tulasnella isolates from five-year-old potted plants of three D. officinale cultivars. Three phylogenetically representative strains (Dca122, Dca222, [...] Read more.

Compatible fungal partners of orchids can significantly enhance seed germination and increase seedling establishment under both in vitro and in situ conditions. This study isolated 14 Tulasnella isolates from five-year-old potted plants of three D. officinale cultivars. Three phylogenetically representative strains (Dca122, Dca222, and Dca113) and two additional orchid mycorrhizal fungus (OMFs, ML01 and Pi) were selected to evaluate their effects on D. officinale seed germination and seedling development in vitro, and subsequent seedling growth under greenhouse conditions. All five OMFs supported seed germination and seedling development in vitro. Notably, Dca113, Pi, and ML01 exhibited the most pronounced effects, producing protocorms 3–4 times larger in volume than controls. By day 25, 37.54%, 37.34%, and 42.6% of protocorms developed cotyledons with these isolates, respectively. Furthermore, after 120 days, ML01 and Dca113 treatments yielded 35.6% and 30.68% autotrophic seedlings with fully differentiated roots. Under greenhouse, ML01, Pi, and Dca122 significantly enhanced fresh weight accumulation, plant height, and stem node number in potted seedlings. In contrast, Dca222 primarily stimulated sprouting tillers and adventitious root formation. Our results demonstrate that the mycorrhizal effectiveness of OMFs from different hosts varies significantly in D. officinale. ML01 and Dca113 are ideal candidates for reintroduction programs due to their strong promotion of seed germination and rapid formation of rooted seedlings. ML01 proved the most effective OMF for enhancing growth in potted seedlings, while Dca222 demonstrated potential for co-inoculation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungi in Agriculture and Biotechnology)

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27 pages, 7993 KB

Open AccessArticle

AoMbp1 Governs Conidiation and Trap Morphogenesis in Arthrobotrys oligospora Via Direct Transcriptional Activation of the MAPK Sensor AoSho1

by Ruobing Li, Lixiang Wei, Yanseng Sun, Chengzhi Zhang, Yuhang Nie, Qinglong Meng, Shuang Chen, Ming Wu, Xuepeng Cai, Jie Li, Qingling Meng and Jun Qiao

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 736; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100736 - 13 Oct 2025

Viewed by 610

Abstract

The nematode-trapping fungus (NTF) Arthrobotrys oligospora (A. oligospora) is a promising biocontrol agent, but the transcriptional regulators governing its predation remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that the APSES transcription factor AoMbp1 is a master regulator of its development and stress [...] Read more.

The nematode-trapping fungus (NTF) Arthrobotrys oligospora (A. oligospora) is a promising biocontrol agent, but the transcriptional regulators governing its predation remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that the APSES transcription factor AoMbp1 is a master regulator of its development and stress adaptation. Deletion of AoMbp1 severely impaired mycelial growth, conidiation, trap formation, and tolerance to oxidative and osmotic stresses. Transcriptome analysis revealed that these defects were associated with the widespread downregulation of genes, including those within the MAPK signaling pathway. Crucially, we showed that AoMbp1 directly binds to the promoter of AoSho1, a key upstream sensor of the MAPK cascade, and activates its expression. This finding establishes a direct AoMbp1-AoSho1 regulatory axis controlling trap morphogenesis and environmental adaptation. Our study provides novel mechanistic insights into the regulation of nematode trapping and identifies a potential target for enhancing the efficacy of A. oligospora as a biocontrol agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stress Research in Filamentous Fungi and Yeasts)

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11 pages, 654 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Candida krusei Empyema: A Lung Transplant Case and Systematic Review of the Literature

by Shifa Karatela, Sangeeta Nair-Collins, Gabriel Godart, Mary Ann Peacock, Kelly Larimore, Kristin Cuthbert, Bala Munipalli, Rohit Chitale, Ravi Durvasula and Justin Oring

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 735; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100735 - 13 Oct 2025

Viewed by 707

Abstract

Candida krusei empyema is a rare but serious manifestation of invasive candidiasis, characterized by intrinsic resistance to fluconazole, biofilm formation, and high mortality, with limited case-level data to inform management. This review aims to systematically identify and synthesize all reported English-language cases of [...] Read more.

Candida krusei empyema is a rare but serious manifestation of invasive candidiasis, characterized by intrinsic resistance to fluconazole, biofilm formation, and high mortality, with limited case-level data to inform management. This review aims to systematically identify and synthesize all reported English-language cases of Candida krusei empyema from January 2005 to June 2025 using PubMed, ScienceDirect, OVID MEDLINE, and Gale OneFile and perform descriptive analysis on them. Screening, data extraction, and eligibility assessment were performed, and those articles not clearly meeting eligibility criteria were reviewed by additional reviewers with consensus resolution. Seven publications (six individual cases and two cohorts) were included. We additionally describe the clinical course, management, and outcome of a 70-year-old bilateral lung transplant patient who developed persistent C. krusei empyema despite optimized antifungal therapy. Patients ranged from 11 to 74 years of age (median 62.5 years). Predisposing factors included esophageal perforation (n = 4), post-transplant hemorrhage (n = 1), community-acquired empyema (n = 1), and thoracic surgery (n = 1). Empiric fluconazole was switched to caspofungin (3/4), with others receiving amphotericin B, voriconazole, or combination therapy. Source control varied: chest tube drainage (n = 3), percutaneous catheter (n = 3), and surgical decortication (n = 2). Mortality was 14.3% (1/7). In the absence of clear guidelines and robust literature, the management approach remains heterogeneous. Optimal care requires early recognition, aggressive multimodal antifungal therapy, and effective source control tailored to patient risk. Standardized antifungal protocols and larger case series are needed to guide clinicians in managing this challenging infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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9 pages, 281 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Baseline Sensitivity and Resistance Detection of Stemphylium lycopersici to Pydiflumetofen

by Xiangyu Liu, Kexin Yang, Jie Wu, Qiuyan Bi, Fen Lu, Jiqiang Wang and Jianjiang Zhao

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100734 - 11 Oct 2025

Viewed by 495

Abstract

Tomato gray leaf spot (TGLS), caused by Stemphylium spp., is a common disease leading to significant economic losses in tomato production. Pydiflumetofen is a novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide that has been registered for TGLS management. To evaluate the susceptibility of S. [...] Read more.

Tomato gray leaf spot (TGLS), caused by Stemphylium spp., is a common disease leading to significant economic losses in tomato production. Pydiflumetofen is a novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide that has been registered for TGLS management. To evaluate the susceptibility of S. lycopersici to pydiflumetofen in tomato-producing regions of Hebei Province, we determined the sensitivity of 212 S. lycopersici isolates using mycelial growth inhibition. The sensitivity distribution exhibited a multimodal pattern. Resistance to pydiflumetofen was observed in some field isolates, with highly resistant isolates being identified in Chengde, Hengshui, and Tangshan. After removing outliers, the baseline sensitivity of S. lycopersici to pydiflumetofen was established, with a mean EC₅₀ value of 1.0400 ± 0.0515 μg/mL. Sequence analysis revealed point mutations only in SdhC (SdhC^S73P, SdhC^G79R, SdhC^H134R, SdhC^S135R) among the resistant isolates. No significant differences were observed between certain resistant isolates (FQSL1-10 and FQSL1-14) and the sensitive isolates in temperature adaptability, mycelial growth rate, or pathogenicity. These results suggest that pydiflumetofen has high activity against TGLS, but integrated fungicide application is necessary for delaying resistance evolution in TGLS management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Fungal Diseases and Crop Protection, 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 1627 KB

Open AccessTechnical Note

Development and Optimization of Multi-Well Colorimetric Assays for Growth of Coccidioides posadasii Spherules and Their Application in Large-Scale Screening

by Augusto Vazquez-Rodriguez, Jieh-Juen Yu, Chiung-Yu Hung and Jose L. Lopez-Ribot

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 733; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100733 - 11 Oct 2025

Viewed by 535

Abstract

Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii, the causative agents of coccidioidomycosis, represent a major public health concern in endemic regions of North and South America. The disease spectrum ranges from mild respiratory illness to severe disseminated infections, with thousands of cases reported annually [...] Read more.

Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii, the causative agents of coccidioidomycosis, represent a major public health concern in endemic regions of North and South America. The disease spectrum ranges from mild respiratory illness to severe disseminated infections, with thousands of cases reported annually in the United States and an increasing recognition of its global impact. Despite existing antifungal therapies, treatment remains challenging due to toxicity, drug resistance, and limited therapeutic options. High-throughput screening platforms have revolutionized drug discovery for infectious diseases; however, progress in antifungal screening for Coccidioides spp. has been hampered by the requirement for Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) containment. To overcome these barriers, we leveraged an attenuated C. posadasii strain that can be safely handled under BSL-2 conditions. Here, we describe the development and optimization of 96-well and 384-well plate screening methodologies, providing a safer and more efficient platform for antifungal discovery. This approach enhances the feasibility of large-scale screening efforts and may facilitate the identification of novel therapeutics for coccidioidomycosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Basic Science and Clinical Research of Coccidioides and Coccidioidomycosis)

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14 pages, 13425 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Wood Decay and Identification of Fungi Found in the USS Cairo, a Historic American Civil War Ironclad Gunboat

by Robert A. Blanchette, Benjamin W. Held, Claudia Chemello and Paul Mardikian

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 732; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100732 - 11 Oct 2025

Viewed by 870

Abstract

Studies of microbial degradation of historic woods are essential to help protect and preserve these important cultural properties. The USS Cairo is a historic Civil War gunboat and one of the first steam-powered and ironclad ships used in the American Civil War. Built [...] Read more.

Studies of microbial degradation of historic woods are essential to help protect and preserve these important cultural properties. The USS Cairo is a historic Civil War gunboat and one of the first steam-powered and ironclad ships used in the American Civil War. Built in 1861, the ship sank in the Yazoo River of Mississippi in 1862 after a mine detonated and tore a hole in the port bow. The ship remained on the river bottom and was gradually buried with sediments for over 98 years. After recovery of the ship, it remained exposed to the environment before the first roofed structure was completed in 1980, and it has been displayed under a tensile fabric canopy with open sides at the Vicksburg National Military Park in Vicksburg, Mississippi. Concerns over the long-term preservation of the ship initiated this investigation to document the current condition of the wooden timbers, identify the fungi that may be present, and determine the elemental composition resulting from past wood-preservative treatments. Micromorphological characteristics observed using scanning electron microscopy showed that many of the timbers were in advanced stages of degradation. Eroded secondary cell walls leaving a weak framework of middle lamella were commonly observed. Soft rot attack was prevalent, and evidence of white and brown rot degradation was found in some wood. DNA extraction and sequencing of the ITS region led to the identification of a large group of diverse fungi that were isolated from ship timbers. Soft rot fungi, including Alternaria, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Xylaria and others, and white rot fungi, including Bjerkandera, Odontoefibula, Phanerodontia, Phlebiopsis, Trametes and others, were found. No brown rot fungi were isolated. Elemental analyses using induced coupled plasma spectroscopy revealed elevated levels of all elements as compared to sound modern types of wood. High concentrations of boron, copper, iron, lead, zinc and other elements were found, and viable fungi were isolated from this wood. Biodegradation issues are discussed to help long-term conservation efforts to preserve the historic ship for future generations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycological Research in Cultural Heritage Protection)

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22 pages, 471 KB

Open AccessReview

Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Considerations

by Anna Zubovskaia

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 731; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100731 - 10 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1529

Abstract

Invasive aspergillosis is an opportunistic infection caused by the Aspergillus species. It is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in susceptible populations, including recipients of bone marrow and solid organ transplants. Azole antifungals have remained the first-line treatment for invasive aspergillosis for [...] Read more.

Invasive aspergillosis is an opportunistic infection caused by the Aspergillus species. It is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in susceptible populations, including recipients of bone marrow and solid organ transplants. Azole antifungals have remained the first-line treatment for invasive aspergillosis for a long time; however, the advance of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus, driven predominantly by extensive commercial and agricultural use of azole fungicides and environmental exposure of susceptible populations to the resistant strains, renders the traditional therapeutic approaches less effective and results in further increase in mortality. The epidemiology, molecular mechanisms of azole resistance, diagnostic approaches, and clinical implications of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto will be discussed in this article (for ease of comprehension, the rest of this article will refer to A. fumigatus sensu stricto as A. fumigatus). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Mycology: Antifungal Resistance, Diagnosis, and Infection Control)

13 pages, 10246 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Model of the Current Geographic Distribution and Predictions of Future Range Shifts of Lentinula edodes in China Under Multiple Climate Change Scenarios

by Wei-Jun Li, Rui-Heng Yang, Ting Guo, Sheng-Jin Wu, Yu Li and Da-Peng Bao

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 730; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100730 - 10 Oct 2025

Viewed by 731

Abstract

Due to its ecological functions, huge economic benefits, and excellent nutritional and physiological activities, Lentinula edodes is a very popular edible fungus in Asia, especially in China. Changes in the distribution and population of wild L. edodes play an important role in conservation, [...] Read more.

Due to its ecological functions, huge economic benefits, and excellent nutritional and physiological activities, Lentinula edodes is a very popular edible fungus in Asia, especially in China. Changes in the distribution and population of wild L. edodes play an important role in conservation, variety improvements, and breeding. This investigation detected wild L. edodes in 28 provinces and municipalities in China, encompassing approximately 300 regions and natural reserves. MaxEnt analysis of 53 effective distribution locations indicated that host plants, Bio19 (precipitation in the coldest quarter), Bio10 (mean temperature of the warmest quarter), and Bio17 (precipitation in the driest quarter) made the most critical contributions to this model. The areas of suitable and highly suitable habitats were 55.386 × 10⁴ km² and 88.493 × 10⁴ km², respectively. Under four climate change scenarios, the L. edodes distribution was predicted to decrease and the suitable habitat area shifted to the north and west of China. The decrease in highly suitable habitat area ranged from 21.155% in the 2070s under the ssp1-2.6 scenario to 90.522% in the 2050s under the ssp3-7.5 scenario. This sharp reduction in habitat areas suggests that we should take measures to prevent the deterioration of the environment and climate and thus to ensure the survival of L. edodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungi in Sustainable Applications and the Circular Economy: A Themed Issue Dedicated to Academician Yu Li)

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14 pages, 4062 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Cytochrome P450 Enzyme SsCyp64 Mediates γ-linolenyl Alcohol in Regulating Sexual Mating/Filamentation and Pathogenicity of Sporisorium scitamineum

by Enping Cai, Bo Xiong, Qiuping Ling, Xueting Li, Xinglong Chen, Changqing Chang, Jiayun Wu and Nannan Zhang

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 729; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100729 - 10 Oct 2025

Viewed by 600

Abstract

Sugarcane smut, caused by Sporisorium scitamineum, is a devastating fungal disease of sugarcane. Sexual mating/filamentation of opposite mating types is a key step in the infection and pathogenicity of S. scitamineum, yet its regulation remains unclear. In this study, we identified [...] Read more.

Sugarcane smut, caused by Sporisorium scitamineum, is a devastating fungal disease of sugarcane. Sexual mating/filamentation of opposite mating types is a key step in the infection and pathogenicity of S. scitamineum, yet its regulation remains unclear. In this study, we identified a cytochrome P450 enzyme-encoding gene, SsCYP64, which plays an important role in oxidative stress and maintaining cell membrane stability in S. scitamineum. Further investigations revealed that deletion of SsCYP64 leads to a decrease in the transcriptional level of SsPRF1, a key transcription factor regulating the sexual mating of S. scitamineum. Subsequently, the constitutive expression of SsPRF1 restored the defect in sexual mating/filamentation of the SsCYP64 deletion mutant, indicating that SsCyp64 regulates the sexual reproduction of S. scitamineum by mediating the transcriptional level of SsPRF1. In addition, metabolomic analysis revealed that the fatty alcohol metabolite γ-linolenyl alcohol significantly decreased in the SsCYP64 deletion mutant, whereas exogenous supplementation with γ-linolenyl alcohol increased the transcriptional level of SsPRF1 and partially restored the sexual mating/filamentation of the SsCYP64 deletion mutant. In conclusion, our results indicated that SsCyp64 mediated the transcription of SsPRF1 by modulating γ-linolenyl alcohol levels, thereby regulating the formation of dikaryotic hyphae in S. scitamineum. These findings provide new insights into the role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the pathogenic process of plant pathogenic fungi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenic Fungi: Morphogenesis, Pathogenicity and Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites—Second Edition)

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20 pages, 3748 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of the Antagonistic Fungus Diaporthe phoenicicola Against Rhododendron Brown Spot Disease and Its Disease Control and Plant Growth-Promoting Efficacy

by Yajiao Sun, Jian Liu, Huali Li, Guangyao Zhu, Chengfen Zhu, Junjia Lu and Yunqiang Ma

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 728; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100728 - 10 Oct 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 591

Abstract

To explore superior biocontrol resources for Rhododendron brown spot disease, five antagonistic fungal strains exhibiting significant inhibitory activity against the pathogen responsible for RBS were isolated from healthy Rhododendron hybridum Ker Gawl leaves. Among them, strain DJW5-2-1 demonstrated the highest inhibition rate, reaching [...] Read more.

To explore superior biocontrol resources for Rhododendron brown spot disease, five antagonistic fungal strains exhibiting significant inhibitory activity against the pathogen responsible for RBS were isolated from healthy Rhododendron hybridum Ker Gawl leaves. Among them, strain DJW5-2-1 demonstrated the highest inhibition rate, reaching 63.88% against the pathogenic fungus. Based on morphological characteristics and multigene phylogenetic analysis (ITS, β-tubulin, and tef1-α), DJW5-2-1 was identified as Diaporthe phoenicicola (Traverso & Spessa) Udayanga, Crous & K.D. Hyde. Dual culture assays further confirmed its broad-spectrum antifungal activity, with inhibition rates ranging from 39.15% to 72.54% against various phytopathogenic fungi. Biochemical analyses revealed that DJW5-2-1 secretes multiple extracellular enzymes and exhibits plant growth-promoting traits. In both in vitro and potted plant efficacy assays, the biocontrol efficacy of strain DJW5-2-1 against RBS was 49.67% and 50.61%, respectively, indicating that strain DJW5-2-1 exhibits a certain level of control efficacy against RBS. Through pot experiments, we found that strain DJW5-2-1 could promote the growth of rhododendron seedlings and significantly increase growth indicators. Among these indicators, the growth-promoting rates of plant height and stem diameter were 15.27% and 41.27%, respectively. Moreover, DJW5-2-1 contributed to improved host resistance by elevating the activities of key defense-related enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Taken together, these findings suggest that strain DJW5-2-1 represents a promising microbial agent for the integrated control of RBS and the development of fungal-based biofertilizers. Further investigation is warranted to assess its performance under field conditions and elucidate its underlying mechanisms of action. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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19 pages, 1973 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Identification, Mycelial Growth Kinetics, and Antimicrobial Potential of Newly Isolated Medicinal Mushroom Fomitopsis pinicola from Bulgaria

by Petya Stefanova, Anateya Georgieva, Mariya Brazkova, Radka Baldzhieva, Bogdan Goranov, Denica Blazheva, Anton Slavov and Galena Angelova

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 727; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100727 - 10 Oct 2025

Viewed by 765

Abstract

The present study is focused on a newly isolated Fomitopsis strain obtained from black pine (Pinus nigra) from the Sredna Gora Mountains, Bulgaria. Molecular identification, based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region sequencing, confirmed the strain as Fomitopsis pinicola with 99.84 BLAST percent identity. [...] Read more.

The present study is focused on a newly isolated Fomitopsis strain obtained from black pine (Pinus nigra) from the Sredna Gora Mountains, Bulgaria. Molecular identification, based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region sequencing, confirmed the strain as Fomitopsis pinicola with 99.84 BLAST percent identity. Phylogenetic analysis verified that the new fungal isolate belongs to the European F. pinicola clade. The morphological analysis of the strain revealed several distinctive structures that further support its identification. The influence of culture media composition on fungal development was evaluated by analyzing the mycelial growth kinetics using both the logistic growth model and the reversible autocatalytic model. Submerged cultivation was employed to produce fungal biomass, which was subsequently lyophilized and used for the assessment of the antimicrobial potential of the fungal strain. The results demonstrated notable antimicrobial effects against all tested bacterial strains. The most significant activity was observed for the aqueous extract against Escherichia coli and the hexane extract against Salmonella enteritidis, both with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 312.5 µg/mL. These findings highlight the promising potential of the newly isolated F. pinicola strain for future applications in the medical and pharmaceutical industries, particularly in developing drugs to combat multidrug resistance, based on the promising results of its water extracts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Diversity in Various Environments, 4th Edition)

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J. Fungi, Volume 11, Issue 10 (October 2025) – 68 articles

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