Journal of Fungi

34 pages, 5396 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Acremonium chrysogenum Strains: Key Changes Converting the Wild-Type Strain into Antibiotic Cephalosporin C Biofactory

by Alexander A. Zhgun, Maria V. Dumina, Alexey V. Beletsky, Arthur T. Kopylov and Viktor G. Zgoda

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 822; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110822 - 20 Nov 2025

Viewed by 609

Abstract

Acremonium chrysogenum is the only industrial producer of the antibiotic cephalosporin C (CPC), the starting substance for manufacturing cephalosporins of the first to fifth generations. Strains produced for industrial use are significantly improved by multiple rounds of random mutagenesis; however, the molecular basis [...] Read more.

Acremonium chrysogenum is the only industrial producer of the antibiotic cephalosporin C (CPC), the starting substance for manufacturing cephalosporins of the first to fifth generations. Strains produced for industrial use are significantly improved by multiple rounds of random mutagenesis; however, the molecular basis for such changes is not fully understood. In this study, we attempt to elucidate key changes that occurred at the proteome level in the CSI program of A. chrysogenum HY (RNCM F-4081D), with CPC production 300-fold higher than that in the parental A. chrysogenum WT strain (ATCC 11550). Our work reveals that more than 30% of proteins are differentially expressed at different stages of fermentation. Among the identified changes, the most critical appears to be upregulation of beta-lactam biosynthetic enzymes. The data also suggest shifts in the primary metabolic pathways, providing building blocks for beta-lactam synthesis reactions, including the amino acid precursors cysteine and valine and the substrate for the expandase reaction, α-ketoglutarate. Changes in energy flows in favor of targeted metabolic pathways are also revealed. High-yielding CPC production appears to be accompanied by oxidative stress, as key oxidative stress enzymes are upregulated. Our findings are consistent with previous investigations describing changes that occurred in other fungal strains improved by classical methods. This points to general key changes leading to high-yield production. A deeper understanding of these features is important for predicting the target effects of improved industrial producers of secondary metabolites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Filamentous Fungi as Excellent Industrial Strains: Development and Applications, 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 2793 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Guanine Exchange Factor SsEFA6 Participates in Appressorium Formation and Virulence in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

by Kunmei Wang, Ting Wang, Qi Xia, Na Xie, Jiancheng Cao and Shitou Xia

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110821 - 20 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a soil-borne phytopathogenic fungus with a broad host range, often leads to severe disease and significant economic losses in agricultural production. The guanine exchange factor EFA6 of ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) has been extensively studied in animals, but its function in [...] Read more.

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a soil-borne phytopathogenic fungus with a broad host range, often leads to severe disease and significant economic losses in agricultural production. The guanine exchange factor EFA6 of ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) has been extensively studied in animals, but its function in fungi is seldom reported. Here, reverse genetics methods were employed to explore the effects of SsEFA6 in the process of pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum. Knockout of SsEFA6 hindered appressoria formation and sclerotia production. However, it did not affect the secretion of oxalic acid, the sensitivity to cell wall inhibitors, or hyperosmotic stress. Nevertheless, SsEFA6 deletion did result in a significant decrease in mutant virulence, indicative of its indispensability in virulence. Therefore, SsEFA6 plays an essential role in appressoria formation, sclerotia production, and fungal virulence in S. sclerotiorum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genomics of Fungal Plant Pathogens, 4th Edition)

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51 pages, 957 KB

Open AccessReview

Biosynthesis Regulation of Secondary Metabolite Production in Fusarium Fungi

by Prosper Amuzu, Xiaoqian Pan, Xuwen Hou, Yu Li, Jiahang Sun, Yujun Huang, Pengfei Wang, Liyao Liu, Daowan Lai and Ligang Zhou

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110820 - 20 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Fusarium fungi are prolific producers of a wide array of structurally and functionally diverse secondary metabolites (SMs), ranging from harmful mycotoxins to beneficial phytohormones and medicines. Many of these compounds show significant promise for use as agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and food additives. The biosynthesis [...] Read more.

Fusarium fungi are prolific producers of a wide array of structurally and functionally diverse secondary metabolites (SMs), ranging from harmful mycotoxins to beneficial phytohormones and medicines. Many of these compounds show significant promise for use as agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and food additives. The biosynthesis of these SMs in Fusarium fungi is strictly regulated by a complex network composed of various regulatory components. This review highlights recent advances in understanding how secondary metabolism in Fusarium fungi is regulated at various levels, particularly through the regulation of environmental factors (e.g., light, temperature, pH, carbon, and nitrogen sources), global and pathway-specific transcriptional factors (e.g., LaeA, LaeB, AreA, Tri6, and ZEB2), epigenetic modifications (e.g., histone acetylation and methylation, DNA and RNA modifications), and signal transduction pathways (e.g., cAMP, TOR, and MAPK pathways). Furthermore, the biological significances and potential applications of some metabolites (e.g., beauvericin, bikaverin, gibberellins, fumonisins, fusaric acid, and trichothecenes) produced by Fusarium fungi were discussed. Biosynthesis regulation on SM production offers a powerful approach to either unlock silent or cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for the discovery of new SMs, to boost the yiled of low-abundance beneficial metabolites, or suppress specific BGCs to eliminate the production of toxic compounds in Fusarium fungi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenic Fungi: Morphogenesis, Pathogenicity and Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites—Second Edition)

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14 pages, 2358 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Insights into the Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Mannosyltransferase I Complex from Candida glabrata

by Hui Sun, Weihong Wu, Xiaomei Li, Yang Deng, Jiarong Huang, Meng Yin and Zhaofeng Yan

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 819; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110819 - 19 Nov 2025

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Abstract

The global rise in resistance to first-line antifungal agents highlights the urgent need for new therapeutic strategies. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein biosynthesis is an attractive target. The GPI mannosyltransferase I (GPI-MT-I), composed of Gpi14 and Pbn1, catalyzes the essential first mannose transfer from dolichol-phosphomannose [...] Read more.

The global rise in resistance to first-line antifungal agents highlights the urgent need for new therapeutic strategies. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein biosynthesis is an attractive target. The GPI mannosyltransferase I (GPI-MT-I), composed of Gpi14 and Pbn1, catalyzes the essential first mannose transfer from dolichol-phosphomannose (Dol-P-Man) to the GPI precursor. This initial mannosylation is critical for fungal cell wall integrity, yet the molecular basis of GPI-MT-I assembly and substrate recognition remains poorly understood. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of Candida glabrata GPI-MT-I in complex with Dol-P-Man, revealing how Gpi14 and Pbn1 form a stable complex and engage the mannose donor. An AlphaFold3-predicted acceptor-bound model further defines the structural basis of acceptor substrate recognition and suggests a plausible catalytic mechanism. Comparison with structural homologs highlights a distinct mode of substrate engagement by GPI-MT-I. Together, these findings establish a mechanistic framework for GPI-MT-I function with broader implications for the GPI-MT family. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungi in Focus: Fungal Enzyme and Fungal Metabolism)

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17 pages, 1622 KB

Open AccessArticle

Yeast Species Associated with Industrial Cultures of the Marine Microalgae Tisochrysis lutea: Temperature Profiles and Auxin Production

by Madalena Matos, Mónica A. Fernandes, Natacha Coelho, Tamára F. Santos, João Varela, Alexandre M. C. Rodrigues and Isabel Sá-Correia

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 818; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110818 - 18 Nov 2025

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Abstract

This study provides the first systematic characterization of culturable yeast diversity associated with large-scale cultivation of Tisochrysis lutea. This marine haptophyte is widely used in aquaculture for its high content of essential fatty acids, pigments, and other bioactive compounds. Culture sampling was [...] Read more.

This study provides the first systematic characterization of culturable yeast diversity associated with large-scale cultivation of Tisochrysis lutea. This marine haptophyte is widely used in aquaculture for its high content of essential fatty acids, pigments, and other bioactive compounds. Culture sampling was conducted at Necton S.A. facilities (Olhão, Portugal) over full production cycles from 5 L flasks until tubular photobioreactors during the months of May and June. The study aimed to identify and isolate the present yeast species and evaluate their physiological traits relevant to potential co-cultivation strategies. All retained isolates belonged to the phylum Basidiomycota, with six species identified: Rhodotorula sphaerocarpa (45%), R. mucilaginosa (20%), R. diobovata (13%), Vishniacozyma carnescens (16%), Naganishia diffluens (3%), and Moesziomyces aphidis (3%). Temperature growth profiles (10–40 °C), tolerance to artificial sea water, and auxin production were characterized, revealing that, except for V. carnescens, the yeast isolates grow optimally at 25–30 °C, within the ideal range for T. lutea cultivation. Results suggest that some of these marine yeasts, particularly R. sphaerocarpa and R. mucilaginosa isolates, could serve as biological enhancers of algal productivity, in situ. This foundational work supports future efforts to develop targeted yeast management or co-cultivation strategies, with the goal of improving biomass yield and metabolite production in industrial T. lutea photobioreactors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stress Tolerance in Yeast Biotechnology)

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10 pages, 1790 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Fatal Complications in Candida parapsilosis Endocarditis—A Case Report

by Sebastian George Smadu, Simona Camelia Tetradov, Luminita Ene, Simin Aysel Florescu and Dragos Stefan Lazar

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 817; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110817 - 18 Nov 2025

Viewed by 587

Abstract

Fungal endocarditis, despite being a rare diagnosis, has a higher morbidity and mortality rate compared to bacterial endocarditis. Candida species are the most common isolated pathogens involved in fungal endocarditis. Diagnosis is suspected in patients with underlying conditions such as cancer, myelodysplastic syndrome, [...] Read more.

Fungal endocarditis, despite being a rare diagnosis, has a higher morbidity and mortality rate compared to bacterial endocarditis. Candida species are the most common isolated pathogens involved in fungal endocarditis. Diagnosis is suspected in patients with underlying conditions such as cancer, myelodysplastic syndrome, diabetes, or intravascular catheters, where the modified Duke criteria apply. Management of the patient requires a multidisciplinary team (cardiologist, infectious diseases consultant, cardiac surgeon) along with antifungal treatment. We present the case of a 60-year-old male with biological prosthetic aortic valve replacement in the previous year for bicuspid aortic stenosis, admitted for a 5-day history of fever, nausea and minor urinary symptoms. The blood cultures were positive for Candida parapsilosis. Transthoracic cardiac ultrasound revealed a hypoechogenic mass attached to the aortic valve at the prosthetic fixation site. Although diagnosis was rapidly confirmed and treatment was administered shortly after first suspected, the patient developed, at first, cavernous sinus thrombosis and, later, fatal ST elevation myocardial infarction. The patient died despite efficient antifungal therapy, initially with Anidulafungin in monotherapy and later in combination with Fluconazole. The reported case emphasizes the importance of managing fungal endocarditis, the need for urgent diagnostic attention and multidisciplinary team approach by infectious diseases specialist, cardiologist, neurologist and heart surgeon. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Candidiasis: Changes and Challenges in Its Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention)

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16 pages, 635 KB

Open AccessArticle

Field Evaluation of Spent Pleurotus ostreatus Substrate Reveals Limited Suppression of Fusarium Wilt in Banana

by Walter Ocimati, Geofrey Ogwal, Elizabeth Kearsley and Guy Blomme

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 816; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110816 - 18 Nov 2025

Viewed by 386

Abstract

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of banana, can persist in the soil for extended periods as chlamydospores or endophytes in weeds, complicating control measures. No single control strategy is effective. Biological agents present an increasingly important [...] Read more.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of banana, can persist in the soil for extended periods as chlamydospores or endophytes in weeds, complicating control measures. No single control strategy is effective. Biological agents present an increasingly important control option. This study explored the potential of the spent P. ostreatus substrates (SPoS) to suppress Foc R1 in a field with high Foc inoculum, following laboratory and greenhouse studies that highlighted the potential of P. ostreatus as a biocontrol agent against Foc. A susceptible cultivar ‘Sukali Ndizi’ and a resistant cultivar ‘Mpologoma’ were used for the study. SPoS was compared with farmyard manure (FYM), a combination of SPoS with FYM and a control without treatment. A one-time application of the treatments at planting did not consistently and significantly (p > 0.05) reduce the prevalence and severity of leaf symptoms, pseudostem splitting and corm damage in the mother and ratoon plants of the susceptible cultivar. No symptoms occurred in ‘Mpologoma’. SPoS applications at planting and after every two months over an 8-month period did not significantly reduce leaf symptoms and corm damage in ‘Sukali Ndizi’, while it increased pseudostem splitting. The marginal and irregular reductions in FW could be due to an observed high weevil damage in SPoS treatments and other confounding factors such as weather, SPoS quality, and pathogen load in the field. Further research on weevil–SPoS interactions, use of P. ostreatus mycelium-rich substrate, and other confounding factors is crucial for fine tuning P. ostreatus use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungi in Agriculture and Biotechnology)

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15 pages, 3529 KB

Open AccessArticle

Vegetable Oil as a Carbon Resource and Growth Elicitor for the Liquid Fermentation of Poria cocos

by Biaobiao Luo, Rudan Wei, Linghui Meng, Nokwanda P. Makunga and Xuebo Hu

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 815; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110815 - 17 Nov 2025

Viewed by 504

Abstract

Vegetable oil is a carbon-rich resource applied in liquid fermentation for compounds of interest. In this study, olive oil demonstrated the best effect on improving the liquid fermentation of a medicinal fungus Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf compared to rapeseed, coix seed, palm, peanut, [...] Read more.

Vegetable oil is a carbon-rich resource applied in liquid fermentation for compounds of interest. In this study, olive oil demonstrated the best effect on improving the liquid fermentation of a medicinal fungus Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf compared to rapeseed, coix seed, palm, peanut, and soybean oils. When 2% (v/v) olive oil was initially added to the medium, biomass reached a maximum value of 11.7 g L⁻¹, presenting a 3.1-fold enhancement compared to the blank control. Due to the stronger basal metabolism, the total triterpenoid yields also exhibited a significant improvement of ~3.4-fold, reaching 0.68 g L⁻¹. Spectrophotometry, along with fluorescence and chemiluminescence probe assays, demonstrated that olive oil affected the fungus membrane fluidity and level of reactive oxygen species and nitrogen oxide in mycelium cells. Transcriptome analysis confirmed that olive oil was used as a carbon resource and elicitor that affected mycelia growth, which simultaneously produced some slight effects on metabolic processes, including fatty acid degradation, TCA cycle, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. Our study represents an attractive strategy for the industrial fermentation of filamentous fungi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Fungi and Natural Products: From Resources to Utilization)

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11 pages, 1460 KB

Open AccessArticle

Diagnostic Performance of Coccidioidomycosis PCR Testing in Lung Nodules: A Retrospective Study in Central California

by Faisal Nasrawi, Mohamed A. Fayed and Michael W. Peterson

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110814 - 16 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Background: Coccidioidomycosis is an endemic fungal infection in the southwestern United States that can present as solitary lung nodules, mimicking malignancy on imaging. Molecular testing, such as PCR, offers rapid diagnosis but its performance in this clinical setting remains unclear. Methods: We conducted [...] Read more.

Background: Coccidioidomycosis is an endemic fungal infection in the southwestern United States that can present as solitary lung nodules, mimicking malignancy on imaging. Molecular testing, such as PCR, offers rapid diagnosis but its performance in this clinical setting remains unclear. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients evaluated for lung nodules at a tertiary care community-based lung nodule clinic in Central California between 2011 and 2025. Coccidioides PCR in patients with proven or probable Coccidioidomycosis was compared to those with biopsy-proven lung cancer. Diagnostic yield of Coccidioides PCR was assessed across biopsy methods and benchmarked against histology and fungal cultures. Results: Among 122 patients with Coccidioidomycosis, PCR demonstrated low sensitivity (range: 20–41%) but high specificity (100%) across all biopsy modalities. Histology and fungal cultures outperformed PCR, detecting additional cases missed by molecular testing. Notably, 9 PCR-negative cases were confirmed on histology, and PCR was only positive in 71.4% of culture-confirmed cases. Conclusion: Coccidioides PCR testing has high specificity but limited sensitivity for diagnosing lung nodules in endemic regions, limiting its utility as a single test. Histology and fungal culture remain essential. Selective use of PCR may enhance diagnostic efficiency and reduce unnecessary costs in regions burdened by Coccidioidomycosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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20 pages, 3754 KB

Open AccessArticle

Endobacteria Have a Negative Effect on the Virulence of Metarhizium

by Aida Gabriela Mora-Acebedo, Isay Ruíz Aguilar, Azul Martínez-Vázquez, Iván Horacio Piña-Torres, Arelí Durón Castellanos, Zulia Fernandina Nieves-López, Jorge Contreras-Garduño, Gloria Angélica González-Hernández, Israel Enrique Padilla-Guerrero and Juan Carlos Torres-Guzmán

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 813; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110813 - 16 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Most organisms are associated with microorganisms, which influence their behavior during their life cycles. Fungi are no exception; they interact with plants, viruses, and bacteria in various environments, forming complex communities. These associations can occur externally around the mycelia and internally within the [...] Read more.

Most organisms are associated with microorganisms, which influence their behavior during their life cycles. Fungi are no exception; they interact with plants, viruses, and bacteria in various environments, forming complex communities. These associations can occur externally around the mycelia and internally within the hyphae. Fungi can harbor bacteria, mycoviruses, and other fungi within their hyphae. Some endobacteria (EB) have been shown to alter fungal host function, development, and interactions with other organisms. Most fungi that host endobacteria (EB) are plant-associated. Although members of the genus Metarhizium are among the most abundant fungi isolated from soils, their associated EB have not been sufficiently studied. Endobacteria were recently detected in M. bibiondarum and M. anisopliae; however, the biological roles of these bacteria in the different Metarhizium life cycles remain unknown. In this study, Metarhizium strains were isolated from the rhizosphere and Phyllophaga spp. Bacillus subtilis was identified as an endobacterium, and its influence on the physiology of Metarhizium and entomopathogenic capacity was studied. Our analysis revealed that EB have a negative impact on the virulence of Metarhizium against Galleria mellonella and Tenebrio molitor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Development and Interactions Under Hostile Environments)

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15 pages, 1586 KB

Open AccessArticle

Compatibility of Brazilian Strains of Trichoderma afroharzianum with Various Agricultural Inputs Under In Vitro Conditions

by Eder Marques, Moisés Rodrigues Silva, Wanessa Mendanha Soares, Keren Hapuque Mendes de Castro, Joyce Gonçalves da Silva, Karolyne Campos da Silva and Marcos Gomes da Cunha

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110812 - 16 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Trichoderma afroharzianum is increasingly used in commercial bioformulations for plant disease management in Brazil, yet information about its compatibility with agricultural inputs remains scarce. This study evaluated the in vitro interactions between four Brazilian strains of T. afroharzianum and 32 inputs from different [...] Read more.

Trichoderma afroharzianum is increasingly used in commercial bioformulations for plant disease management in Brazil, yet information about its compatibility with agricultural inputs remains scarce. This study evaluated the in vitro interactions between four Brazilian strains of T. afroharzianum and 32 inputs from different classes, including fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, and microbial products. Mycelial growth and conidial germination were analyzed to identify potential incompatibilities that could compromise the fungus’s performance in combined applications. In the first bioassay, 16 products inhibited mycelial growth by more than 67%. In the second, which simulated spray solution contact, most products (12 out of 16) did not significantly affect conidial germination (>76%). However, the bionematicide based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and the fungicide Picoxystrobin + Benzovindiflupyr reduced germination to below 9% and 14%, respectively. Fungicides containing Picoxystrobin + Prothioconazole and Trifloxystrobin + Tebuconazole showed strain-dependent inhibition. These results provide the first detailed assessment of the compatibility of Brazilian T. afroharzianum strains with a broad range of agricultural inputs and can support safer use of biocontrol agents in integrated and sustainable crop protection strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Insights and Challenges in Managing Fungal Diseases in Crops: Toward Sustainable Agricultural Practices)

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19 pages, 3341 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization and Genome Analysis of Mycocentrospora acerina, the Causal Agent of Panax notoginseng Round Spot Disease in China

by Kuan Yang, Yinglong Deng, Xiang Li, Chao Li, Xiahong He and Liwei Guo

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110811 - 15 Nov 2025

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Abstract

The pathogenic fungus Mycocentrospora acerina, responsible for Panax notoginseng round spot disease, poses a serious threat to the development of the P. notoginseng industry. To investigate its genetic information and potential pathogenic mechanisms, this study employed nanopore third-generation sequencing technology to conduct [...] Read more.

The pathogenic fungus Mycocentrospora acerina, responsible for Panax notoginseng round spot disease, poses a serious threat to the development of the P. notoginseng industry. To investigate its genetic information and potential pathogenic mechanisms, this study employed nanopore third-generation sequencing technology to conduct de novo genome sequencing and analysis of M. acerina, followed by an assessment of its plant cell wall-degrading enzyme activities. The sequencing results revealed that the M. acerina genome has a total length of 37.03 Mb, a GC content of 47.68%, an N50 value of 1.66 Mb, and a repeat sequence proportion of 9.37%. A total of 9989 protein-coding genes were predicted. Genome annotation identified 499 carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) family genes—more than those found in Botrytis cinerea (469), Phanerochaete chrysosporium (381), and Erysiphe necator (136). Moreover, M. acerina harbors a relatively large number of genes encoding plant cell wall-degrading enzymes. Experimental measurements of cell wall-degrading enzyme activities were consistent with the genomic predictions, demonstrating that M. acerina exhibits strong abilities to degrade cellulose, pectin, and lignin. This study provides new insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of M. acerina and establishes a theoretical foundation for developing potential control strategies for P. notoginseng round spot disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Genomics, Genetics and Molecular Biology)

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16 pages, 1984 KB

Open AccessArticle

Upcycling Oat Hulls via Solid-State Fermentation Using Edible Filamentous Fungi: A Co-Culture Approach with Neurospora intermedia and Rhizopus oryzae

by Laura Georgiana Radulescu, Mikael Terp, Christian Enrico Rusbjerg-Weberskov, Niels Thomas Eriksen and Mette Lübeck

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 810; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110810 - 14 Nov 2025

Viewed by 746

Abstract

The global challenge of food insecurity requires innovative approaches for sustainable food production and waste valorization. This study investigates the valorization of oat hulls, an abundant lignocellulosic by-product from oat manufacturing, by solid-state fermentation using edible filamentous fungi. Oat hulls sourced from oatmeal [...] Read more.

The global challenge of food insecurity requires innovative approaches for sustainable food production and waste valorization. This study investigates the valorization of oat hulls, an abundant lignocellulosic by-product from oat manufacturing, by solid-state fermentation using edible filamentous fungi. Oat hulls sourced from oatmeal industrial side-streams were used as the sole substrate in co-cultures of Neurospora intermedia and Rhizopus oryzae. The fermentation process was optimized and upscaled, with fungal growth monitored via CO₂ efflux and modeled to assess substrate utilization. Comprehensive analyses revealed a significant increase in protein concentration (p < 0.05) in the fermented oat hulls compared to the non-fermented controls. The resulting product was successfully incorporated into granola bars, which underwent sensory evaluation and received positive feedback, demonstrating its potential as a value-added food ingredient. These findings highlight the feasibility of using edible fungi to upcycle cereal processing by-products into nutritionally enhanced alternative protein sources, supporting both food system sustainability and circular bioeconomy objectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungi in Focus: Fungal Enzyme and Fungal Metabolism)

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15 pages, 5574 KB

Open AccessArticle

Histopathological and Ultrastructural Observations of Zanthoxylum armatum Infected with Leaf Rust Causal Agent Coleosporium zanthoxyli

by Xikun Kang, Jingyan Wang, Wenkai Hui and Wei Gong

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 809; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110809 - 14 Nov 2025

Viewed by 499

Abstract

The fungus Coleosporium zanthoxyli is the causal agent of leaf rust in Chinese prickly ash pepper (Zanthoxylum armatum ‘Hanyuan putaoqing’), seriously impacting its industrial development. However, little is currently known about the infection and pathogenesis of C. zanthoxyli on Z. armatum. [...] Read more.

The fungus Coleosporium zanthoxyli is the causal agent of leaf rust in Chinese prickly ash pepper (Zanthoxylum armatum ‘Hanyuan putaoqing’), seriously impacting its industrial development. However, little is currently known about the infection and pathogenesis of C. zanthoxyli on Z. armatum. In this study, the infection of Z. armatum by C. zanthoxyli was reported at histological and cytological levels by a fluorescence microscope and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the first time. Fluorescence microscopy with fluorophore Alexa 488 (WGA-FITC) stained samples revealed that the infection process comprised three distinct stages: penetration (0–1 days post inoculation, dpi), parasitic growth (3–5 dpi), and sporulation (≥7 dpi). The number of haustoria increased during the osmotic and parasitic periods and then decreased; the length of hyphae also increased rapidly and then decreased. TEM analysis during these stages demonstrated that as disease severity increased, chloroplasts and mitochondria enlarged significantly, accompanied by a marked accumulation of starch granules and osmiophilic granules. At later stages, the nuclei became irregular, the grana lamellae were blurred, and the lamellar structure was arranged disorderly, and leaf tissues were extensively colonized by fungal hyphae and haustoria, leading to cellular necrosis and distorted cell walls. Notably, the sporulation phase was characterized by dense rust spore clusters covering the leaf surface. These findings provide critical insights into the ultrastructural changes induced by C. zanthoxyli during infection, elucidating key mechanisms of rust-induced damage in Chinese prickly ash and identifying the parasitic phase as a critical window for control strategies. This study lays a foundation for further research on rust pathogenesis and the development of Chinese prickly ash targeted control strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Cell Biology, Metabolism and Physiology)

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15 pages, 696 KB

Open AccessArticle

Community-Onset Fungemias: Epidemiology and Genomic Characterization at a Tertiary-Care Hospital in Barcelona, Spain

by Celso Soares Pereira Batista, Alba Rivera, Maria Teresa Alvarez Albarran, Marc Rubio, Iris Belen-Figas, Cristina Lopez-Querol, Elisenda Miró, Ferran Navarro and Ferran Sanchez-Reus

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 808; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110808 - 14 Nov 2025

Viewed by 515

Abstract

Background: Community-onset fungemia is a clinically significant syndrome frequently linked to recent healthcare exposure and significant morbidity and mortality. Methods: We performed a 21-year, single-centre retrospective cohort of consecutive yeast bloodstream infections diagnosed at the Emergency Department (2004–2024). Clinical/epidemiological data, species identification [...] Read more.

Background: Community-onset fungemia is a clinically significant syndrome frequently linked to recent healthcare exposure and significant morbidity and mortality. Methods: We performed a 21-year, single-centre retrospective cohort of consecutive yeast bloodstream infections diagnosed at the Emergency Department (2004–2024). Clinical/epidemiological data, species identification (MALDI-TOF MS), antifungal susceptibility (CLSI M27; Sensititre YO10), and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) were analyzed. Results: Forty-eight episodes (51 isolates) were included; 56.3% were male, median age 74 years (IQR 63–82). Acquisition was healthcare-associated in 38/48 (79.2%). Sources were unknown (36.7%), abdominal (22.4%), urological (22.4%), catheter-related (14.3%), and 2.1% was attributed to a cardiovascular and a joint focus; 18.8% were polymicrobial. Crude mortality was 20.8% at 7 days (10/48) and 29.2% at 30 days (14/48). Species distribution: Candida albicans 41.2%, Nakaseomyces glabratus 27.5%, Candida parapsilosis 11.8%, Candida tropicalis 11.8%, Pichia kudriavzevii 3.9%, Clavispora lusitaniae 1.9%, and Candida orthopsilosis 1.9%. No isolate was resistant to anidulafungin, micafungin, or amphotericin B; one N. glabratus showed reduced susceptibility to caspofungin. Azole resistance was observed in one C. albicans and one N. glabratus isolate. WGS (44 isolates) confirmed MALDI-TOF identifications and characterized resistance markers. All 12 sequenced N. glabratus carried ERG2 I207V, PDR15/PDH1 E839D, and PDR1 V91I/L98S. Notable cases included one N. glabratus caspofungin-intermediate with FKS2 F659C, N. glabratus fluconazole-resistant with multiple PDR1 substitutions including a unique novel G857V, and C. albicans fluconazole-resistant harbouring alterations in MRR1/MRR2, CDR1, and ERG11. Conclusions: In this 21-year cohort, community-onset fungemia was predominantly healthcare-associated, with C. albicans as the predominant species, followed by N. glabratus. Crude mortality reached 29.2% at 30 days. Echinocandin resistance was not observed; azole resistance was uncommon. WGS provided precise speciation and actionable insight into resistance mechanisms, including a putatively novel PDR1 G857V in N. glabratus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Candidiasis: Changes and Challenges in Its Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention)

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23 pages, 1931 KB

Open AccessReview

Symbiosis Between Epichloë Fungi and Bromus Grasses: A Review of Current Knowledge and Future Directions

by Jorge A. Luna-Fontalvo, Oscar Balocchi, Oscar Martínez, Máximo Alonso and Enrique Ferrada

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 807; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110807 - 13 Nov 2025

Viewed by 627

Abstract

Epichloë is a genus of endophytic fungi that forms systemic, vertically transmitted, and asymptomatic mutualistic associations with grasses in the subfamily Pooideae. These symbioses are non-pathogenic and are of considerable importance in agronomic and livestock systems due to their roles in enhancing host [...] Read more.

Epichloë is a genus of endophytic fungi that forms systemic, vertically transmitted, and asymptomatic mutualistic associations with grasses in the subfamily Pooideae. These symbioses are non-pathogenic and are of considerable importance in agronomic and livestock systems due to their roles in enhancing host fitness under biotic and abiotic stress. Several studies have reported associations between Epichloë endophytes and species of the genus Bromus, a taxonomically complex group characterized by varying ploidy levels and frequent hybridization. Among its sections, Bromopsis includes the highest number of species naturally colonized by Epichloë fungi, while sections Bromus and Ceratochloa show lower infection rates. In South America, endophytes such as E. pampeana, E. tembladerae, E. typhina, and morphotypes of Neotyphodium spp. have been documented in species including B. auleticus, B. brachyanthera, and B. setifolius, where they appear to contribute to stress resilience. Although most findings originate from Argentina, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding the diversity and distribution of these endophytes in native Bromus species across the continent. This review synthesizes the current understanding of Epichloë–Bromus interactions, emphasizing their ecological and agronomic relevance, particularly in South America. Key factors influencing the establishment of these symbioses are examined, and future research directions are proposed to advance the study of these associations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungi in Agriculture and Biotechnology)

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23 pages, 483 KB

Open AccessReview

Perspectives on Vaginal Ecology and Management of Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: A Narrative Review

by Danilla Grando and Cathy J. Watson

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 806; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110806 - 13 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1521

Abstract

Symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) affects around three-quarters of women at least once in their lifetime. Around 10% of these women will experience prolonged or recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC), which fails to respond, despite following recommended therapy. Most commonly prescribed therapy involves suppression therapy—usually [...] Read more.

Symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) affects around three-quarters of women at least once in their lifetime. Around 10% of these women will experience prolonged or recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC), which fails to respond, despite following recommended therapy. Most commonly prescribed therapy involves suppression therapy—usually for two weeks—which aims at eliminating symptoms by frequent administration of antifungals, followed by maintenance (weekly/monthly) therapy for up to six months. However, following cessation of maintenance therapy, around 50% of these women experience relapse. The vaginal ecology of RVVC can be characterized, and it is thought that biofilms and/or the development of antifungal resistance prevent adequate resolution. However, hypersensitivity may also confound management. This narrative review was performed to identify key studies that examine the management of VVC and the challenges of current prolonged antifungal therapy. It identifies gaps that show it remains important to investigate microbiological findings in RVVC and how these may inform rational choices in therapy in an era of rising antimicrobial resistance. Hope exists, as studies of the vaginal microbiome highlight that the type of microbiota may influence the level of inflammation and reduce symptomatology. Future research will continue to explore whether a personalized medicine approach can promote healthy vaginal ecology and prevent the debilitating long-term effects of RVVC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungi in Vulvovaginal Infections)

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8 pages, 1249 KB

Open AccessCase Report

A Rare Case of Alternaria citri Keratitis Successfully Treated with Voriconazole

by Maura Bertazzolo, Giorgia Boaretto, Elena Zani, Massimo Busin, Deborah Cruciani, Silvia Crotti, Chiara Poletti, Roberta Vatri, Alessandra Caracciolo and Cristina Lapucci

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 805; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110805 - 13 Nov 2025

Viewed by 524

Abstract

The genus Alternaria comprises several species of dematiaceous hyphomycetes known to cause opportunistic infections in humans. Over the past two decades, fungal infections have emerged as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly among immunocompromised individuals. Such infections often occur following disruption [...] Read more.

The genus Alternaria comprises several species of dematiaceous hyphomycetes known to cause opportunistic infections in humans. Over the past two decades, fungal infections have emerged as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly among immunocompromised individuals. Such infections often occur following disruption of the skin or corneal epithelial barrier, especially in patients with pre-existing ocular conditions or compromised immune status. This case report describes a rare instance of fungal keratitis (FK) caused by Alternaria citri in a 71-year-old male who presented with an acute onset of eye infection. The patient showed a favorable response to treatment with voriconazole. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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17 pages, 2082 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role of TLR2/TLR4 Receptors in Host Genetic Susceptibility to Recurrent Vulvovaginitis

by John Routsias, Chrysoula Verra, Aristotelis Tsiakalos, Athanasios Tsakris and Maria Mavrouli

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 804; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110804 - 12 Nov 2025

Viewed by 502

Abstract

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a prevalent vaginal infection predominantly attributed to Candida albicans. A considerable proportion of women experience more than three episodes of VVC annually, a condition referred to as recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC). It is estimated that RVVC affects more [...] Read more.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a prevalent vaginal infection predominantly attributed to Candida albicans. A considerable proportion of women experience more than three episodes of VVC annually, a condition referred to as recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC). It is estimated that RVVC affects more than 130 million women globally each year and has a substantial negative impact on their quality of life, resulting in physical discomfort, psychological distress, and social stigma. Nevertheless, not all individuals who develop VVC progress to RVVC, suggesting that genetic variation may play a critical role in host susceptibility. The present review aims to evaluate the associations between genetic predispositions—specifically polymorphisms in Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2, TLR4)—and RVVC. TLRs are essential for detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiating immune responses. During RVVC episodes, Candida undergoes a reversible transition from the yeast form to the hyphal form, resulting in alterations in surface PAMPs, which are subsequently recognized by innate immune receptors expressed on vaginal epithelial cells. Polymorphisms in these receptors may modulate individual susceptibility to RVVC. This review examines the literature on the impact of specific polymorphisms in TLR2 and TLR4 on fungal recognition and infection. Furthermore, the interactions between TLRs and other elements of the innate immune system have also been explored. A deeper understanding of how genetic variability in immune receptors influences infection susceptibility could pave the way for personalized therapeutic strategies for RVVC, potentially involving immunomodulatory agents or antifungal treatments tailored to an individual’s genetic profile. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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21 pages, 6598 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Rhizosphere Fungal Community Changes in Healthy and Yellowing-Leaf-Disease-Affected Areca Palms by High-Throughput Sequencing Technology

by Wenqing Yang, Rui Ma, Ying Wei, Miaomiao Liu, Daojun Zheng, Kai Rui and Shunyi Yang

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 803; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110803 - 12 Nov 2025

Viewed by 421

Abstract

Yellow leaf disease (YLD) has been the most severe disease threatening areca palm, commonly known in areca palm cultivation. However, it has not yet been systematically studied in terms of the relationship between infected plants and the structure of rhizosphere microbial communities. In [...] Read more.

Yellow leaf disease (YLD) has been the most severe disease threatening areca palm, commonly known in areca palm cultivation. However, it has not yet been systematically studied in terms of the relationship between infected plants and the structure of rhizosphere microbial communities. In order to systematically study the impact of YLD on the rhizosphere fungi of the areca palm, we implemented high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze the microbial community structure and diversity under different disease conditions. The results indicate that as the severity of the disease increases, the diversity of the fungal community diminishes, with species abundance and richness initially decreasing before subsequently increasing, while phylogenetic diversity increases, and significant changes occur in the structure of the soil fungal community. At the phylum level, the dominant fungal phyla in the rhizosphere of areca palm are Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. At the genus level, the dominant genera are Sarocladium, Roussoella, Penicillium, etc., and their relative abundance increases with the severity of the disease. LEfSe analysis revealed that Archaeorhizomyces, Codinaea, and Albifimbria serve as indicator species for healthy areca palms, with their relative abundance trends consistent with changes in Alpha diversity. FUNGuild prediction results indicated that the fungal nutrient type structures of the three rhizosphere samples were highly similar, with saprotrophs being the absolutely dominant type. With the increase in the severity of the disease, the number of harmful fungi in the soil (such as Plectosphaerella, Fusarium, etc.) increases, thereby limiting the sustainable development of the soil. Network analysis indicates that beneficial microbial communities such as Stachybotrys and Roussoella exhibit extensive negative interactions. Therefore, the YLD of areca palm significantly alters the structure and diversity of the rhizosphere fungal community. Simultaneously, some beneficial microorganisms may be recruited by the areca rhizosphere to resist the invasion of YLD by improving the rhizosphere environment and enhancing plant immunity, such as Trechispora, Saitozyma, and Marasmiellus. This experiment is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the study of the rhizosphere microecology of the areca palm, the exploration of excellent biocontrol resources, and the green control of YLD in the areca palm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Evolution, Biodiversity and Systematics)

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12 pages, 1066 KB

Open AccessArticle

Silent Persistence: Molecular Evidence of Clonal Transmission in Fluconazole-Resistant Candida parapsilosis Hospital Outbreaks over Decades

by Cihan Semet, Esra Kazak, Seçil Ak-Aksoy, Harun Ağca and Beyza Ener

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 802; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110802 - 12 Nov 2025

Viewed by 441

Abstract

Fluconazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis has emerged as a significant nosocomial pathogen, contributing to extensive outbreaks with severe clinical implications. Despite increasing evidence of clonal transmission, the genetic mechanisms that facilitate the persistence of hospital reservoirs remain inadequately characterized. We aimed to characterise the long-term [...] Read more.

Fluconazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis has emerged as a significant nosocomial pathogen, contributing to extensive outbreaks with severe clinical implications. Despite increasing evidence of clonal transmission, the genetic mechanisms that facilitate the persistence of hospital reservoirs remain inadequately characterized. We aimed to characterise the long-term molecular epidemiology of fluconazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis bloodstream isolates (n = 47) collected between 1997 and 2019 at a tertiary centre. All isolates underwent microsatellite analysis using three polymorphic markers (CP1, CP4, B5). Genetic diversity, temporal distribution, and clonal relationships were assessed through phylogenetic analysis and discriminatory power calculations. Microsatellite analysis revealed minimal genetic diversity (combined discriminatory power: 0.7114), with only six distinct genotypes identified. Two dominant clones (Genotype-1: 23.4%, Genotype-2: 46.8%) persisted throughout the study, showing apparent spatiotemporal clustering in surgical and intensive care units. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated tight genetic clustering, consistent with prolonged clonal persistence across multiple years and clinical departments. Our findings provide strong molecular evidence consistent with persistent, multi-year clonal transmission; however, definitive confirmation will require higher-resolution genomics and epidemiologic linkage. These results underscore the need to strengthen infection-control practices to curtail sustained clonal persistence within the hospital. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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20 pages, 6948 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tamaricicola fenicei sp. nov. (Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales), a New Marine Fungus with Significant Antiviral Activity

by Marcella Pasqualetti, Martina Braconcini, Susanna Gorrasi, Paolo Barghini, Emilia Palazzotto, Donatella Ferraro and Domenico Schillaci

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 801; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110801 - 11 Nov 2025

Viewed by 631

Abstract

In this study, seven Pleosporaceae strains isolated from the seagrass Posidonia oceanica and the jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca in the central Tyrrhenian Sea were characterized using a polyphasic approach (morpho-physiological, molecular, and phylogenetic analyses). Based on multi-locus phylogenetic inference and morphological characters, a new [...] Read more.

In this study, seven Pleosporaceae strains isolated from the seagrass Posidonia oceanica and the jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca in the central Tyrrhenian Sea were characterized using a polyphasic approach (morpho-physiological, molecular, and phylogenetic analyses). Based on multi-locus phylogenetic inference and morphological characters, a new species, Tamaricicola fenicei sp. nov. was proposed. Multi-locus phylogenetic analyses, using the nuclear ribosomal regions of DNA (nrITS1-nr5.8S-nrITS2, nrLSU, and nrSSU) as well as the rpb2 and tef-1α gene sequences, strongly supported the new taxon. The phylogenetic inference, estimated using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference, clearly indicates that Tamaricicola fenicei sp. nov. forms a distinct clade within the monospecific genus Tamaricicola. The antimicrobial activity of the chloroformic and butanolic extracts from malt agar cultures of the new species exhibited interesting antiviral and antibiofilm properties. In particular, a MIC of 3.0 µg/mL was observed against the Echovirus E11 in Vero-76 cells; moreover, a biofilm BIC₅₀ reduction at 53 µg/mL was observed against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Utilizing Fungal Diversity for Sustainable Biotechnology)

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13 pages, 2703 KB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in the Soil Fungal Community in a Temperate Deciduous Forest at Different Altitudes in the Taihang Mountains

by Liu Yang, Jinhua Sun, Ting Wang, Shu Zhao, Qingxin Li, Xitian Yang, Lianfeng Shen, Guohang Tian and Feiyan Ren

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 800; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110800 - 10 Nov 2025

Viewed by 485

Abstract

Soil fungi play vital roles in the forest soil ecosystems through the nutrient cycle and organic substance decomposition, so the distribution of fungi at different altitudes has attracted increasing attention. However, their abundance, diversity, and community structure at different altitudes in temperate deciduous [...] Read more.

Soil fungi play vital roles in the forest soil ecosystems through the nutrient cycle and organic substance decomposition, so the distribution of fungi at different altitudes has attracted increasing attention. However, their abundance, diversity, and community structure at different altitudes in temperate deciduous forests have rarely been studied. In this study, the fungal communities around two dominant trees (Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata and Carpinus turczaninowii Hance) in temperate deciduous forests at different altitudes (low altitude, medium altitude, high altitude) in the Taihang Mountains were identified via Illumina high-throughput sequencing according to the UNITE database. The soil chemical properties (soil pH value, soil available potassium, alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen, soil available phosphorus contents, soil total nitrogen, and carbon contents) were also measured. The results revealed that the dominant genera around the tree species were Russula, Tylopilus, Sebacina, Saitozyma, Mortierella, Amanita, and Descolea. The highest relative abundance of fungi occurred at the lowest altitude. The species richness index and diversity index of fungi around Carpinus turczaninowii at low altitudes were the highest. The soil pH, available potassium content, and alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen content played a crucial role in the composition and diversity of the fungal communities at different altitudes. Therefore, soil physicochemical properties were the important factors in forming fungi composition and diversity at different altitudes in the temperate forest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungi in Agriculture and Biotechnology)

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19 pages, 7116 KB

Open AccessArticle

Endophytic Beauveria spp. Enhance Tomato Growth and Resistance to Botrytis cinerea via Transcriptomic Regulation

by Yuming Chang, Xiao Lin, Jing Sui, Qiyun Li, Yu Zhao, Li Sui and Zhengkun Zhang

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 799; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110799 - 10 Nov 2025

Viewed by 511

Abstract

Entomopathogenic fungi of the genus Beauveria are recognized for their dual role as insect pathogens and plant endophytes, however the majority of research efforts to date have centered on B. bassiana. To address this bias, we evaluated the endophytic traits of five [...] Read more.

Entomopathogenic fungi of the genus Beauveria are recognized for their dual role as insect pathogens and plant endophytes, however the majority of research efforts to date have centered on B. bassiana. To address this bias, we evaluated the endophytic traits of five Beauveria species (B. bassiana, B. brongniartii, B. aranearum, B. amorpha, and B. velata) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Tomato seedlings were inoculated by root drenching with 1 × 10⁸ conidia/mL suspensions, and colonization, plant growth, and resistance to Botrytis cinerea were assessed. All five species colonized tomato tissues, with colonization rates from 33.3% (B. velata) to 56.7% (B. brongniartii). Growth promotion was species dependent: B. bassiana, B. brongniartii, and B. aranearum significantly increased plant height, while B. brongniartii enhanced aboveground biomass. In pathogen assays, all Beauveria-treated plants showed reduced gray mold incidence and severity, with B. brongniartii conferring complete protection. Transcriptome analysis identified 160 differentially expressed genes commonly regulated, including 17 upregulated genes enriched in defense responses, hormone signaling, and photosynthesis. These findings demonstrate that non-B. bassiana species can establish endophytic associations, promote growth, and induce resistance in tomato, expanding the potential of Beauveria spp. as biocontrol agents in sustainable agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Entomopathogenic Fungi)

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15 pages, 7105 KB

Open AccessArticle

Contribution of the CYP51A Y119F Mutation to Azole Resistance in Aspergillus flavus

by Yabin Zhou, Yue Wang, Alexey A. Grum-Grzhimaylo, Martin Meijer, Bart Kraak, Zhengwen Li and Jos Houbraken

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 798; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110798 - 10 Nov 2025

Viewed by 616

Abstract

Aspergillus flavus is both an agricultural and clinical pathogen, notable for its ability to contaminate crops with aflatoxins and cause invasive aspergillosis. The increasing emergence of azole resistance in A. flavus poses a serious challenge to food safety and human health. Although mutations [...] Read more.

Aspergillus flavus is both an agricultural and clinical pathogen, notable for its ability to contaminate crops with aflatoxins and cause invasive aspergillosis. The increasing emergence of azole resistance in A. flavus poses a serious challenge to food safety and human health. Although mutations in ergosterol biosynthesis genes have been reported in resistant isolates, their functional contributions remain largely unvalidated. In this study, we investigated the role of the CYP51A Y119F mutation in azole resistance. Site-directed mutants were generated using PCR-based gene editing, and their susceptibility to antifungal agents was assessed through Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution and agar diffusion assays. The Y119F mutation reduced susceptibility specifically to voriconazole and isavuconazole, while susceptibility to itraconazole and posaconazole remained unchanged. To explore the structural basis of this phenotype, molecular dynamics simulations were performed. The mutant protein exhibited greater fluctuations and reduced conformational stability compared to the wild-type enzyme. Tunnel analysis further indicated that the Y119F substitution caused narrowing and shortening of the main access tunnels to the heme-binding pocket, likely impairing azole access and binding. The combined biochemical and structural analyses suggest that Y119F represents a primary resistance-conferring mutation that modifies the structural dynamics of CYP51A. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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12 pages, 714 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Real-Life Use of Posaconazole in Clinical Practice for Onco-Hematological Children: A National Survey by AIEOP Infectious Diseases Working Group

by Lorenzo Chiusaroli, Manuela Spadea, Cecilia Liberati, Maria Grazia Petris, Antonio Grasso, Francesco Baccelli, Maria Vittoria Micheletti, Pietro Gasperini, Maria Rosaria D’Amico, Katia Perruccio, Angelica Barone, Daniela Onofrillo, Paola Muggeo, Maura Faraci, Simona Rinieri, Ilaria Liguoro, Antonella Colombini, Francesca Trevisan, Nagua Giurici, Gianluca Boscarol, Letizia Pomponia Brescia, Alessia Pancaldi, Francesca Compagno, Alessandra Biffi, Daniele Donà and Simone Cesaro Show full author list Hide full author list

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110797 - 7 Nov 2025

Viewed by 682

Abstract

Background: Posaconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat invasive fungal infections (IFI) in pediatric onco-hematological patients. Its approval for pediatric use was recent, and limitations still apply. Despite limited data, the safety and efficacy profile appear generally favorable in children. This study [...] Read more.

Background: Posaconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat invasive fungal infections (IFI) in pediatric onco-hematological patients. Its approval for pediatric use was recent, and limitations still apply. Despite limited data, the safety and efficacy profile appear generally favorable in children. This study describes how posaconazole is used across centers affiliated with the Associazione Italiana Ematologia e Oncologia Pediatrica (AIEOP). Methods: A national survey was conducted among physicians within the AIEOP network to evaluate current use of posaconazole in pediatric cancer patients, including those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). A 25-item web questionnaire was developed and distributed in June 2024. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics. Results: Twenty-one of thirty-one centers (68%) responded, reporting availability of various posaconazole formulations: oral suspension (76%), delayed-release tablets (95%), and intravenous solution (14%). Posaconazole was primarily used for prophylaxis in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL, 38%), acute myeloid leukemia (AML, 38%), and aplastic anemia (19%). It was also used as secondary prophylaxis against previous possible or probable IFI or as salvage therapy for probable or confirmed aspergillosis or mucormycosis, often combined with other treatments. Drug plasma level monitoring was common but varied in scheduling across centers. Most centers (74%) discontinued posaconazole if adverse events suspected drug–drug interactions, such as with vincristine. Conclusions: Posaconazole is widely used in AIEOP centers, though application varies significantly. This variability emphasizes the need for prospective studies to better define indications, dosing, and monitoring protocols for pediatric use of this antifungal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Mycology: Antifungal Resistance, Diagnosis, and Infection Control)

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23 pages, 3452 KB

Open AccessReview

Fungal Chitin Synthases: Structure, Function, and Regulation

by Linda Brain, Mark Bleackley, Monika S. Doblin and Marilyn Anderson

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 796; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110796 - 7 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1255

Abstract

Chitin is an essential polysaccharide of the fungal cell wall, critical for structural integrity, cell division and, in pathogenic fungi, virulence. As chitin is absent in both plant and mammalian systems, chitin synthases are considered attractive targets for the specific control of fungal [...] Read more.

Chitin is an essential polysaccharide of the fungal cell wall, critical for structural integrity, cell division and, in pathogenic fungi, virulence. As chitin is absent in both plant and mammalian systems, chitin synthases are considered attractive targets for the specific control of fungal pathogens. Yet despite decades of research, structural information on chitin synthases was lacking and inhibitors have failed to gain approval in the clinic. Current inhibitors are also ineffective against major agricultural pathogens such as Aspergillus and Fusarium species, largely due to the presence of multiple chitin synthase isoforms in filamentous fungi and the cell wall compensatory response induced under stress. However, recent cryo-electron microscopy structures of Class I chitin synthases from yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans and an oomycete chitin synthase have provided unprecedented insights into the structural and mechanistic properties of these large, transmembrane proteins. These studies revealed conserved, domain-swapped homodimer architectures, distinct substrate binding and catalytic pockets, and sophisticated intrinsic regulatory mechanisms. With these breakthroughs, this review summarises our current understanding of fungal chitin biosynthesis, the challenges that remain to fully biochemically characterise these enzymes, and considers how the new structural insights may guide the development of broad-spectrum antifungals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Cell Biology, Metabolism and Physiology)

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24 pages, 2185 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seasonal Turnover and Functional Structure of the Foliar Mycobiota in a Gondwanan Temperate Forest Keystone Tree

by Lucía Molina, Mario Rajchenberg, María Belén Pildain and Mary Catherine Aime

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 795; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110795 - 7 Nov 2025

Viewed by 592

Abstract

Fungal communities inhabiting leaves are key players in ecosystem processes but remain largely unexplored in Southern Hemisphere temperate forests. We characterized the foliar mycobiota of Nothofagus pumilio, a dominant deciduous tree in Patagonian forests, using ITS1 metabarcoding across seasons and tree health [...] Read more.

Fungal communities inhabiting leaves are key players in ecosystem processes but remain largely unexplored in Southern Hemisphere temperate forests. We characterized the foliar mycobiota of Nothofagus pumilio, a dominant deciduous tree in Patagonian forests, using ITS1 metabarcoding across seasons and tree health conditions. We detected 426 fungal taxa, including a 40-Amplicon Sequence Variant (ASV) core mycobiome persisting year-round. Fungal richness and biomass increased significantly in autumn, coinciding with leaf senescence, and community composition shifted markedly between seasons. Spring leaves were enriched in pathogens and basidiomycetous yeasts, while autumn leaves hosted more saprotrophs, ascomycetous yeasts, and lichen-associated fungi. Tree health had limited influence on overall community structure, but symptomatic trees showed higher ASV richness and specific indicator taxa, including the pathogen Trichosporiella multisporum and members of the Taphrinaceae and Saccotheciaceae families. Despite taxonomic turnover, ecological guilds remained relatively stable, suggesting functional redundancy. These findings reveal a seasonal successional trajectory in the foliar mycobiota of N. pumilio, from early-colonizing endophytes in spring to diverse decomposer assemblages in autumn. This study provides the first high-throughput insight into the structure and dynamics of foliar fungal communities in Southern Hemisphere temperate forests, offering a baseline for understanding microbial roles in forest health and resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Ecological Interactions of Fungi)

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Graphical abstract

10 pages, 671 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Fusarium awaxy Associated with Maize from Paraguay: A First Report

by Guillermo Andrés Enciso-Maldonado, Fernando Jesús Lugo-Pedrozo, Gabriela Micaela Romero, Rosana Vázquez, Lorena Liebl-Meza, Silverio Andrés Quintana-Arrúa, María Laura Ramírez, Eugenia Cendoya, Danilo Fernández Ríos, Marco Maidana-Ojeda and Andrea Alejandra Arrua Alvarenga

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 794; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110794 - 7 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1021

Abstract

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a cornerstone of food security and livestock production in Paraguay. However, its productivity and grain safety are increasingly threatened by Fusarium species because of their pathogenic capacity and ability to produce mycotoxins. In this study, symptomatic maize [...] Read more.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a cornerstone of food security and livestock production in Paraguay. However, its productivity and grain safety are increasingly threatened by Fusarium species because of their pathogenic capacity and ability to produce mycotoxins. In this study, symptomatic maize leaves collected from commercial fields in Pirapó, Itapúa, during the 2022 growing season were processed to isolate and characterize fungal pathogens. Three isolates displaying typical Fusarium morphology were obtained and examined through macroscopic and microscopic traits. Molecular identification was conducted using translation elongation factor 1-α 1-α (TEF) sequences, followed by phylogenetic inference using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. The Paraguayan isolates (PYF-MZE22-01, -02, -03) clustered with the ex-type strain Fusarium awaxy CBS139380 in a strongly supported clade, confirming species identity. This finding constitutes the first record of F. awaxy associated with maize in Paraguay, thereby expanding its known geographical distribution. Considering that members of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex are recognized producers of regulated mycotoxins, the detection of F. awaxy raises concerns regarding its pathogenic potential and possible implications for food safety. These results underscore the importance of integrating molecular diagnostics, toxigenic profiling, and surveillance programs to monitor emerging Fusarium taxa in South American agroecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungi in Agriculture and Biotechnology)

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Open AccessArticle

Transcription Factors AsMYB1 and AsMYB3 Regulate Betalain Biosynthesis in Aspergillus sydowii H-1

by Yulu Ran, Yu Cao, Yihan Guo, Jie Zeng, Jiale Wang, Dongyou Xiang, Hui Xu and Yi Cao

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 793; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110793 - 6 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Betalains are nitrogen-containing pigments found only in Caryophyllales plants and a few Basidiomycetes; no Ascomycota species have been found to contain them. Here, global untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed that the violet pigment generated by the ascomycete Aspergillus sydowii H-1 under standard conditions of [...] Read more.

Betalains are nitrogen-containing pigments found only in Caryophyllales plants and a few Basidiomycetes; no Ascomycota species have been found to contain them. Here, global untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed that the violet pigment generated by the ascomycete Aspergillus sydowii H-1 under standard conditions of cultivation contains six distinct betalains compounds. Genetic analysis revealed tyrosinase (AsTYRs) and DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase (AsDODA1) as key enzymes essential for the synthesis of both the violet pigment and betalains. In addition, AsTYRs and AsDODA1 were found to regulate hyphal development and branching, mycelial pellet compactness, redox homeostasis, and stress responses, all of which had a significant impact on A. sydowii H-1 secondary metabolism. Crucially, two MYB transcription factors, AsMYB1 and AsMYB3, were identified to be negative regulators of violet pigment synthesis. Deletion of AsMYB1 or AsMYB3 boosted pigment yield by 6.7 and 7.3 times, respectively, and increased betalain accumulation, whereas overexpressing them completely eliminated pigment production. Yeast one-hybrid assays and luciferase reporter assays revealed AsMYB1 and AsMYB3 directly bind to the promoters of AsTYR1 and AsTYR2 to suppress the synthesis of betalains and the violet pigment. Our study reported the first betalain-producing ascomycete species and elucidated the molecular basis of its pigment regulation, providing valuable insights for the microbial synthesis of natural colorants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Fungi)

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J. Fungi, Volume 11, Issue 11 (November 2025) – 66 articles

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