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Languages, Volume 10, Issue 9

2025 September - 43 articles

Cover Story: Accurate and efficient proficiency measures are crucial for research with heritage language learners, yet most available tools were developed for L2 learners. This study evaluates the Spanish version of LexTALE (LexTALE-ESP), a rapid vocabulary-based test, against ACTFL-rated Writing Proficiency in U.S. college heritage speakers of Spanish. Results show that LexTALE-ESP significantly correlates with functional writing proficiency and outperforms self-assessment as a predictor. These findings demonstrate that vocabulary recognition tasks can capture core aspects of written language ability, challenging assumptions that heritage language learners’ assessment must be entirely distinct from L2 approaches. However, LexTALE-ESP lacks the precision needed for placement or other high-stakes decisions. View this paper
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Articles (43)

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,273 Views
25 Pages

22 September 2025

Discourse markers have been extensively studied in spoken languages from different perspectives, covering monolingual, contrastive, and translation studies. However, research on these items remains limited for signed languages, with only a handful of...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Trends in Discourse Marker Research)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2,638 Views
33 Pages

Navigating Ambiguity: Scope Interpretations in Spanish/English Heritage Bilinguals

  • Cecilia Solís-Barroso,
  • Acrisio Pires and
  • Teresa Satterfield

22 September 2025

This study investigates how Mexican Spanish/U.S. English heritage bilinguals process scope ambiguities in sentences containing the existential quantifiers a/una and the universal quantifiers every/cada in English and Spanish. Sentences like ‘A ...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Language Processing in Spanish Heritage Speakers)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3,406 Views
19 Pages

20 September 2025

This production study examines how Japanese speakers mark information structure through an Edge-Reinforcing Strategy—a prosodic system that signals focus via boundary-based cues, independently of lexical pitch accent or phrasing constraints. Wh...

  • Review
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,665 Views
13 Pages

Speech Segmentation with Prosodic and Statistical Cues Is Language-Specific in Infancy

  • Mireia Marimon,
  • Amanda Saksida,
  • Barbara Höhle and
  • Alan Langus

19 September 2025

Speech segmentation is one of the first tasks infants face when learning their mother tongue. It has been argued that statistical learning could function as a gateway to speech segmentation in the absence of pre-existing knowledge about the language...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Acquisition of Prosody)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,031 Views
23 Pages

19 September 2025

This study dives into the interactive functions of the palm-up across four language ecologies drawing on comparable corpus data from American Sign Language (ASL)-American English and French Belgian Sign Language (LSFB)-Belgian French. While researche...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-representational Gestures: Types, Use, and Functions)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,406 Views
13 Pages

Varieties of Polar Question Bias: Lessons from Vietnamese

  • Michael Yoshitaka Erlewine and
  • Anne Nguyen

19 September 2025

This paper describes the use conditions of different polar question constructions in Vietnamese and their consequences for the description and analysis of polar question bias. We argue that the behavior of questions with the final particle à h...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Issues in Vietnamese Linguistics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2,459 Views
19 Pages

19 September 2025

Recent studies on sluicing have been pursuing its licensing condition by examining mismatch phenomena in sluicing. The groundbreaking work was by Rudin, who proposes a syntactic licensing condition on sluicing through investigating mismatch phenomena...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Issues in Ellipsis and Ellipsis Mismatch: Studies in Japanese and Beyond)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2,383 Views
23 Pages

18 September 2025

This paper examines the quotative system of Sri Lankan English. Quotatives are identified in face-to-face conversations in the Sri Lankan component of the International Corpus of English. The use of kiyala indicating and following quoted material has...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sociolinguistic Variation and Change: Focus on English as a Second and Foreign Language)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,712 Views
26 Pages

18 September 2025

Prescriptive grammars of Netherlandic Dutch usually explicitly warn against mixing T- and V-pronouns. Although the prescriptive norm opposes mixing, pronoun mixing does occur, and its use can often be interpreted as strategic, in the sense that mixin...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perception and Processing of Address Terms)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,580 Views
25 Pages

16 September 2025

Central to the debate on the production–comprehension relationship in prosodic development is the acquisition of the focus-to-prosody mapping in West Germanic languages. Past research primarily examined the production–comprehension relati...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Acquisition of Prosody)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,333 Views
17 Pages

15 September 2025

This note presents a series of contrasts pertaining to Vietnamese polar questions: (i) The subject can be definite but not quantificational; (ii) the subject can be plain but not only-focused; (iii) the modal adverb chắc chắn (‘cert...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Issues in Vietnamese Linguistics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,996 Views
28 Pages

10 September 2025

We argue that quantitative analysis of community-based speech data furnishes an indispensable adjunct to theoretical and experimental studies targeting the acquisition of relativization. Drawing on a comparative sociolinguistic approach, we make use...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,999 Views
21 Pages

10 September 2025

Adaptors, self-touching movements that supposedly lack communicative significance, have often been overlooked by researchers focusing on co-speech gestures. A significant complication in their study arises from the somewhat ambiguous definition of ad...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-representational Gestures: Types, Use, and Functions)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,656 Views
16 Pages

10 September 2025

Humor is a pragmatic and interdisciplinary phenomenon whose sociocultural relevance has been increasingly recognized by the Academia. Surprisingly, although the anthropo-philosophical theory of homo risu emerged in the 7th century, linguists became i...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Pragmatics in Contemporary Cross-Cultural Contexts)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2,817 Views
19 Pages

9 September 2025

Parental attitudes play a crucial role in shaping children’s language development. Language attitudes within families and parental beliefs about communicating with young children are under-researched, particularly in Estonia. This study aims to...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Language Attitudes and Language Ideologies in Eastern Europe)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,311 Views
15 Pages

9 September 2025

This study investigates the syntactic structure of negative particle questions (NPQs), also known as VP-NEG questions, in Sixian Hakka (a variety of Chinese spoken in Taiwan). We revisit the existing literature on Hakka NPQs, pointing out unresolved...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue SinFonIJA 17 (Syntax, Phonology and Language Analysis))
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,243 Views
19 Pages

8 September 2025

This paper discusses a special type of complement of perception verbs in Serbian, introduced by kako (‘how’). Via a parallel corpus analysis, I compare the distribution of Serbian kako-clauses and English -ing forms. I show that two types...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue SinFonIJA 17 (Syntax, Phonology and Language Analysis))
  • Review
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,356 Views
21 Pages

5 September 2025

Social Communication Disorder (SCD) involves persistent verbal and non-verbal communication difficulties, significantly impacting children and adolescents’ social interactions. Traditional interventions, while valuable, face practical limitatio...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Communication Disorders in Childhood: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Assessment and Intervention)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2,363 Views
12 Pages

5 September 2025

The dialects discussed in this article were considered Belarusian in the early 20th century, and later, as a result of the transfer of the administrative (state) border, they became part of the Russian territory and were considered Russian. The chang...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Language Attitudes and Language Ideologies in Eastern Europe)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
5,678 Views
34 Pages

4 September 2025

Late bilingual speakers immersed in a second language (L2) environment often experience the non-pathological attrition of their first language (L1), exhibiting selective and reversible changes in L1 processing and production. While attrition research...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Determining the Scope, Nature and Causes of Attrition in Adult L1 Grammars)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,661 Views
24 Pages

30 August 2025

LexTALE has emerged as a popular measure of language proficiency in research studies. While it has been widely validated for L2 learners across multiple languages, its applicability to heritage language learners (HLLs)—who often show distinct l...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,379 Views
20 Pages

30 August 2025

This study examines L2 Korean learners’ self-reports of their socialization into discourses around the use of two categories of non-honorific (banmal) and honorific (jondaenmal) language. L2 Korean learners (n = 49) of varying proficiency level...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Language Acquisition and Sociolinguistic Studies)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,105 Views
23 Pages

Case-Dependent Agreement in an Active–Stative Language

  • Guillaume Thomas,
  • Germino Duarte and
  • Akil Ismael

30 August 2025

This paper revisits the cross-reference marking system of Mbyá Guaraní, focusing on two phenomena: object agreement using the prefix i- and its allomorphs, and absolutive cross-reference marking in converbs. The analysis demonstrates th...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Studies on Morpho-Syntax, Semantics, and Pragmatics: A View from the South American Lowlands and Beyond)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2,722 Views
27 Pages

29 August 2025

This paper investigates the morphosyntactic and semanto-pragmatic behavior of the German neo-pronoun xier, a gender-neutral form used to refer to nonbinary individuals. Framed within the Minimalist Program, the analysis explores how xier carries a ge...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,765 Views
20 Pages

29 August 2025

Explaining the relative timing of consonant and vowel articulations (C-V timing) is an important function of speech production models. This article explores how C-V timing might be studied from the perspective of the C/D Model, particularly the predi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,927 Views
17 Pages

29 August 2025

In 2023, the authors conducted a qualitative study in five bilingual educational institutions (two general education schools and three kindergartens) in Tartu, Estonia, undergoing a transition to Estonian-medium education. The empirical material for...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Language Attitudes and Language Ideologies in Eastern Europe)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2,613 Views
21 Pages

29 August 2025

In general, Slovene clitics occur in the second, so-called Wackernagel position of the clause. However, Slovene is exceptional among Wackernagel languages in that the clitic cluster may also occupy the clause-initial position. Imperative sentences ha...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue SinFonIJA 17 (Syntax, Phonology and Language Analysis))
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,382 Views
24 Pages

29 August 2025

This paper presents novel evidence that particle-stranding ellipsis in Japanese is best accounted for by PF-deletion rather than by its theoretical competitor, LF-copying. I begin by examining a central prediction of the LF-copying analysis, which st...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Issues in Ellipsis and Ellipsis Mismatch: Studies in Japanese and Beyond)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4,126 Views
52 Pages

29 August 2025

Recent studies have greatly furthered our understanding of the Southern Bantu languages, but questions about the internal relationships of the Southern Bantu language subgroups and the validity of the clade as a whole still remain. This study attempt...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments on the Diachrony and Typology of Bantu Languages)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,820 Views
32 Pages

28 August 2025

English phrasal verbs are ubiquitous and challenging for second language (L2) learners, particularly for those whose first language does not have an equivalent structure. This study investigates the facilitative role of three distinct L2 practice typ...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
4,388 Views
28 Pages

28 August 2025

Language ideologies about gendered linguistic behaviour are crucial in shaping expectations and metapragmatic judgements on politeness. This study focused on how gender and language ideologies reinforce normative assumptions about the relationship be...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Language Attitudes and Language Ideologies in Eastern Europe)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2,823 Views
22 Pages

28 August 2025

This study investigates the impact of structured input, referential activities, and affective activities on English simple past tense acquisition in a second language (L2). Thirty-three participants from a senior high school were divided into four gr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,939 Views
20 Pages

27 August 2025

This eye tracking study examined the role of lexical frequency in the processing of non-local verbal number agreement by heritage speakers of Spanish. Few prior studies of heritage bilingualism have investigated the role of word frequency in the comp...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Language Processing in Spanish Heritage Speakers)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,695 Views
17 Pages

26 August 2025

Taking the domain of polar questions in Bosnian/Croatian/Montenegrin/Serbian (BCMS) as the empirical background, the paper probes into the syntax–phonology (CS-PF) interface and discusses insertion and movement as PF-repair strategies mitigatin...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue SinFonIJA 17 (Syntax, Phonology and Language Analysis))
  • Article
  • Open Access
3,329 Views
18 Pages

The Role of Self-Adaptors in Lexical Retrieval

  • Kazuki Sekine and
  • Hiroshi Hotta

26 August 2025

This study investigated whether self-adaptor behaviours, defined as non-communicative bodily actions such as touching one’s face or clasping one’s hands, facilitate lexical retrieval. Sixty Japanese-speaking adults were assigned to one of...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-representational Gestures: Types, Use, and Functions)
  • Editorial
  • Open Access
3,525 Views
4 Pages

26 August 2025

This Special Issue comprises six original studies that explore the interface between sociolinguistics and music, offering new insights into how language is stylized and perceived in English, Spanish, and code-mixed performance [...]

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interface between Sociolinguistics and Music)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,837 Views
20 Pages

26 August 2025

This study investigates how Spanish heritage language (SHL) learners, and second language (L2) learners cognitively and socially engage with texts through collaborative digital annotations. Conducted in two advanced online writing courses with forty...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Language Processing in Spanish Heritage Speakers)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,252 Views
26 Pages

26 August 2025

Previous studies suggest that representational gestures support divergent thinking and that mental imagery is necessary for gestures to aid convergent thinking. However, less is known about non-representational gesture use (i.e., beat and palm-reveal...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-representational Gestures: Types, Use, and Functions)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,589 Views
17 Pages

25 August 2025

This study investigates the colloquial expression ʔinno that serves as a complementizer (C) and a discourse marker (DM) in Jordanian Arabic (JA). The data includes (422) instances of ʔinno collected from social media conversations of (60) J...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Trends in Discourse Marker Research)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
6,589 Views
31 Pages

25 August 2025

Emotion vocabulary is essential for recognising, expressing, and regulating emotions, playing a critical role in language proficiency and emotional competence. However, traditional vocabulary assessments have largely overlooked emotion-specific lexic...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,941 Views
36 Pages

22 August 2025

In this paper, I will discuss a topic concerning part–whole structures in the nominal and verbal domain. Specifically, I will address the question of whether there is a universal mechanism for the individuation of entities and events by explori...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Aspectual Architecture of the Slavic Verb: Analogies in Different Languages and Other Grammatical Domains)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2,798 Views
35 Pages

22 August 2025

This eye-tracking study examined how heritage speakers of Spanish process gender agreement morphology at a distance, focusing on the activation of the gender feature during sentence processing. Previous work is conceptually replicated and further ext...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Language Processing in Spanish Heritage Speakers)
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Languages - ISSN 2226-471X