Current Trends in Discourse Marker Research

A special issue of Languages (ISSN 2226-471X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2025) | Viewed by 6149

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Linguistics, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
Interests: discourse markers; disfluency; conversational alignment

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Discourse markers (henceforth, DMs) have been the focus of countless studies for the past 50 years or so, ranging from descriptive analyses of their form, function, and distribution to predictive and experimental accounts of the factors that impact their use. Because of their diversity and high frequency, DMs such as so, like, or well in English raise a number of questions and challenges, which can be addressed from many angles, including those of semantics, syntax, psycholinguistics, diachronic linguistics, and sociolinguistics. The abundance of literature from all these disciplines, in many languages from around the world, has led to a strong and dynamic research field.

Recent years have seen the emergence of new topics related to DMs, such as their co-occurrence (Pons Bordería 2018), their use as processing cues (van Bergen and Bosker 2018), their interactions with other discourse-signaling devices (Hoek et al. 2019), or multimodal gesture–DM combinations (Inbar and Maschler 2023). Although this productivity is beneficial to the field, it also makes it difficult to keep up to date with the newest developments and trends. In particular, DMs are regularly integrated into previously unrelated research topics and applications, such as conversational alignment (Knudsen et al. 2020), word recognition (Bosker et al. 2021), healthcare discourse (Han et al. 2020), or human–machine interactions (Vasilescu et al. 2010). The purpose of this Special Issue is, therefore, to present a selection of new trends in DM research, focusing on studies that innovate in terms of their topic, theoretical approach, and/or methodology. Rather than a classic state-of-the-art overview, this Special Issue intends to draw attention to emerging topics and possibly foster interest in under-studied areas related to DMs. To this end, we welcome contributions that explore a new perspective and break new ground with respect to the existing body of research on DMs.

We request that, prior to submitting a manuscript, interested authors initially submit a proposed title and an abstract of 200 words summarizing their intended contribution. Please send it to the guest editor (ludivine.crible@ugent.be) or to Languages editorial office (languages@mdpi.com). Abstracts will be reviewed by the guest editor for the purposes of ensuring proper fit within the scope of the special issue. Full manuscripts will undergo double-blind peer-review.

Tentative Completion Schedule
Abstract Submission Deadline : 15 Sep 2024    
Notification of Abstract Acceptance : 15 Oct 2024    
Full Manuscript Deadline : 15 April 2025    

References

Bosker, H. R., Badaya, E. & Corley, M. (2021). Discourse markers activate their, like, cohort competitors. Discourse Processes, 58(9), 837-851.

Han, Y., Segalowitz, N., Khalil, L., Kehayia, E., Turner, C. & Gatbonton, E. (2020). Do nurses use discourse markers differently when using their second language as opposed to their first while interviewing patients? Canadian Modern Language Review, 76(2), 91-113.

Hoek, J., Zufferey, S., Evers-Vermeul, J., & Sanders, T. J. M. (2019). The linguistic marking of coherence relations: Interactions between connectives and segment-internal elements. Pragmatics & Cognition, 25(2), 275–309.

Inbar, A. & Maschler, Y. (2023). Shared knowledge as an account for disaffiliative moves : Hebrew ki ‘because’-clauses accompanied by the palm-up open-hand gesture. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 56(2), 141-164.

Knudsen, B., Creemers, A. & Meyer, A. S. (2020). Forgotten little words: How backchannels and particles may facilitate speech planning in conversation? Frontiers in Psychology 11, e: 593671.

Pons Bordería, S. (2018). The combination of discourse markers in spontaneous conversations: keys to undo a gordian knot. Revue Romane 53(1), 121-158.

van Bergen, G. & Bosker, H. R. (2018). Linguistic expectation management in online discourse processing: An investigation of Dutch inderdaad ‘indeed’ and eigenlijk ‘actually’. Journal of Memory and Language, 103, 191-209.

Vasilescu, I., Rosset, S. and Adda-Decker, M. (2010). On the role of discourse markers in interactive spoken question answering systems. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Valetta, Malta.

Dr. Ludivine Crible
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • discourse markers
  • corpus
  • experimental
  • interaction
  • processing
  • pragmatics

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 2271 KB  
Article
A Syntactic and Pragmatic Analysis of the Colloquial Expression ʔinno ‘That’ in Jordanian Arabic: Evidence from Social Media Conversation
by Ghada Alkarazoun and Doaa Riziq
Languages 2025, 10(9), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10090205 - 25 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1128
Abstract
This study investigates the colloquial expression ʔinno that serves as a complementizer (C) and a discourse marker (DM) in Jordanian Arabic (JA). The data includes (422) instances of ʔinno collected from social media conversations of (60) JA speakers. The analysis shows that for [...] Read more.
This study investigates the colloquial expression ʔinno that serves as a complementizer (C) and a discourse marker (DM) in Jordanian Arabic (JA). The data includes (422) instances of ʔinno collected from social media conversations of (60) JA speakers. The analysis shows that for ʔinno as a (C), there are (259) instances that are used to introduce subordinate clauses, and it is inflected with pronoun suffixes that specify person, gender, and number. It also serves various functions in verbal and nominal sentences. As a DM, Ɂinno are (163) instances that appear in the middle of sentences between two propositions. A list of contexts is developed featuring Ɂinno in JA. The pragmatic functions of Ɂinno are determined in each situation and validated by an Acceptability Judgment Task which is completed by 20 native speakers of JA. The pragmatic functions of ʔinno fall into six primary categories with sub-functions, such as explanatory functions (like giving reasons or expressing results), elaborative functions (including elaboration and giving examples and clarification), emotional and assessment functions (such as expressing surprise or criticism), emphatic and assertive functions (for emphasizing or warning), epistemic and uncertainty functions (covering hesitation and hedging), and a turn-taking function (specifically urging for continuity). This study concludes that Ɂinno is well established among social media users in the Jordanian context and the varied contexts play a vital role in exploring its pragmatic and syntactic functions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Trends in Discourse Marker Research)
28 pages, 3308 KB  
Article
Structural Discourse Markers in German Palliative Care Interactions
by Aaron Schmidt-Riese
Languages 2025, 10(8), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10080195 - 18 Aug 2025
Viewed by 395
Abstract
The aim of this study is to provide a systematic account of structural discourse markers operating at a conversational macro-level in German Palliative Care interactions, focusing on their frequency, distribution, co-occurrence, and speaker-group-specific usage. By combining qualitative approaches from conversation analysis and interactional [...] Read more.
The aim of this study is to provide a systematic account of structural discourse markers operating at a conversational macro-level in German Palliative Care interactions, focusing on their frequency, distribution, co-occurrence, and speaker-group-specific usage. By combining qualitative approaches from conversation analysis and interactional linguistics with quantitative methods from corpus linguistics, discourse markers are analyzed together as a functional category from multiple analytical perspectives to enhance the overall understanding of the use of discourse markers. The analysis reveals a functional distribution across different transition points in conversation: Whereas the German so most frequently appears in openings and transitions to non-verbal activities, gut and okay predominate in topic shifts and conversation closings. However, gut and okay differ in their composition of discursive functions, although discourse structuring emerges as the second most frequent function in both cases, an observation that stands in contrast to the continued neglect of this function in standard dictionary entries. The institutional asymmetries inherent in medical interactions are reflected in the finding that both doctors and caregivers use significantly more structural discourse markers than patients and their relatives. Differences between physicians’ and caregivers’ use of discourse markers can be attributed to their different professional roles and communicative responsibilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Trends in Discourse Marker Research)
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31 pages, 900 KB  
Article
Distribution and Timing of Verbal Backchannels in Conversational Speech: A Quantitative Study
by Michael Paierl, Anneliese Kelterer and Barbara Schuppler
Languages 2025, 10(8), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10080194 - 15 Aug 2025
Viewed by 714
Abstract
This paper explores backchannels, short listener responses such as “mhm”, which play an important role in managing turn-taking and grounding in spontaneous conversation. While previous work has largely focused on their acoustic cues or listener’s behavior in isolation, this study investigates if and [...] Read more.
This paper explores backchannels, short listener responses such as “mhm”, which play an important role in managing turn-taking and grounding in spontaneous conversation. While previous work has largely focused on their acoustic cues or listener’s behavior in isolation, this study investigates if and when backchannels occur by taking into account the prosodic characteristics together with the communicative functions of the interlocutor’s speech preceding backchannels. Using a corpus of spontaneous dyadic conversations in Austrian German annotated with continuous turn-taking labels, we analyze the distribution of backchannels across different turn-taking contexts and examine which acoustic features affect their occurrence and timing by means of Conditional Inference Trees and linear mixed-effects regression models. Our findings show that the turn-taking function of the interlocutor’s utterance is a significant predictor of whether a backchannel occurs or not: Backchannels tend to occur most frequently after longer and syntactically complete utterances by the interlocutor. Moreover, prosodic features such as utterance duration, articulation rate variability and rising or falling intensity affect the timing of listener responses, with significant differences across different turn-taking functions. These results highlight the value of using continuous turn-taking annotations to investigate conversational dynamics and demonstrate how turn-taking function and prosody jointly shape backchannel behavior in spontaneous conversation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Trends in Discourse Marker Research)
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24 pages, 3005 KB  
Article
“Not gonna lie, that’s a real bummer”—The Usualization of the Pragmatic Marker not gonna lie
by Nicole Benker
Languages 2025, 10(8), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10080186 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 410
Abstract
This study is concerned with the formal and functional development of the pragmatic marker not gonna lie. It comprises a detailed investigation into the usage and development of not gonna lie in American English. This study shows that not gonna lie develops [...] Read more.
This study is concerned with the formal and functional development of the pragmatic marker not gonna lie. It comprises a detailed investigation into the usage and development of not gonna lie in American English. This study shows that not gonna lie develops from the clause NP BE not going to lie to NP. From its earliest attestations onward, the marker occurs in contexts carrying face threats, which points towards face-threat mitigation as its main function. This discourse function can only be observed for variants with first-person subjects and you in the prepositional phrase (if present). The later omission of elements through the course of the development indicates an increase in syntactic autonomy. The remaining chunk, not gonna lie, leaves little room for variability and is dominated by its discursive function. The findings are interpreted through the lens of usualization as described in the Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization Model. This dynamic, usage-based and cognitive model of language use and change lends itself to providing a fine-grained description and explanation of the grammaticalization-like processes observed in this case study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Trends in Discourse Marker Research)
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23 pages, 3556 KB  
Article
The Neglected Group: Cognitive Discourse Markers as Signposts of Prosodic Unit Boundaries
by Simona Majhenič, Mitja Beras and Janez Križaj
Languages 2025, 10(7), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10070159 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 896
Abstract
The present paper examines and compares the role of cognitive discourse markers (DMs), such as uhm, like, or I mean, and a set of prosodic parameters as indicators of prosodic boundaries. Cognitive DMs traditionally are not studied as a separate [...] Read more.
The present paper examines and compares the role of cognitive discourse markers (DMs), such as uhm, like, or I mean, and a set of prosodic parameters as indicators of prosodic boundaries. Cognitive DMs traditionally are not studied as a separate DM group on par with the ideational, sequential, rhetorical, or interpersonal group. However, as they reflect the speaker’s mental processes during speech production, they offer an exceptional glimpse into how speakers construct their verbalisations. Along with the analysis of DMs, prosodic parameters, including pitch and intensity reset, speech rate change, and pauses, were automatically annotated to determine how well they overlapped with the manually annotated prosodic boundaries. To accommodate for the natural variability in speech, the parameters were evaluated using relative comparison methods. Among the prosodic parameters, pauses were found to overlap most often with the manually annotated prosodic boundaries. Cognitive DMs in the function of realising new information, restructuring, and emphasis indeed proved as relevant boundary indicators, however, the group of cognitive DMs as a whole fell behind the group of sequential and rhetorical DMs, which overlapped most frequently with the manually annotated prosodic boundaries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Trends in Discourse Marker Research)
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20 pages, 1405 KB  
Article
Multimodal Pragmatic Markers of Feedback in Dialogue
by Ludivine Crible and Loulou Kosmala
Languages 2025, 10(6), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10060117 - 22 May 2025
Viewed by 924
Abstract
Historically, the field of discourse marker research has moved from relying on intuition to more and more ecological data, with written, spoken, and now multimodal corpora available to study these pervasive pragmatic devices. For some topics, video is necessary to capture the complexity [...] Read more.
Historically, the field of discourse marker research has moved from relying on intuition to more and more ecological data, with written, spoken, and now multimodal corpora available to study these pervasive pragmatic devices. For some topics, video is necessary to capture the complexity of interactive phenomena, such as feedback in dialogue. Feedback is the process of communicating engagement, alignment, and affiliation (or lack thereof) to the other speaker, and has attracted a lot of attention recently, from fields such as psycholinguistics, conversation analysis, or second language acquisition. Feedback can be expressed by a variety of verbal/vocal and visual/gestural devices, from questions to head nods and, crucially, discourse or pragmatic markers such as “okay, alright, yeah”. Verbal-vocal and visual-gestural forms often co-occur, which calls for more investigation of their combinations. In this study, we analyze multimodal pragmatic markers of feedback in a corpus of French dialogues, where all feedback devices have previously been categorized into either “alignment” (expression of mutual understanding) or “affiliation” (expression of shared stance). After describing the distribution and forms within each modality taken separately, we will focus on interesting multimodal combinations, such as [negative oui ‘yes’ + head tilt] or [mais oui ‘but yes’ + forward head move], thus showing how the visual modality can affect the semantics of verbal markers. In doing so, we will contribute to defining multimodal pragmatic markers, a status which has so far been restricted to verbal markers and manual gestures, at the expense of other devices in the visual modality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Trends in Discourse Marker Research)
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