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Article

The Position of Clitics in Slovene Imperatives Is Not Special

1
Department of Comparative and General Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
2
Center for Cognitive Science of Language, University of Nova Gorica, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Languages 2025, 10(9), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10090217
Submission received: 27 May 2025 / Revised: 3 August 2025 / Accepted: 19 August 2025 / Published: 29 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue SinFonIJA 17 (Syntax, Phonology and Language Analysis))

Abstract

In general, Slovene clitics occur in the second, so-called Wackernagel position of the clause. However, Slovene is exceptional among Wackernagel languages in that the clitic cluster may also occupy the clause-initial position. Imperative sentences have been argued to form an exception to this exception, again allowing the clitic cluster only in the second position. In this paper, we present corpus data that speaks against this second-order exception. We categorize the imperative clauses containing initial clitic clusters found in the corpora into three classes: modally subordinated imperatives, imperatives containing the adversative or the concessive particle, and imperatives occuring as a step in an instruction. We argue that all three classes involve a covert anaphoric element residing in the clause-initial position, yielding an illusion of a clause-initial clitic cluster. In conclusion, initial clitic clusters in Slovene imperatives are not ungrammatical but merely uncommon, and their distribution is ultimately governed by the discourse. We also make a theoretical point, emphasizing that the presented analysis offers support to the view that all discursive information must be represented in syntax.
Keywords: clitic position; imperative; syntax–semantics interface; discourse; pragmatics; Slovene clitic position; imperative; syntax–semantics interface; discourse; pragmatics; Slovene

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MDPI and ACS Style

Živanović, S.; Štarkl, E. The Position of Clitics in Slovene Imperatives Is Not Special. Languages 2025, 10, 217. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10090217

AMA Style

Živanović S, Štarkl E. The Position of Clitics in Slovene Imperatives Is Not Special. Languages. 2025; 10(9):217. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10090217

Chicago/Turabian Style

Živanović, Sašo, and Ema Štarkl. 2025. "The Position of Clitics in Slovene Imperatives Is Not Special" Languages 10, no. 9: 217. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10090217

APA Style

Živanović, S., & Štarkl, E. (2025). The Position of Clitics in Slovene Imperatives Is Not Special. Languages, 10(9), 217. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10090217

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