2026 January - 109 articles
Background: Vibrio harveyi is a major bacterial pathogen threatening turbot aquaculture, necessitating the development of more effective vaccines. Bacterial ghosts (BGs), which are empty bacterial envelopes with preserved surface antigens, offer a pr...
Annual influenza vaccination remains critical for mitigating severe illness and reducing healthcare strain, particularly among high-risk populations. Despite advancements in vaccine platforms, the comparative efficacy of novel vaccines—such as...
Background/Objectives: While tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is genetically relatively conserved, the significant antigenic divergence between its main circulating subtypes hinders the development of broadly effective antiviral treatments and va...
Background/Objectives: An attenuated strain of Micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus (MSRV) 0509 with good immunogenicity has been isolated, showing potential as a candidate for live vaccine development. Methods: To improve the shelf life of attenuated s...
Global cancer incidence reached 20 million new cases across 185 countries in 2022, with approximately 10 million cancer-related deaths annually. Among adults with solid tumors and hematological malignancies, infections are a major contributor to morb...
The development of cancer immunotherapies has transformed cancer treatment paradigms, yet durable and tumour-specific responses remain elusive for many patients. Neoantigens, immunogenic peptides arising from tumour-specific genomic alterations, have...
Background/Objectives: While new vaccines are in development; one strategy to increase influenza vaccine coverage is to repurpose current influenza vaccines for intranasal delivery. Methods: To address this goal; mice were vaccinated intranasally wit...
Background/Objectives: Despite high vaccination coverage, influenza remains a public health concern in South Korea, particularly in older adults. Continuous evaluation of vaccine effectiveness (VE) is essential to optimize immunization strategies. Me...
Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) represent a significant public health problem due to their impact. Knowledge about them, perceptions of the risk of contracting them, and adherence to prevention strategies such as HPV vaccination ar...
Background: On 1 January 2019, a 2-dose mumps-containing vaccine (MuCV) immunization strategy was adopted in Henan Province before the national Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI). This study examines the epidemiological characteristics of mumps c...
As this Special Issue concludes, we are delighted to highlight the diversity, depth, and translational potential of the assembled contributions [...]
Background: Hepatitis B vaccination is the most effective strategy for preventing chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection; however, interindividual variability in vaccine-induced antibody responses remains a significant challenge in the field. Inna...
Background/Objectives: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) causes severe disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals, with reinfections linked to poor induction of durable mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA). We investigated the role...
Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately impacted rural areas across the United States, including rural North Carolina (NC). Consistent with national patterns, COVID-19 vaccination coverage as of December 2022 was higher for no...
There was an error in the original publication [...]
Background: Administering several separate childhood vaccines can reduce adherence to immunization schedules due to missed appointments and the burden of repeated injections. A hexavalent formulation targeting diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatiti...
Background/Objectives: Inadequate characterization of protective antigens poses a significant challenge to the development of vaccines for African swine fever (ASF), particularly for antigen-dependent formulations such as subunit, mRNA, and recombina...
Background: Men who have sex with men (MSM) using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) experience a high burden of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and related diseases, yet data on HPV vaccination among this group in Brazil remain limited. Aims:...
Background: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) remains a major public-health concern in China. While the monovalent EV-A71 vaccine has effectively reduced EV-A71–associated cases, it offers no protection against CV-A16. The introduction of a...
Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. While pneumococcal vaccination is a core preventive measure, it remains unclear whether its association with severe CAP is uniform across all...
Background/Objectives: Despite clonal expansion during a primary immune response, or after subsequent antigen encounters, the frequency of memory B cells (Bmem) specific for an antigen remains low, making their detection difficult. However, unlike se...
Background: Salmonella is a major zoonotic foodborne pathogen. Conventional poultry vaccines may present limitations in terms of efficacy, safety, and practicality. Objectives: This study focuses on enhancing the immunogenicity and improving the safe...
Background/objectives: RSV is a major cause of mortality in infants, and despite recent progress to prevent RSV in the very young, an RSV vaccine for this population is still highly warranted. Clinical studies in infants in the 1960s using formalin-i...
During the COVID-19 pandemic, substantial changes occurred that may have either facilitated or hindered efforts to promote vaccination [...]
Background: Nirsevimab, a monoclonal antibody for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), reduces medically attended RSV infections. It was introduced in the 2023–24 RSV season. This study examined the association between caregiver vaccination (seas...
Background: Nipah virus (NiV), a zoonotic paramyxovirus with high case fatality and pandemic potential, remains without a licensed vaccine for humans to date. Although there has been progress in vaccine development, it remains limited, and peptide va...
Great strides have been made in the area of immunization over the past several decades [...]
Background/Objectives: A key disadvantage of DNA vaccines is ineffective uptake of plasmid DNA, resulting in low immunogenicity. A way to overcome it is forced DNA delivery, which requires specialized equipment and/or reagents. Effective delivery of...
Plant viruses are useful tools for quickly and easily producing recombinant proteins in plants. Compared to systems that use genetically modified plants, viral vectors are easier to work with and can produce recombinant proteins faster and in larger...
Background: mRNA LNP technology is now being widely applied as a highly effective vaccine platform. Antigen multimerization is a well-established approach to enhance the antibody titers and protective efficacy of several protein subunit vaccines. How...
Background/Objectives: Recently, the Herpes Zoster (HZ) vaccination has been introduced, alongside influenza and pneumococcal vaccination, at age 65. Factors influencing adherence to this vaccination and its clinical benefits are not completely under...
Background/Objectives: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the global COVID-19 pandemic, which led to hundreds of millions of human infections and more than seven million deaths worldwide. Major variants of concern, pa...
Background: Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) causes acute and frequently fatal disease in cats, underscoring the urgent need for safe, rapidly effective, and scalable vaccines. While virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines are inherently safe and immunoge...
Background: Despite the availability of a killed whole-virus (KV) vaccine, diarrhea caused by equine rotavirus group A (ERVA) remains a significant health concern for foals in the United States. The vaccine is administered to pregnant mares, with foa...
Background/Objectives: Despite large-scale measles and rubella (MR) vaccination campaigns in West Africa, measles outbreaks persist, raising concerns about campaign effectiveness, coverage, and underlying determinants. This study assesses the impact...
Background/Objectives: Healthcare workers (HCW) in primary care settings play a significant role in recommending vaccines to patients. We aimed to describe COVID-19 vaccination knowledge, attitudes, perception, and practices (KAPP) of HCWs in Tunisia...
Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of child mortality in Nepal despite the introduction of the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10). Vaccine effectiveness is threatened by the emergence of non-vaccine serotypes (...
Background: Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) are highly vulnerable to severe COVID-19 infection, yet initial vaccine trials provided limited data on efficacy and safety in this immunocompromised population. Heterogeneous seroconversion rates...
Background/Objective: The influenza virus remains one of the most prevalent respiratory pathogens, posing significant global health and economic challenges. According to the World Health Organization, the seasonal influenza virus infects up to 1 bill...
Background: Children and adolescents are pivotal in the transmission of influenza, and vaccination remains the most effective preventive measure. Cell-based influenza vaccines offer advantages over traditional egg-based vaccines by reducing egg-adapt...
Background: Herpes zoster (HZ), caused by the reactivation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV), primarily affects elderly populations worldwide. Although current recombinant HZ vaccines show strong immunogenicity, their high cost and potential side effec...
Background: Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a major foodborne pathogen, with poultry products, especially eggs, being the primary source of human infections. Current serovar-specific poultry vaccines effectively reduce targeted Salmonella serovars...
Background/Objectives: Vaccination programs are highly effective public health interventions, yet parental hesitancy toward combination vaccines has led to growing demand for alternative vaccination schedules, defined in this study as parental reques...
Background: A quadrivalent HPV vaccine (BPV) has been developed to prevent diseases caused by HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 for the first time in Iran. The BPV is composed of the papillomavirus major capsid protein L1, which serves as the primary targe...
Yellow fever, a mosquito-borne viral hemorrhagic disease, remains a significant public health concern in endemic regions of Africa and South America. The development of the yellow fever vaccine marked a milestone in virology and immunization. In the...
Background: Emerging immune-evasive viral variants threaten the efficacy of current vaccines, underscoring the need for strategies that elicit broad and durable protection. Heterologous prime–boost regimens combining distinct vaccine platforms...
Background: Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis are at increased risk for severe influenza, and underlying immune dysfunction may limit vaccine-induced protection. Methods: This observational open-label study evaluated immune...
Background: Canine leishmaniasis is notoriously difficult to manage by chemotherapy alone, necessitating the consideration of supplemental or alternative treatment. Evidence is presented to support the feasibility of immunotherapy of diseased dogs th...
Background/Objectives: Human papillomavirus (HPV) represents a major public health challenge due to its high prevalence and the complications arising from infection. The aim of the study was to investigate the reasons for adherence to the HPV vaccina...
The scientific literature is quite rich when it comes to vaccines and vaccination: just by looking at PubMed, using as “Vaccin* [Title/Abstract]” a search key, it is possible to obtain more than 480,000 results starting from 1799, and mor...
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