Research Animal Welfare: Current Practices and Future Directions

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Welfare".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 October 2025 | Viewed by 1931

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Comparative Medicine Resources, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
Interests: laboratory animals; pain; welfare; analgesia; behavior

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Guest Editor
Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
Interests: diseases of laboratory animals; toxicologic pathology; research animal anesthesia; analgesia; euthanasia; animal welfare
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The use of laboratory animals remains essential for conducting biomedical research and advancing both human and veterinary medicine. However, it is a significant responsibility and ensuring animal welfare must always be a top priority. The principles of Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement (the 3Rs), introduced by William Russell and Rex Birch in 1956, laid the groundwork for improving laboratory animal welfare. While substantial progress has been made in developing non-animal methods for biological research, we have yet to reach a point where animals can be completely replaced.

Laboratory animal welfare encompasses both physical and psychological well-being, requiring the diligent effort of all personnel involved. Proper housing and nutrition provided by husbandry staff, clinical and preventive healthcare by veterinary teams, and the use of refined techniques by research staff are all critical to maintaining animal welfare. Key components for enhancing welfare include staff training and the post-approval monitoring (PAM) process. Training personnel in proper animal handling and experimental procedures is essential for minimizing animal distress. The PAM process ensures that research complies with approved protocols and regulations, safeguarding animal welfare throughout the study.

Neglecting animal welfare can compromise experimental rigor and reproducibility, which is why ensuring the well-being of research animals is vital for producing high-quality research.

We invite researchers to submit both review articles and original research on laboratory animal welfare, with a particular focus on how technological innovations can enhance it. We seek strategies and tools that can improve animal welfare, such as the CIRS-LAS portal—a web-based platform called the "Critical Incident Reporting System in Laboratory Animal Science"—which allows users to anonymously share critical incidents and negative experiences from animal experiments or husbandry practices. Additionally, we welcome submissions exploring how automated and continuous animal monitoring through artificial intelligence and digital biomarkers can advance welfare practices.

Dr. Bhupinder Singh
Dr. Patricia V. Turner
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • research animals
  • welfare
  • refinement
  • ethics
  • innovation
  • digital biomarker
  • artificial intelligence

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 6432 KiB  
Article
Simultaneous, Non-Contact and Motion-Based Monitoring of Respiratory Rate in Sheep Under Experimental Condition Using Visible and Near-Infrared Videos
by Beatriz Leandro Bonafini, Lukas Breuer, Lisa Ernst, René Tolba, Lucas Ferrari de Oliveira, Mauren Abreu de Souza, Michael Czaplik and Carina Barbosa Pereira
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3398; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233398 - 25 Nov 2024
Viewed by 782
Abstract
The validation of methods for understanding the effects of many diseases and treatments requires the use of animal models in translational research. In this context, sheep have been employed extensively in scientific studies. However, the imposition of experimental conditions upon these animals may [...] Read more.
The validation of methods for understanding the effects of many diseases and treatments requires the use of animal models in translational research. In this context, sheep have been employed extensively in scientific studies. However, the imposition of experimental conditions upon these animals may result in the experience of discomfort, pain, and stress. The ethical debates surrounding the use of animals in research have resulted in the adoption of Directive 2010/63/EU. The present study proposes a non-contact method for monitoring the respiration rate of sheep based on video processing. The Detecron2 model was trained to segment the sheep’s body, abdominal, and facial regions in the video frames. A motion-tracking algorithm was developed to assess abdominal movement associated with the sheep’s respiratory cycle. The method was applied to videos of Rhön sheep under experimental and housing conditions, utilising two types of cameras to assess the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The mean average error (MAE) obtained was 0.79 breaths/minute for the visible and 1.83 breaths/minute for the near-infrared (NIR) method. This study demonstrates the feasibility of video technology for simultaneous and non-invasive respiration monitoring, being a crucial parameter for assessing the health deterioration of multiple laboratory animals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Animal Welfare: Current Practices and Future Directions)
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Review

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26 pages, 1786 KiB  
Review
Home-Cage Training for Non-Human Primates: An Opportunity to Reduce Stress and Study Natural Behavior in Neurophysiology Experiments
by Francesco Ceccarelli, Fabrizio Londei, Giulia Arena, Aldo Genovesio and Lorenzo Ferrucci
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1340; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091340 - 6 May 2025
Viewed by 355
Abstract
Research involving non-human primates remains a cornerstone in fields such as biomedical research and systems neuroscience. However, the daily routines of laboratory work can induce stress in these animals, potentially compromising their well-being and the reliability of experimental outcomes. To address this, many [...] Read more.
Research involving non-human primates remains a cornerstone in fields such as biomedical research and systems neuroscience. However, the daily routines of laboratory work can induce stress in these animals, potentially compromising their well-being and the reliability of experimental outcomes. To address this, many laboratories have adopted home-cage training protocols to mitigate stress caused by routine procedures such as transport and restraint—a factor that can impact both macaque physiology and experimental validity. This review explores the primary methods and experimental setups employed in home-cage training, highlighting their potential not only to address ethical concerns surrounding animal welfare but also to reduce training time and risks for the researchers. Furthermore, by combining home-cage training with wireless recordings, it becomes possible to expand research opportunities in behavioral neurophysiology with non-human primates. This approach enables the study of various cognitive processes in more naturalistic settings, thereby increasing the ecological validity of scientific findings through innovative experimental designs that thoroughly investigate the complexity of the animals’ natural behavior. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Animal Welfare: Current Practices and Future Directions)
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