Symmetry

12 pages, 2457 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Implementation of Virtual Private Storage Framework Using Internet of Things Local Networks

by Hwi-Ho Lee, Jung-Hyok Kwon and Eui-Jik Kim

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030489 - 24 Mar 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3177

This paper presents a virtual private storage framework (VPSF) using Internet of Things (IoT) local networks. The VPSF uses the extra storage space of sensor devices in an IoT local network to store users’ private data, while guaranteeing expected network lifetime, by partitioning [...] Read more.

This paper presents a virtual private storage framework (VPSF) using Internet of Things (IoT) local networks. The VPSF uses the extra storage space of sensor devices in an IoT local network to store users’ private data, while guaranteeing expected network lifetime, by partitioning the storage space of a sensor device into data and system volumes and, if necessary, logically integrating the extra data volumes of the multiple sensor devices to virtually build a single storage space. When user data need to be stored, the VPSF gateway divides the original data into several blocks and selects the sensor devices in which the blocks will be stored based on their residual energy. The blocks are transmitted to the selected devices using the modified speedy block-wise transfer (BlockS) option of the constrained application protocol (CoAP), which reduces communication overhead by retransmitting lost blocks without a retransmission request message. To verify the feasibility of the VPSF, an experimental implementation was conducted using the open-source software libcoap. The results demonstrate that the VPSF is an energy-efficient solution for virtual private storage because it averages the residual energy amounts for sensor devices within an IoT local network and reduces their communication overhead. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from IIKII 2019 conferences in Symmetry)

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14 pages, 2721 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A GL Model on Thermo-Elastic Interaction in a Poroelastic Material Using Finite Element Method

by Tareq Saeed, Ibrahim Abbas and Marin Marin

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 488; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030488 - 24 Mar 2020

Cited by 129 | Viewed by 5135

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to provide a method to investigate the effects of thermal relaxation times in a poroelastic material by using the finite element method. The formulations are applied under the Green and Lindsay model, with four thermal relaxation times. [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study is to provide a method to investigate the effects of thermal relaxation times in a poroelastic material by using the finite element method. The formulations are applied under the Green and Lindsay model, with four thermal relaxation times. Due to the complex governing equation, the finite element method has been used to solve these problems. All physical quantities are presented as symmetric and asymmetric tensors. The effects of thermal relaxation times and porosity in a poro-thermoelastic medium are studied. Numerical computations for temperatures, displacements and stresses for the liquid and the solid are presented graphically. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composite Structures with Symmetry)

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17 pages, 7022 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Stefan Blowing and Slip Conditions on Unsteady MHD Casson Nanofluid Flow Over an Unsteady Shrinking Sheet: Dual Solutions

by Liaquat Ali Lund, Zurni Omar, Jawad Raza, Ilyas Khan and El-Sayed M. Sherif

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030487 - 23 Mar 2020

Cited by 58 | Viewed by 4159

Abstract

In this article, the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of Casson nanofluid with thermal radiation over an unsteady shrinking surface is investigated. The equation of momentum is derived from the Navier–Stokes model for non-Newtonian fluid where components of the viscous terms are symmetric. The effect [...] Read more.

In this article, the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of Casson nanofluid with thermal radiation over an unsteady shrinking surface is investigated. The equation of momentum is derived from the Navier–Stokes model for non-Newtonian fluid where components of the viscous terms are symmetric. The effect of Stefan blowing with partial slip conditions of velocity, concentration, and temperature on the velocity, concentration, and temperature distributions is also taken into account. The modeled equations of partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into the equivalent boundary value problems (BVPs) of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by employing similarity transformations. These similarity transformations can be obtained by using symmetry analysis. The resultant BVPs are reduced into initial value problems (IVPs) by using the shooting method and then solved by using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta (RK) technique. The numerical results reveal that dual solutions exist in some ranges of different physical parameters such as unsteadiness and suction/injection parameters. The thickness of the velocity boundary layer is enhanced in the second solution by increasing the magnetic and velocity slip factor effect in the boundary layer. Increment in the Prandtl number and Brownian motion parameter is caused by a reduction of the thickness of the thermal boundary layer and temperature. Moreover, stability analysis performed by employing the three-stage Lobatto IIIA formula in the BVP4C solver with the help of MATLAB software reveals that only the first solution is stable and physically realizable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Turbulence and Multiphase Flows and Symmetry)

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14 pages, 5169 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Blind Color Image Watermarking Using Fan Beam Transform and QR Decomposition

by Pranab Kumar Dhar, Pulak Hazra and Tetsuya Shimamura

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030486 - 23 Mar 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3490

Abstract

Digital watermarking has been utilized effectively for copyright protection of multimedia contents. This paper suggests a blind symmetric watermarking algorithm using fan beam transform (FBT) and QR decomposition (QRD) for color images. At first, the original image is transferred from RGB to L [...] Read more.

Digital watermarking has been utilized effectively for copyright protection of multimedia contents. This paper suggests a blind symmetric watermarking algorithm using fan beam transform (FBT) and QR decomposition (QRD) for color images. At first, the original image is transferred from RGB to L^*a^*b^* color model and FBT is applied to b^* component. Then the b^*component of the original image is split into m × m non-overlapping blocks and QRD is conducted to each block. Watermark data is placed into the selected coefficient of the upper triangular matrix using a new embedding function. Simulation results suggest that the presented algorithm is extremely robust against numerous attacks, and also yields watermarked images with high quality. Furthermore, it represents more excellent performance compared with the recent state-of-the-art algorithms for robustness and imperceptibility. The normalized correlation (NC) of the proposed algorithm varies from 0.8252 to 1, the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) varies from 54.1854 to 54.1892, and structural similarity (SSIM) varies from 0.9285 to 0.9696, respectively. In contrast, the NC of the recent state-of-the-art algorithms varies from 0.5193 to 1, PSNR varies from 38.5471 to 52.64, and SSIM varies from 0.9311 to 0.9663, respectively. Full article

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19 pages, 659 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Finite Difference Approximation Method for a Space Fractional Convection–Diffusion Equation with Variable Coefficients

by Eyaya Fekadie Anley and Zhoushun Zheng

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030485 - 23 Mar 2020

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4774

Abstract

Space non-integer order convection–diffusion descriptions are generalized form of integer order convection–diffusion problems expressing super diffusive and convective transport processes. In this article, we propose finite difference approximation for space fractional convection–diffusion model having space variable coefficients on the given bounded domain over [...] Read more.

Space non-integer order convection–diffusion descriptions are generalized form of integer order convection–diffusion problems expressing super diffusive and convective transport processes. In this article, we propose finite difference approximation for space fractional convection–diffusion model having space variable coefficients on the given bounded domain over time and space. It is shown that the Crank–Nicolson difference scheme based on the right shifted Grünwald–Letnikov difference formula is unconditionally stable and it is also of second order consistency both in temporal and spatial terms with extrapolation to the limit approach. Numerical experiments are tested to verify the efficiency of our theoretical analysis and confirm order of convergence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New developments in Functional and Fractional Differential Equations and in Lie Symmetry)

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12 pages, 222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An EDAS Method for Multiple Attribute Group Decision-Making under Intuitionistic Fuzzy Environment and Its Application for Evaluating Green Building Energy-Saving Design Projects

by Yuan Liang

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030484 - 23 Mar 2020

Cited by 62 | Viewed by 5315

Abstract

Multiple attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) methods have a significant influence on decision-making in a variety of strategic fields, including science, business and real-life studies. The problem of evaluation in green building energy-saving design projects could be regarded as a type of MAGDM problem. [...] Read more.

Multiple attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) methods have a significant influence on decision-making in a variety of strategic fields, including science, business and real-life studies. The problem of evaluation in green building energy-saving design projects could be regarded as a type of MAGDM problem. The evaluation based on distance from average solution (EDAS) method is one of the MAGDM methods, which simplifies the traditional decision-making process. Symmetry among some attributes that are known and unknown as well as between pure attribute sets and fuzzy attribute membership sets can be an effective way to solve MAGDM problems. In this paper, the classical EDAS method is extended to intuitionistic fuzzy environments to solve some MAGDM issues. First, some concepts of intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) are briefly reviewed. Then, by integrating the EDAS method with IFSs, we establish an IF-EDAS method to solve the MAGDM issues and present all calculating procedures in detail. Finally, we provide an empirical application for evaluating green building energy-saving design projects to demonstrate this novel method. Some comparative analyses are also made to show the merits of the method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fuzzy Mathematics Applied to Science, Engineering and Sustainability Issues)

16 pages, 3734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multichannel Data Fusion Method Based on Multiple Deep Belief Networks for Intelligent Fault Diagnosis of Main Reducer

by Qing Ye and Changhua Liu

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030483 - 23 Mar 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3726

Abstract

Aiming at the problems of poor efficiency of the intelligent fault diagnosis method of the main reducer and the poor effectiveness of multichannel data fusion, this paper proposes a multichannel data fusion method based on deep belief networks and random forest fusion for [...] Read more.

Aiming at the problems of poor efficiency of the intelligent fault diagnosis method of the main reducer and the poor effectiveness of multichannel data fusion, this paper proposes a multichannel data fusion method based on deep belief networks and random forest fusion for fault diagnosis. Multiple deep belief networks (MDBNs) are constructed to obtain deep representative features from multiple modalities of multichannel data. Random forest can fuse deep representative features achieved from MDBNs to construct the model of multiple deep belief networks fusion (MDBNF). The proposed method is applied to fault diagnosis of the main reducer and evaluation of the performance. Multiple deep belief network model fusions (MD BN F) are constructed to improve the multichannel data fusion effect. Single sensory data, multichannel data, and two intelligent models based on support vector machine and deep belief networks are used as comparison in the experiments. The results indicate that the classification accuracy of the test set collected by sensor 1 and sensor 2 is 88.35% and 88.73%, respectively. The comparison results show that the method has good convergence. The data fusion of the proposed diagnostic model can effectively improve the correlation between the collected vibration signals and the failure mode, thereby improving the diagnostic performance by nearly 8%, representing improved diagnostic accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Modeling and Computational Methods in Science and Engineering)

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27 pages, 534 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Classification of Guillain–Barré Syndrome Subtypes Using Sampling Techniques with Binary Approach

by Manuel Torres-Vásquez, Oscar Chávez-Bosquez, Betania Hernández-Ocaña and José Hernández-Torruco

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030482 - 20 Mar 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7379

Abstract

Guillain–Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an unusual disorder where the body’s immune system affects the peripheral nervous system. GBS has four main subtypes, whose treatments vary among them. Severe cases of GBS can be fatal. This work aimed to investigate whether balancing an original [...] Read more.

Guillain–Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an unusual disorder where the body’s immune system affects the peripheral nervous system. GBS has four main subtypes, whose treatments vary among them. Severe cases of GBS can be fatal. This work aimed to investigate whether balancing an original GBS dataset improves the predictive models created in a previous study. purpleBalancing a dataset is to pursue symmetry in the number of instances of each of the classes.The dataset includes 129 records of Mexican patients diagnosed with some subtype of GBS. We created 10 binary datasets from the original dataset. Then, we balanced these datasets using four different methods to undersample the majority class and one method to oversample the minority class. Finally, we used three classifiers with different approaches to creating predictive models. The results show that balancing the original dataset improves the previous predictive models. The goal of the predictive models is to identify the GBS subtypes applying Machine Learning algorithms. It is expected that specialists may use the model to have a complementary diagnostic using a reduced set of relevant features. Early identification of the subtype will allow starting with the appropriate treatment for patient recovery. This is a contribution to exploring the performance of balancing techniques with real data. Full article

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22 pages, 1504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamically Generated Inflationary ΛCDM

by David Benisty, Eduardo I. Guendelman, Emil Nissimov and Svetlana Pacheva

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030481 - 20 Mar 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4317

Abstract

Our primary objective is to construct a plausible, unified model of inflation, dark energy and dark matter from a fundamental Lagrangian action first principle, wherein all fundamental ingredients are systematically dynamically generated starting from a very simple model of modified gravity interacting with [...] Read more.

Our primary objective is to construct a plausible, unified model of inflation, dark energy and dark matter from a fundamental Lagrangian action first principle, wherein all fundamental ingredients are systematically dynamically generated starting from a very simple model of modified gravity interacting with a single scalar field employing the formalism of non-Riemannian spacetime volume-elements. The non-Riemannian volume element in the initial scalar field action leads to a hidden, nonlinear Noether symmetry which produces an energy-momentum tensor identified as the sum of a dynamically generated cosmological constant and dust-like dark matter. The non-Riemannian volume-element in the initial Einstein–Hilbert action upon passage to the physical Einstein-frame creates, dynamically, a second scalar field with a non-trivial inflationary potential and with an additional interaction with the dynamically generated dark matter. The resulting Einstein-frame action describes a fully dynamically generated inflationary model coupled to dark matter. Numerical results for observables such as the scalar power spectral index and the tensor-to-scalar ratio conform to the latest 2018 PLANCK data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers: 10th Mathematical Physics Meeting)

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12 pages, 2233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

AIM: Annealing in Memory for Vision Applications

by Zhi Wang, Xiao Hu, Jian Zhang, Zhao Lv and Yang Guo

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030480 - 20 Mar 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2388

Abstract

As the Moore’s law era will draw to a close, some domain-specific architectures even non-Von Neumann systems have been presented to keep the progress. This paper proposes novel annealing in memory (AIM) architecture to implement Ising calculation, which is based on Ising model [...] Read more.

As the Moore’s law era will draw to a close, some domain-specific architectures even non-Von Neumann systems have been presented to keep the progress. This paper proposes novel annealing in memory (AIM) architecture to implement Ising calculation, which is based on Ising model and expected to accelerate solving combinatorial optimization problem. The Ising model has a symmetrical structure and realizes phase transition by symmetry breaking. AIM draws annealing calculation into memory to reduce the cost of information transfer between calculation unit and the memory, improves the ability of parallel processing by enabling each Static Random-Access Memory (SRAM) array to perform calculations. An approximate probability flipping circuit is proposed to avoid the system getting trapped in local optimum. Bit-serial design incurs only an estimated 4.24% area above the SRAM and allows the accuracy to be easily adjusted. Two vision applications are mapped for acceleration and results show that it can speed up Multi-Object Tracking (MOT) by 780× and Multiple People Head Detection (MPHD) by 161× with only 0.0064% and 0.031% energy consumption respectively over approximate algorithms. Full article

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21 pages, 1690 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Balance Adjustment of Power-Line Inspection Robot Using General Type-2 Fractional Order Fuzzy PID Controller

by Yao Chen, Tao Zhao, Songyi Dian, Xiaodong Zeng and Haipeng Wang

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030479 - 19 Mar 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3002

Abstract

In this study, a general type-2 fractional order fuzzy PID (GT2FO-FPID) controller is proposed to fulfil the balance adjustment of the Power-line Inspection (PLI) robot system. It is a combination of Mamdani general type-2 fuzzy logic controller (GT2-FLC) and fractional PID controller. Since [...] Read more.

In this study, a general type-2 fractional order fuzzy PID (GT2FO-FPID) controller is proposed to fulfil the balance adjustment of the Power-line Inspection (PLI) robot system. It is a combination of Mamdani general type-2 fuzzy logic controller (GT2-FLC) and fractional PID controller. Since the PLI robot system is an under-actuated system, it’s necessary to get complete information of the system. However, when all state variables are treated as input to the controller, there is a problem with the rule explosion. Because of this, the information fusion method is adopt to solve the problem and simplify the controller design. At the same time, fractional-order integral-differential operators and input-output scaling factors, which are taken as design variables and optimized by genetic algorithm (GA). To assess the performance of proposed controller based on symmetry criterion, we compared it against existing controllers, i.e., interval type-2 fractional order fuzzy PID (IT2FO-FPID), type-1 fractional order fuzzy PID (T1FO-FPID), and conventional fractional order (FOPID) controllers. Furthermore, to show the anti-inference ability of the proposed controller, three common perturbed process are tested. Finally, simulation results show that the GT2FO-FPID controller outperforms other controllers in the presence of external perturbations on the PLI robot system. Full article

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16 pages, 2292 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

New Numerical Results for the Time-Fractional Phi-Four Equation Using a Novel Analytical Approach

by Wei Gao, Pundikala Veeresha, Doddabhadrappla Gowda Prakasha, Haci Mehmet Baskonus and Gulnur Yel

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030478 - 19 Mar 2020

Cited by 83 | Viewed by 5679

Abstract

This manuscript investigates the fractional Phi-four equation by using

q

-homotopy analysis transform method (

q

-HATM) numerically. The Phi-four equation is obtained from one of the special cases of the Klein-Gordon model. Moreover, it is used to model the kink and anti-kink [...] Read more.

This manuscript investigates the fractional Phi-four equation by using

q

-homotopy analysis transform method (

q

-HATM) numerically. The Phi-four equation is obtained from one of the special cases of the Klein-Gordon model. Moreover, it is used to model the kink and anti-kink solitary wave interactions arising in nuclear particle physics and biological structures for the last several decades. The proposed technique is composed of Laplace transform and

q

-homotopy analysis techniques, and fractional derivative defined in the sense of Caputo. For the governing fractional-order model, the Banach’s fixed point hypothesis is studied to establish the existence and uniqueness of the achieved solution. To illustrate and validate the effectiveness of the projected algorithm, we analyze the considered model in terms of arbitrary order with two distinct cases and also introduce corresponding numerical simulation. Moreover, the physical behaviors of the obtained solutions with respect to fractional-order are presented via various simulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Complexity 2020)

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12 pages, 258 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Behavior of Non-Oscillatory Solutions of Fourth-Order Neutral Differential Equations

by Osama Moaaz, Rami Ahmad El-Nabulsi and Omar Bazighifan

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030477 - 19 Mar 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2336

Abstract

In this paper, we deal with the asymptotics and oscillation of the solutions of fourth-order neutral differential equations of the form

{(r (t) {(z^{‴} (t))}^{α})}^{'} + q (t) x^{α} (g (t)) = 0,

where [...] Read more.

In this paper, we deal with the asymptotics and oscillation of the solutions of fourth-order neutral differential equations of the form

{(r (t) {(z^{‴} (t))}^{α})}^{'} + q (t) x^{α} (g (t)) = 0,

where

z (t) : = x (t) + p (t) x (δ (t))

. By using a generalized Riccati transformation, we study asymptotic behavior and derive some new oscillation criteria. Our results extend and improve some well-known results which were published recently in the literature. Symmetry ideas are often invisible in these studies, but they help us decide the right way to study them, and to show us the correct direction for future developments. An example is given to illustrate the importance of our results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asymptotic Properties of Solutions of Difference and Differential Equations)

10 pages, 250 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Majorization and Coefficient Problems for a General Class of Starlike Functions

by Nak Eun Cho, Zahra Oroujy, Ebrahim Analouei Adegani and Ali Ebadian

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030476 - 18 Mar 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2531

Abstract

In the current paper, we study a majorization issue for a general category

S^{*} (ϑ)

of starlike functions, the region of which is often symmetric with respect to the real axis. For various special symmetric functions

ϑ

, corresponding consequences [...] Read more.

In the current paper, we study a majorization issue for a general category

S^{*} (ϑ)

of starlike functions, the region of which is often symmetric with respect to the real axis. For various special symmetric functions

ϑ

, corresponding consequences of the main result are also presented with some relevant connections of the outcomes rendered here with those obtained in recent research. Moreover, coefficient bounds for some majorized functions are estimated. Full article

18 pages, 9670 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation of Drag Reduction on a Square Rod Detached with Two Control Rods at Various Gap Spacing via Lattice Boltzmann Method

by Raheela Manzoor, Asma Khalid, Ilyas Khan, Shams-Ul-Islam, Dumitru Baleanu and Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030475 - 18 Mar 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2990

Abstract

Numerical simulations are performed to examine the effect of size of control rods (d1) and spacing ratio (g) on flow around a square rod with upstream and downstream control rods aligned in-line using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The Reynolds number (Re) is [...] Read more.

Numerical simulations are performed to examine the effect of size of control rods (d1) and spacing ratio (g) on flow around a square rod with upstream and downstream control rods aligned in-line using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The Reynolds number (Re) is fixed at Re = 160, while the spacing between the main rod and control rods is taken in the range 1 ≤ g ≤ 5 and the size of the control rod is varied between 4 and 20. Seven different types of flow mods are observed in this study at different values of g and d1. Variation in force statistics, like mean drag coefficient (C_dmean), Strouhal number (St), root mean square values of drag (C_drms) and lift coefficients (C_lrms), and percentage reduction in mean drag coefficient is discussed in detail. It was examined that vortex shedding completely suppressed at (g, d1) = (1, 12), (2, 12), and (2, 16) where steady flow mode exists. Moreover, it was found that at large gap spacing, where g = 5, the effect of control rods on the main rod vanishes. Due to this strong vortex shedding produced and as a result, maximum value of C_dmean is found at (g, d1) = (5, 8). The negative values of mean drag force are also observed at some gap spacing and size of control rods are due to the effect of thrust. Furthermore, the maximum percentage reduction in C_dmean is 121%, found at (g, d1) = (2, 20). Full article

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16 pages, 3470 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Schematic Diagrams Design of Displacement Suppression Mechanism with One Degree-of-Freedom in a Rope-Guided Hoisting System

by Lu Yan, Guohua Cao, Naige Wang and Weihong Peng

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030474 - 18 Mar 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4020

Abstract

Since it is difficult for lateral stiffness of rope-guided rails to meet industry criteria in deep construction shaft, schematic diagrams of displacement suppression mechanisms (DSMs) are designed with a systematic approach demonstrated to reduce the lateral displacement of rope-guided rails in this paper. [...] Read more.

Since it is difficult for lateral stiffness of rope-guided rails to meet industry criteria in deep construction shaft, schematic diagrams of displacement suppression mechanisms (DSMs) are designed with a systematic approach demonstrated to reduce the lateral displacement of rope-guided rails in this paper. DSMs are simplified as planar four-bar and six-bar topological graphs based on topological theory. Each corresponding mechanical chain of these four-bar and six-bar mechanisms is divided into a rack, mechanical parts, prismatic, and revolute joints. An extended adjacency matrix is defined to represent the rack position, specific types of kinematic joints, and adjacency relationships between kinematic parts. Then, a symmetric vertex identification method is proposed with regard to planar 1-DOF (one degree of freedom) four-bar and six-bar topological graphs to get the sequences of prismatic joints for kinematic chains of DSMs. Finally, the alternative schematic diagrams of DSMs are obtained. The results show four-bar mechanisms with simple structure; few kinematical parts but less resident force are suitable for a mine shaft with small space and small swing. Six-bar mechanisms with two prismatic joints and three mechanical rack degree are applicable for wide shaft space in deep shaft, due to their stable structure and double resistant force. This development is helpful for DSM dimension synthesis design in future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Mechanical Engineering Ⅱ)

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21 pages, 5245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficiency of Dynamic Computer Environment in Learning Absolute Value Equation

by Marina Jokić and Đurdjica Takači

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030473 - 17 Mar 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3921

Abstract

The presented study analyzes the usage of the didactic efficiency of multiple representations in a computer environment in learning absolute value functions and equations. It is known that the axis of symmetry of the graph of the absolute value function is the y [...] Read more.

The presented study analyzes the usage of the didactic efficiency of multiple representations in a computer environment in learning absolute value functions and equations. It is known that the axis of symmetry of the graph of the absolute value function is the y-axis. The research was applied at the University of Novi Sad, Serbia. The data were collected by testing a group of 226 students: major chemistry and physics students at the beginning of their common calculus course. The students worked individually in two groups: the experimental and control group. The experimental group of students practiced using GeoGebra software, and the control group of students practiced using paper and pencil. At the end of the experiment, which lasted for two weeks (six school classes), both groups were tested with a post-test of knowledge without using a computer. It can be concluded that GeoGebra software had a positive influence on the students’ achievements in solving absolute value equations. Full article

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10 pages, 245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On Modified Interval-Valued Variational Control Problems with First-Order PDE Constraints

by Savin Treanţă

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030472 - 17 Mar 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2409

Abstract

In this paper, a modified interval-valued variational control problem involving first-order partial differential equations (PDEs) and inequality constraints is investigated. Specifically, under some generalized convexity assumptions, we formulate and prove LU-optimality conditions for the considered interval-valued variational control problem. In order to illustrate [...] Read more.

In this paper, a modified interval-valued variational control problem involving first-order partial differential equations (PDEs) and inequality constraints is investigated. Specifically, under some generalized convexity assumptions, we formulate and prove LU-optimality conditions for the considered interval-valued variational control problem. In order to illustrate the main results and their effectiveness, an application is provided. Full article

15 pages, 6223 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Novel Method of Laser Coating Process on Worn-Out Cutter Rings of Tunnel Boring Machine for Eco-Friendly Reuse

by Anil Kumar Agrawal, Somnath Chattopadhyaya, V. M. S. R. Murthy, Stanisław Legutko and Grzegorz Krolczyk

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030471 - 17 Mar 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4148

Abstract

Cutter rings form an integral part of tunnel boring machines (TBM). These cutters are deployed in various hard rock tunneling projects. The life of the cutter rings governs the economics of tunneling significantly. This paper presents a novel methodology to enhance hardness and [...] Read more.

Cutter rings form an integral part of tunnel boring machines (TBM). These cutters are deployed in various hard rock tunneling projects. The life of the cutter rings governs the economics of tunneling significantly. This paper presents a novel methodology to enhance hardness and wear resistance of used worn out disc cutters in TBM for eco-friendly reuse. Disc cutters are mainly made of H13 tool steel. To improve the hardness and wear resistance, a layer of tungsten carbide is coated on the used cutter rings. Considering the long operating hours of TBM, cutter rings get worn out due to severe interaction with the hard rock both in compression and rolling mode. Replacement of the cutter-ring is costly, and quite a time consuming and cumbersome job. Refurbishment is always a better option and laser cladding is a novel technique for enhanced life of cutters. It increases the hardness and wear resistance of the cutters to a considerable extent. Cladding is carried out with the help of a laser beam. In this method, a layer of nanoparticles of tungsten carbide powder is deposited on the worn-out surface of the cutters. For carrying out the investigation, different coating parameters are selected based on the central composite design (CCD). With different capacities of laser, a total of 13 samples were prepared at various scanning speeds varying between 200 to 300 mm/min and a level of laser power varying between 100 to 200 W. The coating is critically inspected by various means such as an optical microscope, FESEM, and EDS. Hardness testing was accomplished by Vicker’s hardness testing machine. Wear testing was carried out with the aid of pin on disc setup. The results shows an asymmetrical behavior between the yield parameters (hardness and wear rate) and process parameters (scanning speed and laser power). The hardness values increased from 16% to 95%. A correlation test was conducted between the hardness and wear rate. The results depict a clear negative correlation between them, indicating the advantage of laser coating for reducing cutter ring wear in TBM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Mechanical Engineering Ⅱ)

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13 pages, 828 KiB

Open AccessReview

Enantiomers of Carbohydrates and Their Role in Ecosystem Interactions: A Review

by Lea Lojkova, Valerie Vranová, Pavel Formánek, Ida Drápelová, Martin Brtnicky and Rahul Datta

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030470 - 17 Mar 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7943

Abstract

D- and most L-enantiomers of carbohydrates and carbohydrate-containing compounds occur naturally in plants and other organisms. These enantiomers play many important roles in plants including building up biomass, defense against pathogens, herbivory, abiotic stress, and plant nutrition. Carbohydrate enantiomers are also precursors of [...] Read more.

D- and most L-enantiomers of carbohydrates and carbohydrate-containing compounds occur naturally in plants and other organisms. These enantiomers play many important roles in plants including building up biomass, defense against pathogens, herbivory, abiotic stress, and plant nutrition. Carbohydrate enantiomers are also precursors of many plant compounds that significantly contribute to plant aroma. Microorganisms, insects, and other animals utilize both types of carbohydrate enantiomers, but their biomass and excrements are dominated by D-enantiomers. The aim of this work was to review the current knowledge about carbohydrate enantiomers in ecosystems with respect to both their metabolism in plants and occurrence in soils, and to identify critical knowledge gaps and directions for future research. Knowledge about the significance of D- versus L-enantiomers of carbohydrates in soils is rare. Determining the mechanism of genetic regulation of D- and L-carbohydrate metabolism in plants with respect to pathogen and pest control and ecosystem interactions represent the knowledge gaps and a direction for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chirality in Supramolecular Chemistry)

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20 pages, 582 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Finding and Breaking Lie Symmetries: Implications for Structural Identifiability and Observability in Biological Modelling

by Gemma Massonis and Alejandro F. Villaverde

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030469 - 16 Mar 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5643

Abstract

A dynamic model is structurally identifiable (respectively, observable) if it is theoretically possible to infer its unknown parameters (respectively, states) by observing its output over time. The two properties, structural identifiability and observability, are completely determined by the model equations. Their analysis is [...] Read more.

A dynamic model is structurally identifiable (respectively, observable) if it is theoretically possible to infer its unknown parameters (respectively, states) by observing its output over time. The two properties, structural identifiability and observability, are completely determined by the model equations. Their analysis is of interest for modellers because it informs about the possibility of gaining insight into a model’s unmeasured variables. Here we cast the problem of analysing structural identifiability and observability as that of finding Lie symmetries. We build on previous results that showed that structural unidentifiability amounts to the existence of Lie symmetries. We consider nonlinear models described by ordinary differential equations and restrict ourselves to rational functions. We revisit a method for finding symmetries by transforming rational expressions into linear systems. We extend the method by enabling it to provide symmetry-breaking transformations, which allows for a semi-automatic model reformulation that renders a non-observable model observable. We provide a MATLAB implementation of the methodology as part of the STRIKE-GOLDD toolbox for observability and identifiability analysis. We illustrate the use of the methodology in the context of biological modelling by applying it to a set of problems taken from the literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lie Symmetries at Work in Biology and Medicine)

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22 pages, 907 KiB

Open AccessReview

Challenges in Supersymmetric Cosmology

by Ignatios Antoniadis and Auttakit Chatrabhuti

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030468 - 16 Mar 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2695

Abstract

We discuss the possibility that inflation is driven by supersymmetry breaking with the scalar component of the goldstino superfield (sgoldstino) playing the role of the inflaton and charged under a gauged

U (1)

R-symmetry. Imposing a linear superpotential allows us to [...] Read more.

We discuss the possibility that inflation is driven by supersymmetry breaking with the scalar component of the goldstino superfield (sgoldstino) playing the role of the inflaton and charged under a gauged

U (1)

R-symmetry. Imposing a linear superpotential allows us to satisfy easily the slow-roll conditions, avoiding the so-called

η

-problem, and leads to an interesting class of small field inflation models, characterised by an inflationary plateau around the maximum of the scalar potential near the origin, where R-symmetry is restored with the inflaton rolling down to a minimum describing the present phase of the Universe. Inflation can be driven by either an F- or a D-term, while the minimum has a positive tuneable vacuum energy. The models agree with cosmological observations and in the simplest case predict a rather small tensor-to-scalar ratio of primordial perturbations. We propose a generalisation of Fayet-Iliopoulos model as a microscopic model leading to this class of inflation models at low energy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers: 10th Mathematical Physics Meeting)

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21 pages, 853 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Ćirić Type Graphic Υ,Λ-Contraction Mappings with Applications to Electric Circuit and Fractional Differential Equations

by Eskandar Ameer, Hassen Aydi, Muhammad Arshad and Manuel De la Sen

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030467 - 16 Mar 2020

Cited by 63 | Viewed by 4371

Abstract

In this paper, we initiate the notion of Ćirić type rational graphic

(Υ, Λ)

-contraction pair mappings and provide some new related common fixed point results on partial b-metric spaces endowed with a directed graph G. We also give examples [...] Read more.

In this paper, we initiate the notion of Ćirić type rational graphic

(Υ, Λ)

-contraction pair mappings and provide some new related common fixed point results on partial b-metric spaces endowed with a directed graph G. We also give examples to illustrate our main results. Moreover, we present some applications on electric circuit equations and fractional differential equations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nonlinear, Discrete, Continuous and Hamiltonian Systems)

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24 pages, 4491 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nonlocal Elasticity Response of Doubly-Curved Nanoshells

by Mohammad Hassan Dindarloo, Li Li, Rossana Dimitri and Francesco Tornabene

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030466 - 16 Mar 2020

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3319

Abstract

In this paper, we focus on the bending behavior of isotropic doubly-curved nanoshells based on a high-order shear deformation theory, whose shape functions are selected as an accurate combination of exponential and trigonometric functions instead of the classical polynomial functions. The small-scale effect [...] Read more.

In this paper, we focus on the bending behavior of isotropic doubly-curved nanoshells based on a high-order shear deformation theory, whose shape functions are selected as an accurate combination of exponential and trigonometric functions instead of the classical polynomial functions. The small-scale effect of the nanostructure is modeled according to the differential law consequent, but is not equivalent to the strain-driven nonlocal integral theory of elasticity equipped with Helmholtz’s averaging kernel. The governing equations of the problem are obtained from the Hamilton’s principle, whereas the Navier’s series are proposed for a closed form solution of the structural problem involving simply-supported nanostructures. The work provides a unified framework for the bending study of both thin and thick symmetric doubly-curved shallow and deep nanoshells, while investigating spherical and cylindrical panels subjected to a point or a sinusoidal loading condition. The effect of several parameters, such as the nonlocal parameter, as well as the mechanical and geometrical properties, is investigated on the bending deflection of isotropic doubly-curved shallow and deep nanoshells. The numerical results from our investigation could be considered as valid benchmarks in the literature for possible further analyses of doubly-curved applications in nanotechnology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Time and Space Nonlocal Operators in Structural Mechanics)

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12 pages, 2134 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Method for Dynamic Multi-Objective Optimization Based on Segment and Cloud Prediction

by Peng Ni, Jiale Gao, Yafei Song, Wen Quan and Qinghua Xing

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030465 - 16 Mar 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2380

Abstract

In the real world, multi-objective optimization problems always change over time in most projects. Once the environment changes, the distribution of the optimal solutions would also be changed in decision space. Sometimes, such change may obey the law of symmetry, i.e., the minimum [...] Read more.

In the real world, multi-objective optimization problems always change over time in most projects. Once the environment changes, the distribution of the optimal solutions would also be changed in decision space. Sometimes, such change may obey the law of symmetry, i.e., the minimum of the objective function in such environment is its maximum in another environment. In such cases, the optimal solutions keep unchanged or vibrate in a small range. However, in most cases, they do not obey the law of symmetry. In order to continue the search that maintains previous search advantages in the changed environment, some prediction strategy would be used to predict the operation position of the Pareto set. Because of this, the segment and multi-directional prediction is proposed in this paper, which consists of three mechanisms. First, by segmenting the optimal solutions set, the prediction about the changes in the distribution of the Pareto front can be ensured. Second, by introducing the cloud theory, the distance error of direction prediction can be offset effectively. Third, by using extra angle search, the angle error of prediction caused by the Pareto set nonlinear variation can also be offset effectively. Finally, eight benchmark problems were used to verify the performance of the proposed algorithm and compared algorithms. The results indicate that the algorithm proposed in this paper has good convergence and distribution, as well as a quick response ability to the changed environment. Full article

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15 pages, 414 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Generalising Exponential Distributions Using an Extended Marshall–Olkin Procedure

by Victoriano García, María Martel-Escobar and F.J. Vázquez-Polo

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030464 - 15 Mar 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3665

Abstract

This paper presents a three-parameter family of distributions which includes the common exponential and the Marshall–Olkin exponential as special cases. This distribution exhibits a monotone failure rate function, which makes it appealing for practitioners interested in reliability, and means it can be included [...] Read more.

This paper presents a three-parameter family of distributions which includes the common exponential and the Marshall–Olkin exponential as special cases. This distribution exhibits a monotone failure rate function, which makes it appealing for practitioners interested in reliability, and means it can be included in the catalogue of appropriate non-symmetric distributions to model these issues, such as the gamma and Weibull three-parameter families. Given the lack of symmetry of this kind of distribution, various statistical and reliability properties of this model are examined. Numerical examples based on real data reflect the suitable behaviour of this distribution for modelling purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetric and Asymmetric Distributions: Theoretical Developments and Applications II)

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25 pages, 1165 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Inertial Sub-Gradient Extra-Gradient Method for a Class of Pseudo-Monotone Equilibrium Problems

by Habib ur Rehman, Poom Kumam, Wiyada Kumam, Meshal Shutaywi and Wachirapong Jirakitpuwapat

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030463 - 15 Mar 2020

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 4110

Abstract

In this article, we focus on improving the sub-gradient extra-gradient method to find a solution to the problems of pseudo-monotone equilibrium in a real Hilbert space. The weak convergence of our method is well-established based on the standard assumptions on a bifunction. We [...] Read more.

In this article, we focus on improving the sub-gradient extra-gradient method to find a solution to the problems of pseudo-monotone equilibrium in a real Hilbert space. The weak convergence of our method is well-established based on the standard assumptions on a bifunction. We also present the application of our results that enable to solve numerically the pseudo-monotone and monotone variational inequality problems, in addition to the particular presumptions required by the operator. We have used various numerical examples to support our well-proved convergence results, and we can show that the proposed method involves a considerable influence over-running time and the total number of iterations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Nonlinear Functional Analysis and Optimization Theory)

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11 pages, 197 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Multimedia Technology and Learner Autonomy: An Experimental Study for Asymmetric Effects

by Xianghu Liu, Yanni Liu and Jih-Fu Tu

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030462 - 14 Mar 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4295

Abstract

One of the advantages of multimedia-assisted instruction is that it makes students more interested in sustainable learning and assists them to access information and learn more effectively. This research sought to explore the asymmetric effects of the development of sustainable multimedia-assisted instruction (MAI) [...] Read more.

One of the advantages of multimedia-assisted instruction is that it makes students more interested in sustainable learning and assists them to access information and learn more effectively. This research sought to explore the asymmetric effects of the development of sustainable multimedia-assisted instruction (MAI) on student reading practice in areas such as the implementation of learner autonomy and the improvement of reading ability, primarily based on multimedia technology-assisted instruction. This experiment was conducted in a junior high school in China. Eighty-six students from two parallel grade two classes were selected as research participants. Class One was set as the experimental class (EC) and Class Two was symmetrically designed as the control class (CC). The research results indicate that MAI encouraged students in the EC to adopt reading strategies more frequently and helped them to improve their level of learner autonomy, from a low level to an intermediate level, for the use of an asymmetrical technology, in comparison with the control class. Furthermore, the EC’s reading ability was significantly enhanced. Additionally, there is a discussion of pedagogical implications and constructive suggestions considered to be beneficial for sustainable learning skills, teaching and for further research on the symmetrical application of technology in education. Finally, one of the most significant findings from this study is the effectiveness of combining modern sustainable technology and advanced educational concepts with symmetry in promoting learner autonomy within a sustainable learning model. Full article

19 pages, 3276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Diagnosis Method for the Compound Fault of Gearboxes Based on Multi-Feature and BP-AdaBoost

by Yangyang Zhang, Yunxian Jia, Weiyi Wu, Zhonghua Cheng, Xiaobo Su and Aqiang Lin

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030461 - 14 Mar 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3870

Abstract

Gearbox is an important structure of rotating machinery, and the accurate fault diagnosis of gearboxes is of great significance for ensuring efficient and safe operation of rotating machinery. Aiming at the problem that there is little common compound fault data of gearboxes, and [...] Read more.

Gearbox is an important structure of rotating machinery, and the accurate fault diagnosis of gearboxes is of great significance for ensuring efficient and safe operation of rotating machinery. Aiming at the problem that there is little common compound fault data of gearboxes, and there is a lack of an effective diagnosis method, a gearbox fault simulation experiment platform is set up, and a diagnosis method for the compound fault of gearboxes based on multi-feature and BP-AdaBoost is proposed. Firstly, the vibration signals of six typical states of gearbox are obtained, and the original signals are decomposed by empirical mode decomposition and reconstruct the new signal to achieve the purpose of noise reduction. Then, perform the time domain analysis and wavelet packet analysis on the reconstructed signal, extract three time domain feature parameters with higher sensitivity, and combine them with eight frequency band energy feature parameters obtained by wavelet packet decomposition to form the gearbox state feature vector. Finally, AdaBoost algorithm and BP neural network are used to build the BP-AdaBoost strong classifier model, and feature vectors are input into the model for training and verification. The results show that the proposed method can effectively identify the gearbox failure modes, and has higher accuracy than the traditional fault diagnosis methods, and has certain reference significance and engineering application value. Full article

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18 pages, 3748 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Autonomous Alarm System for Personal Safety Assurance of Intimate Partner Violence Survivors Based on Passive Continuous Monitoring through Biosensors

by Ignacio Rodríguez-Rodríguez, José-Víctor Rodríguez, Aránzazu Elizondo-Moreno and Purificación Heras-González

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030460 - 14 Mar 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5281

Abstract

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) dramatically compromises the free and complete development of many women around the world, therefore leading to social asymmetry regarding the right to personal safety. In many cases, a woman who has reported her partner to police for gender-based violence [...] Read more.

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) dramatically compromises the free and complete development of many women around the world, therefore leading to social asymmetry regarding the right to personal safety. In many cases, a woman who has reported her partner to police for gender-based violence needs to ensure her protection (either before the trial of the aggressor or after their freedom). Thus, it would be ideal if autonomous alarm systems could be developed in order to call the police if necessary. Up to now, many proposals have been presented in this regard, including solutions based on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) but, unfortunately, these approaches usually rely on the active participation of the victims (survivors), who have to turn the system on by themselves if needed. Therefore, in order to overcome such limitations, in this work, a passive continuous monitoring system is proposed which uses biosensors attached to the survivor as well as machine learning techniques to infer if an abnormal situation related to gender-based violence is taking place, activating in this case an alarm. The monitoring structure of the system supervises a great deal of bio-signals according to the current status of technology of wearables and biomedical devices. The presented biosensors-based surveillance solution can also be manually disconnected for 30/60/90 min (on demand) in order to avoid false positives when a woman is, for example, practicing sports or carrying out other inoffensive activities that could incorrectly activate the alarm. Full article

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Symmetry, Volume 12, Issue 3 (March 2020) – 165 articles

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