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Symmetry, Volume 17, Issue 7

July 2025 - 193 articles

Cover Story: Explaining the origin of more than 98% of the visible mass in the universe presents one of the most challenging problems in science. The answer is somehow supposed to be provided by quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of strong interactions felt by the gluons and quarks that are confined in protons and kindred systems. Over many years, but with rapid progress during the past decade, theoretical analyses have revealed a plausible answer with the paradigm of emergent hadron mass (EHM). A signature feature of EHM is a distance-dependent mass for QCD’s quarks that reaches a nuclear-sized scale as quarks strive to reach the surface of protons. This discussion explains how studies of reactions that lift the proton into one of its many excited states can be used to test EHM today and with even greater precision in the future. View this paper
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Articles (193)

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,182 Views
25 Pages

Integrated Blockchain and Federated Learning for Robust Security in Internet of Vehicles Networks

  • Zhikai He,
  • Rui Xu,
  • Binyu Wang,
  • Qisong Meng,
  • Qiang Tang,
  • Li Shen,
  • Zhen Tian and
  • Jianyu Duan

21 July 2025

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) operates in an environment characterized by asymmetric security threats, where centralized vulnerabilities create a critical imbalance that can be disproportionately exploited by attackers. This study addresses this imb...

  • Article
  • Open Access
499 Views
19 Pages

21 July 2025

Annular flow is a common flow configuration encountered in fields such as food engineering, energy and power engineering, and petroleum engineering. The annular space formed by the inner and outer pipes exhibits unique characteristics, with the disti...

  • Article
  • Open Access
460 Views
19 Pages

21 July 2025

We provide an approach to detect a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center, which might be a defect in a diamond nanomembrane, using a dual-coupling optomechanical system. The NV center modifies the energy-level structure of a dual-coupling optomechanical syste...

  • Article
  • Open Access
497 Views
19 Pages

21 July 2025

The Internet of Vehicles (IoVs) uses vehicles as the main carrier to communicate with other entities, promoting efficient transmission and sharing of traffic data. Using real identities for communication may leak private data, so pseudonyms are commo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
557 Views
22 Pages

21 July 2025

Spectral computed tomography (SCT) enables material decomposition, artifact reduction, and contrast enhancement, leveraging symmetry principles across its technical framework to enhance material differentiation and image quality. However, its nonline...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,686 Views
30 Pages

Integrated Robust Optimization for Lightweight Transformer Models in Low-Resource Scenarios

  • Hui Huang,
  • Hengyu Zhang,
  • Yusen Wang,
  • Haibin Liu,
  • Xiaojie Chen,
  • Yiling Chen and
  • Yuan Liang

21 July 2025

With the rapid proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) applications, an increasing number of edge devices—such as smartphones, cameras, and embedded controllers—are being tasked with performing AI-based inference. Due to constraints...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,278 Views
22 Pages

21 July 2025

Driven by blockchain technology, numerous industries are increasingly adopting smart contracts to enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and improve transparency. As a result, ensuring the security of smart contracts has become critical. Traditional detec...

  • Article
  • Open Access
555 Views
19 Pages

Matching Concepts of m-Polar Fuzzy Incidence Graphs

  • Dilara Akter Mitu,
  • Weihua Yang,
  • Abid Ali,
  • Tanmoy Mahapatra,
  • Gohar Ali and
  • Ioan-Lucian Popa

20 July 2025

The m-Polar Fuzzy Incidence Graph (m-PFIG) is an extension of the m-Polar Fuzzy Graph (m-PFG), which provides information on how vertices affect edges. This study explores the concept of matching within both bipartite and general m-polar fuzzy incide...

  • Article
  • Open Access
528 Views
25 Pages

20 July 2025

This paper proposes a Distributed Adaptive Regularization Algorithm (DARN) for solving composite non-convex and non-smooth optimization problems in multi-agent systems. The algorithm employs a three-phase iterative framework to achieve efficient coll...

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Symmetry - ISSN 2073-8994