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Symmetry, Volume 17, Issue 7

2025 July - 193 articles

Cover Story: Explaining the origin of more than 98% of the visible mass in the universe presents one of the most challenging problems in science. The answer is somehow supposed to be provided by quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of strong interactions felt by the gluons and quarks that are confined in protons and kindred systems. Over many years, but with rapid progress during the past decade, theoretical analyses have revealed a plausible answer with the paradigm of emergent hadron mass (EHM). A signature feature of EHM is a distance-dependent mass for QCD’s quarks that reaches a nuclear-sized scale as quarks strive to reach the surface of protons. This discussion explains how studies of reactions that lift the proton into one of its many excited states can be used to test EHM today and with even greater precision in the future. View this paper
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Articles (193)

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,452 Views
25 Pages

Integrated Blockchain and Federated Learning for Robust Security in Internet of Vehicles Networks

  • Zhikai He,
  • Rui Xu,
  • Binyu Wang,
  • Qisong Meng and ,
  • Qiang Tang,
  • Li Shen,
  • Zhen Tian and
  • Jianyu Duan
  • + 3 authors+ 0 author

21 July 2025

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) operates in an environment characterized by asymmetric security threats, where centralized vulnerabilities create a critical imbalance that can be disproportionately exploited by attackers. This study addresses this imb...

(This article belongs to the Section A: Computer Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,113 Views
19 Pages

21 July 2025

Annular flow is a common flow configuration encountered in fields such as food engineering, energy and power engineering, and petroleum engineering. The annular space formed by the inner and outer pipes exhibits unique characteristics, with the disti...

(This article belongs to the Section B: Mathematics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,166 Views
19 Pages

21 July 2025

We provide an approach to detect a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center, which might be a defect in a diamond nanomembrane, using a dual-coupling optomechanical system. The NV center modifies the energy-level structure of a dual-coupling optomechanical syste...

(This article belongs to the Section C: Physics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,085 Views
19 Pages

21 July 2025

The Internet of Vehicles (IoVs) uses vehicles as the main carrier to communicate with other entities, promoting efficient transmission and sharing of traffic data. Using real identities for communication may leak private data, so pseudonyms are commo...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications Based on Symmetry in Applied Cryptography)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,069 Views
22 Pages

21 July 2025

Spectral computed tomography (SCT) enables material decomposition, artifact reduction, and contrast enhancement, leveraging symmetry principles across its technical framework to enhance material differentiation and image quality. However, its nonline...

(This article belongs to the Section B: Mathematics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,085 Views
30 Pages

Integrated Robust Optimization for Lightweight Transformer Models in Low-Resource Scenarios

  • Hui Huang,
  • Hengyu Zhang,
  • Yusen Wang,
  • Haibin Liu and ,
  • Xiaojie Chen,
  • Yiling Chen and
  • Yuan Liang
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

21 July 2025

With the rapid proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) applications, an increasing number of edge devices—such as smartphones, cameras, and embedded controllers—are being tasked with performing AI-based inference. Due to constraints...

(This article belongs to the Section B: Mathematics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,307 Views
22 Pages

21 July 2025

Driven by blockchain technology, numerous industries are increasingly adopting smart contracts to enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and improve transparency. As a result, ensuring the security of smart contracts has become critical. Traditional detec...

(This article belongs to the Section A: Computer Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,093 Views
19 Pages

Matching Concepts of m-Polar Fuzzy Incidence Graphs

  • Dilara Akter Mitu,
  • Weihua Yang,
  • Abid Ali,
  • Tanmoy Mahapatra and ,
  • Gohar Ali and
  • Ioan-Lucian Popa
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

20 July 2025

The m-Polar Fuzzy Incidence Graph (m-PFIG) is an extension of the m-Polar Fuzzy Graph (m-PFG), which provides information on how vertices affect edges. This study explores the concept of matching within both bipartite and general m-polar fuzzy incide...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Graph Theory, 2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,054 Views
25 Pages

20 July 2025

This paper proposes a Distributed Adaptive Regularization Algorithm (DARN) for solving composite non-convex and non-smooth optimization problems in multi-agent systems. The algorithm employs a three-phase iterative framework to achieve efficient coll...

(This article belongs to the Section B: Mathematics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
1,173 Views
26 Pages

20 July 2025

The covariance tensors in statistics and Riemann curvature tensor in relativity theory are both biquadratic tensors that are weakly symmetric, but not symmetric in general. Motivated by this, in this paper, we consider nonsymmetric biquadratic tensor...

(This article belongs to the Section B: Mathematics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,402 Views
16 Pages

Maximal Norms of Orthogonal Projections and Closed-Range Operators

  • Salma Aljawi,
  • Cristian Conde,
  • Kais Feki and
  • Shigeru Furuichi

19 July 2025

Using the Dixmier angle between two closed subspaces of a complex Hilbert space H, we establish the necessary and sufficient conditions for the operator norm of the sum of two orthogonal projections, PW1 and PW2, onto closed subspaces W1 and W2, to a...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematics: Feature Papers 2025)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
936 Views
14 Pages

19 July 2025

The paper oresents the analytical construction of approximate solutions to the generalized Fisher–Kolmogorov equation in the complex domain. The existence and uniqueness of such solutions are established within an analytic domanin of the comple...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Differential and Integral Equations and Their Infinite Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,494 Views
24 Pages

MMF-Gait: A Multi-Model Fusion-Enhanced Gait Recognition Framework Integrating Convolutional and Attention Networks

  • Kamrul Hasan,
  • Khandokar Alisha Tuhin,
  • Md Rasul Islam Bapary,
  • Md Shafi Ud Doula and ,
  • Md Ashraful Alam,
  • Md Atiqur Rahman Ahad and
  • Md. Zasim Uddin
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

19 July 2025

Gait recognition is a reliable biometric approach that uniquely identifies individuals based on their natural walking patterns. It is widely used to recognize individuals who are challenging to camouflage and do not require a person’s cooperati...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Its Applications in Image Processing)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,460 Views
33 Pages

19 July 2025

We propose a novel approach for clustering problem, which refers to as Graph Regularized Orthogonal Subspace Non Negative Matrix Factorization (GNMFOS). This type of model introduces both graph regularization and orthogonality as penalty terms into t...

(This article belongs to the Section B: Mathematics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,114 Views
32 Pages

A New Exponentiated Power Distribution for Modeling Censored Data with Applications to Clinical and Reliability Studies

  • Kenechukwu F. Aforka,
  • H. E. Semary,
  • Sidney I. Onyeagu,
  • Harrison O. Etaga and ,
  • Okechukwu J. Obulezi and
  • A. S. Al-Moisheer
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

18 July 2025

This paper presents the exponentiated power shanker (EPS) distribution, a fresh three-parameter extension of the standard Shanker distribution with the ability to extend a wider class of data behaviors, from right-skewed and heavy-tailed phenomena. T...

(This article belongs to the Section B: Mathematics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,303 Views
22 Pages

18 July 2025

Precisely deciding potential suppliers enables companies to engage with high-caliber partners that fulfill their strategic development requirements, bolster their core competitiveness, and foster sustainable market growth. To mitigate the challenges...

(This article belongs to the Section A: Computer Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,607 Views
24 Pages

HE/MPC-Based Scheme for Secure Computing LCM/GCD and Its Application to Federated Learning

  • Xin Liu,
  • Xinyuan Guo,
  • Dan Luo,
  • Lanying Liang and ,
  • Wei Ye,
  • Yuchen Zhang,
  • Baohua Zhang,
  • Yu Gu and
  • Yu Guo
  • + 4 authors+ 0 author

18 July 2025

Federated learning promotes the development of cross-domain intelligent applications under the premise of protecting data privacy, but there are still problems of sensitive parameter information leakage of multi-party data temporal alignment and reso...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Asymmetry in Cryptography and Cyber Security)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,513 Views
21 Pages

18 July 2025

When faced with diverse types of image tampering and image quality degradation in real-world scenarios, traditional image tampering localization methods often struggle to balance boundary accuracy and robustness. To address these issues, this paper p...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry/Asymmetry in Image Processing and Computer Vision Using Embedded Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,777 Views
21 Pages

18 July 2025

The rapid development of deepfake technologies has led to the widespread proliferation of facial image forgeries, raising significant concerns over identity theft and the spread of misinformation. Although recent dual-domain detection approaches that...

(This article belongs to the Section A: Computer Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,397 Views
14 Pages

18 July 2025

Preserving quantum entanglement in multipartite systems under environmental decoherence is a critical challenge for quantum information processing. In this work, we investigate the dynamics of W-type entanglement in a system of three photons, focusin...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,463 Views
32 Pages

17 July 2025

With the increasing environmental pollution and resource consumption caused by automobiles, a lightweight design of automobiles is the best solution at present. In this paper, the load-bearing frame of pure electric SUVs is taken as the research obje...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials, Structures, Symmetrical Design and Mechanism in Mechanical Engineering, 2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,793 Views
24 Pages

Creep Behavior and Deformation Mechanism of Aluminum Alloy: Integrating Multiscale Simulation and Experiments

  • Weizheng Lu,
  • Jianguo Wu,
  • Jiajun Liu,
  • Xiaoai Yi and ,
  • Qiyue Zhang,
  • Yang Chen,
  • Jia Li and
  • Qihong Fang
  • + 3 authors+ 0 author

17 July 2025

Aluminum (Al) alloys exhibit exceptional mechanical properties, seeing widespread use in various industrial fields. Here, we use a multiscale simulation method combining phase field method, dislocation dynamics, and crystal plasticity finite element...

(This article belongs to the Section F: Engineering and Materials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,171 Views
14 Pages

17 July 2025

This paper presents a symmetry-driven broadband circularly polarized magnetoelectric dipole antenna with bandpass filtering response, where the principle of symmetry is strategically employed to enhance both radiation and filtering performance. The a...

(This article belongs to the Section F: Engineering and Materials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
1,048 Views
26 Pages

17 July 2025

In this paper, we provide a novel extended mixed differential model that is appealing to users because of its numerous free parameters. The motivation of this research arises from the opportunity for a general investigation of some outstanding classi...

(This article belongs to the Section B: Mathematics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,108 Views
18 Pages

Fluid and Dynamic Analysis of Space–Time Symmetry in the Galloping Phenomenon

  • Jéssica Luana da Silva Santos,
  • Andreia Aoyagui Nascimento and
  • Adailton Silva Borges

17 July 2025

Energy generation from renewable sources has increased exponentially worldwide, particularly wind energy, which is converted into electricity through wind turbines. The growing demand for renewable energy has driven the development of horizontal-axis...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Fluid Mechanics: New Challenges in Fluid–Structure Interaction)
  • Article
  • Open Access
761 Views
11 Pages

New Sufficient Conditions for p-Valent Functions

  • Mamoru Nunokawa,
  • Janusz Sokół and
  • Edyta Trybucka

16 July 2025

A function that is holomorphic in a set E, in the complex plane, is called p-valent in E if, for every complex number, w, the equation f (z) = w has, at most, p roots in E. In this paper, we established some sufficient conditions for holomorphic func...

(This article belongs to the Section B: Mathematics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
2,496 Views
19 Pages

16 July 2025

This study presents a novel spatio-temporal detection framework for identifying False Data Injection (FDI) attacks in DC microgrid systems from the perspective of cyber–physical symmetry. While modern DC microgrids benefit from increasingly sop...

(This article belongs to the Section A: Computer Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
5,509 Views
21 Pages

A Secure and Privacy-Preserving Approach to Healthcare Data Collaboration

  • Amna Adnan,
  • Firdous Kausar,
  • Muhammad Shoaib,
  • Faiza Iqbal and ,
  • Ayesha Altaf and
  • Hafiz M. Asif
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

16 July 2025

Combining a large collection of patient data and advanced technology, healthcare organizations can excel in medical research and increase the quality of patient care. At the same time, health records present serious privacy and security challenges be...

(This article belongs to the Section A: Computer Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
915 Views
19 Pages

16 July 2025

This paper investigates the existence and uniqueness of local and global solutions to the incompressible three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations within the framework of homogeneous Lei–Lin–Gevrey spaces Xa,γρ(R3), where...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Mathematical Models and Partial Differential Equations: 2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
1,180 Views
18 Pages

16 July 2025

In this research paper, we study symmetry groups, soliton solutions, and the dynamical behavior of the Ivancevic Option Pricing Model (IOPM). First, we find the Lie symmetries of the considered model; next, we use them to determine the corresponding...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Mathematical Models and Partial Differential Equations: 2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
917 Views
20 Pages

15 July 2025

This research focuses on estimating the population median within a stratified random sampling framework by using robust statistical measures with transformation-based methodologies. An efficient estimator aims to minimize both the bias and the varian...

(This article belongs to the Section B: Mathematics)
  • Review
  • Open Access
5 Citations
6,879 Views
38 Pages

15 July 2025

We present a brief overview of the field of charge density waves (CDW) in condensed systems with focus set to the underlying mechanisms behind the CDW ground state. Our intention in this short review is not to count all related facts from the vast vo...

(This article belongs to the Section C: Physics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5,495 Views
13 Pages

15 July 2025

We present novel proofs of the Riemann hypothesis by extending the standard complex Riemann zeta function into a quaternionic algebraic framework. Utilizing λ-regularization, we construct a symmetrized form that ensures analytic continuation a...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetries of Difference Equations, Special Functions and Orthogonal Polynomials: 3rd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,024 Views
24 Pages

Efficient Outsourced Decryption System with Attribute-Based Encryption for Blockchain-Based Digital Asset Transactions

  • Rui Jin,
  • Yuxuan Pan,
  • Junjie Li,
  • Yu Liu and ,
  • Daquan Yang,
  • Mengmeng Zhou and
  • Konglin Zhu
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

15 July 2025

The rapid expansion of blockchain-based digital asset trading raises new challenges in security, privacy, and efficiency. Although traditional attribute-based encryption (ABE) provides fine-grained access control, it imposes considerable computationa...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies of Symmetry/Asymmetry in Cybersecurity)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,100 Views
27 Pages

15 July 2025

The present research is related to the application of artificial intelligence (AI) approaches for classifying surface textures, specifically regular reliefs patterns formed by ball burnishing operations. A two-stage methodology is employed, starting...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computer Vision, Pattern Recognition, Machine Learning, and Symmetry, 2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,684 Views
19 Pages

15 July 2025

Green innovation has become a core driving force for promoting sustainable development, making the accurate evaluation of enterprises’ green innovation efficiency an important research topic. Based on the Environmental, Social, and Governance (...

(This article belongs to the Section B: Mathematics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
964 Views
27 Pages

15 July 2025

Uncertain singular non-causal systems represent a class of singular systems distinguished by the presence of regularity constraints and the involvement of uncertain variables. This paper considers optimal control problems for such systems under the H...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Optimal Control and Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,657 Views
17 Pages

14 July 2025

In the previous article, we introduced a neural network framework based on symmetric differential equations. This novel framework exhibits complete symmetry, endowing it with perfect mathematical properties. While we have examined some of the system&...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,464 Views
11 Pages

14 July 2025

One of the main motivations of this paper is to construct generating functions for generalization of the Touchard polynomials (or generalization exponential functions) and certain special numbers. Many novel formulas and relations for these polynomia...

(This article belongs to the Section B: Mathematics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,063 Views
11 Pages

14 July 2025

The set of all annihilators in a ring forms a lattice whose structure reflects the internal properties of the ring. In contrast to the lattices of one-sided ideals, lattices of one-sided annihilators possess a particularly desirable property: symmetr...

(This article belongs to the Section B: Mathematics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,808 Views
28 Pages

14 July 2025

This paper proposes a novel integer-mixed probabilistic optimal power flow (IM-POPF) strategy for frequency regulation in islanded microgrids under uncertain operating conditions. Existing load-shedding approaches face critical limitations: continuou...

(This article belongs to the Section F: Engineering and Materials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
787 Views
20 Pages

14 July 2025

This study estimates the population median through stratified random sampling, which enhances accuracy by ensuring the proper representation of key population groups. The proposed class of estimators based on transformations effectively handles data...

(This article belongs to the Section B: Mathematics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,971 Views
25 Pages

A Contrastive Semantic Watermarking Framework for Large Language Models

  • Jianxin Wang,
  • Xiangze Chang,
  • Chaoen Xiao and
  • Lei Zhang

14 July 2025

The widespread deployment of large language models (LLMs) has raised urgent demands for verifiable content attribution and misuse mitigation. Existing text watermarking techniques often struggle in black-box or sampling-based scenarios due to limitat...

(This article belongs to the Section A: Computer Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,055 Views
16 Pages

14 July 2025

The widespread integration of power electronic devices and renewable energy sources into power systems has significantly exacerbated voltage and current waveform distortion issues, where asymmetric loads—including single-phase nonlinear equipme...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Supply-Demand Asymmetry and Power Quality Issues in High-Renewable Energy Power Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,661 Views
22 Pages

FIGD-Net: A Symmetric Dual-Branch Dehazing Network Guided by Frequency Domain Information

  • Luxia Yang,
  • Yingzhao Xue,
  • Yijin Ning,
  • Hongrui Zhang and
  • Yongjie Ma

13 July 2025

Image dehazing technology is a crucial component in the fields of intelligent transportation and autonomous driving. However, most existing dehazing algorithms only process images in the spatial domain, failing to fully exploit the rich information i...

(This article belongs to the Section A: Computer Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
864 Views
19 Pages

12 July 2025

This work focuses on split feasibility problems in Hilbert spaces. To accelerate the convergent rate of gradient-CQ algorithms, we introduce an inertial term. Additionally, non-monotone stepsizes are employed to adjust the relaxation parameter applie...

(This article belongs to the Section B: Mathematics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,411 Views
14 Pages

12 July 2025

This work focuses on characterizing structured metamaterials by assessing their elastic law and ultimate strength using finite elements and limit analysis applied to a representative volume element. The elastic and plastic behavior of a reference geo...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Mechanics of Rigid and Flexible Systems: Mathematical Models, Numerical Modelling, Experiments, Symmetry and Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,741 Views
21 Pages

12 July 2025

Anomaly detection methods play a crucial role in automated quality control within modern manufacturing systems. In this context, unsupervised methods are increasingly favored due to their independence from large-scale labeled datasets. However, exist...

(This article belongs to the Section A: Computer Science)

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Symmetry - ISSN 2073-8994