Enantiomers of Carbohydrates and Their Role in Ecosystem Interactions: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. D- and L-Carbohydrates of Plants
2.1. Role of Carbohydrates under Stress and Protection against Herbivory
2.2. Occurrence Of D- and L-Carbohydrates, Their Metabolism in Plants, and Its Genetic Regulation
2.3. Perspectives for Future Research
3. Significance of Enantiomers of Carbohydrates for Invertebrates and Vertebrates
4. L- and D-Carbohydrates in Soil
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant/Animal | Type of Material | Dominant Carbohydrate | References |
---|---|---|---|
Acacia sp. | Water-extract | Galactose | [8] |
Algea | Exopolysaccharides | Glucose, arabinose, mannose, rhamnose, galactose and xylose | [9] |
Aromatic plants | Leaves | Glucose, fructose | [10] |
Banana plants | Petioles | Arabinose, galactose, glucose | [11] |
Beech, Oak | Litter | Xylose, glucose, galactose, arabinose | [12] |
Canavalia sp. | Fiber | Uronic acid, glucose, arabinose | [13] |
Cannamonum sp. | Extracted polysaccharide | Mannose, galactosamine | [14] |
Chorisia speciosa | Seed coat | Galactose | [15] |
Cochlospermum gossipium | Gum | Uronic acid | [16] |
Cordia abyssinica | Fruits | Galactose, rhamnose | [17] |
Corn | Litter | Xylose, glucose | [18] |
Cryptomeria japonica | Xylem | Glucose, galactose, xylose and fucose | [19] |
Different plants | Gums | Arabinose, galactose | [20] |
Seed mucilage | Maltose | ||
Eucalyptus sp. | Wood | Glucose | [21] |
Grassland community | Leaves | Arabinose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and glucose | [22] |
Transgenic plants | Cell walls | Glucose, xylose | [23] |
Plant/Organism | Material | L/D Carbohydrates | Dominant Carbohydrates | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
American larch | Arabinogalactans of wood | 6 | D-galactose, L-arabinose | [96] |
Cochlospermum religiosum | Heteropolysaccharides from gum | 1 | L-rhamnose, D-galactose, D-galacturonic acid | [97] |
Dalbergia sissoo | Acid polysaccharide | 0.16 | L-rhamnose, D-glucose, D-galactose | [98] |
Human | Urine | 0.13 | D-glucose, L-fucose | [99,100] |
Rat | Feces | 0.5 | D-galactose, L-fucose | [101] |
Soil | Humic substances | 0.13 | D-glucose, L-fucose | [94] |
Composts | - | 0.07–0.09 | D-glucose, L-fucose | [94] |
Pseudotsuga menziesii | Bark holocellulose | 0.04 | L-arabinose, D-glucose | [102] |
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Lojkova, L.; Vranová, V.; Formánek, P.; Drápelová, I.; Brtnicky, M.; Datta, R. Enantiomers of Carbohydrates and Their Role in Ecosystem Interactions: A Review. Symmetry 2020, 12, 470. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030470
Lojkova L, Vranová V, Formánek P, Drápelová I, Brtnicky M, Datta R. Enantiomers of Carbohydrates and Their Role in Ecosystem Interactions: A Review. Symmetry. 2020; 12(3):470. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030470
Chicago/Turabian StyleLojkova, Lea, Valerie Vranová, Pavel Formánek, Ida Drápelová, Martin Brtnicky, and Rahul Datta. 2020. "Enantiomers of Carbohydrates and Their Role in Ecosystem Interactions: A Review" Symmetry 12, no. 3: 470. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030470