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Volume 15
Issue 6
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Catalysts, Volume 15, Issue 6 (June 2025) – 100 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Biochar-based catalysts have emerged as sustainable alternatives for CO₂ valorization, offering a low cost, recyclability properties, and resistance to deactivation. Derived from biomass, biochar compounds feature a high surface area and porosity, along with tunable chemistry for heterogeneous catalysis. This review explores recent advances in CO₂ conversion reactions, such as cycloaddition to epoxides, the dry reforming of methane, and biomass upgrading, emphasizing how feedstock origin and preparation methods affect structure and performance. Strategic modifications, like heteroatom doping or metal support, further improve activity and stability. Biochar stands out as a renewable, versatile catalyst aligned with green chemistry and circular economy goals. View this paper
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12 pages, 2545 KiB  
Article
Rapid Fabrication of ZSM-5/AlPO4-5 Composites via Microwave-Ionothermal Strategy for Enhanced Methanol-to-Olefins Catalysis
by Li Han, Mengting Zhang, Hao Li, Huiru Ding, Jingjing Zhao, Yujia Zhang, Lang Wu, Changzhou Jiao, Jie Feng and Zhikun Peng
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060605 - 19 Jun 2025
Viewed by 334
Abstract
Microwave-assisted ionothermal strategies offer an effective pathway for rapid zeolite crystallization under mild conditions, while conventional ionothermal approaches are still constrained by prolonged crystallization cycles that limit their industrial applicability. Herein, we report a microwave-activated, ionic liquid-mediated synthesis strategy that enables the precise [...] Read more.
Microwave-assisted ionothermal strategies offer an effective pathway for rapid zeolite crystallization under mild conditions, while conventional ionothermal approaches are still constrained by prolonged crystallization cycles that limit their industrial applicability. Herein, we report a microwave-activated, ionic liquid-mediated synthesis strategy that enables the precise modulation of crystallization kinetics and composite assembly. By introducing ZSM-5 seeds into the ionic liquid system, the nucleation and growth of AlPO4-5 were significantly accelerated, reducing crystallization time by up to 75% (optimal condition: 60 min). Among various imidazolium-based ionic liquids, [BMMIm]Br demonstrated an optimal balance of hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions, yielding composite zeolites with high surface area (350 m2·g−1) and large pore volume (0.28 cm3·g−1). Comprehensive characterization (XRD, SEM-EDX, NH3-TPD) confirmed the formation of well-defined ZSM-5/AlPO4-5 core–shell structures and revealed tunable acid site distributions depending on the ionic liquid used. In methanol to olefins (MTO) reactions, the composite catalyst exhibited outstanding selectivity towards light olefins (C2=–C4=: 72.84%), markedly outperforming the individual ZSM-5 and AlPO4-5 components. The superior catalytic behavior is primarily attributed to the synergistic effect of hierarchical acid site tuning and the integrated core–shell architecture, which together optimize reaction selectivity. This strategy provides a promising route for the rational design of high-performance zeolites with significant industrial applicability. Full article
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15 pages, 3020 KiB  
Article
Metal Oxide-Modified PES Membranes for Efficient Separation of Oil-in-Water Emulsions and Trace Organic Compounds
by Jinze Li, Wensheng Yang, Yang Xu, Chengfeng Sun, Yingying Zhu and Geng Chen
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 604; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060604 - 19 Jun 2025
Viewed by 335
Abstract
The efficient removal of emulsified oil and trace organic pollutants via forward osmosis (FO) technology remains challenging due to limited water flux and membrane fouling. In this study, a series of metal oxide-modified PES-based composite FO membranes were fabricated and systematically evaluated to [...] Read more.
The efficient removal of emulsified oil and trace organic pollutants via forward osmosis (FO) technology remains challenging due to limited water flux and membrane fouling. In this study, a series of metal oxide-modified PES-based composite FO membranes were fabricated and systematically evaluated to compare the effects of ZnO, Al2O3, and CuO nanoparticles on membrane structure and separation performance. The results demonstrated that the membrane modified with 0.04 g of ZnO nanoparticles achieved optimal synergy in terms of hydrophilicity, surface charge, and pore structure. The pure water flux increased from 5.48 L·m−2·h−1 for the pristine membrane to 18.5 L·m−2·h−1 for the ZnO-modified membrane, exhibiting a 237.5% increase in pure water flux compared to the pristine PES membrane, an oil rejection rate exceeding 97%, and over 95% rejection of typical negatively charged trace organic pollutants such as ibuprofen and tetracycline. Moreover, the ZnO-modified membrane showed excellent antifouling performance and structural stability in various organic solvent systems. This study not only optimized the interfacial chemistry and microstructure of the FO membrane but also enhanced pollutant repellence and the self-cleaning capability through increased hydrophilicity and surface negative charge density. These findings highlight the significant potential of ZnO modification for enhancing the overall performance of FO membranes and provide an effective strategy for developing high-performance, broadly applicable FO membranes for complex water purification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Enhancement of Catalytic Performance for Wastewater Treatment)
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11 pages, 1783 KiB  
Article
Density Functional Theory Study of Nitrogen Reduction to Ammonia on Bilayer Borophene
by Fuyong Qin
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060603 - 19 Jun 2025
Viewed by 316
Abstract
The N2 reduction reaction (NRR) under ambient conditions is highly desirable because of its potential to replace the energy-consuming Haber-Bosch process for ammonia production. In recent years, much attention has been devoted to transition metal-based catalysts. However, the development of metal-free electrocatalysts [...] Read more.
The N2 reduction reaction (NRR) under ambient conditions is highly desirable because of its potential to replace the energy-consuming Haber-Bosch process for ammonia production. In recent years, much attention has been devoted to transition metal-based catalysts. However, the development of metal-free electrocatalysts remains a great challenge. Here, the electrocatalytic performance of bilayer borophene is systematically studied based on first-principles calculations. It was found that bilayer borophene has high activity with an overpotential of 0.21 V via the enzymatic mechanism. Bond elongations of nitrogen bond are observed in end-on and side-on patterns, where the bond lengths are stretched to 1.13 and 1.21 Å, respectively. Around 0.36 e− is transferred to the adsorbed N2 with the contribution of bottom boron atoms. Our results propose bilayer borophene as a novel metal-free catalyst for nitrogen reduction, thus providing an avenue to explore highly efficient electrocatalysts for ammonia production under ambient conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computational Catalysis)
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19 pages, 2158 KiB  
Article
Stability of an Ultra-Low-Temperature Water–Gas Shift Reaction SILP Catalyst
by Ferdinand Fischer, Johannes Thiessen, Wolfgang Korth and Andreas Jess
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 602; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060602 - 18 Jun 2025
Viewed by 313
Abstract
For PEM fuel cell operation, high-purity hydrogen gas containing only trace amounts of carbon monoxide is a prerequisite. The water–gas shift reaction (WGSR) is an industrially applied mature operation mode to convert CO with H2O into CO2 (making it easy [...] Read more.
For PEM fuel cell operation, high-purity hydrogen gas containing only trace amounts of carbon monoxide is a prerequisite. The water–gas shift reaction (WGSR) is an industrially applied mature operation mode to convert CO with H2O into CO2 (making it easy to separate, if necessary) and H2. Since the WGS reaction is an exothermic equilibrium reaction, low temperatures (below 200 °C) lead to full CO conversion. Thus, highly active ultra-low-temperature WGSR catalysts have to be applied. A homogeneous Ru SILP (supported ionic liquid phase) catalyst based on the precursor complex [Ru(CO)3Cl2]2 has been identified to operate at such low temperature levels. However, in a hydrogen rich atmosphere, transition metal complexes are prone to form nanoparticles (NPs) when dissolved in ionic liquids (ILs). In this article, the behavior of an anionic SILP WGSR catalyst, i.e., [Ru(CO)3Cl3]− dissolved in [BMMIM]Cl, in an H2-rich CO environment is described. The data reveal that during the WGSR, Ru nanoparticles form in the catalyst when very low CO concentrations are reached. The Ru NPs formation has been confirmed by transmission electron microscopy imaging and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Catalysis for Sustainable Energy)
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17 pages, 7661 KiB  
Article
Study of Calcination Temperature Influence on Physicochemical Properties and Photodegradation Performance of Cu2O/WO3/TiO2
by Jenny Hui Foong Chau, Chin Wei Lai, Bey Fen Leo, Joon Ching Juan, Kian Mun Lee, Irfan Anjum Badruddin, Amit Kumar and Gaurav Sharma
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060601 - 18 Jun 2025
Viewed by 236
Abstract
Photodegradation is a sustainable green technology that has been studied worldwide, especially for wastewater treatment. The calcination temperature has an important impact on the physicochemical properties of the prepared photocatalysts. In this study, a ternary photocatalyst of Cu2O/WO3/TiO2 [...] Read more.
Photodegradation is a sustainable green technology that has been studied worldwide, especially for wastewater treatment. The calcination temperature has an important impact on the physicochemical properties of the prepared photocatalysts. In this study, a ternary photocatalyst of Cu2O/WO3/TiO2 (CWT) was successfully synthesized using an ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal technique, and the calcination temperature was varied from 500 to 800 °C. The characterization outcomes proved that the anatase phase titanium dioxide (TiO2) in the CWT composite transformed to rutile phase TiO2 when the calcination temperature reached 700 °C and 800 °C. The surface area of the CWT composite decreased from 35.77 to 8.09 m2.g−1 and the particle size of the CWT composite increased from 39.11 to 180.25 nm with an increasing calcination temperature from 500 to 800 °C. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) studies showed the charge-transfer resistance of 208.10 Ω, electron lifetime of 32.48 ms, current density of 1.40 mA.cm−2, transient photovoltage of 0.53 V, and p-n heterojunction properties for CWT-500. Reactive Black 5 (RB5) was used as the model pollutant to examine the photodegradation performance. The photodegradation rate of CWT-500 was the highest (0.70 × 10−2 min−1) due to its large surface area, effective separation of photoexcited electron-hole pairs, and low photoexcited charge carrier recombination rate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Advancements Towards Nanocomposite Synthesis and Their Potential Application in Photocatalysis, 2nd Edition)
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29 pages, 3527 KiB  
Review
Advanced Biocatalytic Processes for the Conversion of Renewable Feedstocks into High-Value Oleochemicals
by João H. C. Wancura, Eliane Pereira Cipolatti, Evelin Andrade Manoel, Febri Odel Nitbani, Angie Vanessa Caicedo-Paz, Cassamo Ussemane Mussagy, Tamer M. M. Abdellatief, Ahmad Mustafa and Luigi di Bitonto
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 600; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060600 - 17 Jun 2025
Viewed by 413
Abstract
Oleochemicals, which are obtained from vegetable and animal fats and oils, have become indispensable in the food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and biofuel industries. Traditionally, they are synthesized using chemical catalysts, a process that is often associated with high energy requirements and a considerable environmental [...] Read more.
Oleochemicals, which are obtained from vegetable and animal fats and oils, have become indispensable in the food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and biofuel industries. Traditionally, they are synthesized using chemical catalysts, a process that is often associated with high energy requirements and a considerable environmental impact. Biocatalysis, using enzymes such as lipases, has emerged as a transformative alternative that offers high specificity, environmental friendliness and cost-efficiency. This review comprehensively examines the current state of biocatalysis for oleochemical synthesis, highlighting key reactions such as esterification and transesterification and their integration into industrial processes. A bibliometric analysis uncovers global trends and collaborations, while case studies illustrate cost efficiency and scalability. The article outlines recommendations and future research directions to advance biocatalytic processes. This review is intended to be an important resource for researchers and industries transitioning to sustainable oleochemical production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Enzymatic Processes for Fine Chemicals and Biodiesel)
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15 pages, 19836 KiB  
Article
Construction of A NiS/g-C3N4 Co-Catalyst-Based S-Scheme Heterojunction and Its Performance in Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
by Qianyu Zhao and Hengbo Yin
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060599 - 17 Jun 2025
Viewed by 294
Abstract
NiS nanoparticles were chemically deposited on the surface of g-C3N4, in situ, followed by high-temperature calcination to prepare x-NiS/g-C3N4 co-catalyst-based S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts. Due to the intrinsic charge accumulation preference on specific crystal planes of g-C [...] Read more.
NiS nanoparticles were chemically deposited on the surface of g-C3N4, in situ, followed by high-temperature calcination to prepare x-NiS/g-C3N4 co-catalyst-based S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts. Due to the intrinsic charge accumulation preference on specific crystal planes of g-C3N4, NiS nanoparticles selectively deposited on its surface and formed a strong interfacial contact, thereby constructing an S-scheme heterojunction with co-catalytic functionality. This structure effectively suppressesd the recombination of electron–hole pairs in the valence band, significantly enhancing the separation efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers, and thereby improving performance in photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Compared with pure g-C3N4, the x-NiS/g-C3N4 photocatalysts exhibit superior CO2 reduction activity. Among them, the sample with 1.0% NiS loading showed the best performance, achieving CO and CH4 production rates of 27.34 μmol/g and 13.87 μmol/g, respectively, within 4 h. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Carbon Emission Reduction and Conversion in the Environment)
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15 pages, 2200 KiB  
Article
In Situ DRIFTS Study of Na-Promoted Pt/ZSM5 Catalysts for H2-SCR
by Stefano Cimino, Elisabetta Maria Cepollaro, Michele Emanuele Fortunato and Luciana Lisi
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060598 - 17 Jun 2025
Viewed by 276
Abstract
Platinum was supported on ZSM5 at loadings from 0.1 to 1 wt% and tested for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with H2 under excess O2 in a fixed bed reactor to address the issue of NOx emission abatement from [...] Read more.
Platinum was supported on ZSM5 at loadings from 0.1 to 1 wt% and tested for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with H2 under excess O2 in a fixed bed reactor to address the issue of NOx emission abatement from H2-fueled internal combustion engines avoiding the additional devices for urea storage and injection. To reduce the undesired NO oxidation to NO2, which is activated by platinum at T > 200 °C, the 0.1%Pt/ZSM5 catalyst was further promoted with sodium. 5 wt% loading of Na strongly inhibited the NO oxidation while giving only a limited impact on the H2-SCR activity. Unpromoted and Na-promoted catalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM/EDX, N2 physisorption, and NH3-TPD to investigate the morphological, structural, and acid properties; H2 pulse chemisorption and DRIFTS of CO chemisorption were used to investigate the nature of Pt active species. Steady-state and transient operando DRIFTS experiments under NO+H2+O2 flow were employed to identify the adsorbed NOx species interacting with H2, and reaction intermediates as a function of the reaction conditions. The formation of ammonium intermediates via the reduction of surface nitrate species, playing a key role in H2-SCR catalyzed by 0.1Pt/ZSM5, was preserved at low Na load whilst NO2 formation was largely inhibited. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spectroscopy in Modern Materials Science and Catalysis)
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27 pages, 3586 KiB  
Review
Current Status of Research on Synthesis of α-Keto Acids and Their Esters
by Chen Sun, Kanglin Hou, Xin Liu, Yongming Xu, Faliu Yang and Tianliang Lu
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 597; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060597 - 17 Jun 2025
Viewed by 533
Abstract
As multifunctional platform molecules, α-keto acids and their esters hold significant value in pharmaceutical synthesis, functional materials, and metabolic processes. Conventional chemical synthesis routes for these compounds are well-established and efficient but often rely on precious metals, high-pressure conditions, and hazardous reagents, leading [...] Read more.
As multifunctional platform molecules, α-keto acids and their esters hold significant value in pharmaceutical synthesis, functional materials, and metabolic processes. Conventional chemical synthesis routes for these compounds are well-established and efficient but often rely on precious metals, high-pressure conditions, and hazardous reagents, leading to considerable environmental costs. In contrast, catalytic biomass conversion pathways—utilizing renewable feedstocks under mild conditions—offer promising alternatives. However, issues such as catalyst deactivation and undesired side reactions remain to be addressed. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in both traditional chemical and catalytic biomass-based synthesis of α-keto acids and their esters, with a particular emphasis on green synthetic routes derived from renewable resources. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives in the field are briefly discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Derived Biomass Catalytic and Biocatalytic Transformation into Biorefinery Products)
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14 pages, 1297 KiB  
Article
Insights into Ball Milling for the Production of Highly Active Zeolites for Catalytic Cracking of VGO
by Petr Kuznetsov, Vladislav Malyavin and Konstantin Dement’ev
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060596 - 16 Jun 2025
Viewed by 297
Abstract
This research systematically investigates the influence of high-energy ball-milling (BM) parameters on the acidic and textural properties of zeolite Y. Among the BM parameters, the milling time (MT) exerted a more significant influence on the zeolite degradation than milling speed (MS), primarily affecting [...] Read more.
This research systematically investigates the influence of high-energy ball-milling (BM) parameters on the acidic and textural properties of zeolite Y. Among the BM parameters, the milling time (MT) exerted a more significant influence on the zeolite degradation than milling speed (MS), primarily affecting particle size and crystallinity. Milling produced nanozeolites with particle sizes ranging from 210 to 430 nm, and their activity was tested in the catalytic cracking of vacuum gas oil (VGO). The highest catalytic activity was observed for the zeolite with a particle size of 397 nm and a crystallinity of 75.9%: the VGO conversion was 69.0%, and the gasoline fraction yield was 33.9%, compared to the parent zeolite’s 62.7% and 22.1%, respectively. It was found that the activity of milled zeolites in catalytic cracking is determined by the accessibility of acid sites, which can be controlled by forming an optimal micro-mesoporous structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Nanotechnology in Catalysis)
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16 pages, 2588 KiB  
Article
Removal of a Mixture of Pollutants in Air Using a Pilot-Scale Planar Reactor: Competition Effect on Mineralization
by Ahmed Amin Touazi, Mabrouk Abidi, Nacer Belkessa, Mohamed-Aziz Hajjaji, Walid Elfalleh and Amine Aymen Assadi
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 595; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060595 - 16 Jun 2025
Viewed by 267
Abstract
This study investigated the remediation of organic acid pollutants, specifically butyric acid (C4H8O) and valeric acid (C5H10O2), as well as their binary mixtures in the vapor phase at various ratios. The remediation process [...] Read more.
This study investigated the remediation of organic acid pollutants, specifically butyric acid (C4H8O) and valeric acid (C5H10O2), as well as their binary mixtures in the vapor phase at various ratios. The remediation process involved the use of a continuous pilot-scale reactor. A TiO2 catalyst was deposited on glass fiber tissue (GFT) and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation with an intensity of 20 W/m2. The main objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the photocatalytic process by oxidizing and mineralizing a mixture of carboxylic acids in a rectangular reactor at pilot scale. This was achieved by calculating the removal efficiency and the selectivity of CO2 (SCO2). Each individual compound was treated separately, followed by the treatment of binary mixtures with molar fractions of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75. The concentration of pollutants at the inlet varied between 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/m3, while the flowrate ranged from 2 to 6 m3/h. The obtained results for the removal efficiency of butyric acid, the binary acid mixture (25% butyric acid + 75% valeric acid), and valeric acid were satisfactory, with percentages of 58%, 32%, and 41%, respectively. It is evident that the selectivity toward CO2 is better for butyric acid compared to valeric acid and the binary carboxylic acid mixture, with values of 43.70%, 33.49%, and 21.96%, respectively, across all concentrations. A simulation model based on mass transfer and catalytic oxidation mechanisms was developed and successfully validated against the experimental data for each pollutant. Reusability tests conducted on the TiO2 on GFT, both in its initial (clean) state and after 50 h of the photocatalytic treatment of butyric acid, showed a 15% decrease in photocatalytic efficiency. Full article
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13 pages, 3875 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Peroxydisulfate Activation via Fe-Doped BiOBr for Visible-Light Photocatalytic Degradation of Paracetamol
by Zhigang Wang, Mengxi Cheng, Qiong Liu and Rong Chen
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060594 - 16 Jun 2025
Viewed by 289
Abstract
Fe-doped BiOBr nanomaterials with varying Fe concentrations were synthesized using a solvothermal method. Paracetamol (APAP) was selected as the target pollutant to evaluate the visible-light-driven peroxydisulfate (PDS) activation performance of the prepared catalysts. Among all samples, 5% Fe-doped BiOBr (5% Fe-BOB) exhibited the [...] Read more.
Fe-doped BiOBr nanomaterials with varying Fe concentrations were synthesized using a solvothermal method. Paracetamol (APAP) was selected as the target pollutant to evaluate the visible-light-driven peroxydisulfate (PDS) activation performance of the prepared catalysts. Among all samples, 5% Fe-doped BiOBr (5% Fe-BOB) exhibited the highest catalytic efficiency, which can completely degrade APAP in 30 min under visible light irradiation. The degradation kinetics of APAP, PDS consumption, and the dominant reactive species in the 5% Fe-BOB/PDS/visible light system were systematically investigated. Results revealed that both photocatalyst dosage and PDS concentration significantly influenced activation efficiency. The primary active species responsible for APAP degradation were identified as photogenerated holes (h+) and singlet oxygen (1O2). Furthermore, cycling tests and control experiments confirmed that the 5% Fe-BOB/PDS/visible light system maintained high stability and effectively degraded APAP across a wide pH range. This work provides an efficient and stable photocatalytic system for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment through PDS-based advanced oxidation processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocatalysts for the Degradation of Refractory Pollutants, 2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 3851 KiB  
Article
Ce/Mn Co-Doping Induces Synergistic Effects for Low-Temperature NH3-SCR over Ba2Ti5O12 Catalysts
by Wei Zhao, Wang Zhao, Haiwen Wang, Dingwen Zhang, Qian Wang, Aijian Wang, Danhong Shang and Qin Zhong
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060593 - 15 Jun 2025
Viewed by 373
Abstract
To develop eco-friendly low-temperature NH3-SCR catalysts for the non-electric industry, a series of CeMn-modified Ba2Ti5O12 catalysts were synthesized using the sol-gel method to achieve denitrification. Activity tests revealed that Ce-Mn-modified Ba2Ti5O12 [...] Read more.
To develop eco-friendly low-temperature NH3-SCR catalysts for the non-electric industry, a series of CeMn-modified Ba2Ti5O12 catalysts were synthesized using the sol-gel method to achieve denitrification. Activity tests revealed that Ce-Mn-modified Ba2Ti5O12 catalysts exhibit excellent low-temperature denitrification performance with a broad operational temperature window. Characterization through XRD, XPS, BET, NH3-TPD, and EPR indicated that Ce-Mn modification enhances surface oxygen chemisorption and increases acidity, significantly improving NOx reduction. Notably, the optimal catalyst achieved NOx conversion rates exceeding 90% within the temperature range of 90 to 240 °C under a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 28,000 h−1. In particular, the coexistence of Ce and Mn species promotes the oxidation of NO to NO2, facilitating the “fast SCR” reaction. The abundance of valence states further enhances the catalyst’s ultra-low-temperature NH3-SCR denitration performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Status and Future Aspects of Bimetallic and Trimetallic Catalysts)
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30 pages, 8937 KiB  
Review
Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Based S-Scheme Heterojunctions: Recent Advances in Photocatalytic Dye Degradation
by Xiaofang Song, Zhenxing Ma, Zhiyong Wang, Shiyi Jin, Jingding Hu, Penghui Xu and Yijiang Chen
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060592 - 15 Jun 2025
Viewed by 498
Abstract
With the rapid advancement of industrialization, dye-containing wastewater has emerged as one of the primary pollution sources in aquatic environments, posing a significant threat to ecosystems and human health. S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysis technology, known for its high efficiency and environmental compatibility, is considered [...] Read more.
With the rapid advancement of industrialization, dye-containing wastewater has emerged as one of the primary pollution sources in aquatic environments, posing a significant threat to ecosystems and human health. S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysis technology, known for its high efficiency and environmental compatibility, is considered a strategic solution for addressing environmental pollution challenges. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts based on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). However, systematic summaries and in-depth analyses of these advancements remain limited. This study provides a comprehensive review of the research progress of g-C3N4-based S-scheme heterojunction systems in the field of photocatalytic dye degradation. It elaborates on the fundamental concepts, operational mechanisms, and representative applications of these systems while exploring the latest advancements in synthesis strategies, catalytic performance optimization, and the underlying mechanisms. Finally, this review discusses the existing challenges and future prospects of g-C3N4-based S-scheme heterojunction photocatalytic materials, aiming to offer valuable insights and guidance for further research in this area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Photocatalytic Degradation of Pollutants in Wastewater)
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32 pages, 5534 KiB  
Review
Applications of Quantum Dots in Photo-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Degradation of Contaminants of Emerging Concern—A Review
by Grzegorz Matyszczak, Albert Yedzikhanau, Christopher Jasiak, Natalia Bojko and Krzysztof Krawczyk
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060591 - 14 Jun 2025
Viewed by 509
Abstract
Nanomaterials are interesting due to their unexpected and unique properties arising from phenomena occurring at the so-called mesoscale (that is, between single atoms and bulk solids). Among nanomaterials, one may distinguish quantum dots, which are highly crystalline nanocrystals with sizes up to c.a. [...] Read more.
Nanomaterials are interesting due to their unexpected and unique properties arising from phenomena occurring at the so-called mesoscale (that is, between single atoms and bulk solids). Among nanomaterials, one may distinguish quantum dots, which are highly crystalline nanocrystals with sizes up to c.a. 10 nm. Due to the quantum confinement effect, quantum dots exhibit extraordinary electronic and optical properties and may be utilized in photocatalysis. Semiconducting quantum dots may absorb photons, which results in the excitation of electrons from valence to conducting bands. Excited electrons in the conducting band and positive holes in the valence band may interact with chemical molecules (e.g., with water molecules), forming highly reactive radicals. Consequently, quantum dots may be utilized in advanced oxidation processes based on the action of light (i.e., photo-based advanced oxidation processes). Furthermore, quantum dots have advantages, such as having a tunable energy band gap and relative cost-effectiveness. Advanced oxidation processes are very important in the context of the constantly increasing pollution of the natural environment. Contaminants of emerging concern, such as pesticides, endocrine-disrupting compounds, and flame retardants, are still being detected in naturally present water. Such compounds may be degraded using advanced oxidation processes, utilizing quantum dots as photocatalysts. However, many operational parameters (such as quantum dots’ properties, including the means of their preparation) influence the efficiency of such processes; thus, detailed studies are being conducted. Full article
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17 pages, 2081 KiB  
Article
Efficiency of Microwave-Assisted Surface Grafting of Ni and Zn Clusters on TiO2 as Cocatalysts for Solar Light Degradation of Cyanotoxins
by Andraž Šuligoj, Mallikarjuna Nadagouda, Gregor Žerjav, Albin Pintar, Dionysios D. Dionysiou and Nataša Novak Tušar
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060590 - 14 Jun 2025
Viewed by 397
Abstract
Herein, we report on the synthesis of Ni and Zn clusters on the surface of TiO2 as well as their bimetallic NiZn analogs. The materials were prepared by incipient wet impregnation of colloidal TiO2 followed by microwave (MW) irradiation to graft [...] Read more.
Herein, we report on the synthesis of Ni and Zn clusters on the surface of TiO2 as well as their bimetallic NiZn analogs. The materials were prepared by incipient wet impregnation of colloidal TiO2 followed by microwave (MW) irradiation to graft the clusters to TiO2 surface. The materials were further immobilized onto glass slides and exhibited high surface area, high mechanical stability, and porosity with accessible pores. The main species responsible for visible light degradation of microcystin LR via the interface charge transfer (IFCT) of excited e− to surface metal clusters were found to be O2•− and h+. The optimal nominal grafting concentration was 0.5 wt.% for Ni and 1.0 wt.% for Zn, while for the bimetal modification (NiZn), the optimal nominal concentration was 0.5 wt.%. Compared to monometallic, bimetallic grafting showed a lower kinetic constant, albeit still improved compared to bare TiO2. Bimetal-modified titania showed a lower photocurrent compared to single metal-grafted TiO2 and poorer interfacial charge transport, namely, more recombination sites—possibly at the interface between the Ni and Zn domains. This work highlights the efficiency of using MW irradiation for grafting sub-nano-sized metallic species to TiO2 in a homogeneous way. However, further strategies using MW irradiation for the structural design of bimetallic cocatalysts can be implemented in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Commemorative Special Issue for Prof. Dr. Dion Dionysiou)
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27 pages, 4555 KiB  
Article
CO2 Methanation over Ni-Based Catalysts: Investigation of Mixed Silica/MgO Support Materials
by Kamonrat Suksumrit, Christoph A. Hauzenberger, Michael Gostencnik and Susanne Lux
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060589 - 13 Jun 2025
Viewed by 544
Abstract
Catalytic CO2 methanation represents a promising process route for converting carbon dioxide into methane, a valuable energy carrier. This study investigates the performance of Ni-based catalysts on mixed silica and MgO support materials for CO2 methanation. Silica was derived from rice [...] Read more.
Catalytic CO2 methanation represents a promising process route for converting carbon dioxide into methane, a valuable energy carrier. This study investigates the performance of Ni-based catalysts on mixed silica and MgO support materials for CO2 methanation. Silica was derived from rice husk (SiO2(RH)), representing a sustainable, cost-effective source for catalyst support, and MgO was used as a reference and to enhance the catalytic activity of the Ni-based catalysts through admixture with SiO2(RH). The results were compared to CO2 methanation over Ni-based catalysts on reduced iron ore from natural siderite (sideritereduced), providing another abundant source for catalyst support. The experiments were conducted in a tubular reactor with a feed gas composition of H2:CO2:N2 = 56:14:30, feed gas flow rates ranging from 4.01 to 14.66 m3·kg−1·h−1 (STP), and reaction temperatures of 548–648 K. The highest CO2 conversion with the Ni/SiO2(RH) catalyst was 39.01% at a methane selectivity of 92.64%. The use of mixed silica and MgO supports (SiO2(RH)/MgO) for nickel revealed a beneficial effect, enhancing CO2 conversion and methane formation. In this case, methane selectivities consistently exceeded 91.57%. Superior methane selectivity and CO2 conversion were obtained with Ni/MgO catalysts and Ni/SiO2(RH)/MgO catalysts with high MgO fractions, highlighting the fundamental effect of MgO in the catalyst support for CO2 methanation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis and Technology for CO2 Capture, Conversion and Utilization)
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22 pages, 2567 KiB  
Review
Non-Platinum Group Metal Oxygen Reduction Catalysts for a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Cathode: A Mini-Review
by Naomi Helsel and Pabitra Choudhury
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 588; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060588 - 13 Jun 2025
Viewed by 598
Abstract
Although platinum-based catalysts are highly effective for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), their high cost and scarcity limit large-scale commercialization. As a result, platinum group metal-free catalysts—particularly Fe-N-C materials—have received increasing attention as promising alternatives. Despite [...] Read more.
Although platinum-based catalysts are highly effective for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), their high cost and scarcity limit large-scale commercialization. As a result, platinum group metal-free catalysts—particularly Fe-N-C materials—have received increasing attention as promising alternatives. Despite significant progress, no platinum-group metal-free (PGM-free) catalyst has yet matched the performance and durability of commercial Pt/C in acidic media. Recent advances in synthesis strategies, however, have led to notable improvements in the activity, stability, and active site density of Fe-N-C catalysts. This review highlights key synthesis approaches, including pyrolysis, MOF-derived templates, and cascade anchoring, and discusses how these methods contribute to improved nitrogen coordination, electronic structure modulation, and active site engineering. The continued refinement of these strategies, alongside improved catalyst screening techniques, is essential for closing the performance gap and enabling the practical deployment of non-PGM catalysts in PEMFC technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in Electrocatalysis)
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16 pages, 4103 KiB  
Article
Full-Component Acetylation of Corncob Residue into Acetone-Dissolvable Composite Resin by Titanium Oxysulfate Reagent
by Chenhang Zhang, Xuejuan Zhao, Zhenyu Wu, Na Ma, Erdong Gao and Licheng Li
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060587 - 13 Jun 2025
Viewed by 402
Abstract
Herein, all components of corncob residues were acetylated to synthesize an acetone-soluble resin material. Moreover, titanium oxysulfate (TiOSO4), a low-cost intermediate for the industrial production of TiO2, was first used as an acetylation reagent. Through optimizing reagent dosages and [...] Read more.
Herein, all components of corncob residues were acetylated to synthesize an acetone-soluble resin material. Moreover, titanium oxysulfate (TiOSO4), a low-cost intermediate for the industrial production of TiO2, was first used as an acetylation reagent. Through optimizing reagent dosages and reaction times, above 90% of hydroxyl groups in the corncob residue can be substituted by acetyl groups. During the acetylation reaction, TiOSO4 was transformed into TiO2 and uniformly distributed within the acetylated corncob residue. The resulting product, owing to its solubility in acetone, can be employed to fabricate a composite film with excellent mechanical properties, achieving an increase of 85% in tensile strength and 90% in strain rate compared to commercial cellulose acetate film. By this preparation technique, the industrial-grade corncob residue as raw material can be converted to acetylated composite films. Further analysis indicates that the coexistence of acetylated lignin and TiO2 plays a pivotal role in enhancing the mechanical properties of acetylated corncob residue composite film. Additionally, this material exhibits substantial degradation within 28 days under natural environmental conditions, whereas commercial cellulose acetate shows no significant changes even after 60 days. The present achievements are a significant breakthrough in the high-value technologies for the conversion of corncob residues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyoxometalates (POMs) as Catalysts for Biomass Conversion)
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24 pages, 2822 KiB  
Review
Green Pathways: Enhancing Amine Synthesis Using Deep Eutectic Solvents
by Andrés R. Alcántara and Gonzalo de Gonzalo
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 586; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060586 - 12 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1685
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as prominent, environmentally benign substitutes for traditional solvents and catalysts in organic synthesis, notably in the synthesis of amines, pivotal structures in many industrial sectors. Their distinctive physicochemical attributes—including negligible volatility, exceptional thermal stability, and adjustable polarity—render [...] Read more.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as prominent, environmentally benign substitutes for traditional solvents and catalysts in organic synthesis, notably in the synthesis of amines, pivotal structures in many industrial sectors. Their distinctive physicochemical attributes—including negligible volatility, exceptional thermal stability, and adjustable polarity—render them particularly advantageous for facilitating a broad spectrum of amination reactions. DESs can serve dually as reaction media and as intrinsic catalytic systems, accelerating reaction kinetics without necessitating supplementary catalysts or severe reaction conditions. They are especially efficacious in processes such as reductive amination, transamination, and multicomponent transformations, often affording superior yields and streamlining product isolation. The extensive hydrogen-bonding network intrinsic to DESs is believed to mediate crucial mechanistic steps, frequently obviating the requirement for external additives. Moreover, DESs are recyclable and exhibit compatibility with a diverse array of substrates, encompassing bio-derived and pharmaceutical intermediates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Catalysis for Pharmaceuticals)
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16 pages, 4090 KiB  
Article
Confined Catalysis Involving a Palladium Complex and a Self-Assembled Capsule for the Dimerization of Vinyl Arenes and the Formation of Indane and Tribenzo–Pentaphene Derivatives
by Maxime Steinmetz and David Sémeril
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060585 - 12 Jun 2025
Viewed by 667
Abstract
The [PdCl2(cod)] complex was encapsulated inside a self-assembled hexameric capsule obtained via a reaction of 2,8,14,20-tetra-undecyl-resorcin[4]arene and water. The formation of an inclusion complex was deduced from a combination of spectral measurements (UV-visible, 1H NMR and DOSY spectroscopies). The latter [...] Read more.
The [PdCl2(cod)] complex was encapsulated inside a self-assembled hexameric capsule obtained via a reaction of 2,8,14,20-tetra-undecyl-resorcin[4]arene and water. The formation of an inclusion complex was deduced from a combination of spectral measurements (UV-visible, 1H NMR and DOSY spectroscopies). The latter proved effective in the dimerization of styrene derivatives under mild conditions, with a catalyst loading of 0.5 mol% at 60 °C. Electronically enriched vinyl arenes underwent cyclization of the catalytic products, leading to the quasi-quantitative formation of indanes from 4-tert-butylstyrene and 9-vinylanthracene. In the instance of 9-vinylanthracene, the rearrangement product is tribenzo–pentaphene, which is formed in 50% of conversions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Catalysis for Green Chemistry and Energy Transition)
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9 pages, 3323 KiB  
Article
Defect-Engineered Silicalite-1 Monoliths for Enhanced Hydrophobicity in Room-Temperature Tritium Oxidation
by Benlong Yu, Tao Wang and Chao Xiao
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 584; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060584 - 12 Jun 2025
Viewed by 436
Abstract
This study describes a monolithic silicalite-1 catalyst support designed for tritium oxidation reactions under humid conditions. Monolithic molecular sieves (sil-s) were fabricated by converting silica binders to silicalite-1 through secondary crystallization (175 °C, 24 h). In addition to the binder conversion to silicalite-1, [...] Read more.
This study describes a monolithic silicalite-1 catalyst support designed for tritium oxidation reactions under humid conditions. Monolithic molecular sieves (sil-s) were fabricated by converting silica binders to silicalite-1 through secondary crystallization (175 °C, 24 h). In addition to the binder conversion to silicalite-1, some recrystallization of starting silicalite-1 (sil) results in higher crystallinity, lower concentration of silanol defects, and higher hydrophobicity. With the addition of 2% platinum, Pt/sil-s exhibited better stability under humid conditions, showing only 0.01%/min conversion decay over 800 min. This work has demonstrated a moisture-resistant Pt catalyst for tritium oxidation in fusion energy systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Industrial Catalysis)
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16 pages, 3834 KiB  
Article
Green Synthesis of TiO2-CeO2 Nanocomposites Using Plant Extracts for Efficient Organic Dye Photodegradation
by Dinh Quang Ho, Van Duy Lai, Quynh Anh Nguyen, D. Duc Nguyen and Duong Duc La
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 583; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060583 - 12 Jun 2025
Viewed by 860
Abstract
The growing presence of hazardous organic pollutants in wastewater poses severe environmental and health risks, necessitating sustainable and efficient treatment solutions. Traditional remediation methods have limitations, highlighting the need for innovative approaches. A green synthesis method was developed to produce TiO2-CeO [...] Read more.
The growing presence of hazardous organic pollutants in wastewater poses severe environmental and health risks, necessitating sustainable and efficient treatment solutions. Traditional remediation methods have limitations, highlighting the need for innovative approaches. A green synthesis method was developed to produce TiO2-CeO2 nanocomposites using Cleistocalyx operculatus leaf extract. The photocatalytic efficiency of the synthesized nanocomposites was evaluated under simulated sunlight by degrading Methylene Blue (MB) dye. Various compositions were tested to determine the optimal performance. The 0.1% TiO2-CeO2 nanocomposite achieved the highest degradation efficiency (95.06% in 150 min) with a reaction rate constant (k) of 18.5 × 10−2 min−1, outperforming commercial TiO2 (P25, 74.85%, k ≈ 3.7 × 10−2 min−1). Additionally, the material maintained excellent stability over eight consecutive cycles with only a slight decrease in efficiency from 95.85% to 93.28%. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is attributed to the synergistic effects of CeO2 incorporation, which enhances charge separation, extends visible light absorption, and promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. These findings highlight the potential of green-synthesized TiO2-CeO2 nanocomposites as a cost-effective and sustainable solution for wastewater treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Friendly Catalysis for Green Future)
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9 pages, 471 KiB  
Article
A Recurring Misconception Regarding the Fitting and Plotting of Enzyme Kinetics Data Leads to the Loss of Significant Reaction Parameters and Rate Constants
by Emmanuel M. Papamichael and Panagiota-Yiolanda Stergiou
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060582 - 11 Jun 2025
Viewed by 467
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of published articles on biocatalysis have reported new enzymes that exhibit biotechnologically interesting catalytic activities. Some authors rush to publish their work in an attempt to ensure “novelty” and often present their results with various types of [...] Read more.
In recent years, an increasing number of published articles on biocatalysis have reported new enzymes that exhibit biotechnologically interesting catalytic activities. Some authors rush to publish their work in an attempt to ensure “novelty” and often present their results with various types of graphs, such as scatter plots or line-and-symbol plots using nonexistent parameters as ordinates, e.g., “Relative Activity (%)” and the like, vs. abscissae such as pH value, temperature, etc. Nevertheless, in vitro enzyme kinetics remains a valuable tool for understanding, optimizing, and effectively applying these biocatalysts under diverse reaction conditions, taking advantage of all available experimental results. This work aims to emphasize the importance of processing experimental data from enzymatic reactions through appropriate fitting with known kinetic equations and to discourage the use of nonexistent parameters. To support this integrated approach, specific examples are provided for the calculation of significant kinetic and thermodynamic parameters, as well as rate constants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Papers of the Editorial Board Members (EBMs) in the Section "Biocatalysis")
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19 pages, 2109 KiB  
Review
Microenvironment Regulation in Zeolite-Based Catalysts for Selective Oxidation of Aromatic VOCs
by Xiaoxin Chen, Wenwen Ma and Guoju Yang
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 581; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060581 - 11 Jun 2025
Viewed by 506
Abstract
Aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pose significant environmental and public health risks due to their toxicity, carcinogenicity, and role as precursors of hazardous secondary pollutants. Zeolite-based metal catalysts, with their well-defined microporous structures, tunable acidity, and high thermal stability, have shown promise in [...] Read more.
Aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pose significant environmental and public health risks due to their toxicity, carcinogenicity, and role as precursors of hazardous secondary pollutants. Zeolite-based metal catalysts, with their well-defined microporous structures, tunable acidity, and high thermal stability, have shown promise in the catalytic oxidation of aromatic VOCs. However, the influence of the zeolite microenvironment on supported metal active sites remains insufficiently understood, limiting the rational design of advanced catalysts. This review highlights how microenvironmental parameters—including pore architecture, acid site distribution, framework composition, and surface/interface engineering—can be modulated to enhance adsorption, oxygen activation, and metal–support interactions. Advances in hierarchical porosity, heteroatom substitution, and surface hydrophobicity are discussed. This review provides a framework for the development of next-generation zeolite-based catalysts and offers strategic guidance for advancing microenvironment-controlled catalysis in sustainable environmental remediation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs))
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17 pages, 2434 KiB  
Article
Efficient Degradation of Tetracycline via Cobalt Phosphonate-Activated Peroxymonosulfate: Mechanistic Insights and Catalytic Optimization
by Xinlin Huang, Wenting Sun, Rong Bai, Yuchen He, Jingdan Li, Yuwei Pan, Ming Zhang and Guangyu Wu
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 580; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060580 - 10 Jun 2025
Viewed by 930
Abstract
The persistent contamination of aquatic systems by antibiotics, particularly tetracycline (TC), which induces antibiotic resistance genes and chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms, necessitates advanced oxidation processes. Herein, cobalt phosphonate (CoP) nanosheets with tailored Co/P ratios were synthesized to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for TC [...] Read more.
The persistent contamination of aquatic systems by antibiotics, particularly tetracycline (TC), which induces antibiotic resistance genes and chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms, necessitates advanced oxidation processes. Herein, cobalt phosphonate (CoP) nanosheets with tailored Co/P ratios were synthesized to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for TC degradation under visible light. Through a controlled-variable approach, the reaction parameters were systematically optimized. The refined CoP-3 system achieved 90.7% TC removal within 6 min, with the optimal degradation parameters determined as 0.1 g/L CoP-3 and 0.2 g/L PMS. Based on liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, three degradation pathways were inferred. The toxicity of TC and its intermediates was assessed using quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs) via the Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (T.E.S.T). The results demonstrated reduced acute toxicity in intermediates compared to the parent compound. In practical applications, the catalyst achieved 64.7% and 80.8% TC removal rates in livestock wastewater and river water, respectively, while maintaining stable activity over four cycles. This demonstrates significant potential for engineering applications. The results were verified by free radical quenching experiments and were attributed to enhanced charge separation and an h+-dominated non-free radical pathway. This work provides a sustainable strategy for antibiotic remediation based on transition metal phosphonates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Friendly Catalysis for Green Future)
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12 pages, 2549 KiB  
Article
MOF-Derived Electrocatalysts for High-Efficiency Hydrogen Production via Water Electrolysis
by Nan Zhang, Pengfei Cui, Jinrong Zhang and Yang Qiao
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060579 - 10 Jun 2025
Viewed by 630
Abstract
Water electrolysis for hydrogen production has garnered significant attention in the context of increasing global energy demands and the “dual-carbon” strategy. However, practical implementation is hindered by challenges such as high overpotentials, high catalysts costs, and insufficient catalytic activity. In this study, three [...] Read more.
Water electrolysis for hydrogen production has garnered significant attention in the context of increasing global energy demands and the “dual-carbon” strategy. However, practical implementation is hindered by challenges such as high overpotentials, high catalysts costs, and insufficient catalytic activity. In this study, three mono and bimetallic metal−organic framework (MOFs)-derived electrocatalysts, Fe-MOFs, Fe/Co-MOFs, and Fe/Mn-MOFs, were synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method, using nitro-terephthalic acid (NO2-BDC) as the ligand and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) as the solvent. Electrochemical tests demonstrated that the Fe/Mn-MOFs catalyst exhibited superior performance, achieving an overpotential of 232.8 mV and a Tafel slope of 59.6 mV·dec−1, alongside the largest electrochemical active surface area (ECSA). In contrast, Fe/Co-MOFs displayed moderate catalytic activity, while Fe-MOFs exhibited the lowest efficiency. Stability tests revealed that Fe/Mn-MOFs retained 92.3% of its initial current density after 50 h of continuous operation, highlighting its excellent durability for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). These findings emphasize the enhanced catalytic performance of bimetallic MOFs compared to monometallic counterparts and provide valuable insights for the development of high-efficiency MOF-based electrocatalysts for sustainable hydrogen production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Catalytic Materials)
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19 pages, 2494 KiB  
Article
Mesoporous MCM-48 and MCM-41 Silicas Modified with Copper by ADP Method as Effective Catalysts for Low-Temperature NH3-SCR—The Role of Synthesis Conditions and Associated Reactions
by Aleksandra Gomułka, Andrzej Kowalczyk, Izabela Majewska, Pegie Cool and Lucjan Chmielarz
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 578; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060578 - 10 Jun 2025
Viewed by 569
Abstract
Mesoporous silicas of MCM-41 and MCM-48 types were synthesized and modified with copper using the ammonia-driven deposition precipitation (ADP) method, resulting in highly dispersed copper species. Samples with varying copper loadings were thoroughly characterized in terms of their porous structure, metal content, copper [...] Read more.
Mesoporous silicas of MCM-41 and MCM-48 types were synthesized and modified with copper using the ammonia-driven deposition precipitation (ADP) method, resulting in highly dispersed copper species. Samples with varying copper loadings were thoroughly characterized in terms of their porous structure, metal content, copper species’ aggregation, and the stability of deposited forms under reaction conditions. Copper-modified mesoporous silicas exhibited excellent catalytic performance in the low-temperature NH3-SCR process. Their activity in NO to NO2 oxidation suggests that the fast-SCR pathway plays a significant role in NOx conversion at low temperatures. However, direct ammonia oxidation limited SCR efficiency at higher temperatures. These findings demonstrate the potential of ADP-modified copper–silica catalysts for effective and selective NOx removal under low-temperature conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Feature Papers in Catalytic Materials)
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15 pages, 2435 KiB  
Article
Effects of Mg on CO2 Hydrogenation on PtCoAl Catalysts
by Yiming He, Jian Chen, Yunjie Xie, Qingsong Hu, Linjun Wang, Yi Liu, Xiaolu Xu, Bowen Xu and Feng Zeng
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060577 - 10 Jun 2025
Viewed by 765
Abstract
The incorporation of Mg into PtCoAl catalysts was systematically investigated to elucidate its impact on the physicochemical properties and catalytic performance in CO2 hydrogenation. A series of x% Mg-PtCoAl catalysts with varying Mg contents were synthesized and evaluated for CO2 hydrogenation. [...] Read more.
The incorporation of Mg into PtCoAl catalysts was systematically investigated to elucidate its impact on the physicochemical properties and catalytic performance in CO2 hydrogenation. A series of x% Mg-PtCoAl catalysts with varying Mg contents were synthesized and evaluated for CO2 hydrogenation. The results demonstrate that Mg acts as a promoter by strengthening metal–support interactions, slightly suppressing reducibility while markedly enhancing hydrogen adsorption capacity and the number of basic sites. Additionally, an optimal Mg content increases the proportion of weak basic sites, which synergistically facilitates CO2 activation in conjunction with weakly adsorbed hydrogen. The effects of Pt and Mg loadings were further investigated using different precipitants, revealing that moderate loadings (Pt: 0.11–0.12 mmol gcat−1, Mg: 0.08–0.10 mmol gcat−1) most effectively enhance catalytic activity. Under an initial pressure of 4 MPa and 180 °C, the Mg-modified PtCoAl catalyst achieved a methane productivity of 51.4 mmol gcat−1 h−1 and an alcohol productivity of 0.895 mmol gcat−1 h−1, with higher alcohols accounting for 33.6% of the total alcohol products. This study underscores the pivotal role of Mg in tuning surface basicity and hydrogen adsorption properties, offering valuable insights for the rational design of efficient CO2 hydrogenation catalysts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends and Prospects in Catalysis for Sustainable CO2 Conversion)
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15 pages, 3620 KiB  
Article
ZIF-L/PBA-Derived Self-Supporting Ni-Doped CoFeP Electrocatalysts for Bifunctional Water Splitting
by Lanqi Wang, Hui Ni, Jianing Yu, Jingyuan Zhang and Bin Zhao
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 576; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060576 - 10 Jun 2025
Viewed by 746
Abstract
In recent years, transition metal-based catalytic materials have garnered considerable attention, particularly those exhibiting high catalytic efficiency toward both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this work, a self-supporting ternary transition metal phosphide (CoFeNi0.2P) with a [...] Read more.
In recent years, transition metal-based catalytic materials have garnered considerable attention, particularly those exhibiting high catalytic efficiency toward both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this work, a self-supporting ternary transition metal phosphide (CoFeNi0.2P) with a hierarchical structure was synthesized using the Prussian blue analogue (PBA)/zeolitic imidazolate framework-L (ZIF-L) template. Benefiting from the hierarchical structure of the PBA/ZIF-L precursor and the electronic structure modulation induced by Ni doping, the resulting CoFeNi0.2P demonstrates impressive bifunctional electrocatalytic activity. Specifically, in 1 M KOH electrolyte, the CoFeNi0.2P catalyst requires an overpotential of only 88 mV to deliver 10 mA cm−2 for the HER and 248 mV to achieve 50 mA cm−2 for the OER. Moreover, it demonstrates satisfactory stability toward both the HER and OER. When integrated into a two-electrode electrolyzer, CoFeNi0.2P enables a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at a cell voltage of 1.59 V, maintaining robust performance for over 25 h. This study provides a feasible strategy for the rational design of hierarchical electrocatalysts for efficient overall water splitting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Two-Dimensional (2D) Materials in Catalysis)
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