Environmentally Friendly Catalysis for Green Future

A special issue of Catalysts (ISSN 2073-4344). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Catalysis".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 January 2026 | Viewed by 12650

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of New Chemical Application Technology in Resources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
Interests: environmentally friendly catalytic processes; 2D materials; synthesis and separation of fine chemicals; photocatalysis; thermocatalysis; CO2 conversion; H2 production; heterogeneous catalysis
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Over the past few decades, the advancement of human society and industrialization has led to severe environmental issues, such as air and water pollution, the greenhouse effect, and climate change. Environmentally Friendly Catalysis is crucial in addressing the acute environmental challenges we currently confront. The catalytic conversion of CO2, VOC, NOx, SOx, and other gaseous pollutants is an effective approach to coping with the greenhouse effect and climate change, encompassing thermal catalysis, electrocatalysis, and photocatalysis. Moreover, the catalytic degradation and reduction in organic pollutants and heavy metal ions in water represent advanced technologies that have drawn considerable attention in wastewater treatment.

The Special Issue "Environmentally Friendly Catalysis for Green Future" explores the most recent progress and innovations in catalysis that contribute to environmental sustainability. It is a platform for researchers, scientists, and engineers to present their discoveries regarding catalysts and catalytic processes that promote environmental improvement and energy conversion.

The content of this Special Issue encompasses:

  • The design, construction, and development of novel environmentally friendly catalysts.
  • The application of environmentally friendly catalysis in diverse fields.
  • The summary and discussion of advanced pollution reduction technologies.
  • Thermal catalysis, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis for environmental governance and energy conversion.

We cordially invite you to submit original research articles, review papers, and short communications contributing to the comprehension and advancement of environmentally friendly catalysis. Together, we can forge a greener and more sustainable future.

Prof. Dr. Zuzeng Qin
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • environmentally friendly catalysis
  • thermal catalysis
  • photocatalysis
  • electrocatalysis
  • CO2 reduction
  • degradation
  • environmental remediation
  • green chemistry

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Published Papers (15 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

26 pages, 4484 KB  
Article
Banana (Musa sapientum) Waste-Derived Biochar–Magnetite Magnetic Composites for Acetaminophen Removal via Photochemical Fenton Oxidation
by Manasik M. Nour, Maha A. Tony, Mai Kamal Fouad and Hossam A. Nabwey
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 955; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100955 - 5 Oct 2025
Viewed by 261
Abstract
Recently, researchers have been focused on the recycling as well as transforming of bio-waste streams into a valuable resource. Banana peels are promising for such application, due to their wide availability. In this context, the integration of banana peel-derived biochar with environmentally benign [...] Read more.
Recently, researchers have been focused on the recycling as well as transforming of bio-waste streams into a valuable resource. Banana peels are promising for such application, due to their wide availability. In this context, the integration of banana peel-derived biochar with environmentally benign magnetite has significantly broadened its potential applications as a solar photocatalyst compared to the conventional photocatalysts. The materials are mixed in varied proportions of Ban-Char500-Mag@-(0:1), Ban-Char500@Mag-(1:1) and Ban-Char500@Mag-(2:1) and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) augmented with dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Such modification is leading to an improvement in its application as a solar photocatalyst using the photochemical solar collector facility. The study discusses the factors controlling acetaminophen removal from aqueous effluent within 30 min of solar illumination time. Furthermore, the highlighted optimum parameters are pH 3.0, using 10 mg/L of the Ban-Char500@Mag-(1:1) catalyst and 100 mg/L of the hydrogen peroxide as a Fenton combination system for removing a complete acetaminophen from wastewater (100% oxidation). Also, the temperature influence in the oxidation system is studied and the high temperature is unfavorable, which verifies that the reaction is exothermic in nature. The catalyst is signified as a sustainable (recoverable, recyclable and reusable) substance, and showed a 72% removal even though it was in the six cyclic uses. Further, the kinetic study is assessed, and the experimental results revealed the oxidation process is following the first-order kinetic reaction. Also, the kinetic–thermodynamic parameters of activation are investigated and it is confirmed that the oxidation is exothermic and non-spontaneous in nature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Friendly Catalysis for Green Future)
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14 pages, 6591 KB  
Article
One-Step Fe/N Co-Doping for Efficient Catalytic Oxidation and Selective Non-Radical Pathway Degradation in Sludge-Based Biochar
by Zupeng Gong, Shixuan Ding, Mingjie Huang, Wen-da Oh, Xiaohui Wu and Tao Zhou
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 934; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100934 - 1 Oct 2025
Viewed by 306
Abstract
This study presents the preparation of iron and nitrogen co-doped sludge-based biochar (FeCN-MSBC) and iron oxide-doped biochar (FeO-MSBC) by ball milling municipal sludge with different iron precursors (K3Fe(CN)6 and Fe2O3), followed by pyrolysis. These biochars were [...] Read more.
This study presents the preparation of iron and nitrogen co-doped sludge-based biochar (FeCN-MSBC) and iron oxide-doped biochar (FeO-MSBC) by ball milling municipal sludge with different iron precursors (K3Fe(CN)6 and Fe2O3), followed by pyrolysis. These biochars were utilized to activate persulfate (PMS) for the degradation of phenolic pollutants. The results demonstrate that FeCN-MSBC, formed by the introduction of K3Fe(CN)6, contains Fe/N phases, with surface Fe sites exhibiting a lower oxidation state, which significantly enhances PMS activation efficiency. In contrast, FeO-MSBC, due to the aggregation of Fe2O3/Fe3O4, shows relatively lower catalytic activity. The FeCN-MSBC/PMS system degrades pollutants via a synergistic mechanism involving non-radical pathways mediated by 1O2 and electron transfer processes (ETP) catalyzed by surface Fe. Electrochemical oxidation and quenching experiments confirm that ETP is the dominant pathway. FeCN-MSBC, prepared at a pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C and an Fe loading of 3 mmol/g TSS, exhibited the best performance, achieving a phenol degradation rate constant (kobs) of 0.127 min−1, 4.5 times higher than that of undoped biochar (MSBC). FeCN-MSBC/PMS maintained high efficiency across a wide pH range and in complex water matrices, exhibiting excellent stability over multiple cycles, demonstrating strong potential for practical applications. This study provides an effective strategy for simultaneous Fe and N doping in sludge-derived biochar and offers mechanistic insights into Fe/N synergistic activation of PMS for practical water treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Friendly Catalysis for Green Future)
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16 pages, 5701 KB  
Article
Zn0.8Cd0.2S Photocatalyst Modified with Ni(OH)2 for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
by Qianran Feng, Xiaoting Yu, Jinlian Peng, Siying Du, Liuyun Chen, Xinyuan Xu and Tongming Su
Catalysts 2025, 15(9), 886; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15090886 - 15 Sep 2025
Viewed by 344
Abstract
Sustainable production of hydrogen is currently a global research hotspot. In this study, a Ni(OH)2 cocatalyst was loaded on Zn0.8Cd0.2S to form Ni(OH)2/ZCS composites and achieve highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production. After Ni(OH)2 loading, a [...] Read more.
Sustainable production of hydrogen is currently a global research hotspot. In this study, a Ni(OH)2 cocatalyst was loaded on Zn0.8Cd0.2S to form Ni(OH)2/ZCS composites and achieve highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production. After Ni(OH)2 loading, a close contact interface was established between Ni(OH)2 and Zn0.8Cd0.2S, which increased the separation efficiency of the photogenerated electrons and holes. Moreover, the addition of Ni(OH)2 increases the specific surface area and light absorption of Ni(OH)2/Zn0.8Cd0.2S, and the Ni(OH)2 can act as active sites for photocatalytic hydrogen production. The photocatalytic H2 production rate of Ni(OH)2/ZCS composites increases with the increase in the Ni amount. 9Ni(OH)2/ZCS exhibited the optimum H2 production rate of 12.88 mmol h−1 g−1, which was 9.9 times higher than that of Zn0.8Cd0.2S. When the amount of Ni(OH)2 is further increased, the excess Ni(OH)2 covers the active site of Zn0.8Cd0.2S and reduced the light absorption of Zn0.8Cd0.2S, resulting in a decrease in the H2 production rate. Furthermore, the H2 production rate of 9Ni(OH)2/ZCS decreased from 12.88 to 5.15 mmol g−1 h−1 after 3 cycles. The main reason for the decline in the photocatalytic performance of Ni(OH)2/ZCS is the photocorrosion of Zn0.8Cd0.2S. This study provides an innovative design for loading Ni(OH)2 cocatalysts on Zn0.8Cd0.2S to improve the performance of photocatalysts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Friendly Catalysis for Green Future)
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13 pages, 2522 KB  
Article
Construction of Sulfur-Doped and Cyanide-Modified Carbon Nitride Photocatalysts with High Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production and Organic Pollutant Degradation
by Yihan Tang, Yichi Zhang, Ning Jian, Luxi Han, Huage Lin and Weinan Xing
Catalysts 2025, 15(9), 849; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15090849 - 3 Sep 2025
Viewed by 602
Abstract
Element doping and functional group modification engineering serve as efficient approaches that contribute to the improvement of the functional efficiency in graphitic carbon nitride (CN) materials. A CN photocatalyst co-modified with sulfur (S) and cyano moieties was prepared through thermal condensation polymerization. The [...] Read more.
Element doping and functional group modification engineering serve as efficient approaches that contribute to the improvement of the functional efficiency in graphitic carbon nitride (CN) materials. A CN photocatalyst co-modified with sulfur (S) and cyano moieties was prepared through thermal condensation polymerization. The introduced S species modulated the band structure, increased charge carrier mobility, and significantly promoted charge separation and transport. Additionally, the introduction of cyano groups extended light absorption range and improved the material’s selective adsorption of reactant molecules. The as-prepared sulfur-modified CN photocatalyst obtained after a 6 h thermal treatment, which was capable of degrading organic pollutants and producing hydrogen (H2) efficiently and stably, exhibited excellent catalytic performance. The photocatalyst’s photocatalyst exhibited a significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity, with a Rhodamine B (RhB) removal efficiency reaching 97.3%. Meanwhile, the H2 production level reached 1221.47 μmol h−1g−1. Based on four-cycle experiments, the photocatalyst exhibited excellent recyclability and stability in both H2 production processes and photocatalytic organic pollutant degradation. In addition, mechanistic studies confirmed the dominant role of ·OH and ·O2 as active species responsible for the reaction system’s performance. This study highlights that the co-decoration of heteroatoms and functional groups can markedly enhance the photocatalytic performance of CN-based materials, offering considerable potential for future applications in energy conversion and environmental remediation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Friendly Catalysis for Green Future)
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12 pages, 2284 KB  
Article
Metal-Free Cellulose Carbon Nanofiber Supported Graphitic Carbon Nitride for High-Efficient BPA Degradation by Photcatalytic Peroxymonosulfate Activation
by Jingjing Liu, Guilong Gao and Lu Gan
Catalysts 2025, 15(8), 788; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15080788 - 18 Aug 2025
Viewed by 679
Abstract
Herein, carbon nanofiber (CNF) was prepared by pyrolyzing electrospun cellulose nanofiber, which was further used to incorporate with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) to prepare metal-free photocatalyst (CNF/g-C3N4). CNF/g-C3N4 was then used to [...] Read more.
Herein, carbon nanofiber (CNF) was prepared by pyrolyzing electrospun cellulose nanofiber, which was further used to incorporate with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) to prepare metal-free photocatalyst (CNF/g-C3N4). CNF/g-C3N4 was then used to degrade bisphenol A (BPA) under visible light with the assistance of peroxymonosulfate (PMS). It was illustrated from the results that CNF with conjugated aromatic structure could significantly enhance the light absorption range and capability. At the existence of PMS, 0.5 g/L of CNF/g-C3N4 could efficiently degrade 0.05 mM of BPA within 45 min with a high total organic carbon removal rate of >70% under visible light. It was found that the reaction system could generate various reactive oxygen species (ROSs) including hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical and singlet oxygen for BPA degradation. Due to the existence of these species, the reaction system exhibited high performance adaptability towards abundant water matrices and high stability under consecutive runs. This work prospects a new strategy to develop a high-performance advanced oxidation system for quick organic pollutant degradation and mineralization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Friendly Catalysis for Green Future)
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13 pages, 2770 KB  
Article
Tribocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes by Disk-Shaped PTFE and Titanium: A Powder-Free Catalytic Technology for Wastewater Treatment
by Hanze Zhu, Zeren Zhou, Senhua Ke, Chenyue Mao, Jiannan Song and Wanping Chen
Catalysts 2025, 15(8), 754; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15080754 - 7 Aug 2025
Viewed by 584
Abstract
Tribocatalysis is receiving more and more attention for its great potential in environmental remediation. In this study, a special tribocatalysis was explored as a powder-free catalytic technology for the degradation of organic dyes. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and titanium (Ti) disks were first assembled as [...] Read more.
Tribocatalysis is receiving more and more attention for its great potential in environmental remediation. In this study, a special tribocatalysis was explored as a powder-free catalytic technology for the degradation of organic dyes. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and titanium (Ti) disks were first assembled as magnetic rotary disks and then driven to rotate through magnetic stirring in dye solutions in beakers with PTFE, Ti, and Al2O3 disks coated on bottoms separately. PTFE and Ti generated dynamic friction with the disks on the beaker bottoms in the course of magnetic stirring, from which some interesting dye degradations resulted. Among those dynamic frictions generated, 40 mg/L rhodamine b (RhB), 30 mg/L methyl orange (MO), and 20 mg/L methylene blue (MB) were effectively degraded by the one between PTFE and PTFE, the one between Ti and Ti, and the one between PTFE and Ti, respectively. Hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals were detected for two frictions, one between PTFE and PTFE and the other between Ti and Ti. It is proposed that Ti in friction increases the pressure in blocked areas through deformation and then catalyzes reactions under high pressure. Mechano-radicals are formed by PTFE through deformation, and are responsible for dye degradation. This work demonstrates a powder-free tribocatalysis for organic pollutant degradation and suggests an especially eco-friendly catalytic technology to wastewater treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Friendly Catalysis for Green Future)
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22 pages, 7389 KB  
Article
FeCo-LDH/CF Cathode-Based Electrocatalysts Applied to a Flow-Through Electro-Fenton System: Iron Cycling and Radical Transformation
by Heng Dong, Yuying Qi, Zhenghao Yan, Yimeng Feng, Wenqi Song, Fengxiang Li and Tao Hua
Catalysts 2025, 15(7), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15070685 - 15 Jul 2025
Viewed by 596
Abstract
In this investigation, a hierarchical FeCo-layered double hydroxide (FeCo-LDH) electrochemical membrane material was prepared by a simple in situ hydrothermal method. The prepared material formed a 3D honeycomb-structured FeCo-LDH-modified carbon felt (FeCo-LDH/CF) catalytic layer with uniform open pores on a CF substrate with [...] Read more.
In this investigation, a hierarchical FeCo-layered double hydroxide (FeCo-LDH) electrochemical membrane material was prepared by a simple in situ hydrothermal method. The prepared material formed a 3D honeycomb-structured FeCo-LDH-modified carbon felt (FeCo-LDH/CF) catalytic layer with uniform open pores on a CF substrate with excellent catalytic activity and was served as the cathode in a flow-through electro-Fenton (FTEF) reactor. The electrocatalyst demonstrated excellent treatment performance (99%) in phenol simulated wastewater (30 mg L−1) under the optimized operating conditions (applied voltage = 3.5 V, pH = 6, influent flow rate = 15 mL min−1) of the FTEF system. The high removal rate could be attributed to (i) the excellent electrocatalytic oxidation performance and low interfacial charge transfer resistance of the FeCo-LDH/CF electrode as the cathode, (ii) the ability of the synthesized FeCo-LDH to effectively promote the conversion of H2O2 to •OH under certain conditions, and (iii) the flow-through system improving the mass transfer efficiency. In addition, the degradation process of pollutants within the FTEF system was additionally illustrated by the •OH dominant ROS pathway based on free radical burst experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance tests. This study may provide new insights to explore reaction mechanisms in FTEF systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Friendly Catalysis for Green Future)
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20 pages, 4894 KB  
Article
Ag-Cu Synergism-Driven Oxygen Structure Modulation Promotes Low-Temperature NOx and CO Abatement
by Ruoxin Li, Jiuhong Wei, Bin Jia, Jun Liu, Xiaoqing Liu, Ying Wang, Yuqiong Zhao, Guoqiang Li and Guojie Zhang
Catalysts 2025, 15(7), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15070674 - 11 Jul 2025
Viewed by 560
Abstract
The efficient simultaneous removal of NOx and CO from sintering flue gas under low-temperature conditions (110–180 °C) in iron and steel enterprises remains a significant challenge in the field of environmental catalysis. In this study, we present an innovative strategy to enhance [...] Read more.
The efficient simultaneous removal of NOx and CO from sintering flue gas under low-temperature conditions (110–180 °C) in iron and steel enterprises remains a significant challenge in the field of environmental catalysis. In this study, we present an innovative strategy to enhance the performance of CuSmTi catalysts through silver modification, yielding a bifunctional system capable of oxygen structure regulation and demonstrating superior activity for the combined NH3-SCR and CO oxidation reactions under low-temperature, oxygen-rich conditions. The modified AgCuSmTi catalyst achieves complete NO conversion at 150 °C, representing a 50 °C reduction compared to the unmodified CuSmTi catalyst (T100% = 200 °C). Moreover, the catalyst exhibits over 90% N2 selectivity across a broad temperature range of 150–300 °C, while achieving full CO oxidation at 175 °C. A series of characterization techniques, including XRD, Raman spectroscopy, N2 adsorption, XPS, and O2-TPD, were employed to elucidate the Ag-Cu interaction. These modifications effectively optimize the surface physical structure, modulate the distribution of acid sites, increase the proportion of Lewis acid sites, and enhance the activity of lattice oxygen species. As a result, they effectively promote the adsorption and activation of reactants, as well as electron transfer between active species, thereby significantly enhancing the low-temperature performance of the catalyst. Furthermore, in situ DRIFTS investigations reveal the reaction mechanisms involved in NH3-SCR and CO oxidation over the Ag-modified CuSmTi catalyst. The NH3-SCR process predominantly follows the L-H mechanism, with partial contribution from the E-R mechanism, whereas CO oxidation proceeds via the MvK mechanism. This work demonstrates that Ag modification is an effective approach for enhancing the low-temperature performance of CuSmTi-based catalysts, offering a promising technical solution for the simultaneous control of NOx and CO emissions in industrial flue gases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Friendly Catalysis for Green Future)
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16 pages, 3834 KB  
Article
Green Synthesis of TiO2-CeO2 Nanocomposites Using Plant Extracts for Efficient Organic Dye Photodegradation
by Dinh Quang Ho, Van Duy Lai, Quynh Anh Nguyen, D. Duc Nguyen and Duong Duc La
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 583; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060583 - 12 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1464
Abstract
The growing presence of hazardous organic pollutants in wastewater poses severe environmental and health risks, necessitating sustainable and efficient treatment solutions. Traditional remediation methods have limitations, highlighting the need for innovative approaches. A green synthesis method was developed to produce TiO2-CeO [...] Read more.
The growing presence of hazardous organic pollutants in wastewater poses severe environmental and health risks, necessitating sustainable and efficient treatment solutions. Traditional remediation methods have limitations, highlighting the need for innovative approaches. A green synthesis method was developed to produce TiO2-CeO2 nanocomposites using Cleistocalyx operculatus leaf extract. The photocatalytic efficiency of the synthesized nanocomposites was evaluated under simulated sunlight by degrading Methylene Blue (MB) dye. Various compositions were tested to determine the optimal performance. The 0.1% TiO2-CeO2 nanocomposite achieved the highest degradation efficiency (95.06% in 150 min) with a reaction rate constant (k) of 18.5 × 10−2 min−1, outperforming commercial TiO2 (P25, 74.85%, k ≈ 3.7 × 10−2 min−1). Additionally, the material maintained excellent stability over eight consecutive cycles with only a slight decrease in efficiency from 95.85% to 93.28%. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is attributed to the synergistic effects of CeO2 incorporation, which enhances charge separation, extends visible light absorption, and promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. These findings highlight the potential of green-synthesized TiO2-CeO2 nanocomposites as a cost-effective and sustainable solution for wastewater treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Friendly Catalysis for Green Future)
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17 pages, 2434 KB  
Article
Efficient Degradation of Tetracycline via Cobalt Phosphonate-Activated Peroxymonosulfate: Mechanistic Insights and Catalytic Optimization
by Xinlin Huang, Wenting Sun, Rong Bai, Yuchen He, Jingdan Li, Yuwei Pan, Ming Zhang and Guangyu Wu
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 580; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060580 - 10 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1443
Abstract
The persistent contamination of aquatic systems by antibiotics, particularly tetracycline (TC), which induces antibiotic resistance genes and chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms, necessitates advanced oxidation processes. Herein, cobalt phosphonate (CoP) nanosheets with tailored Co/P ratios were synthesized to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for TC [...] Read more.
The persistent contamination of aquatic systems by antibiotics, particularly tetracycline (TC), which induces antibiotic resistance genes and chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms, necessitates advanced oxidation processes. Herein, cobalt phosphonate (CoP) nanosheets with tailored Co/P ratios were synthesized to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for TC degradation under visible light. Through a controlled-variable approach, the reaction parameters were systematically optimized. The refined CoP-3 system achieved 90.7% TC removal within 6 min, with the optimal degradation parameters determined as 0.1 g/L CoP-3 and 0.2 g/L PMS. Based on liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, three degradation pathways were inferred. The toxicity of TC and its intermediates was assessed using quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs) via the Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (T.E.S.T). The results demonstrated reduced acute toxicity in intermediates compared to the parent compound. In practical applications, the catalyst achieved 64.7% and 80.8% TC removal rates in livestock wastewater and river water, respectively, while maintaining stable activity over four cycles. This demonstrates significant potential for engineering applications. The results were verified by free radical quenching experiments and were attributed to enhanced charge separation and an h+-dominated non-free radical pathway. This work provides a sustainable strategy for antibiotic remediation based on transition metal phosphonates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Friendly Catalysis for Green Future)
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Review

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51 pages, 7206 KB  
Review
Engineering Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors for Sustainable Energy and Environmental Applications
by Ruofan Xu, Shumeng Qin, Tianguang Lu, Sen Wang, Jing Chen and Zuoli He
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 947; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100947 - 2 Oct 2025
Viewed by 315
Abstract
Photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs), which combine photocatalysis with membrane separation, represent a pivotal technology for sustainable water treatment and resource recovery. Although extensive research has documented various configurations of photocatalytic-membrane hybrid processes and their potential in water treatment applications, a comprehensive analysis of [...] Read more.
Photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs), which combine photocatalysis with membrane separation, represent a pivotal technology for sustainable water treatment and resource recovery. Although extensive research has documented various configurations of photocatalytic-membrane hybrid processes and their potential in water treatment applications, a comprehensive analysis of the interrelationships among reactor architectures, intrinsic physicochemical mechanisms, and overall process efficiency remains inadequately explored. This knowledge gap hinders the rational design of highly efficient and stable reactor systems—a shortcoming that this review seeks to remedy. Here, we critically examine the connections between reactor configurations, design principles, and cutting-edge applications to outline future research directions. We analyze the evolution of reactor architectures, relevant reaction kinetics, and key operational parameters that inform rational design, linking these fundamentals to recent advances in solar-driven hydrogen production, CO2 conversion, and industrial scaling. Our analysis reveals a significant disconnect between the mechanistic understanding of reactor operation and the system-level performance required for innovative applications. This gap between theory and practice is particularly evident in efforts to translate laboratory success into robust and economically feasible industrial-scale operations. We believe that PMRs will realize their transformative potential in sustainable energy and environmental applications in future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Friendly Catalysis for Green Future)
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28 pages, 2656 KB  
Review
Challenges and Prospects of TiO2-Based Photocatalysis for Wastewater Treatment: Keyword Analysis
by Caressa Munien, Sudesh Rathilal and Emmanuel Kweinor Tetteh
Catalysts 2025, 15(9), 801; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15090801 - 22 Aug 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1872
Abstract
Environmental pollution driven by socioeconomic development has intensified the need for advanced and sustainable wastewater treatment technologies. Herein, TiO2-based photocatalysis emerged as a promising solution due to its oxidative potential, chemical stability, and eco-friendliness but does have unavoidable immobilized recoverability challenges. [...] Read more.
Environmental pollution driven by socioeconomic development has intensified the need for advanced and sustainable wastewater treatment technologies. Herein, TiO2-based photocatalysis emerged as a promising solution due to its oxidative potential, chemical stability, and eco-friendliness but does have unavoidable immobilized recoverability challenges. Therefore, this study explored the challenges and prospects of TiO2-based photocatalysis for the degradation of emerging contaminants in wastewater. A comprehensive keyword analysis was conducted by using a decade of publications retrieved from Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science (WOS) databases via Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework. From a pool of 518 refined publications, 318 significant keyword occurrences related to TiO2-based photocatalysis advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) were revealed. The review delved into various types of AOP mechanisms and catalysts and highlighted the synergistic effect of process parameters and magnetization as recoverability potential for TiO2-based photocatalysts. Furthermore, emerging strategies including surface modifications, doping, and hybrid AOP integrations were discussed to improve photocatalysis performance and industrial scalability. The study underscores the economic opportunity and environmental sustainability of degrading persistent organic pollutants by integrating a TiO2-based photocatalytic system with a regenerative magnetic field into the water sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Friendly Catalysis for Green Future)
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21 pages, 2687 KB  
Review
Non-Noble Metal Catalysts for Efficient Formaldehyde Removal at Room Temperature
by Yiqing Feng and Rui Wang
Catalysts 2025, 15(8), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15080723 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1002
Abstract
This review examines the research progress on non-noble-metal-based catalysts for formaldehyde (HCHO) oxidation at room temperature. It begins with an introduction to the hazards of HCHO as an indoor pollutant and the urgency of its removal, comparing several HCHO removal technologies and highlighting [...] Read more.
This review examines the research progress on non-noble-metal-based catalysts for formaldehyde (HCHO) oxidation at room temperature. It begins with an introduction to the hazards of HCHO as an indoor pollutant and the urgency of its removal, comparing several HCHO removal technologies and highlighting the advantages of room-temperature catalytic oxidation. It delves into the classification, preparation methods, and regulation strategies for non-precious metal catalysts, with a focus on manganese-based, cobalt-based, and other transition metal-based catalysts. The effects of catalyst preparation methods, morphological structure, and specific surface area on catalytic performance are discussed, and the catalytic oxidation mechanisms of HCHO, including the Eley–Rideal, Langmuir–Hinshelwood, and Mars–van Krevelen mechanisms, are analyzed. Finally, the challenges faced by non-precious metal catalysts are summarized, such as issues related to the powder form of catalysts in practical applications, lower catalytic activity at room temperature, and insufficient research in the presence of multiple VOC molecules. Suggestions for future research directions are also provided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Friendly Catalysis for Green Future)
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32 pages, 5470 KB  
Review
Progress and Reaction Mechanism of Co-Based Catalysts in the Selective Hydrogenation of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes
by Haixiang Shi, Jianming Xu, Xuan Luo and Zuzeng Qin
Catalysts 2025, 15(7), 689; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15070689 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 822
Abstract
In recent years, Co-based catalysts have attracted considerable attention in research on selective hydrogenation reactions because of their mild activities and favorable selectivities for producing intermediate products, especially in the selective hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes (UAL). However, the low activity of Co-based catalysts [...] Read more.
In recent years, Co-based catalysts have attracted considerable attention in research on selective hydrogenation reactions because of their mild activities and favorable selectivities for producing intermediate products, especially in the selective hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes (UAL). However, the low activity of Co-based catalysts for activating hydrogen limits their application in industry, and the diversity of forms and electronic states of Co-based catalysts also leads to the development of complex products and hydrogenation mechanisms at Co active sites. This review provides a comprehensive and systematic overview of recent progress in the selective hydrogenation of UAL over Co-based catalysts, where the preparation methods, hydrogenation properties, and UAL hydrogenation mechanisms of Co-based catalysts are carefully discussed. The influences of nanosize effects, electronic effects, and coordination effects on Co metal and Co oxides are investigated. In addition, the different reaction mechanisms at Co active sites are compared, and their strengths and weaknesses for C=O hydrogenation are further proposed. Finally, the outlook and challenges for the future development of Co-based hydrogenation catalysts are highlighted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Friendly Catalysis for Green Future)
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22 pages, 6102 KB  
Review
Current Developments in Ozone Catalyst Preparation Techniques and Their Catalytic Oxidation Performance
by Jiajia Gao, Siqi Chen, Yun Gao, Wenquan Sun, Jun Zhou, Kinjal J. Shah and Yongjun Sun
Catalysts 2025, 15(7), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15070671 - 10 Jul 2025
Viewed by 898
Abstract
Through the use of heterogeneous catalysts, catalytic ozone oxidation technology, an effective and eco-friendly advanced oxidation process (AOP), facilitates the breakdown of ozone into reactive oxygen species (like ·OH) and greatly increases the mineralization efficiency of pollutants. This study examines the development of [...] Read more.
Through the use of heterogeneous catalysts, catalytic ozone oxidation technology, an effective and eco-friendly advanced oxidation process (AOP), facilitates the breakdown of ozone into reactive oxygen species (like ·OH) and greatly increases the mineralization efficiency of pollutants. This study examines the development of heterogeneous ozone catalysts through a critical evaluation of the five primary preparation techniques: ion exchange, sol–gel, coprecipitation, impregnation, and hydrothermal synthesis. Each preparation method’s inherent qualities, benefits, drawbacks, and performance variations are methodically investigated, with an emphasis on how they affect the breakdown of different resistant organic compounds. Even though heterogeneous catalysts are more stable and reusable than homogeneous catalysts, they continue to face issues like active component leaching, restricted mass transfer, and ambiguous mechanisms. In order to determine the key paths for catalyst selection in catalytic ozone treatment going forward, the main goal of this review is to provide an overview of the accomplishments in the field of the heterogeneous ozone catalyst treatment of wastewater that is difficult to degrade. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Friendly Catalysis for Green Future)
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