Topic Editors

School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
Mott MacDonald, Leeds, UK
Department of Applied Cybernetics, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
Department of Construction Management, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 351610, USA
School of Architecture, Design and Planning, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability, 3rd Volume

Abstract submission deadline
closed (31 July 2024)
Manuscript submission deadline
closed (30 September 2024)
Viewed by
78100

Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

This is a call for papers for the Topic “Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability, 3rd Volume” which aims to empower decision makers and energy stakeholders to join forces and proactively address the challenges of climate change. The current global warming rate, being 1.0–1.1 °C above the pre-industrial level, has caused various natural disasters that are significant challenges for human living environments. In the coming decades, climate change is expected to hit the threshold of 1.5 °C with severe environmental, economic, and social consequences. This Topic aims to set up a holistic framework to address the immense challenge of climate change whilst achieving United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

In this framework, climate change mitigation and the decarbonization of society are at the root of addressing this challenge. Climate change adaptation requires immediate action to increase resilience and reduce climate-related impacts and risks. This framework prioritizes sustainable urban–rural transformation and the decarbonization of the built environment, since cities and the built environment are the main settlements of human beings and the key sites of implementation for climate resiliency, mitigation, and adaptation. Moreover, this framework encourages the involvement and participation of all professions in society to accelerate progress in climate change mitigation through developing sound climate-related governance systems in education, policy, and advocacy.

This Topic, “Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability, 3rd Volume”, welcomes high-quality works focusing on the development and implementation of systems, ideas, pathways, solutions, strategies, technologies, and pilot cases and exemplars that are relevant to climate change impact measurement and assessment, mitigation and adaptation strategies and techniques, and public participation and governance. Relevant themes include but are not limited to the following:

Climate Change Impact Assessment

  • Climate change prediction and analysis
  • Climate-related impacts on infrastructure
  • Human comfort, health, well-being, and work productivity
  • Vulnerability assessment among different groups
  • Climate-related injustice and inequality
  • Climate-induced population migration
  • Climate impacts on low-income countries
  • Direct and indirect economic losses
  • Ecosystem service deterioration

Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation

  • Greenhouse gas emissions and measurement
  • Climate-related disasters and reduction
  • Risk and vulnerability assessment and visualization
  • Ecosystem services and carbon sequestration
  • Sustainable transport and climate change mitigation and adaptation
  • Sustainable building and construction
  • Industry decarbonization and economic growth
  • Renewable and clean energy potential and implementation
  • Environmental, economic, and social benefits of climate change mitigation

Sustainable Urban–Rural Planning and Design

  • Climate change and regional economic development
  • Territorial spatial planning and carbon neutrality
  • Urban overheating mitigation and adaptation
  • Sustainable land use and planning
  • Low-carbon cities and communities
  • Wind-sensitive urban planning and design
  • Urban morphology and environmental performance
  • Innovative technologies, models, methods, and tools for spatial planning
  • Regional ecological restoration and ecological security
  • Nature-based solutions for urban planning and design
  • Healthy land use and planning

Decarbonization of the Built Environment

  • Demands on energy, materials, and water
  • Assessment methods, systems, and tools
  • Sustainable energy, materials, and water systems
  • Energy efficiency design technologies and appliances
  • Smart technology and sustainable operation
  • Uptake and integration of clean energy
  • Innovative materials for carbon reduction and environmental regulation
  • Building demolition and material recycling and reuse
  • Sustainable building retrofitting and assessment
  • Circular economy strategies for a sustainable built environment
  • Innovation for construction and demolition waste management

Climate-Related Governance and Challenges

  • Targets, pathways, and roadmaps toward carbon neutrality
  • Pathways for climate resilience and future sustainability
  • Challenges, opportunities, and solutions for climate resilience
  • Climate change governance coalition (network) development and challenges
  • Co-benefits, synergies, conflicts, and trade-offs of climate actions
  • Mapping, accounting, and trading carbon emissions
  • Governance models, policies, regulations, and programs
  • Financing urban climate change actions
  • Education, policy, and advocacy for preparation

Sustainable Transport and Land Use

  • Environmentally friendly transport planning and policy
  • Environmentally friendly land use planning and policy
  • Low-carbon built environment
  • Low-carbon physical environment
  • Transit-oriented development (TOD)

Prof. Dr. Baojie He
Dr. Siliang Yang
Dr. K. Venkatachalam
Dr. Amos Darko
Prof. Dr. Ali Cheshmehzangi
Topic Editors

Keywords

  • climate change
  • sustainable development goals
  • urban transformation
  • decarbonisation
  • built environment
  • governance

Participating Journals

Journal Name Impact Factor CiteScore Launched Year First Decision (median) APC
Buildings
buildings
3.1 3.4 2011 17.2 Days CHF 2600
Forests
forests
2.4 4.4 2010 16.9 Days CHF 2600
Land
land
3.2 4.9 2012 17.8 Days CHF 2600
Remote Sensing
remotesensing
4.2 8.3 2009 24.7 Days CHF 2700
Sustainability
sustainability
3.3 6.8 2009 20 Days CHF 2400
Climate
climate
3.0 5.5 2013 21.9 Days CHF 1800

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Published Papers (58 papers)

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21 pages, 4679 KiB  
Article
Chinese Household Carbon Footprint: Structural Differences, Influencing Factors, and Emission Reduction Strategies Analysis
by Jiayan Fu, Na An, Chenyu Huang, Yanting Shen, Min Pan, Jinyu Wang, Jiawei Yao and Zhongqi Yu
Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3451; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113451 - 30 Oct 2024
Viewed by 391
Abstract
The wide variation in household characteristics, such as household size, income, and age, can lead to significant differences in carbon footprints. Based on data from 1132 Chinese households in 2021, this study examines the structural differences, multiple influencing factors, and mitigation strategies of [...] Read more.
The wide variation in household characteristics, such as household size, income, and age, can lead to significant differences in carbon footprints. Based on data from 1132 Chinese households in 2021, this study examines the structural differences, multiple influencing factors, and mitigation strategies of household carbon footprints (HCFs) in China. The results indicate that indirect emissions, primarily from energy and food consumption, account for the largest share of household carbon footprints, making up over 65% of total emissions. Households with lower carbon footprints are characterized by a per capita living area of less than 20 square meters, rural residences, and shared living arrangements. Carbon footprints for the elderly and minors are lower than adults, while households with higher monthly incomes have the highest carbon footprints. The Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) reveals that the main factors influencing HCF include household size, income, and single status, with a more pronounced impact on affluent households than on average households. High-income households have the potential to reduce their carbon footprints through investments in energy-efficient technologies, whereas low-income households are more susceptible to the effects of household size and geographic location. It is recommended that policymakers adopt differentiated measures, such as setting higher reduction targets for larger and wealthier households while providing incentives and technical support to low-income households to achieve meaningful carbon reductions. More effective and equitable low-carbon policies can be formulated by addressing these structural disparities and leveraging the unique characteristics of different household types. Full article
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25 pages, 1149 KiB  
Article
The Spatial Impact of Innovative Human Capital on Green Total Factor Productivity in Chinese Regions Based on Quantity and Quality Dimensions
by Xi Lin
Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9358; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219358 - 28 Oct 2024
Viewed by 570
Abstract
Green total factor productivity (GTFP) is a key driver of China’s green development, and innovative human capital (IHC) plays a pivotal role in enhancing GTFP. This study examines the impact of the quantity and quality dimensions of IHC on regional GTFP in China. [...] Read more.
Green total factor productivity (GTFP) is a key driver of China’s green development, and innovative human capital (IHC) plays a pivotal role in enhancing GTFP. This study examines the impact of the quantity and quality dimensions of IHC on regional GTFP in China. Using panel data from 30 Chinese provinces from 2004 to 2018, this study constructs a spatial Durbin model (SDM) to empirically analyze the role of IHC in regional GTFP. Three main conclusions are obtained: (1) both the quantity and quality of IHC can significantly and directly improve regional GTFP, yet regional heterogeneity exists. In the eastern region, both IHCA and IHCQ have a significant impact, while in the middle-western region, only IHCA has a significant effect on GTFP; (2) IHC can boost the enhancement of regional GTFP through technological progress; and (3) the quantity of IHC (IHCA) produces a spatial spillover effect on regional GTFP, whereas the quality of IHC (IHCQ) does not exhibit this effect. Based on these conclusions, strategies for the green development of China and the coordinated development of the eastern and middle-western regions are proposed. The Chinese government should integrate IHC development into its environmental policies to improve environmental awareness and optimize the efficiency of human capital, taking regional differences into account. Full article
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14 pages, 2397 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Characteristics of Soil Respiration in Park Green Spaces in Qingdao City
by Furong Wang, Tianci Zhang, Jiacheng Zhang and Shimei Li
Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9336; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219336 - 27 Oct 2024
Viewed by 786
Abstract
Urban green spaces play an essential role in maintaining the carbon cycle and mitigating climate change in urban ecosystems. In order to gain more carbon sinks from urban green ecosystems, it is essential to determine the carbon sequestration statuses and soil respiration rates [...] Read more.
Urban green spaces play an essential role in maintaining the carbon cycle and mitigating climate change in urban ecosystems. In order to gain more carbon sinks from urban green ecosystems, it is essential to determine the carbon sequestration statuses and soil respiration rates of dominant green spaces, especially park green spaces. However, in comparison to natural ecosystems, the dynamic characteristics of soil respiration in artificial park green spaces remain unclear. This study investigated the soil respiration rates for three forest communities (dominated by Prunus serrulata var. lannesiana, Cedrus deodara, Ginkgo biloba, respectively), a shrub community (dominated by Aucuba japonica var. variegata) and a lawn community (dominated by Poa pratensis) in the Qingdao Olympic Sculpture and Culture Park. We used the CRIAS-3 portable photosynthesis system in combination with the SRC-1 soil respiration chamber to measure the soil respiration rate from July 2022 to June 2023 and analyzed the dynamic variations in the soil respiration rate for these specific plant communities. Our results showed that the diurnal variation in soil respiration presented a unimodal curve for the five plant communities, and it peaked at midday or in the early afternoon. They also exhibited a significant seasonal difference in the soil respiration rate, which was characterized by higher rates in summer and lower rates in winter. The lawn community exhibited significantly higher soil respiration rates compared to the woody plant community. The mean annual soil respiration rate (RS) was, respectively, 2.88 ± 0.49 µmol·m−2·s−1, 1.94 ± 0.31 µmol·m−2·s−1, 1.43 ± 0.21 µmol·m−2·s−1, 1.24 ± 0.14 µmol·m−2·s−1 and 1.05 ± 0.11 µmol·m−2·s−1 for the lawn community, Ginkgo biloba community, Prunus serrulata var. lannesiana community, shrub community and Cedrus deodara community. The soil temperature at a 10 cm depth (T10) accounted for 67.39–86.76% of the variation in the soil respiration rate, while the soil volumetric water content at a 5 cm depth (W5) accounted for 9.29–44.01% of the variation for the five plant communities. The explained variance for both T10 and W5 ranged from 67.8% to 87.6% for the five plant communities. The Q10 values for the five different communities ranged from 1.97 to 2.75. Based on these findings, this paper concludes that the factors influencing the soil respiration process in urban green spaces are more complicated in comparison to natural ecosystems, and it is essential to comprehensively analyze these driving factors and key controlling factors of soil respiration across urban green spaces in future studies. Full article
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17 pages, 3389 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Effects of PCM-Integrated Walls on Thermal Performance for UK Residential Buildings of Different Typologies
by Ryan Hepple, Yusen Zhao, Rebecca Yang, Qian Zhang and Siliang Yang
Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3382; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113382 - 24 Oct 2024
Viewed by 567
Abstract
Phase change materials (PCMs) can improve the thermal performance of building facades. The integration position of a PCM in the facades is influenced by multiple factors including the material properties of the PCM, building types, and the internal and external conditions of a [...] Read more.
Phase change materials (PCMs) can improve the thermal performance of building facades. The integration position of a PCM in the facades is influenced by multiple factors including the material properties of the PCM, building types, and the internal and external conditions of a building. However, this has not been a focus within the UK dwelling stock, where many dwellings are not thermally protected. This paper, therefore, presents a numerical study with the aid of building simulation that comparatively analysed the thermal performance between four typical UK dwelling types (semi-detached house, terraced house, detached house, and apartment) situated in North East England. The PCM was implemented into the external wall of the dwellings with the positions altered to determine the most effective position. It was determined that the PCM positioned internally was the most effective for all the dwelling types. These results demonstrated that the PCM being implemented in the apartment, semi-detached, and terraced houses had only marginal heat loss reductions (by 8%, 14%, and 8%, respectively) in comparison with that of the detached house (by 30%). It was also found that the large external wall area of the detached house acted as significant thermal energy storage, which was capable of offsetting heat transmission and stabilising indoor thermal conditions. In summary, this paper contributes to the matters concerning the effect of PCMs on indoor thermal performance in dwellings of different typologies in the UK. Full article
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27 pages, 17698 KiB  
Article
Multi-Scenario Simulation of Land Use and Assessment of Carbon Stocks in Terrestrial Ecosystems Based on SD-PLUS-InVEST Coupled Modeling in Nanjing City
by Qingyun Xu and Kongqing Li
Forests 2024, 15(10), 1824; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101824 - 18 Oct 2024
Viewed by 725
Abstract
In the context of achieving the goal of carbon neutrality, exploring the changes in land demand and ecological carbon stocks under future scenarios at the urban level is important for optimizing regional ecosystem services and developing a land-use structure consistent with sustainable development [...] Read more.
In the context of achieving the goal of carbon neutrality, exploring the changes in land demand and ecological carbon stocks under future scenarios at the urban level is important for optimizing regional ecosystem services and developing a land-use structure consistent with sustainable development strategies. We propose a framework of a coupled system dynamics (SD) model, patch generation land-use simulation (PLUS) model, and integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade-offs (InVEST) model to dynamically simulate the spatial and temporal changes of land use and land-cover change (LUCC) and ecosystem carbon stocks under the NDS (natural development scenario), EPS (ecological protection scenario), RES (rapid expansion scenario), and HDS (high-quality development scenario) in Nanjing from 2020 to 2040. From 2005 to 2020, the expansion rate of construction land in Nanjing reached 50.76%, a large amount of ecological land shifted to construction land, and the ecological carbon stock declined dramatically. Compared with 2020, the ecosystem carbon stocks of the EPS and HDS increased by 2.4 × 106 t and 1.5 × 106 t, respectively, with a sizable ecological effect. It has been calculated that forest and cultivated land are the two largest carbon pools in Nanjing, and the conservation of both is decisive for the future carbon stock. It is necessary to focus on enhancing the carbon stock of forest ecosystems while designating differentiated carbon sink enhancement plans based on the characteristics of other land types. Fully realizing the carbon sink potential of each ecological functional area will help Nanjing achieve its carbon neutrality goal. The results of the study not only reveal the challenges of ecological conservation in Nanjing but also provide useful guidance for enhancing the carbon stock of urban terrestrial ecosystems and formulating land-use planning in line with sustainable development strategies. Full article
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20 pages, 5877 KiB  
Article
Black Carbon in Climate Studies: A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends and Topics
by Chao Chen, Yinglin Liang, Zhilong Chen, Changwu Zou and Zongbo Shi
Sustainability 2024, 16(20), 8945; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16208945 - 16 Oct 2024
Viewed by 807
Abstract
Black carbon is a short-lived climate warming agent and serves as a crucial factor influencing the climate. Numerous models, observations, and laboratory studies have been conducted to quantify black carbon’s direct or indirect impacts on the climate. Here, we applied bibliometric analysis to [...] Read more.
Black carbon is a short-lived climate warming agent and serves as a crucial factor influencing the climate. Numerous models, observations, and laboratory studies have been conducted to quantify black carbon’s direct or indirect impacts on the climate. Here, we applied bibliometric analysis to identify research trends and key topics on black carbon in the climate field. Based on the Web of Science (WOS) Core Collection database, a total of 4903 documents spanning the period from 2000 to 2023 were retrieved and screened, focusing on the topic of black carbon in the climate field, resulting in the Black-Carbon Climate Local (BCL) dataset. Our study examines the influence and trends of major countries, institutions, and authors in this field. The results show that China and the United States hold leading positions in terms of the number of publications. Based on keyword networks, the BCL dataset is segmented into six distinct research directions, and representative keywords of each direction include biomass burning, radiative forcing, air pollution, aerosol optical depth, optical properties, and biochar. This study helps to identify the current research status and trends of black carbon in the climate, highlighting main research directions and emerging topics. Full article
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20 pages, 2871 KiB  
Article
Constraints on Public Policy Design and Formulation: A Case Study on the Conservation of Natural Resources in Local Governments of the Amazonia, Peru
by Einstein Bravo, Carlos A. Amasifuen, Ilse S. Cayo, Eli Pariente, Tito Sanchez, Jheiner Vásquez and Alex J. Vergara
Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8559; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198559 - 2 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1362
Abstract
The high rate of depredation of forest resources causes major climatic changes that affect the economic activities and health of populations, plunging them into poverty and social problems. The state is responsible for dealing with these problems, because it has the technical, legal, [...] Read more.
The high rate of depredation of forest resources causes major climatic changes that affect the economic activities and health of populations, plunging them into poverty and social problems. The state is responsible for dealing with these problems, because it has the technical, legal, and economic power to do so. This research aims to identify the factors that limit the design and formulation of public policies for the conservation of natural resources at the level of local district and provincial governments in Peru. For this study, we used qualitative methodology and non-probabilistic sampling, as well as techniques such as unstructured interviews, focus groups, and documentary review; moreover, for data analysis, we applied the theoretical saturation design in grounded theory. The results show that the conservation of natural resources is not positioned as a priority public policy in municipal administrations; furthermore, the organic units of natural resources suffer financial restrictions, and not because of a lack of budget availability, but because of a lack of will and decision-making capacity of authorities and civil servants, as well as a lack of coordination between the different national governments. It concludes that there are conflicts of interest in public policy making, with abuse of power and corruption predominating. Furthermore, the complexity of addressing sustainability criteria and the inability to confront the environmental crisis mean that international summits and national norms are attenuated in the face of the problems of environmental degradation. Deforestation should be considered a major public priority problem because of its environmental, economic, social, and health impacts. These problems require a holistic approach that combines local, national, and international policies and fosters effective and participatory governance. Full article
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3 pages, 170 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Kandemir et al. Women in Parliaments and Environmentally Friendly Fiscal Policies: A Global Analysis. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7669
by Aysen Simsek Kandemir, Ramshah Rashid Lone and Rasim Simsek
Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8510; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198510 - 30 Sep 2024
Viewed by 453
Abstract
In the original publication [...] Full article
19 pages, 25378 KiB  
Article
An Evaluation of Future Climate Change Impacts on Key Elements of the Water–Carbon Cycle Using a Physics-Based Ecohydrological Model in Sanchuan River Basin, Loess Plateau
by Yujie Yuan, Xueping Zhu, Xuerui Gao and Xuehua Zhao
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(19), 3581; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16193581 - 26 Sep 2024
Viewed by 782
Abstract
The cycle of carbon and water in ecosystems is likely to be significantly impacted by future climate change, especially in semiarid regions. While a considerable number of investigations have scrutinized the repercussions of impending climatic transformations on either the carbon or water cycles, [...] Read more.
The cycle of carbon and water in ecosystems is likely to be significantly impacted by future climate change, especially in semiarid regions. While a considerable number of investigations have scrutinized the repercussions of impending climatic transformations on either the carbon or water cycles, there is a scarcity of studies delving into the effects of future climate change on the coupled water–carbon process and its interrelationships. Based on this, the Sanchuan River Basin, an ecologically fragile region of the Loess Plateau, was chosen as the research area. General circulation model-projected climate scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP5-8.5) and an ecohydrological model were integrated to predict (2021–2100) changes in actual evapotranspiration (ET), surface runoff (Rs), net primary productivity (NPP), and soil organic carbon (SOC). The results indicated that under the impacts of future climatic warming and humidification, ET, Rs, and NPP will increase by 0.17–6.88%, 1.08–42.04%, and 2.18–10.14%, respectively, while SOC will decrease by 3.38–10.39% in the basin. A path analysis showed that precipitation and temperature had significant effects on ET and NPP, Rs was more sensitive to precipitation, and temperature had a significant impact on SOC. Furthermore, all climate scenarios had an average ET-NPP correlation coefficient greater than 0.6, showing that the basin’s water–carbon cycle was tightly coupled. However, under SSP5-8.5, the correlation coefficient of Rs-NPP decreased from −0.35 in the near-future period to −0.44 in the far-future period, which may indicate that the positive effect of increased precipitation on Rs-NPP would barely offset the negative effect of large future temperature increases. As a foundation for achieving sustainable water resource management and ecosystem preservation policies, this study can be utilized to build adaptation methods to manage climate change. Full article
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28 pages, 43234 KiB  
Article
Responses of Climatic Drought to Vegetation Cover Dynamics: A Case Study in Yunnan, China
by Yangtao Wan, Han Han, Yao Mao and Bao-Jie He
Forests 2024, 15(10), 1689; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101689 - 25 Sep 2024
Viewed by 614
Abstract
Vegetation cover can regulate regional climate and associated dry–wet variations. However, the effects of the quantitative structure and landscape pattern of vegetation cover on climatic drought remain unclear. Yunnan Province in China, with its abundant vegetation resources, provides a good setting for addressing [...] Read more.
Vegetation cover can regulate regional climate and associated dry–wet variations. However, the effects of the quantitative structure and landscape pattern of vegetation cover on climatic drought remain unclear. Yunnan Province in China, with its abundant vegetation resources, provides a good setting for addressing this research gap. Our objective is to provide guiding recommendations for climate-warming mitigation through the study of the topic. This study adopted four periods of vegetation cover data, from 1992 to 2020, and explored their dynamics. Monthly average precipitation and temperature data from 125 meteorological stations in Yunnan were used to calculate standardized precipitation–evapotranspiration index (SPEI) for 1992–2020 to understand the responses of climatic drought to vegetation cover dynamics. The correlations between quantitative structure, landscape pattern, and climatic drought were investigated by Pearson’s correlation coefficient in 10 km, 20 km, 30 km, and 40 km grid cells, respectively. The results indicate that changes in the quantitative structure of vegetation could influence regional climates, with the contributions to climatic drought mitigation ranked in the following order: broad-leaved forest > shrubland > needle-leaved forest > cropland > grassland. Landscape patterns significantly affected local climates, where broad-leaved and needle-leaved forests had the strongest and most stable correlations with climatic drought, whereas shrubland and grassland showed weaker correlations. The correlations between landscape patterns and climatic drought were stronger during the dry season than the rainy season. Factors such as the landscape dominance index, fragmentation index, and aggregation index had a significant impact on climatic drought. The dominant and aggregated-distribution broad-leaved forests were conducive to climatic drought mitigation, while needle-leaved forests, croplands, and grasslands might exacerbate climatic drought. Full article
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18 pages, 317 KiB  
Review
Enhancing Agricultural Soil Carbon Sequestration: A Review with Some Research Needs
by Kaiyi Zhang, Zehao Liu, Bruce A. McCarl and Chengcheng J. Fei
Climate 2024, 12(10), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12100151 - 25 Sep 2024
Viewed by 2552
Abstract
The US rejoined the Paris Agreement in 2021 with a targeted 50–52% reduction in net GHG emissions in 2030 relative to 2005. Within the US’s nationally determined contributions, several land-based mitigation options were submitted, targeting the removal of 0.4–1.3 GtCO2 yr−1 [...] Read more.
The US rejoined the Paris Agreement in 2021 with a targeted 50–52% reduction in net GHG emissions in 2030 relative to 2005. Within the US’s nationally determined contributions, several land-based mitigation options were submitted, targeting the removal of 0.4–1.3 GtCO2 yr−1 in 2030 compared to the net flux in 2010. Acknowledging disagreement has existed on both technological and economic feasibility levels of soil C sequestration adoption and practices, this review explores and evaluates the research findings and needs for six concepts: (1) permanence; (2) additionality; (3) leakage; (4) uncertainty; (5) transaction costs; and (6) heat-trapping ability of different gases. These concepts are crucial for the effective implementation of soil C sequestration projects since they help establish robust and integrated methodologies for measurement, verification, and issuance of carbon credits. In turn, they help ensure that environmental, social, and economic benefits are accurately assessed and credibly reported, enhancing the integrity of carbon markets and contributing to global climate mitigation efforts. This review also evaluates the existing and potential market opportunities for agricultural production with C sequestration and “climate- smart” farming practices. Current barriers to, research needs for, and policy considerations regarding soil C sequestration strategies are also stated. Full article
19 pages, 15219 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Vegetation Environment on Thermal Experience in Hot Summer: A Case Study from Perspectives of Fitting Scale and Gender Disparity
by Chenming Zhang, Wei Li, Qindong Fan, Jian Hu, Dongmeng Wang, Xiaoying Ping and Wenjie Li
Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3036; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103036 - 24 Sep 2024
Viewed by 522
Abstract
Vegetation exerts a significant cooling effect, particularly during the hot summer; however, the spatial scale effects and gender difference among occupants’ subjective thermal comfort remain elusive. Developing a comprehensive model to elucidate the multidimensional relationship between green spaces and thermal experience holds paramount [...] Read more.
Vegetation exerts a significant cooling effect, particularly during the hot summer; however, the spatial scale effects and gender difference among occupants’ subjective thermal comfort remain elusive. Developing a comprehensive model to elucidate the multidimensional relationship between green spaces and thermal experience holds paramount importance. Taking Longzi River Park in Zhengzhou city as a case study, this research examined the influence of vegetation on thermal experience by using structural equation modeling (SEM) from perspectives of fitting scale and gender disparities. It was found that (1) The vegetation environment not only influences thermal sensation, comfort and demand independently, but also influences the pathway between them. These influence paths constitute a complex causal network, functioning as a framework of “sensation → comfort → demand” and its influencing factors. (2) There exists a scaling effect in the pathway framework, which conforms to a threshold of 10 m for the inner radius and 30 m for the outer radius. The goodness of SEM model fit declines with the increase in either the inner radius or the outer radius, or both. (3) Differences in genders are exhibited for the pathway framework, with the vegetation exerting a stronger influence on female sensation and comfort, as well as male demand. The pathway from sensation to comfort to demand is more pronounced in male populations. The research findings contribute to the development of improved and sustainable vegetation distribution in urban parks. Full article
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28 pages, 15371 KiB  
Article
Research on the Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Changsha’s Surface Urban Heat Island from the Perspective of Local Climate Zones
by Yanfen Xiang, Bohong Zheng, Jiren Wang, Jiajun Gong and Jian Zheng
Land 2024, 13(9), 1479; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091479 - 12 Sep 2024
Viewed by 752
Abstract
Optimizing urban spatial morphology is one of the most effective methods for improving the urban thermal environment. Some studies have used the local climate zones (LCZ) classification system to examine the relationship between urban spatial morphology and Surface Urban Heat Islands (SUHIs). However, [...] Read more.
Optimizing urban spatial morphology is one of the most effective methods for improving the urban thermal environment. Some studies have used the local climate zones (LCZ) classification system to examine the relationship between urban spatial morphology and Surface Urban Heat Islands (SUHIs). However, these studies often rely on single-time-point data, failing to consider the changes in urban space and the time-series LCZ mapping relationships. This study utilized remote sensing data from Landsat 5, 7, and 8–9 to retrieve land surface temperatures in Changsha from 2005 to 2020 using the Mono-Window Algorithm. The spatial-temporal evolution of the LCZ and the Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity (SUHII) was then examined and analyzed. This study aims to (1) propose a localized, long-time LCZ mapping method, (2) investigate the spatial-temporal relationship between the LCZ and the SUHII, and (3) develop a more convenient SUHI assessment method for urban planning and design. The results showed that the spatial-temporal evolution of the LCZ reflects the sequence of urban expansion. In terms of quantity, the number of built-type LCZs maintaining their original types is low, with each undergoing at least one type change. The open LCZs increased the most, followed by the sparse and the composite LCZs. Spatially, the LCZs experience reverse transitions due to urban expansion and quality improvements in central urban areas. Seasonal changes in the LCZ types and the SUHI vary, with differences not only among the LCZ types but also in building heights within the same type. The relative importance of the LCZ parameters also differs between seasons. The SUHI model constructed using Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) demonstrated high predictive accuracy, with R2 values of 0.911 for summer and 0.777 for winter. In practical case validation, the model explained 97.86% of the data for summer and 96.77% for winter. This study provides evidence-based planning recommendations to mitigate urban heat and create a comfortable built environment. Full article
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16 pages, 16225 KiB  
Article
Interplay of Environmental Shifts and Anthropogenic Factors with Vegetation Dynamics in the Ulan Buh Desert over the Past Three Decades
by Yanqi Liu, Fucang Qin, Long Li, Zhenqi Yang, Pengcheng Tang, Liangping Yang and Tian Tian
Forests 2024, 15(9), 1583; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091583 - 10 Sep 2024
Viewed by 609
Abstract
In arid and semiarid regions, vegetation provides essential ecosystem services, especially retarding the desertification process. Vegetation assessment through remote sensing data is crucial in understanding ecosystem responses to climatic factors and large-scale human activities. This study analyzed vegetation cover changes in the Ulan [...] Read more.
In arid and semiarid regions, vegetation provides essential ecosystem services, especially retarding the desertification process. Vegetation assessment through remote sensing data is crucial in understanding ecosystem responses to climatic factors and large-scale human activities. This study analyzed vegetation cover changes in the Ulan Buh Desert from 1989 to 2019, focusing on the impacts of human activities and key meteorological factors. The results showed that both climatic and human activities contributed to an increasing trend in vegetation cover (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)) over the 30-year period. Temperature and precipitation significantly affected the NDVI in the desert, with temperature having a more substantial influence. The combined impact of average temperature and precipitation on the NDVI was notable. Human activities and meteorological factors caused the vegetation restoration area in the desert to be approximately 35% from 1989 to 2019. Human activities were the primary influencers, responsible for about 60% of vegetation restoration across the study area. Especially from 2004 to 2019, the conversion to farmland driven by human activities dominated the region’s NDVI increase. The research underscores the importance of considering both climatic and human factors in understanding and managing ecosystem dynamics in arid areas like the Ulan Buh Desert. By integrating these factors, policymakers and land managers can develop more effective strategies for sustainable ecosystem management and combating desertification. Full article
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20 pages, 2973 KiB  
Article
Detection of Methane Leaks via a Drone-Based System for Sustainable Landfills and Oil and Gas Facilities: Effect of Different Variables on the Background-Noise Measurement
by Giuseppe Tassielli, Lucianna Cananà and Miriam Spalatro
Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7748; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177748 - 5 Sep 2024
Viewed by 838
Abstract
In recent years, thanks to the great diffusion of drone technology and the development of miniaturized sensors that can be connected to drones, in order to increase the sustainability of landfills and oil and gas facilities, interest in finding methane leaks and quantifying [...] Read more.
In recent years, thanks to the great diffusion of drone technology and the development of miniaturized sensors that can be connected to drones, in order to increase the sustainability of landfills and oil and gas facilities, interest in finding methane leaks and quantifying the relative flow has grown significantly. This operation requires the methane background concentration to be subtracted from the calculations. Therefore, in order to proceed with a right estimate of CH4 flows emitted, the possibility of correctly measuring or estimating the background level becomes crucial. The present work intends to illustrate the effects of different variables on the background-noise measurement in a drone-based system that uses a tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer (TDLAS). The methodology used is that of field testing; the data acquisition campaign consisted of the execution of 80 flights during which different flight variables (drone speed, flight altitude) were tested; the flights were repeated in different weather and climate conditions both during the same day and in different periods of the year. Different surfaces, similar to those found in landfill or natural gas sites, were also tested. In some of the field trials, a controlled methane release test was performed in order to verify how much the quantification of the methane flow can vary depending on the background level used. The results of the different field trials highlighted the best conditions under which to measure methane emissions with a TDLAS sensor in order to minimize the number of outliers: flight altitude not exceeding 15 m above ground level; the drone speed appears to have less impact on the results, however, it is optimal between 1 and 2 ms−1; a very sunny day produces much higher methane background levels than a cloudy one. The type of surface also significantly affects the measurement of background noise. Finally, tests conducted with a controlled methane release highlighted that different levels of background have a significant impact on the estimation of the methane flux emitted. Full article
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20 pages, 23258 KiB  
Article
Study on Summer Microclimate Analysis and Optimization Strategies for Urban Parks in Xinjiang—A Case Study of Mingzhu Park
by Zhao Zhao, Jie Li and Zongchi Fu
Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7687; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177687 - 4 Sep 2024
Viewed by 720
Abstract
To investigate the impact of landscape characteristics on microclimate and thermal comfort in summer urban parks in Xinjiang, we focused on Mingzhu Park in Shihezi City. We collected microclimatic data through field measurements and analyzed the correlations among these factors, the physiological equivalent [...] Read more.
To investigate the impact of landscape characteristics on microclimate and thermal comfort in summer urban parks in Xinjiang, we focused on Mingzhu Park in Shihezi City. We collected microclimatic data through field measurements and analyzed the correlations among these factors, the physiological equivalent temperature (PET), and the landscape features. ENVI-met was utilized for microclimate simulations to assess the optimization effects. The results revealed that different landscape features significantly influenced the microclimate and thermal comfort. Trees and grass effectively lowered the temperature, increased humidity, reduced wind speeds, blocked solar radiation, and decreased the PET. Water bodies exposed to sunlight and without shade have a low reflectivity, leading to significant temperature increases. While evaporation can lower the surrounding temperatures, the water surface temperature remains higher than in shaded areas, raising temperatures there. The temperature, humidity, wind speed, and mean radiant temperature show significant correlations. The correlation ranking is as follows: mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) > air temperature (Ta) > relative humidity (RH) > wind speed (Va). After increasing the tree cover and designing dispersed water bodies, the average PET decreased by up to 0.67 °C, with the park experiencing the largest reduction of 1.86 °C. The PET in the eastern built-up area was reduced by 0.35 °C, and in the western built-up area, by only 0.13 °C. Full article
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27 pages, 675 KiB  
Article
Women in Parliaments and Environmentally Friendly Fiscal Policies: A Global Analysis
by Aysen Simsek Kandemir, Ramshah Rashid Lone and Rasim Simsek
Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7669; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177669 - 4 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1049 | Correction
Abstract
This study explores the intricate interplay between female representation in national parliaments and government fiscal policies, with a specific focus on fossil fuel subsidies, environmental taxes, and expenditure, in the context of climate change mitigation. Using a sample of 160 countries over the [...] Read more.
This study explores the intricate interplay between female representation in national parliaments and government fiscal policies, with a specific focus on fossil fuel subsidies, environmental taxes, and expenditure, in the context of climate change mitigation. Using a sample of 160 countries over the period from 1997 to 2022, this empirical analysis demonstrates the positive relationship between the presence of female parliamentarians and environmentally friendly fiscal measures. While women in the parliaments reduce the amount of the subsidies granted to fossil fuels, they levy environmental taxes and increase environmental spending. The findings illustrate the pivotal role of female parliamentarians in advocating for environmental legislation and transcending political ideologies and national boundaries. Addressing potential concerns of endogeneity by employing additional control variables, omitted variables, and instrumental variable analyses, this study emphasises the robustness of the results. Notably, this study finds that a critical mass of at least 30% female representation in parliaments enhances the efficacy of environmental policy outcomes. This research highlights the multifaceted impact of gender diversity on fiscal policies related to environmental protection, offering valuable insights for policymakers and organisations committed to sustainability and gender equality. Full article
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22 pages, 1618 KiB  
Systematic Review
Drivers and Consequences of Land Degradation on Livestock Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Literature Review
by Mhlangabezi Slayi, Leocadia Zhou, Admire Rukudzo Dzvene and Zolisanani Mpanyaro
Land 2024, 13(9), 1402; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091402 - 31 Aug 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2069
Abstract
Land degradation is a major threat to sub-Saharan Africa rangelands, which are crucial for livestock farming and the livelihood of millions of people in the region. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the causes and effects of land degradation, [...] Read more.
Land degradation is a major threat to sub-Saharan Africa rangelands, which are crucial for livestock farming and the livelihood of millions of people in the region. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the causes and effects of land degradation, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of different mitigation strategies. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we identified, screened, and analyzed 25 peer-reviewed articles published before 30 June 2024 using Scopus. The review highlights key factors that drive land degradation, such as soil erosion, drought, deforestation, and climate change, as well as socio-economic factors like poverty, land tenure issues, population pressure, and economic instability. These factors have serious implications, as land degradation can lead to poor quality of forage, an increased incidence of diseases, higher mortality rates among livestock, and a significant decline in livestock productivity. The socio-economic consequences of this degradation are significant, leading to reduced household income, increased poverty, and heightened food insecurity. Furthermore, the review assesses various mitigation strategies and concludes that practices such as rotational grazing and soil conservation techniques demonstrate high effectiveness, while agroforestry practices show only moderate success. An integrated approach that combines environmental, economic, and policy measures is crucial to addressing the complex challenge of land degradation in sub-Saharan Africa. Strengthening land tenure, improving economic stability, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices are essential steps toward improving the health of rangelands, increasing livestock productivity, and supporting the resilience and well-being of rural communities. Full article
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34 pages, 2103 KiB  
Article
Green Innovation at the Crossroads of Financial Development, Resource Depletion, and Urbanization: Paving the Way to a Sustainable Future from the Perspective of an MM-QR Approach
by Wen Liu and Muhammad Waqas
Sustainability 2024, 16(16), 7127; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167127 - 20 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1127
Abstract
Global warming has become a big problem around the world, and it is because of what people do. As a possible answer, countries are looking for ways to keep their economies growing and invest in technologies that use clean energy. Therefore, the notion [...] Read more.
Global warming has become a big problem around the world, and it is because of what people do. As a possible answer, countries are looking for ways to keep their economies growing and invest in technologies that use clean energy. Therefore, the notion of carbon neutrality has emerged as a crucial policy strategy for nations to attain sustainable development. This study expands the existing discussions on carbon neutrality by investigating the influence of key factors, including green innovation, financial development, natural resources depletion, trade openness, institutional quality, growth, and urbanization on the progress made towards attaining a carbon neutral state in the BRICS nations. This study considers the Method of Moment Quantile-Regression (MM-QR) and Prais–Winsten correlated panel corrected standard errors (PCSEs) estimators to investigate the study objectives over the period of 1990–2021. Under the investigated outcomes, this study validated the significant role of urbanization and growth in carbon neutrality. On the other hand, this study finds the positive role of openness, green innovation, resource depletion, institutional quality, and financial development on environmental deterioration. However, under a systematic analysis, this study utilizes different proxies of the financial sector, for instance, financial complexity, financial efficiency, financial stability, and domestic credit by financial sector, and provides interesting outcomes. Based on these outcomes, this study also provides suggestions to attain desired levels of sustainability. Full article
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14 pages, 2223 KiB  
Article
Does the Carbon Emissions Trading Pilot Policy Have a Demonstrated Impact on Advancing Low-Carbon Technology? Evidence from a Case Study in Beijing, China
by Jiaxin Zhong, Jianjun Zhang and Meichen Fu
Land 2024, 13(8), 1276; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081276 - 13 Aug 2024
Viewed by 915
Abstract
In response to the international appeal of developing low-carbon economy and realizing carbon peaking and neutrality goals, China has been exploring the construction of the carbon emissions trading market for years. Without the guidance of advanced technology, there would not be a low-carbon [...] Read more.
In response to the international appeal of developing low-carbon economy and realizing carbon peaking and neutrality goals, China has been exploring the construction of the carbon emissions trading market for years. Without the guidance of advanced technology, there would not be a low-carbon economy in the first place. Based on panel data of 30 provinces and cities in China from 2005 to 2020, this paper takes Beijing—which is the first pilot city in China—as the only treated group and uses the Synthetic Control Method to study the impact of the pilot policy on low-carbon technology innovation. The results show that, firstly, the number of low-carbon technology patents in Beijing increases significantly after the implementation of the pilot policy, proving a positive influence on technology innovation. Secondly, the policy effect has a certain time lag and is sensitive to the shock from both domestic and foreign carbon market, but this effect is gradually stable over time. This paper confirms that technological innovation is the key means of promoting the development of the low-carbon economy and calls on various carbon trading markets to pay attention to the internal mechanism of promoting low-carbon technology innovation to stimulate the vitality of market entities. Full article
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22 pages, 14529 KiB  
Article
Impacts of Vegetation Ratio, Street Orientation, and Aspect Ratio on Thermal Comfort and Building Carbon Emissions in Cold Zones: A Case Study of Tianjin
by Lin Wang, Tian Chen, Yang Yu, Liuying Wang, Huiyi Zang, Yun Cang, Ya’ou Zhang and Xiaowen Ma
Land 2024, 13(8), 1275; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081275 - 13 Aug 2024
Viewed by 709
Abstract
This research highlights that street layouts, including the vegetation ratio, street orientation, and aspect ratio, are key in diminishing urban heat islands (UHIs), building energy use, and carbon emissions. The optimal street layout for minimal building energy consumption, carbon emissions, and maximal outdoor [...] Read more.
This research highlights that street layouts, including the vegetation ratio, street orientation, and aspect ratio, are key in diminishing urban heat islands (UHIs), building energy use, and carbon emissions. The optimal street layout for minimal building energy consumption, carbon emissions, and maximal outdoor thermal comfort in Tianjin was established via field measurements, ENVI-met 5.6.1, Energy Plus simulations, and correlation analysis. The findings indicate the following: (1) The carbon emissions of winter residential heating energy consumption are 2.9–3.2 times higher than those for summer cooling. Urban design should thus prioritize winter energy efficiency and summer thermal comfort outdoors. (2) The summer street PET (physiological equivalent temperature) inversely correlates with the vegetation ratio and aspect ratio. Winter heating energy use inversely correlates with the street orientation and directly correlates with the aspect ratio. Adequate vegetation and proper orientation can decrease energy and carbon output while enhancing summer outdoor comfort. (3) Streets with an NW–SE orientation, H/W = 0.9, and 50% trees in summer yield the best thermal comfort, while those with an NE–SW orientation, H/W = 0.3, and 50% vegetative trees in winter produce the lowest carbon emissions. These insights are instrumental in refining urban streets and building designs in cold zones. Full article
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19 pages, 2325 KiB  
Article
A Quantitative Analysis of the Complex Response Relationship between Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) Structure/Spatial Pattern and Urban Thermal Environment in Shanghai
by Zhenru Guan and Hao Zhang
Sustainability 2024, 16(16), 6886; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166886 - 10 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1640
Abstract
The urban heat island (UHI) effect has evolved into one of the key environmental problems affecting the urban ecological environment and sustainable development. Based on 52 Urban Thermal Heat spots (UTHSs) with significant differences between land use structure and urban green infrastructure (UGI) [...] Read more.
The urban heat island (UHI) effect has evolved into one of the key environmental problems affecting the urban ecological environment and sustainable development. Based on 52 Urban Thermal Heat spots (UTHSs) with significant differences between land use structure and urban green infrastructure (UGI) spatial layout within the influence range of UHI in Shanghai, Landsat-8/9 satellite images were used to construct a high-dimensional dataset reflecting the impact of built environment components on urban thermal environment. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to analyze the spatial difference qualitatively. Using the stepwise regression (SWR) model and partial least square regression (PLSR) model, the complex response relationship between UGI’s structure/spatial pattern differentiation and urban thermal environment in three spatial stratification ranges of UTHSs was quantitatively analyzed. Overall, the statistical explanatory power of the PLSR model is much better than the stepwise regression model. The PLSR model points out that moderately increasing the average building height, class area (CA), percentage of landscape (PLAND), landscape shape index (LSI), and largest patch index (LPI) play a positive role in inhibiting the growth of land surface temperature (LST), and the cooling effect of index weights decreases in order. However, the interaction effects of the box-cox transformed indices with underlines, e.g., CA × Cohesion × AI × LPI and PLAND × CA × Cohesion × AI × LPI, exert relatively small weight on the cooling effect. According to the results, suggestions such as optimization of the UGI structure and urban construction layout were proposed, which can effectively mitigate the UHI effect. Full article
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17 pages, 26065 KiB  
Article
Mapping the Future of Green Gold: GIS-Based Insights into Optimal Olive-Cultivation Areas in Jordan Amidst Climate Change
by Hind Sarayrah, Wissam Hayek, Ibrahim Farhan and Mohammad Wahsha
Sustainability 2024, 16(16), 6769; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166769 - 7 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1169
Abstract
This study harnesses Geographic Information Systems (GISs) and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to identify optimal areas for olive cultivation in Jordan amidst the challenges of climate change. Recognizing the olive tree’s economic, environmental and cultural significance in the Mediterranean, this research focuses [...] Read more.
This study harnesses Geographic Information Systems (GISs) and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to identify optimal areas for olive cultivation in Jordan amidst the challenges of climate change. Recognizing the olive tree’s economic, environmental and cultural significance in the Mediterranean, this research focuses on the impact of altered climatic conditions, such as rising temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns and increased weather extremes, over the period from 1994 to 2021. By integrating climatic and topographical data, including factors such as altitude, slope, aspect and temperature variations, a multi-criteria analysis pinpoints regions suitable for sustainable olive agriculture. The methodology combines GIS-based spatial analysis with AHP to assess the suitability of various regions for olive farming, taking into account the complex interplay between climate and topography. This approach allows for the evaluation of potential agricultural zones under both current and projected climate scenarios, highlighting northern and western Jordan as areas with the highest suitability due to favorable precipitation and temperature conditions. The results of this study are vital for strategic agricultural planning, offering insights that can help enhance the resilience of olive production against climate variability. By identifying regions with optimal growing conditions and suggesting adaptive strategies, this research aims to support policymakers, agricultural developers and farmers in making informed decisions that ensure the sustainable future of olive farming in Jordan. Full article
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25 pages, 1742 KiB  
Article
Integrating Consumption-Based Metrics into Sectoral Carbon Budgets to Enhance Sustainability Monitoring of Building Activities
by Marin Pellan, Denise Almeida, Mathilde Louërat and Guillaume Habert
Sustainability 2024, 16(16), 6762; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166762 - 7 Aug 2024
Viewed by 898
Abstract
Climate policies such as sectoral carbon budgets use national greenhouse gas emissions inventories to track the decarbonization of sectors. While they provide an important compass to guide climate action, the accounting framework in which they are embedded lacks flexibility for activities that are [...] Read more.
Climate policies such as sectoral carbon budgets use national greenhouse gas emissions inventories to track the decarbonization of sectors. While they provide an important compass to guide climate action, the accounting framework in which they are embedded lacks flexibility for activities that are international and at the crossroads of different sectors. The building activities, being largely linked with important upstream emitters such as energy production or industrial activities, which can take place outside of national borders, are such an example. As legislation increasingly addresses the whole-life carbon emissions of buildings, it is vital to develop cross-sectoral accounting methods that effectively measure and monitor the overall impact of buildings. Such methods are essential for creating sound and holistic decarbonization pathways that align with sustainability policies. This article aims to provide a consistent approach for depicting the life-cycle emissions of buildings at the national level, using France as a case study. By integrating the different emission scopes with decarbonization pathways, this approach also enables the creation of comprehensive whole-life carbon budgets. The results show that the French building stock footprint reached 162 MtCO2eq in 2019, with 64% attributed to operational emissions, primarily from fossil fuel combustion, and the remainder to embodied emissions, mainly from upstream industrial and energy sectors. Overall, 20% of the emissions occurred outside the national borders. Under various global decarbonization pathways, the significance of embodied emissions is projected to increase, potentially comprising 78% of the life-cycle emissions by 2050 under the current policies. This underscores the necessity for climate policies to address emissions beyond territorial and operational boundaries. Full article
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19 pages, 4288 KiB  
Article
Molecular Composition of Humic Acids and Soil Organic Matter Stabilization Rate of the First Arctic Carbon Measurement Supersite “Seven Larches”
by Timur Nizamutdinov, Olga Bolshiianova, Evgeniya Morgun and Evgeny Abakumov
Sustainability 2024, 16(15), 6673; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156673 - 4 Aug 2024
Viewed by 917
Abstract
In the framework of the implementation of the all-Russian climatic project “Carbon measurement test sites”, reference soils of “Seven Larches” carbon supersite, which is a benchmark and the only monitoring site in the Artistic latitudes, were investigated. The morphological structure of representative soils [...] Read more.
In the framework of the implementation of the all-Russian climatic project “Carbon measurement test sites”, reference soils of “Seven Larches” carbon supersite, which is a benchmark and the only monitoring site in the Artistic latitudes, were investigated. The morphological structure of representative soils was specified, and it was found that soils are classified as Cryosols of different types (Histic, Stagnic or Gleyic). The basic physico-chemical characteristics of the soils were studied. By means of elemental analysis and 13C NMR spectroscopy, the composition and molecular structure of humic acids from organic and mineral soil horizons were studied. The surface (organic) soil horizons are characterized by high values of H:C molar ratios (1.2–1.3), which indicates a lower degree of the molecular structure aromaticity of humic acids from organic soil horizons. Analysis of the molecular structure of humic acids by 13C NMR spectroscopy showed that humic acids of the studied soils are characterized by the predominance of non-substituted aliphatic (0–47 ppm) and aromatic (108–164 ppm) fragments. Mineral soil horizons are characterized by higher stabilization of organic matter (with lower SOC content—0.5–0.9%) and higher hydrophobicity of humic acid molecules. Comparison of the obtained results with previously published data on the structural and elemental composition of humic acids isolated from soils of similar genesis and geographical location did not reveal any significant differences between the data obtained by us and previously published data. Thus, for “Seven Larches” carbon supersite “reference” parameters of elemental composition of humic acids, their molecular composition and degree of stabilization of soil organic matter were identified. Full article
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12 pages, 1495 KiB  
Article
Metabolic Network Analysis Reveals Human Impact on Urban Nitrogen Cycles
by Yong Min, Hong Li, Ying Ge and Jie Chang
Land 2024, 13(8), 1199; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081199 - 4 Aug 2024
Viewed by 906
Abstract
Human interactions have led to the emergence of a higher complexity of urban metabolic networks; hence, traditional natural- or agriculture-oriented biogeochemical models might not be transferred well to urban environments. Increasingly serious environmental problems require the development of new concepts and models. Here, [...] Read more.
Human interactions have led to the emergence of a higher complexity of urban metabolic networks; hence, traditional natural- or agriculture-oriented biogeochemical models might not be transferred well to urban environments. Increasingly serious environmental problems require the development of new concepts and models. Here, we propose a basic paradigm for urban–rural complex nitrogen (N) metabolic network reconstruction (NMNR) by introducing new concepts and methodologies from systems biology at the molecular scale, analyzing both local and global structural properties and exploring optimization and regulation methods. Using the Great Hangzhou Areas System (GHA) as a case study, we revealed that pathway fluxes follow a power law distribution, which indicates that human-dominated pathways constitute the principal part of the functions of the whole network. However, only 1.16% of the effective cycling pathways and an average hamming distance of only 5.23 between the main pathways indicate that the network lacks diverse pathways and feedback loops, which could lead to low robustness. Furthermore, more than half of the N fluxes did not pass through core metabolism, causing waste and pollution. We also provided strategies to design network structures and regulate system function: improving robustness and reducing pollution by referring to the characteristics of biochemical metabolic networks (e.g., the bow-tie structure). This method can be used to replace the trial-and-error method in system regulation and design. By decomposing the GHA N metabolic network into 4398 metabolic pathways and the corresponding fluxes with a power law distribution, NMNR helps us quantify the vulnerability in the current urban nitrogen cycle. The basic ideas and methodology in NMNR can be applied to coupled human and natural systems to advance global sustainable development studies, and they can also extend systems biology from the molecule to complex ecosystems and lead to the development of multi-scale unified theory in systems biology. Full article
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27 pages, 21745 KiB  
Article
Semi-Arid to Arid Scenario Shift: Is the Cabrobó Desertification Nucleus Becoming Arid?
by José Lucas Pereira da Silva, Francisco Bento da Silva Junior, João Pedro Alves de Souza Santos, Alexsandro Claudio dos Santos Almeida, Thieres George Freire da Silva, José Francisco de Oliveira-Júnior, George do Nascimento Araújo Júnior, Christopher Horvath Scheibel, Jhon Lennon Bezerra da Silva, João Luís Mendes Pedroso de Lima and Marcos Vinícius da Silva
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(15), 2834; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16152834 - 2 Aug 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1016
Abstract
Monitoring areas susceptible to desertification contributes to the strategic development of regions located in environments of extreme hydric and social vulnerability. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the process of soil degradation in the Desertification Nucleus of Cabrobó (DNC) over [...] Read more.
Monitoring areas susceptible to desertification contributes to the strategic development of regions located in environments of extreme hydric and social vulnerability. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the process of soil degradation in the Desertification Nucleus of Cabrobó (DNC) over the past three decades using remote sensing techniques. This study used primary climatic data from TerraClimate, geospatial data of land use and land cover (LULC), and vegetation indices (SAVI and LAI) via Google Earth Engine (GEE) from Landsat 5/TM and 8/OLI satellites, and established the aridity index (AI) from 1992 to 2022. The results indicated 10 predominant LULC classes with native vegetation suppression, particularly in agriculture and urbanization. SAVI ranged from −0.84 to 0.90, with high values influenced by La Niña episodes and increased rainfall; conversely, El Niño episodes worsened the rainfall regime in the DNC region. Based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), it was possible to correlate normal and severe drought events in the DNC with years under the influence of El Niño and La Niña phases. In summary, the AI images indicated that the DNC remained semi-arid and that the transition to an arid region is a cyclical and low-frequency phenomenon, occurring in specific periods and directly influenced by El Niño and La Niña phenomena. The Mann–Kendall analysis showed no increasing trend in AI, with a Tau of −0.01 and a p-value of 0.97. During the analyzed period, there was an increase in Non-Vegetated Areas, which showed a growing trend with a Tau of 0.42 in the Mann–Kendall analysis, representing exposed soil areas. Annual meteorological conditions remained within the climatic pattern of the region, with annual averages of precipitation and actual evapotranspiration (ETa) close to 450 mm and an average temperature of 24 °C, showing changes only during El Niño and La Niña events, and did not show significant increasing or decreasing trends in the Mann–Kendall analysis. Full article
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19 pages, 11953 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Bus Shelters and Their Thermal Environment in Hot–Humid Areas—A Case Study in Guangzhou
by Yan Pan, Shan Li and Xiaoxiang Tang
Buildings 2024, 14(8), 2377; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082377 - 1 Aug 2024
Viewed by 768
Abstract
The acceleration of urbanization intensifies the urban heat island, outdoor activities (especially the road travel) are seriously affected by the overheating environment, and the comfort and safety of the bus shelter as an accessory facility of road travel are crucial to the passenger’s [...] Read more.
The acceleration of urbanization intensifies the urban heat island, outdoor activities (especially the road travel) are seriously affected by the overheating environment, and the comfort and safety of the bus shelter as an accessory facility of road travel are crucial to the passenger’s experience. This study investigated the basic information (e.g., distribution, orientation) of 373 bus shelters in Guangzhou and extracted the typical style by classifying the characteristics of these bus shelters. Additionally, we also measured the thermal environment of some bus shelters in summer and investigated the cooling behavior of passengers in such an environment. The results show that the typical style of bus shelters in the core area of Guangzhou is north–south orientation, with only one station board at the end of the bus, two backboards, two roofs (opaque green), and the underlying surface is made of red permeable brick. The air temperature and relative humidity under different bus shelters, tree shading areas, and open space in summer are 34–37 °C and 49–56%, respectively. For the bus shelters with heavy traffic loads, the air temperature is basically above 35.5 °C, and the thermal environment is not comfortable. During the hot summer, when there is no bus shelter or trees to shade the sun, the waiting people adjust their position with the sun’s height, azimuth angles, and direct solar radiation intensity to reduce the received radiation as much as possible, which brings great inconvenience to them. When only bus shelters provide shade, people tend to gather in the shaded space, and cooling measures such as umbrellas, hats, and small fans are still needed to alleviate thermal discomfort. However, the aforementioned various spontaneous cooling behaviors still cannot effectively alleviate overheating, and it is very important to increase auxiliary cooling facilities in bus shelters. Full article
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20 pages, 11964 KiB  
Article
Spatiotemporal Evolution and Drivers of Carbon Storage from a Sustainable Development Perspective: A Case Study of the Region along the Middle and Lower Yellow River, China
by Shu An, Yifang Duan, Dengshuai Chen and Xiaoman Wu
Sustainability 2024, 16(15), 6409; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156409 - 26 Jul 2024
Viewed by 955
Abstract
Carbon storage (C-storage) is a critical indicator of ecosystem services, and it plays a vital role in maintaining ecological balance and driving sustainability. Its assessment provides essential insights for enhancing environmental protection, optimizing land use, and formulating policies that support long-term ecological and [...] Read more.
Carbon storage (C-storage) is a critical indicator of ecosystem services, and it plays a vital role in maintaining ecological balance and driving sustainability. Its assessment provides essential insights for enhancing environmental protection, optimizing land use, and formulating policies that support long-term ecological and economic sustainability. Previous research on C-storage in the Yellow River Basin has mainly concentrated on the spatiotemporal fluctuations of C-storage and the investigation of natural influencing factors. However, research combining human activity factors to explore the influences on C-storage is limited. In this paper, based on the assessment of the spatiotemporal evolution of C-storage in the region along the Middle and Lower Yellow River (MLYR), the influences of anthropogenic and natural factors on C-storage were explored from the perspective of sustainable development. The findings reflected the relationship between socio-economic activities and the ecological environment from a sustainable development perspective, providing important scientific evidence for the formulation of sustainability policies in the region. We noticed the proportion of arable land was the highest, reaching 40%. The increase of construction land because of the fast urbanization mainly came from arable land and grassland. During the past 15 years, the cumulative loss of C-storage was 71.17 × 106 t. The high-value of C-storage was primarily situated in hilly areas, and the area of C-storage hotspots was shrinking. The aggregation effect of low-value C-storage was strengthening, while that of high-value C-storage was weakening. The dominant factors (q > 0.5) influencing the spatiotemporal variation of C-storage in the region along the Middle Yellow River (MYR) were temperature and precipitation, while the primary factor in the region along the Lower Yellow River (LYR) was temperature. Overall, meteorological factors were the main determinants across the entire study area. Additionally, compared to the MYR, anthropogenic factors had a smaller impact on the spatiotemporal evolution of C-storage in the LYR, but their influence has been increasing over time. Full article
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26 pages, 7455 KiB  
Systematic Review
Literary Analysis of the Connection between Urban Innovations and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
by Ali Cheshmehzangi and Tong Zou
Sustainability 2024, 16(15), 6405; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156405 - 26 Jul 2024
Viewed by 948
Abstract
The connections between urban areas and innovations have been widely discussed and well recognized in both academia and practice. Notably, urban innovation (UI), as a type of innovation and/or innovation system, can significantly contribute to achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). However, current research [...] Read more.
The connections between urban areas and innovations have been widely discussed and well recognized in both academia and practice. Notably, urban innovation (UI), as a type of innovation and/or innovation system, can significantly contribute to achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). However, current research on UI and SDGs is still limited. To fill this research gap, this systematic literature review is conducted using published work in the first half of the SDG era, i.e., 2015 to 2022. It proposes the hierarchy of the urban innovation level and the SDG pizza model with a definition of UI. This systematic literature review is based on four main steps: literature selection, abstract screening, full-text review, and data extraction. In step #1, the keyword “urban innovation” is used to identify the initial publications. Next, an inclusion criterion is applied in step #2, which covers UI in the abstract. Then, an exclusion criterion is used in step #3, which covers the connection between/among UIs and any one or more SDGs. Step #4 is mainly data extraction following the full text review. This paper provides detailed results and discussions with a few critical views on this nexus analysis. This paper contributes to existing research by highlighting the importance of the innovation-sustainability nexus, particularly from the SDG perspective. Full article
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21 pages, 3169 KiB  
Article
Response of Low Carbon Level to Transportation Efficiency in Megacities: A Case Study of Beijing, China
by Chang Gao, Yueyang Du, Yuhao Zhao, Yingqiao Jia and Jiansheng Wu
Land 2024, 13(7), 1033; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13071033 - 10 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 753
Abstract
Global warming caused by massive carbon dioxide emissions can lead to a chain of ecological disasters. As one of the main sources of carbon emissions, transportation is of great significance, and the evaluation of its connections with carbon emissions is necessary to achieve [...] Read more.
Global warming caused by massive carbon dioxide emissions can lead to a chain of ecological disasters. As one of the main sources of carbon emissions, transportation is of great significance, and the evaluation of its connections with carbon emissions is necessary to achieve “carbon neutrality”. Taking Beijing as an example, this study evaluated traffic efficiency (TE) by utilizing principal component analysis and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. Using the Tapio decoupling model and coupling coordination degree model, the corresponding relationship between urban low carbon level (LCL) and TE was explored. The results showed the following: (1) The total carbon emission (CE) level exhibited fluctuating variation from increasing to decreasing. The carbon emission intensity (CEI) continued to slow down, and the rapid growth of population density played a key role in low-carbon development. (2) The traffic operations continually showed a positive trend in development. TE increased from a step-like to a slow shape, until it declined in 2020 due to the pandemic. (3) TE and LCL both developed from low coordination to an extreme level of coordination. Per capita carbon emission (CEP) and TE presented an inverted U-shaped curve; meanwhile, with increases in TE, the decline in CEI slowed. In addition, the weak decoupling of TE changed to become strong, due to CE and CEP, and maintained a strong decoupling state from CEI. (4) There is a necessity for the rational planning of land use for transportation infrastructure, the encouragement of a combination of public and private transportation, and the strengthening of the maintenance of the relative infrastructure and the management of traffic behaviors to attain a win–win situation. The results provide a reference for optimizing the traffic structure to achieve “carbon neutrality”. Full article
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17 pages, 2219 KiB  
Article
Biomass Allocation and Allometric Relationship of Salix gordejevii Branches in Sandy Habitats Heterogeneity in Northern China
by Guan-Zhi Liu, Kai Zhao, Shi-Qi Zhang, Yu-Mei Liang, Yong-Jie Yue, Guo-Hou Liu and Fu-Cang Qin
Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5483; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135483 - 27 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1429
Abstract
The patterns of biomass allocation are crucial for understanding the growth, reproduction, and community functions of plant individuals. We investigated the allometric growth characteristics and biomass allocation patterns of Salix gordejevii fascicular branches in various habitats of the Hunshandake Sandy Land to delve [...] Read more.
The patterns of biomass allocation are crucial for understanding the growth, reproduction, and community functions of plant individuals. We investigated the allometric growth characteristics and biomass allocation patterns of Salix gordejevii fascicular branches in various habitats of the Hunshandake Sandy Land to delve into their adaptability to environmental changes and role in the carbon cycle. We discovered the following: (1) The base diameter-to-branch length of S. gordejevii fascicular branches exhibited allometric growth relationships in mobile dunes and interdune lowlands, whereas it showed isometric growth relationships in semifixed and fixed dunes. As the soil moisture gradient increased, the length growth rate of S. gordejevii fascicular branches became faster than the base diameter growth rate in mobile dunes, demonstrated isometric growth in semifixed and fixed dunes, and was slow in interdune lowlands. (2) The biomasses of S. gordejevii fascicular branches significantly varied across different habitats, with the biomass of each component showing an increasing trend as habitat conditions improved. This study revealed the resource utilization strategies and adaptability of S. gordejevii fascicular branches in different habitats, providing new insights into the carbon sink function of desert ecosystems in semiarid regions. Full article
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16 pages, 820 KiB  
Review
Uncovering REDD Plus in Brazil
by Karla Sessin-Dilascio, Charles Borges-Rossi and Paulo Sinisgalli
Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5409; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135409 - 26 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1580
Abstract
This article delves into the evolution of Brazil’s REDD+ architecture. We explore how, despite initial challenges like the lack of a global consensus and the complexities of multi-level negotiations, Brazil has transformed REDD+ into a “boundary object”—a concept that bridges diverse institutions. Consequently, [...] Read more.
This article delves into the evolution of Brazil’s REDD+ architecture. We explore how, despite initial challenges like the lack of a global consensus and the complexities of multi-level negotiations, Brazil has transformed REDD+ into a “boundary object”—a concept that bridges diverse institutions. Consequently, a rich tapestry of institutional arrangements has emerged for Brazilian REDD+ projects. The study, drawing on interviews, literature reviews, and action research, sheds light on a critical aspect: the reliance on auditing firms for project reports. This dependence, the research finds, can introduce inconsistencies, making it difficult to accurately assess project compliance with established standards. By tracing REDD+ from its international negotiation roots to its current operationalization in Brazil, this article aims to illuminate key insights into the mechanism itself. Full article
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27 pages, 6887 KiB  
Article
A Comparative Analysis of Low-Carbon Design Strategies for China’s Higher Education Parks Based on Building and Urban Scale in Sustainability Rating Systems
by Qiyuan Li, Yu Zeng, Yuanyue Meng, Weici Kong and Zhichao Pei
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1846; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061846 - 18 Jun 2024
Viewed by 747
Abstract
In the global context of carbon neutrality, higher education parks are an important strategic position for achieving China’s goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization. Strategies from the perspective of life cycle to guide early low-carbon planning and design are an effective way [...] Read more.
In the global context of carbon neutrality, higher education parks are an important strategic position for achieving China’s goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization. Strategies from the perspective of life cycle to guide early low-carbon planning and design are an effective way to achieve carbon emission reduction goals. As the scale of university construction gradually expands, the “urban” attributes of them are becoming prominent. However, there is no quantitative study on analyzing the life cycle carbon emission strategies at both the building and urban scale based on sustainability rating systems. This study first extracts the design strategies according to BREEAM, LEED, DGNB and relative assessment standards for campuses and cities in China at the building and urban scale based on the 7-dimensional low-carbon strategy framework, then sorts out and compares the proportions of carbon-emission-related strategies across various dimensions and life cycle stages. It then summarizes the applications and concerns of low-carbon design strategies at different design scales. Finally, the weighting and calculation methods of life cycle carbon emissions in different sustainability rating systems are compared, the scope and methods of carbon emission benchmarks under different standards are compiled, and the evaluation method for locally applicable carbon emission benchmarks in China is proposed in light of China’s national conditions, which provides guidance for the design process and standard formulation. Full article
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22 pages, 13447 KiB  
Article
Understanding Outdoor Cold Stress and Thermal Perception of the Elderly in Severely Cold Climates: A Case Study in Harbin
by Xiaoyun He, Long Shao, Yuexing Tang and Liangbo Hao
Land 2024, 13(6), 864; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13060864 - 15 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1236
Abstract
This study collected data through microclimate monitoring, surface temperature measurements, and questionnaire surveys, and used indicators, such as the universal thermal climate index (UTCI), surface temperature (Ts), and wind chill temperature (tWC), to determine the thermal comfort [...] Read more.
This study collected data through microclimate monitoring, surface temperature measurements, and questionnaire surveys, and used indicators, such as the universal thermal climate index (UTCI), surface temperature (Ts), and wind chill temperature (tWC), to determine the thermal comfort threshold of the elderly in severely cold climates and evaluate their cold stress. The results indicated that (1) the neutral UTCI (NUTCI) for elderly individuals in winter was 13.3 °C, and the NUTCI range was from 1.4 to 25.2 °C; (2) the intensity of elderly individuals’ physical activity affected the magnitude of risk of whole-body cooling, with duration-limited exposures corresponding to 0.5, 3.3, and over 8 h for light, moderate, and vigorous activity levels, respectively; (3) the tWC in all four spaces was below −10 °C, potentially inducing discomfort or even frostbite in the elderly; (4) for a 10 s touch, the maximum Ts (−17.2 °C) of stone was lower than the numbness threshold (−15.0 °C), while that (−15.1 °C) of steel materials remained below the frostbite threshold (−13 °C), posing risks for the elderly during physical activity. This study’s results will provide valuable insights and theoretical references for the landscape design of urban park activity spaces for elderly individuals in cold climate regions. Full article
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16 pages, 1842 KiB  
Article
Effects of Rodent Isolation on Plant Community Structure and Greenhouse Gas Emission in the Alpine Grassland of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
by Hongbao Wu, Ya Chen, Hasbagan Ganjurjav and Jianrong Zhao
Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 4943; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16124943 - 9 Jun 2024
Viewed by 910
Abstract
As one of the dominant species of the alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, the activities (e.g., gnawing, burrowing, and grass storage) of plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) directly alter the plant community structure of the grassland ecosystem and affect livestock production [...] Read more.
As one of the dominant species of the alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, the activities (e.g., gnawing, burrowing, and grass storage) of plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) directly alter the plant community structure of the grassland ecosystem and affect livestock production and greenhouse gas emission. In order to investigate the effects of rodent isolation (RI) on plant community structure and greenhouse gas emission in the alpine grassland of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, we established plots of rodent isolation and rodent activity (i.e., the control sample (CK)) in the 14th village, Seni District, Nagqu City in May 2018. From July 2019 to September, the numbers, sizes, and total damaged area of effective holes; the height, coverage, and aboveground plant biomass; and the methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions of the alpine grassland were monitored by the quadrat survey method and static closed-chamber method. The results show that the invasion and tunneling of Ochotona curzoniae resulted in the destruction of alpine grassland measuring 0.064 m2 per square meter, while the rodent isolation plots showed that 97.9% of the alpine grassland remained unaltered; such unaffected land implies that the economic income of herdsmen could increase by 140 CNY hm−2. The rodent isolation plots also show that the height and proportion of grasses and sedges in the alpine grassland increased, while the proportion of poisonous weeds decreased. Moreover, the rodent isolation plots also showed a significantly increased coverage of aboveground biomass (p < 0.05), although species richness showed no significant effect based on the Shannon–Weiner, Simpson, and Pielou indices (p > 0.05). The soil uptake of CH4 and N2O was 204.99 ± 50.23 μg m−2 h−1 and 4.48 ± 1.02 μg m−2 h−1 in the rodent isolation plots, significantly higher by 465.75% and 3001.4% relative to the rodent activity plots, respectively (p < 0.05). Therefore, the establishment of rodent isolation areas can effectively alleviate the degree of damage to alpine grasslands in the short run and slow down the greenhouse gas emission rate to some extent. However, excessive rodent control may also have negative effects on grassland ecosystems, so more attention should be paid in future studies to determining the disturbance threshold of plateau pika in this area. These results provide theoretical guidance for rodent control, grassland protection, and ecological environment management on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Full article
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26 pages, 959 KiB  
Article
Evaluating the Impact of Low-Carbon Urban Policy on Corporate Green Innovation—Evidence from China’s National Low-Carbon City Strategy Program
by Xingneng Xia, Xuezhao Chen and Qinqin Chen
Sustainability 2024, 16(10), 4154; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16104154 - 15 May 2024
Viewed by 1205
Abstract
Low-carbon urban policy (LCUP) and corporate green innovation are considered crucial strategies and methods for reducing urban carbon emissions, addressing climate change, and promoting urban environmental sustainability. This study constructed a quasi-natural experiment based on the low-carbon city strategy program implemented in China [...] Read more.
Low-carbon urban policy (LCUP) and corporate green innovation are considered crucial strategies and methods for reducing urban carbon emissions, addressing climate change, and promoting urban environmental sustainability. This study constructed a quasi-natural experiment based on the low-carbon city strategy program implemented in China in 2010, utilizing data from Chinese prefecture-level cities and publicly listed companies from 2005 to 2020. Employing a multi-period difference-in-differences (DID) approach, this paper reveals that the establishment of low-carbon model cities effectively fosters green innovation in corporations. Further analysis demonstrates that this promotional effect is particularly significant in non-state-owned enterprises, enterprises with high media attention, those with a high level of digitalization, and enterprises located in cities with high levels of green finance and in the Eastern and Central regions of China. These conclusions withstood a series of robustness tests, confirming their validity. Meanwhile, the examination of policy mechanisms reveals that public environmental awareness, government environmental regulation, and corporate environmental information disclosure are three key policy transmission mechanisms through which LCUP affects corporate green innovation. The findings of this study provide significant empirical insights for addressing climate change and enhancing the sustainable capacity of urban environments. Full article
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30 pages, 6595 KiB  
Article
Research on Strategy Optimization of Green Agricultural Production Trusteeship to Promote Black Land Protection
by Li Ma, Jiahao Lin, Chuangang Li and Yun Teng
Land 2024, 13(5), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13050647 - 9 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2009
Abstract
The whole trusteeship of green agricultural production plays an important role in promoting the protection of black land, and it is particularly crucial to clarify the behavioral characteristics and game relationships of agents involved in the whole trusteeship. This study uses the dynamic [...] Read more.
The whole trusteeship of green agricultural production plays an important role in promoting the protection of black land, and it is particularly crucial to clarify the behavioral characteristics and game relationships of agents involved in the whole trusteeship. This study uses the dynamic evolutionary game method to construct a tripartite evolutionary game model of governments, service organizations and farmers participating in the whole trusteeship of green agricultural production, aiming to come up with effective strategies to promote the widespread application of green agricultural production trusteeship and achieve agricultural green development. The results are as follows: (1) At present, the agricultural production model in Northeast China is dominated by traditional agricultural production and supplemented by green agricultural production. (2) Incentive and punitive measures will encourage agents to adopt positive strategies. (3) In areas with a poor awareness of green agricultural production trusteeship, the government’s incentive and punishment measures for farmers and service organizations are imbalanced. (4) The relatively high cost of trusteeship leads to a lack of market competitiveness, which has a negative impact on service organizations promoting green agricultural production trusteeship. This study provides an effective reference for improving the overall implementation effect of black land protection in Northeast China. Full article
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16 pages, 10304 KiB  
Article
Climate Warming Benefits Plant Growth but Not Net Carbon Uptake: Simulation of Alaska Tundra and Needle Leaf Forest Using LPJ-GUESS
by Cui Liu, Chuanhua Li and Liangliang Li
Land 2024, 13(5), 632; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13050632 - 8 May 2024
Viewed by 1069
Abstract
Climate warming significantly impacts Arctic vegetation, yet its future role as a carbon sink or source is unclear. We analyzed vegetation growth and carbon exchange in Alaska’s tundra and needle leaf forests using the LPJ-GUESS model. The accuracy of the model is verified [...] Read more.
Climate warming significantly impacts Arctic vegetation, yet its future role as a carbon sink or source is unclear. We analyzed vegetation growth and carbon exchange in Alaska’s tundra and needle leaf forests using the LPJ-GUESS model. The accuracy of the model is verified using linear regression of the measured data from 2004 to 2008, and the results are significantly correlated, which proves that the model is reliable, with R2 values of 0.51 and 0.46, respectively, for net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) at the tundra and needle leaf forest sites, and RMSE values of 22.85 and 23.40 gC/m2/yr for the tundra and needle forest sites, respectively. For the gross primary production (GPP), the R2 values were 0.66 and 0.85, and the RMSE values were 39.25 and 43.75 gC/m2/yr at the tundra and needle leaf forest sites, respectively. We simulated vegetation carbon exchanges for 1992–2014 and projected future exchanges for 2020–2100 using climate variables. Under SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, GPP values increase with higher emissions, while the NEE showed great fluctuations without significant differences among the three pathways. Our results showed although climate warming can benefit vegetation growth, net carbon assimilation by vegetation may not increase accordingly in the future. Full article
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11 pages, 3522 KiB  
Communication
Characterization of Aerosol and CO2 Co-Emissions around Power Plants through Satellite-Based Synergistic Observations
by Lu Sun, Siqi Yu and Dong Liu
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(9), 1609; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16091609 - 30 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1015
Abstract
The tracking of carbon and aerosol co-emissions is essential for environmental management. Satellite-based atmospheric synoptic observation networks provide large-scale and multifaceted data to help resolve emission behaviors. This study employs a comprehensive analysis of atmospheric dynamics, combustion byproducts, and aerosol characteristics around power [...] Read more.
The tracking of carbon and aerosol co-emissions is essential for environmental management. Satellite-based atmospheric synoptic observation networks provide large-scale and multifaceted data to help resolve emission behaviors. This study employs a comprehensive analysis of atmospheric dynamics, combustion byproducts, and aerosol characteristics around power plants. Strong correlations between Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at 500 nm and the column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of carbon dioxide (XCO2) were observed, revealing synchronous peaks in their emission patterns. The investigation into combustion completeness utilized metrics such as the ratio of carbon monoxide (CO)/XCO2 and Black Carbon Extinction (BCEXT)/Total Aerosol Extinction (TOTEXT). Discrepancies in these ratios across cases suggest variations in combustion efficiency and aerosol characteristics. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) distributions closely mirrored XCO2, indicating consistent emission patterns, while variations in sulfur dioxide (SO2) distributions implied differences in sulfide content in the coal used. The influence of coal composition on AOD/XCO2 ratios was evident, with sulfide content contributing to variations besides combustion efficiency. This multifactorial analysis underscores the complex interplay of combustion completeness, aerosol composition, and coal components in shaping the air quality around power stations. The findings highlight the need for a nuanced understanding of these factors for effective air quality management. Full article
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18 pages, 31986 KiB  
Article
Synergistic Impacts of Built-Up Characteristics and Background Climate on Urban Vegetation Phenology: Evidence from Beijing, China
by Xuecheng Fu and Bao-Jie He
Forests 2024, 15(4), 728; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15040728 - 21 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1391
Abstract
Vegetation is an important strategy for mitigating heat island effects, owed to its shading and evaporative cooling functions. However, urbanization has significantly affected regional vegetation phenology and can potentially weaken the cooling potential of vegetation. Previous studies have mainly focused on national and [...] Read more.
Vegetation is an important strategy for mitigating heat island effects, owed to its shading and evaporative cooling functions. However, urbanization has significantly affected regional vegetation phenology and can potentially weaken the cooling potential of vegetation. Previous studies have mainly focused on national and regional vegetation phenology, but local-scale vegetation phenology and dynamic variations in built-up areas remain unclear. Therefore, this study characterized the vegetation phenology in the densely built-up area of Beijing, China over the period of 2000–2020 based on high-resolution NDVI data using Savitzky–Golay filtering and explored its spatiotemporal characteristics and drivers. The results indicate that the vegetation phenology exhibits significant spatial heterogeneity and clustering characteristics. Compared with vegetation in peripheral blocks, vegetation in central urban blocks generally has an earlier start in the growing season (SOS), later end in the growing season (EOS), and a longer growing season length (GSL). However, the overall distribution of these parameters has experienced a process of decentralization along with urbanization. In terms of drivers, vegetation phenology indicators are mainly influenced by background climate. Specifically, SOS and GSL are mainly affected by temperature (TEP), whereas EOS is mainly influenced by annual precipitation (PRE). Additionally, local environmental factors, particularly the percentage of water body (WAP), also have an impact. Notably, the local environment and background climate have a synergistic effect on vegetation phenology, which is greater than their individual effects. Overall, this study extends the current knowledge on the response of vegetation phenology to urbanization by investigating long-term vegetation phenology dynamics in dense urban areas and provides new insights into the complex interactions between vegetation phenology and built environments. Full article
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16 pages, 4754 KiB  
Article
Spatiotemporal Patterns in the Urban Heat Island Effect of Several Contemporary and Historical Chinese “Stove Cities”
by Mengyu Huang, Shaobo Zhong, Xin Mei and Jin He
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 3091; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16073091 - 8 Apr 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1681
Abstract
Various cities in China have been identified as “stove cities” either in contemporary or historical times, exposing residents to extremely high temperatures. Existing studies on the heat island effect in stove cities are not representative nationwide. The outdated nature of these studies also [...] Read more.
Various cities in China have been identified as “stove cities” either in contemporary or historical times, exposing residents to extremely high temperatures. Existing studies on the heat island effect in stove cities are not representative nationwide. The outdated nature of these studies also significantly diminishes the relevance of their findings. Thus, reassessing the urban heat island (UHI) effect of stove cities is necessary in the context of global climate change and urbanization. This study focuses on seven symbolic and geographically distributed stove cities in China, including Nanjing, Chongqing, Wuhan, Fuzhou, Beijing, Xi’an, and Turpan. Using land surface temperature (LST) data, this study investigates the summer heat island effect from 2013 to 2023 and analyzes changes in the spatial distribution of the heat island effect. This paper utilizes impervious surface data and urban clustering algorithms to define urban and suburban areas. It then examines the evolution and spatial distribution of surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII) over time. Incorporating urbanization variables like population density and urban area, the study analyzes the main factors affecting the heat island effect from 2013 to 2018. We find that all cities continuously expand, with the annual average heat island effect intensifying over the years. With the exception of Beijing, the summer heat island or cool island effects in the remaining six cities show an overall intensification trend. From 2013 to 2018, SUHII has been primarily related to urban expansion and planning layout, with minimal impact from factors such as population density. Full article
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27 pages, 6781 KiB  
Article
Developing an Urban Environment Examination System by Incorporating Construction, Economic, Environmental, Cultural and Development Dimensions
by Shaoyang Ren, Yinan Li, Zhen Peng, Mingqiang Yin and Xiao Liu
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 3065; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16073065 - 7 Apr 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1311
Abstract
The sustainable development goals (SDGs) suggest sustainable cities and communities (Goal 11) as inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable human settlements. However, existing efforts in urban sustainability have mainly focused on ecological and environmental sustainability, with little attention paid to development, economic, and cultural [...] Read more.
The sustainable development goals (SDGs) suggest sustainable cities and communities (Goal 11) as inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable human settlements. However, existing efforts in urban sustainability have mainly focused on ecological and environmental sustainability, with little attention paid to development, economic, and cultural sustainability. Moreover, a lack of adaptability is a barrier to cross-nation or cross-region implementation of many urban sustainability frameworks due to diverse urban contexts. Furthermore, most studies have developed sustainability frameworks and guides only for one-time assessments and the progress of urban sustainability has been neglected. Improving urban sustainability by considering multiple dimensions and local adaptability through dynamic assessment remains a question. Therefore, this study aims to develop an urban environment examination system (UEES) framework that includes construction, economy and industry, environment and resource, municipal and cultural facilities, and development potential dimensions. The UEES framework consists of 31 indicators associated with critical information (i.e., reported by the statistical yearbooks) from different levels of government in China. An annual update of statistical data ensures the availability of dynamic data, allowing urban managers and decision makers to regularly track urban sustainability. Furthermore, the UEES framework was applied to Qingdao, an urbanizing city in China, to examine the feasibility of the UEES framework. The results indicate that well-urbanized districts could perform better in terms of overall sustainability (e.g., Shinan, Shibei, Laoshan, Chengyang), while districts in suburban and outer suburban areas had lower urban sustainability levels. However, well-urbanized districts could not perform better in all dimensions than suburban and outer suburban districts. Moreover, the transition from less-urbanized to well-urbanized districts could lead to environmental deterioration and economy deceleration (if industries are not well upgraded), but culture and development sustainability can be improved. Overall, this study provides a methodological framework that prioritizes comprehensiveness and local adaptability to perform regular urban environment examinations for urban sustainability in China and provides a reference for urban sustainability improvement by identifying aspects with low scores in Qingdao, China. Full article
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21 pages, 3678 KiB  
Article
Governing Urban Climate Resilience (UCR): Systems, Agents, and Institutions in Shanghai, China
by Chun Li, Huihui Yang, Qiang Yao, Na An and Haixing Meng
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2648; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072648 - 23 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2004
Abstract
Climate change and urbanization intersect with escalating danger. Urban areas significantly contribute to climate change, which, in turn, poses severe threats to urban settings. The frequency and intensity of extreme events, like flooding and heat, are rising, with the need to enhance urban [...] Read more.
Climate change and urbanization intersect with escalating danger. Urban areas significantly contribute to climate change, which, in turn, poses severe threats to urban settings. The frequency and intensity of extreme events, like flooding and heat, are rising, with the need to enhance urban climate resilience (UCR) becoming more immediate. Scholarship tends to underrepresent general climate resilience in favor of specific hazards. This research seeks to contribute to the literature by exploring the case of Shanghai, China, discovering the mechanisms and characteristics of UCR governance, and examining how these outcomes are formed from a comparative gesture. The findings indicate that in Shanghai, 36.8% and 26.8% of climate resilience governance strategies are reflected in regional management and infrastructure construction led by the Water Affairs Bureau and the Meteorological Bureau. Furthermore, 30.6% of the strategies relate to the Water Affairs Bureau, showcasing a robust and integrated flood response. Meanwhile, 15.7% involve the Meteorological Bureau, boosting responses to high temperatures with better monitoring and early warning for increased flexibility and efficiency. Distinct governance processes for floods and extreme heat mirror these hazards’ inherent characteristics and societal perceptions. With strong government willingness and support, Shanghai has rapidly enhanced its flood resilience capabilities within a brief timeframe. Conversely, addressing the emerging risk of extreme heat is still in the early stages of evaluation, due to the lack of a clear disaster-bearing system and identified responsible agents. This research suggests that the future of climate resilience governance in Shanghai may emphasize identifying the characteristics of critical climate-related risks, expanding social autonomy through grassroots self-governance, procuring economic backing from the central government, and applying the tool of urban spatial planning. Full article
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21 pages, 13080 KiB  
Article
Spatial and Temporal Changes in Soil Freeze-Thaw State and Freezing Depth of Northeast China and Their Driving Factors
by Jiangtao Yu, Hangnan Yu, Lan Li and Weihong Zhu
Land 2024, 13(3), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13030368 - 14 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1550
Abstract
It is necessary to further investigate the spatial considerations, temporal characteristics, and drivers of change affecting the beginning and end of soil freezing and thawing, including the maximum depth of the seasonal freezing (MDSF) and the active layer thickness (ALT) in Northeast China. [...] Read more.
It is necessary to further investigate the spatial considerations, temporal characteristics, and drivers of change affecting the beginning and end of soil freezing and thawing, including the maximum depth of the seasonal freezing (MDSF) and the active layer thickness (ALT) in Northeast China. Hourly soil temperature, among other data, from 1983–2022 were investigated, showing a delay of about 6 days in freezing. In contrast, thawing and complete thawing advanced by about 26 and 20 d, respectively. The freezing period and total freeze-thaw days decreased by about 29 and 23 days, respectively. The number of complete thawing period days increased by about 22 days, while the MDSF decreased by about 25 cm. The ALT increased by about 22 cm. Land Surface Temperature (LST) is the main factor influencing the beginning and end of soil freezing and thawing, MDSF and ALT changes in Northeast China; air temperature, surface net solar radiation, and volumetric soil water content followed. The influence of the interacting factors was greater than the single factors, and the interactive explanatory power of the LST and surface net solar radiation was highest when the soil started to freeze (0.858). The effect of the LST and the air temperature was highest when the soil was completely thawed (0.795). LST and the volumetric soil water content interacted to have the first explanatory power for MDSF (0.866) and ALT (0.85). The results of this study can provide scientific reference for fields such as permafrost degradation, cold zone ecological environments, and agricultural production in Northeast China. Full article
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25 pages, 18550 KiB  
Article
Characteristic Analysis of Carbon Sink Capacity Changes in Xinjiang’s Terrestrial Ecosystem Based on EEMD
by Yongji Zhang, Jianghua Zheng, Jianli Zhang, Chen Mu, Wanqiang Han and Liang Liu
Sustainability 2024, 16(6), 2277; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062277 - 8 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1149
Abstract
Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) is an important measure to assess the carbon balance and dynamics of ecosystems, providing a direct measure of carbon source–sink dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems and finding widespread applications in carbon cycle research. However, the nonlinear characteristics of NEP in [...] Read more.
Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) is an important measure to assess the carbon balance and dynamics of ecosystems, providing a direct measure of carbon source–sink dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems and finding widespread applications in carbon cycle research. However, the nonlinear characteristics of NEP in Xinjiang’s terrestrial ecosystems remain unclear. Additionally, the influence of land use patterns, temperature, and precipitation variations on carbon sink capacity remains unclear. Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) is used to investigate the nonlinear variation of NEP in Xinjiang. Landscape pattern analysis of Xinjiang’s land use patterns from 1981 to 2019 is conducted using a 30 km moving window, and the interannual relationships between NEP, land use patterns, and meteorological factors are investigated through EEMD detrending analysis and Pearson correlation. The findings indicate that: (1) NEP exhibits interannual variations, primarily concentrated in the foothills of the Tianshan Mountains, with a three-year cycle. (2) Although NEP changes in most regions are not significant, urban clusters on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains show noteworthy trends, with initial decrease followed by an increase, covering around 34.87% of the total area. Areas at risk of NEP decline constitute approximately 7.32% of the total area. (3) Across Xinjiang, we observe a widespread rise in patch fragmentation and complexity, coupled with a decline in patch connectivity and the size of the dominant patch. Additionally, there is a notable increase in both the diversity and evenness of land use types. However, the correlation between land use patterns and NEP is generally found to be insignificant in the majority of areas, with a percentage exceeding 85%. (4) Approximately 62% of regions in Xinjiang have NEP that is positively correlated with temperature, with significance observed in 33% of these areas. Furthermore, almost 95% of regions demonstrate that NEP is positively correlated with precipitation, with significance noted in 83% of these regions. It appears that precipitation exerts a more pronounced influence on NEP fluctuations in Xinjiang when compared to temperature. Full article
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22 pages, 505 KiB  
Article
Environmentally Induced Snow Transmittance Variations in the Photosynthetic Spectral Domain: Photobiological Implications for Subnivean Vegetation under Climate Warming Conditions
by Gladimir V. G. Baranoski and Petri M. Varsa
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(5), 927; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050927 - 6 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1168
Abstract
Variations in the productivity of subnivean vegetation can substantially affect the ecology of regions more susceptible to increasing warming levels and lead to significant feedback effects on the global climate. Due to its importance, this topic is at the center of a broad [...] Read more.
Variations in the productivity of subnivean vegetation can substantially affect the ecology of regions more susceptible to increasing warming levels and lead to significant feedback effects on the global climate. Due to its importance, this topic is at the center of a broad scope of interdisciplinary studies supported by field and remote sensing observations. However, the current knowledge about environmental factors affecting the penetration of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) through snow is still constrained by the paucity of transmittance data. In this work, we aim to further the understanding about these interconnected processes. We conduct a systematic investigation about the effects of independent and combined changes in key nivological characteristics, namely thickness, saturation, density and grain size, on snow transmittance in the photosynthetic spectral domain. Our investigation is carried out through controlled in silico (computational) experiments supported by measured radiometric data. Its outcomes unveil fundamental quantitative and qualitative trends related to the role played by these nivological characteristics on the spectral quality of transmitted PAR, which is quantified in terms of red to blue (R/B), red to far-red (R/FR) and blue to far-red (B/FR) ratios. These trends include increases in the R/B ratio as well as decreases in the R/FR and B/FR ratios following thickness reductions or grain size increases, with opposite variations in these ratios being observed for saturation or density increases. Accordingly, the pairing of our findings with in situ and remotely collected information contributes to cement the scientific foundation required for the effective assessment of cause-effect loops linking accentuated vegetation greening to accelerated rates of snow cover recession. Full article
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31 pages, 416 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Corporate Characteristics on Climate Governance Disclosure
by Petra F. A. Dilling, Peter Harris and Sinan Caykoylu
Sustainability 2024, 16(5), 1962; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16051962 - 27 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3096
Abstract
This study examines the impact of corporate characteristics on climate change governance among 100 of the world’s largest companies, with 1400 observations in the fiscal year 2020. We consider variables such as company location, size, profitability, female board representation, years of reporting using [...] Read more.
This study examines the impact of corporate characteristics on climate change governance among 100 of the world’s largest companies, with 1400 observations in the fiscal year 2020. We consider variables such as company location, size, profitability, female board representation, years of reporting using Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) guidelines, the inclusion of UN Global Compact and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) information, Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) membership, MSCI ESG ratings, and the presence of a climate transition plan, a sustainability executive, and a sustainability board committee. Applying a multi-theoretical framework, we employ correlation analysis and univariate and multiple linear regressions to assess the relationships. Our findings reveal positive correlations between climate governance and the presence of a climate transition plan, MSCI ratings, DJSI membership, and the existence of a sustainability executive. Additionally, companies located in developed countries exhibit significantly higher levels of climate change governance. These results hold across various scenarios, offering valuable insights for researchers, academics, business leaders, practitioners, and regulators. With the growing importance of climate change reporting, understanding the key contributing factors for effective climate governance is crucial for organizations seeking to address this critical issue. Full article
21 pages, 7835 KiB  
Article
Rainfall Erosivity Characteristics during 1961–2100 in the Loess Plateau, China
by Xiuping Li, Peiqing Xiao, Shilong Hao and Zhihui Wang
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(4), 661; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16040661 - 12 Feb 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1461
Abstract
Rainfall erosivity, which signifies the inherent susceptibility of soil erosion induced by precipitation, plays a fundamental role in formulating a comprehensive soil loss equation (RUSLE). It stands as a crucial determinant among the foundational factors considered in a comprehensive soil loss equation’s establishment. [...] Read more.
Rainfall erosivity, which signifies the inherent susceptibility of soil erosion induced by precipitation, plays a fundamental role in formulating a comprehensive soil loss equation (RUSLE). It stands as a crucial determinant among the foundational factors considered in a comprehensive soil loss equation’s establishment. Nonetheless, the prediction and quantification of future alterations in rainfall erosivity under the influence of global warming have been relatively limited. In this study, climate change was widely evaluated and 10 preferred global climate models in the Loess Plateau were selected by using the data sets of 27 models simulating climate change and the CN05.1 data set provided by the latest CMIP6. The monthly precipitation forecast data were obtained by using the delta downscaling method. Combined with trend analysis, significance test, and coefficient of variation, the annual rainfall erosivity during 1961–2100 under four SSP scenarios was analyzed and predicted. Among the 27 GCM models used in this paper, the most suitable climate models for simulating monthly precipitation in the Loess Plateau were CMCC-CM2-SR5, CMCC-ESM2, TaiESM1, EC-Earth3, EC-Earth-Veg-LR, INM-CM4-8, CAS-ESM2-0, EC-Earth-Veg, ACCESS-ESM1-5, and IPSL-CM6A-LR. In comparison to the base period (1961–1990), during the historical period (1961–2014), the average annual rainfall erosivity on the Loess Plateau amounted to 1259.64 MJ·mm·hm−2·h−1·a−1, showing an insignificant downward trend. In the northwest of Ningxia, Yulin City and Yanan City showed a significant upward trend. In the future period (2015–2100), the annual rainfall erosivity continues to constantly change and increase. The potential average increase in rainfall erosivity is about 13.48–25.86%. In terms of spatial distribution, most areas showed an increasing trend. Among these regions, the majority of encompassed areas within Shanxi Province, central Shaanxi, and Inner Mongolia increased greatly, which was not conducive to soil and water conservation and ecological environment construction. This study offers a scientific reference for the projected future erosivity characteristics of the Loess Plateau. Full article
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19 pages, 7439 KiB  
Article
Identification of Potential Habitats and Adjustment of Protected Area Boundaries for Large Wild Herbivores in the Yellow-River-Source National Park, China
by Shengwang Bao and Fan Yang
Land 2024, 13(2), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13020186 - 4 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1728
Abstract
The wild large herbivores inhabiting the Yellow-River-Source National Park (YRSNP) are confronted with a significant threat from climate change and human activities. In response to these detrimental influences, measures have been proposed by the government, such as the Ecological Conservation and Restoration Project [...] Read more.
The wild large herbivores inhabiting the Yellow-River-Source National Park (YRSNP) are confronted with a significant threat from climate change and human activities. In response to these detrimental influences, measures have been proposed by the government, such as the Ecological Conservation and Restoration Project in the Sanjiangyuan Region (ECRPSR) and the establishment of the Sanjiangyuan National Park (SNP). To advance species diversity, it is crucial to investigate the spatial distribution of large herbivores, identify factors influencing their distribution, and address conflicts arising from divergent plans within the YRSNP. In this study, unmanned aerial vehicles were employed for surveying the distribution of the Tibetan wild ass (Equus kiang) and Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata). The findings indicate that the optimal habitat area for Tibetan wild ass is 437.16 km2, while for Tibetan gazelle, it is 776.46 km2. Precipitation and the human footprint index emerge as the primary factors influencing the habitat distribution of large herbivores within the YRSNP. Under the influence of the ECRPSR, there was a noteworthy expansion of the habitat area for Tibetan wild ass by 791.25 km2, and for Tibetan gazelle, it expanded by 1612.94 km2. From a wildlife conservation standpoint, this study proposes the establishment of a wildlife refuge in the YRSNP, effective coordination of conflicts between various functional zones and plans, preservation of suitable habitats for large herbivores, and the provision of a scientific foundation to reconcile development and conservation conflicts in the region, while concurrently fostering biodiversity conservation. Full article
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16 pages, 4947 KiB  
Article
Effects of Ozone Stress on Rhizosphere Soil of Poplar Seedlings
by Qin Wang, Qingqing Yang, Meng Zhang, Jianwei Ma and Laiye Qu
Forests 2024, 15(1), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010205 - 19 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1195
Abstract
Near-surface O3 has negative effects on plant productivity; however there were few studies on the effects of O3 pollution on the belowground part of the ecosystem. The effect of O3 stress on the belowground parts of poplar is unclear. We [...] Read more.
Near-surface O3 has negative effects on plant productivity; however there were few studies on the effects of O3 pollution on the belowground part of the ecosystem. The effect of O3 stress on the belowground parts of poplar is unclear. We investigated the effects of O3 pollution on poplar rhizosphere soil in open-top chambers (OTC). Two kinds of plants with different O3 sensitivity were selected, i.e., high-sensitive poplar clone 546 and low-sensitive poplar clone 107. The control group and high-concentration O3 group were set up: charcoal-filtered air, CF; unfiltered air + 60 ppb O3, NF. Poplar rhizosphere soil was taken after 96 days (15 June to 17 September 2020) of cultivation in OTCs. O3 stress decreased the amplicon sequence variations (ASVs) of microorganisms in poplar 107 and poplar 546 rhizosphere soil, with no significant interspecific difference. The effect of O3 fumigation on the fungal community was greater than that on the bacterial community. The correlation between the bacterial community and rhizosphere soil physicochemical indices was closer than that of the fungal community. Some fungi, such as Clitopilus hobsonii, Mortierella sp., and Minimedusa, might help poplar resist the O3 stress. O3 stress had direct impacts on the pH, nutrients, and enzyme activities of rhizosphere soil, while it had indirect negative impacts on microbial community composition by nutrients. There was no difference in sensitivity between rhizosphere soil response to O3 stress of poplar clone 107 and clone 546, which might take a longer accumulation time to show the effect. This study provides a certain basis for accurately evaluating the ecological effects of O3 pollution. Full article
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26 pages, 3154 KiB  
Article
Panorama of Coffee Cultivation in the Central Zone of Veracruz State, Mexico: Identification of Main Stressors and Challenges to Face
by Loarry Gabriel-Hernández and Victor L. Barradas
Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 802; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020802 - 17 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1997
Abstract
Coffee is one of the most traded crops worldwide. In the state of Veracruz, Mexico, coffee has been a strategic crop due to its economic, social, environmental, and cultural characteristics that differentiate it from other crops, contributing to the economy of almost 86,000 [...] Read more.
Coffee is one of the most traded crops worldwide. In the state of Veracruz, Mexico, coffee has been a strategic crop due to its economic, social, environmental, and cultural characteristics that differentiate it from other crops, contributing to the economy of almost 86,000 producers. Several studies have shown that climate is the main cause of the decrease in coffee production and yield. Due to the multi-faceted importance of coffee for the state, the relationship of coffee production and yield with the variables of precipitation (mm) and temperature (°C) from 2003 to 2022 was analyzed through the implementation of a mathematical model that was able to identify that both the total volume of coffee production is decreasing on average at a rate of 7614.9 Mg year−1 as well as the yield, with a significant decrease of 0.106 Mg year−1. It was also found that the optimum temperature value is 18.7 °C, and the optimal precipitation is 1700 mm for the development of coffee. This model also shows that yield is more sensitive to temperature than to precipitation in the study area. Through the application of surveys to 360 producers in 16 coffee-growing municipalities, seven stressors were identified that together hinder the continuity of the coffee industry in the state. These stressors are (1) economic, (2) climatic, (3) land use, (4) technical, (5) social, (6) political, and (7) other. Finally, some strategies are herein proposed to improve coffee production towards greater sustainability, such as agricultural restructuring at the national, regional, and local levels as well as programs and policies to support producers for the continuity of the crop in the region. Full article
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21 pages, 3626 KiB  
Article
The Impacts of Urban Morphology on Urban Heat Islands in Housing Areas: The Case of Erzurum, Turkey
by Cansu Güller and Süleyman Toy
Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 791; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020791 - 17 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1780
Abstract
The growing importance of climate change underlines the need to comprehend Urban Heat Islands (UHI), particularly those influenced by urban morphology. As progress has been made in understanding the macroscale relationship between urban morphology and UHIs, the microscale effects are often overlooked. This [...] Read more.
The growing importance of climate change underlines the need to comprehend Urban Heat Islands (UHI), particularly those influenced by urban morphology. As progress has been made in understanding the macroscale relationship between urban morphology and UHIs, the microscale effects are often overlooked. This study, conducted in the city of Erzurum in Turkey, delves into the complex relationship between urban morphology and UHI intensity in different housing areas with distinct microclimates, focusing particularly on street networks, building systems, and land use. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relationships between morphological indicators and UHIs in different housing areas. Key findings include that (1) noticeable UHI effects were observed, especially in dense areas with high-rise buildings. (2) UHIs reveal a strong correlation with both 2D and 3D urban morphological indicators. A moderate-to-high Sky View Factor (SVF) tends to reduce UHIs, while an extremely high SVF aggravates UHIs. (3) Enhancing street network integration emerges as a more effective strategy for mitigating UHI effects in mid-rise buildings compared to other morphological factors. The Normalised Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI) and Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) may not reliably indicate UHIs in housing areas with a predominantly rural character. Consequently, this article recommends that urban morphology optimisation for UHI mitigation should prioritise spatial and indicator specificity in urban design and spatial planning for cities. Future research endeavours should investigate the influence of morphological indicators on UHI dynamics in different seasons, including various remote sensing indicators related to morphological structure, to enrich our understanding of daily UHI fluctuations within urban morphology research. Full article
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24 pages, 4414 KiB  
Review
Exploring the Potential of 3D Printing Technology for Sustainable Plastic Roads: A Preliminary Investigation
by Mohamed Ezzat Al-Atroush, Jumana Almushcab, Duha Alhudaif and Yosra Meskinyar
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16777; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416777 - 13 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2401
Abstract
The urgency of climate change has highlighted the need for sustainable road construction materials, replacing the conventional asphalt, which significantly contributes to global warming and the urban heat island effect. With this in mind, the construction of the world’s first 30-m plastic road [...] Read more.
The urgency of climate change has highlighted the need for sustainable road construction materials, replacing the conventional asphalt, which significantly contributes to global warming and the urban heat island effect. With this in mind, the construction of the world’s first 30-m plastic road in Zwolle, Netherlands, in 2018, opened the door for novel plastic applications as paving materials. However, its application is currently still limited to sidewalks and light-load cycling lanes. The feasibility of utilizing 3D printing technology to provide the necessary structural design flexibility for the production of plastic pavement modules that can withstand heavy traffic and extreme weather conditions was examined in this preliminary study. The suitability of six plastic materials (PLA, PETG, ABS, TPU, Nylon, and polycarbonate) for 3D printing was evaluated. Polylactic acid (PLA), and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) were identified as the most suitable materials for this study. Three small-scale structural systems, namely hollow modular with plastic columns, hollow modular with solid plastic cones, and hollow modular with X-bracing, were designed and successfully printed using the adopted materials and a 3D printer. The developed systems were subsequently subjected to compression testing to assess their structural performance under heavy traffic loads and demonstrate the feasibility of the concept. The results showed that the PLA conic structural system was effective and exhibited the highest compression strength, while the PETG conic system exhibited ductile behavior with superior thermal stability. The study suggests that the hybrid system of PLA and PETG materials may improve the overall performance, combine flexibility and strength, and potentially improve the resistance to extreme weather and heavy traffic. These findings prove that 3D printing technology has the potential to revolutionize the road construction industry and provide more sustainable solutions for infrastructure development. Full article
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18 pages, 26810 KiB  
Article
Spatial and Paleoclimatic Reconstruction of the Peña Negra Paleoglacier (Sierra de Béjar-Candelario, Spain) during the Last Glacial Cycle (Late Pleistocene)
by Carlos E. Nieto, Ana Calvo, Raquel Cruz, Antonio Miguel Martínez-Graña, José Luis Goy and José Ángel González-Delgado
Sustainability 2023, 15(23), 16514; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316514 - 3 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1274
Abstract
The study of the Peña Negra paleoglacier during the Last Glacial Maximum reveals its sensitivity to paleoclimatic variations. The evolutionary phases of the paleoglacier are correlated with the evolutionary models proposed for the Sierra de Béjar-Candelario and the Central Iberian System. To recognize [...] Read more.
The study of the Peña Negra paleoglacier during the Last Glacial Maximum reveals its sensitivity to paleoclimatic variations. The evolutionary phases of the paleoglacier are correlated with the evolutionary models proposed for the Sierra de Béjar-Candelario and the Central Iberian System. To recognize the mechanisms of ice advance/retreat and the response of the glacier to paleoclimatic variations, modeling is carried out based on a geographic information system tool. This model is key to establishing the spatial extent of the ice and the estimation of the Equilibrium line altitudeequilibrium line altitudes at each moment, which makes it easier to infer the approximate climatic conditions of each phase (temperature and precipitation) and allows us to improve the understanding of the glacial dynamics versus variations in paleoenvironmental conditions and paleoglacial morphometry. The spatial reconstruction data show that the paleoglacier had 0.526 km3 of ice during the phase of maximum extension, while the paleoclimatic data reflect an increase in precipitation and a slight decrease in average summer temperatures compared to today. The stability phases are associated with the periods of greatest precipitation when the mass balance was positive. Full article
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22 pages, 3489 KiB  
Case Report
A Case Study of Existing Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading Platforms: Calling for Integrated Platform Features
by Shan Shan, Siliang Yang, Victor Becerra, Jiamei Deng and Honglei Li
Sustainability 2023, 15(23), 16284; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316284 - 24 Nov 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3766
Abstract
The emergence of distributed energy has led to a change in the role of the consumer in the traditional sense over the past decade. The proliferation of emerging generators and distributors has created opportunities for a more decentralised and open energy market. In [...] Read more.
The emergence of distributed energy has led to a change in the role of the consumer in the traditional sense over the past decade. The proliferation of emerging generators and distributors has created opportunities for a more decentralised and open energy market. In particular, the emergence of peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading models, challenged by the surge in demand for sustainable energy, has eliminated the need for intermediaries in energy transactions between consumers, producers, and sellers. Due to the great promise of sustainable energy, both in terms of its contribution to the environment and production costs, this paper reviews a number of well-known P2P energy trading platforms to understand what makes P2P energy trading platforms more functional. As a result, areas for consideration were identified and grouped into five themes: (1) set-up, (2) market, (3) information, (4) price, and (5) regulation. Full article
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17 pages, 2624 KiB  
Review
Heat Mitigation Benefits of Urban Trees: A Review of Mechanisms, Modeling, Validation and Simulation
by Senlin Zheng, Caiwei He, Jean-Michel Guldmann, Haodong Xu and Xiao Liu
Forests 2023, 14(12), 2280; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14122280 - 21 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2481
Abstract
Modeling, validating, and simulating are three essential parts in investigating the heat mitigation benefits of urban trees (BUT). Therefore, 81 relevant studies from the last ten years are reviewed, analyzed, and summarized in this study. Three main ways for urban trees to adjust [...] Read more.
Modeling, validating, and simulating are three essential parts in investigating the heat mitigation benefits of urban trees (BUT). Therefore, 81 relevant studies from the last ten years are reviewed, analyzed, and summarized in this study. Three main ways for urban trees to adjust the environment are summarized, including shade creation and radiation modification, cooling effects of transpiration, and airflow blocking and modification effects. Research works are analyzed with regard to four categories: (1) heat and moisture exchange mechanisms and their mathematical modeling; (2) verification of modeling predictions based on measurements; (3) thermal performance simulation and prediction; and (4) environmental assessment and human thermal comfort analyses. Future research opportunities are discussed: (1) conduct real-time and in-depth measurements to analyze the mechanisms of heat and moisture transfer of trees in different areas; (2) develop tree radiation attenuation, airflow resistance, and transpiration models to accurately describe heat and moisture transfer processes in the urban environment; and (3) establish a three-dimensional numerical simulation method that can accurately simulate the urban thermal environment with trees. This review provides researchers with an overview and potential research opportunities on the thermal effects of urban trees. Full article
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13 pages, 1900 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Quality of the Age-Friendly Environment in Liaoning Province
by Chunmei Zhang and Jun Yang
Sustainability 2023, 15(22), 16134; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152216134 - 20 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1243
Abstract
The age friendliness of an environment is significant for improving the quality of life of the elderly. This metric is an important measure used by the international community to address the challenges of population aging. In order to explore effective ways to improve [...] Read more.
The age friendliness of an environment is significant for improving the quality of life of the elderly. This metric is an important measure used by the international community to address the challenges of population aging. In order to explore effective ways to improve the quality of an age-friendly environment, this study considers the theoretical framework of the World Health Organization and combines China’s demographic and policy conditions to develop an urban-scale indicator system for the evaluation of the age-friendly environment (AFE) by including the dimensions of social and physical environments and municipal services. The entropy method and multiple linear regression were used to study the changes and influencing factors of the quality of AFE in 14 prefecture-level cities in Liaoning Province. The research results are as follows. First, temporally, the comprehensive quality of AFE in the cities in Liaoning Province was at a relatively low level, and the overall trend was decreasing. During the evaluation period, the level of age friendliness in various cities was generally low, with a relatively small number of cities scoring higher. Second, spatially, significant regional differences in the age friendliness of the environment existed, which showed spatial patterns of “high in the middle and low on both sides” and “strong in the south and weak in the north”. Third, the dimensions were in the order of physical environment > municipal services > social environment. The social environment was weak for the construction of AFEs in Liaoning Province, and efforts are required to strengthen it in the future. Fourth, aging rate was negatively correlated with the level of AFE. The positively correlated factors were in the order of expenditure for urban and rural community affairs > per capita GDP > per capita disposable income of urban residents. This study provides insights for cities to improve the quality of AFEs, actively respond to population aging, and help promote WHO initiatives in developing countries. Full article
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