Governing Urban Climate Resilience (UCR): Systems, Agents, and Institutions in Shanghai, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Where do climate shocks and pressures manifest in urban systems?
- Who is involved in coping with climate resilience planning and policy?
- In what way are the urban resilience elements organized in the context of climate resilience?
2. Theoretical Bias and Analysis Dimensions
2.1. Components and Principles of UCR
2.2. Framework for UCR Governance
3. Study Area: Shanghai, China
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Document Selection: Planning and Policy
4.2. Mixed Methods: Textual Analysis and Semi-Structured Interviews
5. Results
5.1. Climate Shocks and Pressures
5.1.1. Flooding
5.1.2. Extreme Heat
5.2. Elements of Governance
5.2.1. Systems: Critical Functions Keep Running
5.2.2. Agents: Leading Sectors Organize Actions
5.2.3. Institutions: Distinctions between Risks
6. Discussion
6.1. Flooding and Extreme Heat: Identify Processes and Characteristics of Different Risk Types
6.2. Systems and Agents: Clarify Departmental Responsibilities and Empower Self-Governance
6.3. Planning and Policy: Discover Opportunities for Urban Planning
6.4. Limitations
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Plan Type | Plan Name | Year |
---|---|---|
comprehensive plan | Shanghai City Comprehensive Plan (2017–2035) | 2018 |
Yangtze River Delta Ecological Green Integrated Development Demonstration Zone Land and Space Comprehensive Plan (2021–2035) | 2023 | |
specialized plan | Shanghai Metropolitan Area Collaborative Space Planning (2035–2050) | 2022 |
Shanghai Comprehensive Disaster Prevention and Reduction Plan (2022–2035) | 2022 | |
Shanghai Sponge City Special Planning (2016–2035) | 2016 | |
Shanghai Flood Control and Waterlogging Planning (2020–2035) | 2021 | |
Shanghai Urban Rainwater Drainage Planning (2020–2035) | 2020 | |
Special planning for slow traffic space connection in the outer ring green belt and areas along the line | 2022 | |
Special planning for dikes and ecological landscapes on both sides of the Huangpu River (middle and upper reaches) | 2022 | |
construction plan | Construction plan for areas along the Huangpu River (2018–2035) | 2020 |
Construction planning for areas along the Suzhou River (2018–2035) | 2020 | |
Sponge City construction planning for different administrative districts in Shanghai | - |
Policy Type | Policy Subtype | Policy Name | Year |
---|---|---|---|
guiding policy | 14th five-year plan | Shanghai’s “14th Five-Year Plan” for Water System Management | 2021 |
Shanghai’s Marine “14th Five-Year Plan” | 2021 | ||
Shanghai Meteorological Service Guarantee “14th Five-Year Plan” | 2021 | ||
Shanghai Emergency Management “14th Five-Year Plan” | 2021 | ||
Shanghai’s “14th Five-Year Plan” for the development of “Huangpu River” and “Suzhou River” | 2021 | ||
Shanghai’s “14th Five-Year Plan” for ecological and environmental protection | 2021 | ||
implementation/action plan | Smart Water and Marine Three-Year Action Plan (2022–2024) | 2022 | |
Shanghai’s three-year action plan for ecological environment protection and construction from 2021 to 2023 | 2021 | ||
Shanghai’s “14th Five-Year Plan” Urban Drainage and Flood Prevention System Construction Action Plan | 2022 | ||
Shanghai Carbon Peak Implementation Plan | 2022 | ||
Shanghai Action Plan for Adapting to Climate Change (2023–2035) | 2023 | ||
emergency plan | Shanghai Water Affairs Bureau Flood and Drought Disaster Prevention Emergency Plan | 2022 | |
legal policy | government directive | Shanghai Meteorological Disaster Prevention Measures | 2022 |
Appendix B
No. | Questions |
---|---|
1. | What do you think does Shanghai face the main types of climate risks? Any representative examples? Any representative examples? |
2. | What is your role in managing climate risks? |
3. | Which government agencies or other organizations are involved in the governance of climate risks? |
4. | What climate disaster events in Shanghai have deeply impacted you in the past five years? |
5. | Do you know which groups in Shanghai are adversely affected by climate disaster events? |
6. | What is the current model or process for managing climate risks in Shanghai? |
7. | In your opinion, what are the main barriers to enhancing climate resilience in Shanghai? |
8. | Can you share your organization’s experiences facing climate risks in Shanghai? |
9. | Do you have any good suggestions for enhancing climate resilience in Shanghai? |
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Meteorological Elements/Climate Risk | 1993–2022 (30-Year) Average | Trend (/10 Years) | |
---|---|---|---|
average temperature (°C) | 17.4 | ↑0.415 | |
annual precipitation (mm) | 1308.3 | ↑157.8 | |
sea level height (mm) | 135.5 | ↑13.749 | |
hurricane | days (d) | 3.0 | ↑0.932 |
maximum single-day average wind speed (knots) | 27.4 | ↑0.012 | |
storm | days (d) | 3.7 | ↑0.237 |
maximum single-day precipitation (mm) | 101.6 | ↑16.274 | |
extreme heat | days (d) | 19.0 | ↑7.244 |
maximum temperature extremes (°C) | 37.7 | ↑0.568 | |
extreme cold | days (d) | 26.4 | ↓3.317 |
minimum temperature extremes (°C) | −4.8 | ↓0.099 |
Categories | Number | Interviewees | Field |
---|---|---|---|
Government officers | 4 | S1: Expert, the Meteorological Bureau | Meteorological Technology |
S2: Officer, the Ecology and Environment Bureau | Environmental Protection | ||
S3: Senior Officer, the Planning and Natural Resources Bureau | Urban Construction and Management | ||
S4: Officer, the Emergency Management Bureau | Disaster Preparedness | ||
Urban planners | 2 | S5: Planner, the Municipal Design Institute | Water Conservancy Engineering |
S6: Senior Planner, the urban planning and design company | Urban Spatial Plan | ||
Other stakeholders | 2 | S7: Urban Planning Professor, a local university | Academic Research |
S8: Expert, the Urban and Transportation Development Institute | Resilience-related Study |
Climate Disasters | Planning | Policy | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time | Causes | Codes | Comprehensive Plan (n = 2) | Specialized Plan (n = 7) | Construction Plan (n = 3) | 14th Five-Year Plan 1 (n = 6) | Implementation/ Action Plan (n = 5) | Emergency Plan (n = 1) | Government Directive (n = 1) |
Acute | Meteorology | Typhoon | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 1 |
Rainstorm | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Storm surge | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 0 | ||
Strong wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
Thunder | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
Hail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
Temperature | Extreme Heat | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
Extreme Cold | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
Heavy fog | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
Drought | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
Hydrology | Flooding | 2 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 1 | |
Chronic | Sea-level rise | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Subsidence | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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Li, C.; Yang, H.; Yao, Q.; An, N.; Meng, H. Governing Urban Climate Resilience (UCR): Systems, Agents, and Institutions in Shanghai, China. Sustainability 2024, 16, 2648. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072648
Li C, Yang H, Yao Q, An N, Meng H. Governing Urban Climate Resilience (UCR): Systems, Agents, and Institutions in Shanghai, China. Sustainability. 2024; 16(7):2648. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072648
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Chun, Huihui Yang, Qiang Yao, Na An, and Haixing Meng. 2024. "Governing Urban Climate Resilience (UCR): Systems, Agents, and Institutions in Shanghai, China" Sustainability 16, no. 7: 2648. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072648
APA StyleLi, C., Yang, H., Yao, Q., An, N., & Meng, H. (2024). Governing Urban Climate Resilience (UCR): Systems, Agents, and Institutions in Shanghai, China. Sustainability, 16(7), 2648. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072648