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Symmetry

Symmetry is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal covering research on symmetry/asymmetry phenomena wherever they occur in all aspects of natural sciences. Symmetry is published monthly online by MDPI.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within SCIE (Web of Science), Scopus, CAPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, Astrophysics Data System, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Multidisciplinary Sciences) / CiteScore - Q1 (General Mathematics )
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 17.1 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Symmetry.

Impact Factor: 2.2 (2024); 5-Year Impact Factor: 2.1 (2024)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2073-8994

Latest Articles

23 pages, 5665 KiB

Open AccessArticle

FIGD-Net: A Symmetric Dual-Branch Dehazing Network Guided by Frequency Domain Information

by Luxia Yang, Yingzhao Xue, Yijin Ning, Hongrui Zhang and Yongjie Ma

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1122; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071122 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2025

Image dehazing technology is a crucial component in the fields of intelligent transportation and autonomous driving. However, most existing dehazing algorithms only process images in the spatial domain, failing to fully exploit the rich information in the frequency domain, which leads to residual [...] Read more.

Image dehazing technology is a crucial component in the fields of intelligent transportation and autonomous driving. However, most existing dehazing algorithms only process images in the spatial domain, failing to fully exploit the rich information in the frequency domain, which leads to residual haze in the images. To address this issue, we propose a novel Frequency-domain Information Guided Symmetric Dual-branch Dehazing Network (FIGD-Net), which utilizes the spatial branch to extract local haze features and the frequency branch to capture the global haze distribution, thereby guiding the feature learning process in the spatial branch. The FIGD-Net mainly consists of three key modules: the Frequency Detail Extraction Module (FDEM), the Dual-Domain Multi-scale Feature Extraction Module (DMFEM), and the Dual-Domain Guidance Module (DGM). First, the FDEM employs the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) to convert the spatial domain into the frequency domain. It then selectively extracts high-frequency and low-frequency features based on predefined proportions. The high-frequency features, which contain haze-related information, are correlated with the overall characteristics of the low-frequency features to enhance the representation of haze attributes. Next, the DMFEM utilizes stacked residual blocks and gradient feature flows to capture local detail features. Specifically, frequency-guided weights are applied to adjust the focus of feature channels, thereby improving the module’s ability to capture multi-scale features and distinguish haze features. Finally, the DGM adjusts channel weights guided by frequency information. This smooths out redundant signals and enables cross-branch information exchange, which helps to restore the original image colors. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed FIGD-Net achieves superior dehazing performance on multiple synthetic and real-world datasets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computer)

19 pages, 553 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accelerated Gradient-CQ Algorithms for Split Feasibility Problems

by Yu Zhang and Xiaojun Ma

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1121; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071121 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

This work focuses on split feasibility problems in Hilbert spaces. To accelerate the convergent rate of gradient-CQ algorithms, we introduce an inertial term. Additionally, non-monotone stepsizes are employed to adjust the relaxation parameter applied to the original stepsizes, ensuring that these original stepsizes [...] Read more.

This work focuses on split feasibility problems in Hilbert spaces. To accelerate the convergent rate of gradient-CQ algorithms, we introduce an inertial term. Additionally, non-monotone stepsizes are employed to adjust the relaxation parameter applied to the original stepsizes, ensuring that these original stepsizes maintain a positive lower bound. Thereby, the efficiency of the algorithms is improved. Moreover, the weak and strong convergence of the proposed algorithms are established through proofs that exhibit a similar symmetry structure and do not require the assumption of Lipschitz continuity for the gradient mappings. Finally, the LASSO problem is presented to illustrate and compare the performance of the algorithms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematics)

15 pages, 1283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elastic to Plastic Lattice Structure Homogenization via Finite Element Limit Analysis

by Renato Zona and Vincenzo Minutolo

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1120; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071120 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

This work focuses on characterizing structured metamaterials by assessing their elastic law and ultimate strength using finite elements and limit analysis applied to a representative volume element. The elastic and plastic behavior of a reference geometry—the octet truss lattice—is obtained by calculating the [...] Read more.

This work focuses on characterizing structured metamaterials by assessing their elastic law and ultimate strength using finite elements and limit analysis applied to a representative volume element. The elastic and plastic behavior of a reference geometry—the octet truss lattice—is obtained by calculating the response of the representative volume element subjected to prescribed tensor strain bases, namely pure normal strain and pure shear, along the cube symmetry directions. The geometry of the body centered cubic and pure cubic phases of the representative volume element has been analyzed, highlighting that the elastic isotropic behavior depends on the ratio between the stiffnesses of the two phases. The ultimate behavior of the structure has been analyzed through the direct application of the lower bound method of limit analysis. The method has been implemented in a direct finite element environment using the limit analysis procedure developed by the authors. The method was already used and described in previous publications and is briefly recalled. It is based on the identification of the linear operator linking the self-equilibrated stress set to a discrete parameter manifold, accounting for the piecewise continuous distribution of the permanent strain. In the paper, it is highlighted that for different aspect ratios between the body-centered cubic and the pure cubic phase geometry, different ratios between limit shear stress and normal stress arise, the isotropic one assumed to coincide with the von Mises result, where

\frac{σ_{0}}{τ_{0}} = \sqrt{3} .

Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Mechanics of Rigid and Flexible Systems: Mathematical Models, Numerical Modelling, Experiments, Symmetry and Applications)

21 pages, 24495 KiB

Open AccessArticle

UAMS: An Unsupervised Anomaly Detection Method Integrating MSAA and SSPCAB

by Zhe Li, Wenhui Chen and Weijie Wang

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1119; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071119 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Anomaly detection methods play a crucial role in automated quality control within modern manufacturing systems. In this context, unsupervised methods are increasingly favored due to their independence from large-scale labeled datasets. However, existing methods present limited multi-scale feature extraction ability and may fail [...] Read more.

Anomaly detection methods play a crucial role in automated quality control within modern manufacturing systems. In this context, unsupervised methods are increasingly favored due to their independence from large-scale labeled datasets. However, existing methods present limited multi-scale feature extraction ability and may fail to effectively capture subtle anomalies. To address these challenges, we propose UAMS, a pyramid-structured normalization flow framework that leverages the symmetry in feature recombination to harmonize multi-scale interactions. The proposed framework integrates a Multi-Scale Attention Aggregation (MSAA) module for cross-scale dynamic fusion, as well as a Self-Supervised Predictive Convolutional Attention Block (SSPCAB) for spatial channel attention and masked prediction learning. Experiments on the MVTecAD dataset show that UAMS largely outperforms state-of-the-art unsupervised methods, in terms of detection and localization accuracy, while maintaining high inference efficiency. For example, when comparing UAMS against the baseline model on the carpet category, the AUROC is improved from 90.8% to 94.5%, and AUPRO is improved from 91.0% to 92.9%. These findings validate the potential of the proposed method for use in real industrial inspection scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computer)

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40 pages, 586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advanced Lifetime Modeling Through APSR-X Family with Symmetry Considerations: Applications to Economic, Engineering and Medical Data

by Badr S. Alnssyan, A. A. Bhat, Abdelaziz Alsubie, S. P. Ahmad, Abdulrahman M. A. Aldawsari and Ahlam H. Tolba

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1118; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071118 - 11 Jul 2025

This paper introduces a novel and flexible class of continuous probability distributions, termed the Alpha Power Survival Ratio-X (APSR-X) family. Unlike many existing transformation-based families, the APSR-X class integrates an alpha power transformation with a survival ratio structure, offering a new mechanism for [...] Read more.

This paper introduces a novel and flexible class of continuous probability distributions, termed the Alpha Power Survival Ratio-X (APSR-X) family. Unlike many existing transformation-based families, the APSR-X class integrates an alpha power transformation with a survival ratio structure, offering a new mechanism for enhancing shape flexibility while maintaining mathematical tractability. This construction enables fine control over both the tail behavior and the symmetry properties, distinguishing it from traditional alpha power or survival-based extensions. We focus on a key member of this family, the two-parameter Alpha Power Survival Ratio Exponential (APSR-Exp) distribution, deriving essential mathematical properties including moments, quantile functions and hazard rate structures. We estimate the model parameters using eight frequentist methods: the maximum likelihood (MLE), maximum product of spacings (MPSE), least squares (LSE), weighted least squares (WLSE), Anderson–Darling (ADE), right-tailed Anderson–Darling (RADE), Cramér–von Mises (CVME) and percentile (PCE) estimation. Through comprehensive Monte Carlo simulations, we evaluate the estimator performance using bias, mean squared error and mean relative error metrics. The proposed APSR-X framework uniquely enables preservation or controlled modification of the symmetry in probability density and hazard rate functions via its shape parameter. This capability is particularly valuable in reliability and survival analyses, where symmetric patterns represent balanced risk profiles while asymmetric shapes capture skewed failure behaviors. We demonstrate the practical utility of the APSR-Exp model through three real-world applications: economic (tax revenue durations), engineering (mechanical repair times) and medical (infection durations) datasets. In all cases, the proposed model achieves a superior fit over that of the conventional alternatives, supported by goodness-of-fit statistics and visual diagnostics. These findings establish the APSR-X family as a unique, symmetry-aware modeling framework for complex lifetime data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computer)

37 pages, 1848 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chaos, Local Dynamics, Codimension-One and Codimension-Two Bifurcation Analysis of a Discrete Predator–Prey Model with Holling Type I Functional Response

by Muhammad Rameez Raja, Abdul Qadeer Khan and Jawharah G. AL-Juaid

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1117; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071117 - 11 Jul 2025

We explore chaos, local dynamics, codimension-one, and codimension-two bifurcations of an asymmetric discrete predator–prey model. More precisely, for all the model’s parameters, it is proved that the model has two boundary fixed points and a trivial fixed point, and also under parametric conditions, [...] Read more.

We explore chaos, local dynamics, codimension-one, and codimension-two bifurcations of an asymmetric discrete predator–prey model. More precisely, for all the model’s parameters, it is proved that the model has two boundary fixed points and a trivial fixed point, and also under parametric conditions, it has an interior fixed point. We then constructed the linearized system at these fixed points. We explored the local behavior at equilibria by the linear stability theory. By the series of affine transformations, the center manifold theorem, and bifurcation theory, we investigated the detailed codimensions-one and two bifurcations at equilibria and examined that at boundary fixed points, no flip bifurcation exists. Furthermore, at the interior fixed point, it is proved that the discrete model exhibits codimension-one bifurcations like Neimark–Sacker and flip bifurcations, but fold bifurcation does not exist at this point. Next, for deeper understanding of the complex dynamics of the model, we also studied the codimension-two bifurcation at an interior fixed point and proved that the model exhibits the codimension-two 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 strong resonances bifurcations. We then investigated the existence of chaos due to the appearance of codimension-one bifurcations like Neimark–Sacker and flip bifurcations by OGY and hybrid control strategies, respectively. The theoretical results are also interpreted biologically. Finally, theoretical findings are confirmed numerically. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Three-Dimensional Dynamical Systems and Symmetry)

25 pages, 7696 KiB

Open AccessArticle

YOLO-StarLS: A Ship Detection Algorithm Based on Wavelet Transform and Multi-Scale Feature Extraction for Complex Environments

by Yihan Wang, Shuang Zhang, Jianhao Xu, Zhenwen Cheng and Gang Du

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071116 - 11 Jul 2025

Ship detection in complex environments presents challenges such as sea surface reflections, wave interference, variations in illumination, and a range of target scales. The interaction between symmetric ship structures and wave patterns challenges conventional algorithms, particularly in maritime wireless networks. This study presents [...] Read more.

Ship detection in complex environments presents challenges such as sea surface reflections, wave interference, variations in illumination, and a range of target scales. The interaction between symmetric ship structures and wave patterns challenges conventional algorithms, particularly in maritime wireless networks. This study presents YOLO-StarLS (You Only Look Once with Star-topology Lightweight Ship detection), a detection framework leveraging wavelet transforms and multi-scale feature extraction through three core modules. We developed a Wavelet Multi-scale Feature Extraction Network (WMFEN) utilizing adaptive Haar wavelet decomposition with star-topology extraction to preserve multi-frequency information while minimizing detail loss. We introduced a Cross-axis Spatial Attention Refinement module (CSAR), which integrates star structures with cross-axis attention mechanisms to enhance spatial perception. We constructed an Efficient Detail-Preserving Detection head (EDPD) combining differential and shared convolutions to enhance edge detection while reducing computational complexity. Evaluation on the SeaShips dataset demonstrated YOLO-StarLS achieved superior performance for both mAP50 and mAP50–95 metrics, improving by 2.21% and 2.42% over the baseline YOLO11. The approach achieved significant efficiency, with a 36% reduction in the number of parameters to 1.67 M, a 34% decrease in complexity to 4.3 GFLOPs, and an inference speed of 162.0 FPS. Comparative analysis against eight algorithms confirmed the superiority in symmetric target detection. This work enhances real-time ship detection and provides foundations for maritime wireless surveillance networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computer)

30 pages, 804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Heterogeneous Federated Edge Learning Framework Empowered with SWIPT

by Yinyin Fang, Sheng Shu, Yujun Zhu, Heju Li and Kunkun Rui

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1115; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071115 - 11 Jul 2025

Federated edge learning (FEEL) is an innovative approach that facilitates collaborative training among numerous distributed edge devices while eliminating the need to transfer sensitive information. However, the practical deployment of FEEL faces significant constraints, owing to the limited and asymmetric computational and communication [...] Read more.

Federated edge learning (FEEL) is an innovative approach that facilitates collaborative training among numerous distributed edge devices while eliminating the need to transfer sensitive information. However, the practical deployment of FEEL faces significant constraints, owing to the limited and asymmetric computational and communication resources of these devices, along with their energy availability. To this end, we propose a novel asymmetry-tolerant training approach for FEEL, enabled via simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT). This framework leverages SWIPT to offer sustainable energy support for devices while enabling them to train models with varying intensities. Given a limited energy budget, we highlight the critical trade-off between heterogeneous local training intensities and the quality of wireless transmission, suggesting that the design of local training and wireless transmission should be closely integrated, rather than treated as separate entities. To elucidate this perspective, we rigorously derive a new explicit upper bound that captures the combined impact of local training accuracy and the mean square error of wireless aggregation on the convergence performance of FEEL. To maximize overall system performance, we formulate two key optimization problems: the first aims to maximize the energy harvesting capability among all devices, while the second addresses the joint learning–communication optimization under the optimal energy harvesting solution. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that our proposed framework achieves significant performance improvements compared to existing baselines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computer)

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28 pages, 418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geometric Accumulation Operators of Dombi Weighted Trapezoidal-Valued Fermatean Fuzzy Numbers with Multi-Attribute Group Decision Making

by M. Kaviyarasu, J. Angel and Mohammed Alqahtani

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071114 - 10 Jul 2025

Trapezoidal-valued fermatean fuzzy numbers (TpVFFNs) are essential for handling daily decision-making issues in the engineering and management fields. Accumulation processes on the set of TpVFFN are used to address decision-making problems described in this environment as necessary. The primary goal of this paper [...] Read more.

Trapezoidal-valued fermatean fuzzy numbers (TpVFFNs) are essential for handling daily decision-making issues in the engineering and management fields. Accumulation processes on the set of TpVFFN are used to address decision-making problems described in this environment as necessary. The primary goal of this paper is to provide the concept of Dombi t-norm

(D_{t n})

- and Dombi t-conorm

(D_{t c n})

-based accumulation operators on the class of TpVFFN, emphasizing how they behave symmetrically in aggregation processes to maintain consistency and fairness. To use s to illustrate mathematical circumstances, we first create a trapezoidal-valued fermatean fuzzy Dombi’s weighted geometric operator, hexagonal hybird geometric operator, fermatean fuzzy order weighted geometric operator. Second, we use a multi-attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) approach to compute the recommended accumulation operators. Finally, we demonstrate the potential practical application of the proposed decision-making problem related to the pink cab. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Fuzzy Sets Theory and Its Applications)

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35 pages, 5154 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Monte Carlo Simulation Framework for Evaluating the Robustness and Applicability of Settlement Prediction Models in High-Speed Railway Soft Foundations

by Zhenyu Liu, Liyang Wang, Taifeng Li, Huiqin Guo, Feng Chen, Youming Zhao, Qianli Zhang and Tengfei Wang

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1113; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071113 - 10 Jul 2025

Accurate settlement prediction for high-speed railway (HSR) soft foundations remains challenging due to the irregular and dynamic nature of real-world monitoring data, often represented as non-equidistant and non-stationary time series (NENSTS). Existing empirical models lack clear applicability criteria under such conditions, resulting in [...] Read more.

Accurate settlement prediction for high-speed railway (HSR) soft foundations remains challenging due to the irregular and dynamic nature of real-world monitoring data, often represented as non-equidistant and non-stationary time series (NENSTS). Existing empirical models lack clear applicability criteria under such conditions, resulting in subjective model selection. This study introduces a Monte Carlo-based evaluation framework that integrates data-driven simulation with geotechnical principles, embedding the concept of symmetry across both modeling and assessment stages. Equivalent permeability coefficients (EPCs) are used to normalize soil consolidation behavior, enabling the generation of a large, statistically robust dataset. Four empirical settlement prediction models—Hyperbolic, Exponential, Asaoka, and Hoshino—are systematically analyzed for sensitivity to temporal features and resistance to stochastic noise. A symmetry-aware comprehensive evaluation index (CEI), constructed via a robust entropy weight method (REWM), balances multiple performance metrics to ensure objective comparison. Results reveal that while settlement behavior evolves asymmetrically with respect to EPCs over time, a symmetrical structure emerges in model suitability across distinct EPC intervals: the Asaoka method performs best under low-permeability conditions (EPC ≤ 0.03 m/d), Hoshino excels in intermediate ranges (0.03 < EPC ≤ 0.7 m/d), and the Exponential model dominates in highly permeable soils (EPC > 0.7 m/d). This framework not only quantifies model robustness under complex data conditions but also formalizes the notion of symmetrical applicability, offering a structured path toward intelligent, adaptive settlement prediction in HSR subgrade engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Engineering and Materials)

22 pages, 323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A System of Parabolic Laplacian Equations That Are Interrelated and Radial Symmetry of Solutions

by Xingyu Liu

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1112; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071112 - 10 Jul 2025

We utilize the moving planes technique to prove the radial symmetry along with the monotonic characteristics of solutions for a system of parabolic Laplacian equations. In this system, the solutions of the two equations are interdependent, with the solution of one equation depending [...] Read more.

We utilize the moving planes technique to prove the radial symmetry along with the monotonic characteristics of solutions for a system of parabolic Laplacian equations. In this system, the solutions of the two equations are interdependent, with the solution of one equation depending on the function of the other. By use of the maximal regularity theory that has been established for fractional parabolic equations, we ensure the solvability of these systems. Our initial step is to formulate a narrow region principle within a parabolic cylinder. This principle serves as a theoretical basis for implementing the moving planes method. Following this, we focus our attention on parabolic systems with fractional Laplacian equations and deduce that the solutions are radial symmetric and monotonic when restricted to the unit ball. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Functional Equations, Second Edition)

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23 pages, 4119 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cross-Scenario Interpretable Prediction of Coal Mine Water Inrush Probability: An Integrated Approach Driven by Gaussian Mixture Modeling with Manifold Learning and Metaheuristic Optimization

by Qiushuang Zheng and Changfeng Wang

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1111; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071111 - 10 Jul 2025

Predicting water inrush in coal mines faces significant challenges due to limited data, model generalization, and a lack of interpretability. Current approaches often neglect the inherent geometrical symmetries and structured patterns within the complex hydrological parameter space, rely on local parameter optimization, and [...] Read more.

Predicting water inrush in coal mines faces significant challenges due to limited data, model generalization, and a lack of interpretability. Current approaches often neglect the inherent geometrical symmetries and structured patterns within the complex hydrological parameter space, rely on local parameter optimization, and struggle with interpretability, leading to insufficient predictive accuracy and engineering applicability under complex geological conditions. This study addresses these limitations by integrating Gaussian mixture modeling (GMM), manifold learning, and data augmentation to effectively capture multimodal hydrological data distributions and reveal their intrinsic symmetrical configurations and manifold structures, thereby reducing feature dimensionality. We then apply a whale optimization algorithm (WOA)-enhanced XGBoost model to forecast water inrush probabilities. Our model achieved an R² of 0.92, demonstrating a greater than 60% error reduction across various metrics. Validation at the Yangcheng Coal Mine confirmed that this balanced approach significantly enhances predictive accuracy, interpretability, and cross-scenario applicability. The synergy between high accuracy and transparency provides decision makers with reliable risk insights, enabling bidirectional validation with geological mechanisms and supporting the implementation of targeted, proactive safety measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematics)

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18 pages, 3719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy-Efficient Bipedal Locomotion Through Parallel Actuation of Hip and Ankle Joints

by Prabhu Manoharan and Karthikeyan Palanisamy

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1110; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071110 - 10 Jul 2025

Achieving energy-efficient, human-like gait remains a major challenge in bipedal humanoid robotics, as traditional serial actuation architectures often lead to high instantaneous power peaks and uneven load distribution. This study addresses the lack of research on how mechanical symmetry, achieved through parallel actuation, [...] Read more.

Achieving energy-efficient, human-like gait remains a major challenge in bipedal humanoid robotics, as traditional serial actuation architectures often lead to high instantaneous power peaks and uneven load distribution. This study addresses the lack of research on how mechanical symmetry, achieved through parallel actuation, can improve power management in lower-limb joints. We developed a 14-degree-of-freedom (DOF) hip-sized bipedal robot model and conducted simulations comparing a conventional serial configuration—using single-DOF rotary actuators—with a novel parallel configuration that employs paired linear actuators at the hip pitch, hip roll, ankle pitch, and ankle roll joints. Simulation results over a standardized walking cycle show that the parallel configuration reduces peak hip-pitch power by 80.4% and peak ankle-pitch power by 53.5%. These findings demonstrate that incorporating actuator symmetry through parallel joint design significantly reduces actuator stress, improves load sharing, and enhances overall energy efficiency in bipedal locomotion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Engineering and Materials)

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32 pages, 2917 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Adapting CPU Scheduling for Mixed Database Workloads via Hierarchical Deep Reinforcement Learning

by Suchuan Xing, Yihan Wang and Wenhe Liu

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1109; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071109 - 10 Jul 2025

Modern database systems require autonomous CPU scheduling frameworks that dynamically optimize resource allocation across heterogeneous workloads while maintaining strict performance guarantees. We present a novel hierarchical deep reinforcement learning framework augmented with graph neural networks to address CPU scheduling challenges in mixed database [...] Read more.

Modern database systems require autonomous CPU scheduling frameworks that dynamically optimize resource allocation across heterogeneous workloads while maintaining strict performance guarantees. We present a novel hierarchical deep reinforcement learning framework augmented with graph neural networks to address CPU scheduling challenges in mixed database environments comprising Online Transaction Processing (OLTP), Online Analytical Processing (OLAP), vector processing, and background maintenance workloads. Our approach introduces three key innovations: first, a symmetric two-tier control architecture where a meta-controller allocates CPU budgets across workload categories using policy gradient methods while specialized sub-controllers optimize process-level resource allocation through continuous action spaces; second, graph neural network-based dependency modeling that captures complex inter-process relationships and communication patterns while preserving inherent symmetries in database architectures; and third, meta-learning integration with curiosity-driven exploration enabling rapid adaptation to previously unseen workload patterns without extensive retraining. The framework incorporates a multi-objective reward function balancing Service Level Objective (SLO) adherence, resource efficiency, symmetric fairness metrics, and system stability. Experimental evaluation through high-fidelity digital twin simulation and production deployment demonstrates substantial performance improvements: 43.5% reduction in p99 latency violations for OLTP workloads and 27.6% improvement in overall CPU utilization, with successful scaling to 10,000 concurrent processes maintaining sub-3% scheduling overhead. This work represents a significant advancement toward truly autonomous database resource management, establishing a foundation for next-generation self-optimizing database systems with implications extending to broader orchestration challenges in cloud-native architectures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computer)

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30 pages, 34072 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ARE-PaLED: Augmented Reality-Enhanced Patch-Level Explainable Deep Learning System for Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis from 3D Brain sMRI

by Chitrakala S and Bharathi U

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1108; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071108 - 10 Jul 2025

Structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) is a vital tool for diagnosing neurological brain diseases. However, sMRI scans often show significant structural changes only in limited brain regions due to localised atrophy, making the identification of discriminative features a key challenge. Importantly, the human [...] Read more.

Structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) is a vital tool for diagnosing neurological brain diseases. However, sMRI scans often show significant structural changes only in limited brain regions due to localised atrophy, making the identification of discriminative features a key challenge. Importantly, the human brain exhibits inherent bilateral symmetry, and deviations from this symmetry—such as asymmetric atrophy—are strong indicators of early Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Patch-based methods help capture local brain changes for early AD diagnosis, but they often struggle with fixed-size limitations, potentially missing subtle asymmetries or broader contextual cues. To address these limitations, we propose a novel augmented reality (AR)-enhanced patch-level explainable deep learning (ARE-PaLED) system. It includes an adaptive multi-scale patch extraction network (AMPEN) to adjust patch sizes based on anatomical characteristics and spatial context, as well as an informative patch selection algorithm (IPSA) to identify discriminative patches, including those reflecting asymmetry patterns associated with AD; additionally, an AR module is proposed for future immersive explainability, complementing the patch-level interpretation framework. Evaluated on 1862 subjects from the ADNI and AIBL datasets, the framework achieved an accuracy of 92.5% (AD vs. NC) and 85.9% (AD vs. MCI). The proposed ARE-PaLED demonstrates potential as an interpretable and immersive diagnostic aid for sMRI-based AD diagnosis, supporting the interpretation of model predictions for AD diagnosis. Full article

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23 pages, 2267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Special Basis for Efficient Numerical Solutions of Differential Equations: Application to the Energy Transfer Equation

by Fahir Talay Akyildiz and Fehaid Salem Alshammari

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071107 - 9 Jul 2025

We introduce a novel family of compactly supported basis functions, termed Legendre Delta-Shaped Functions (LDSFs), constructed using the eigenfunctions of the Legendre differential equation. We begin by proving that LDSFs form a basis for a Haar space. We then demonstrate that interpolation using [...] Read more.

We introduce a novel family of compactly supported basis functions, termed Legendre Delta-Shaped Functions (LDSFs), constructed using the eigenfunctions of the Legendre differential equation. We begin by proving that LDSFs form a basis for a Haar space. We then demonstrate that interpolation using classical Legendre polynomials is a special case of interpolation with the proposed Legendre Delta-Shaped Basis Functions (LDSBFs). To illustrate the potential of LDSBFs, we apply the corresponding series to approximate a rectangular pulse. The results reveal that Gibbs oscillations decay rapidly, resulting in significantly improved accuracy across smooth regions. This example underscores the effectiveness and novelty of our approach. Furthermore, LDSBFs are employed within the collocation framework to solve Poisson-type equations and systems of nonlinear differential equations arising in energy transfer problems. We also derive new error bounds for interpolation polynomials in a special case, expressed in both the discrete

{(L}_{2})

norm and the Sobolev

(H_{p})

norm. To validate the proposed method, we compare our results with those obtained using the Legendre pseudospectral method. Numerical experiments confirm that our approach is accurate, efficient, and highly competitive with existing techniques. Full article

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39 pages, 5065 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Electroexcitation of Nucleon Resonances and Emergence of Hadron Mass

by Patrick Achenbach, Daniel S. Carman, Ralf W. Gothe, Kyungseon Joo, Victor I. Mokeev and Craig D. Roberts

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071106 - 9 Jul 2025

Developing an understanding of phenomena driven by the emergence of hadron mass (EHM) is one of the most challenging problems in the Standard Model. This discussion focuses on the impact of results on nucleon resonance (

N^{*}

) electroexcitation amplitudes (or [...] Read more.

Developing an understanding of phenomena driven by the emergence of hadron mass (EHM) is one of the most challenging problems in the Standard Model. This discussion focuses on the impact of results on nucleon resonance (

N^{*}

) electroexcitation amplitudes (or

γ_{v} p N^{*}

electrocouplings) obtained from experiments during the 6 GeV era in Hall B at Jefferson Lab on understanding EHM. Analyzed using continuum Schwinger function methods (CSMs), these results have revealed new pathways for the elucidation of EHM. A good description of the

Δ (1232) 3 / 2^{+}

,

N (1440) 1 / 2^{+}

, and

Δ (1600) 3 / 2^{+}

electrocouplings, achieved by CSM analyses that express a realistic dressed quark mass function, sheds light on the strong interaction dynamics underlying EHM. Extensions to

N^{*}

studies for higher-mass states are outlined, as well as experimental results anticipated in the 12 GeV era at Jefferson Lab and those that would be enabled by a further increase in the beam energy to 22 GeV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Symmetry of QCD Matter and Functional QCD Approaches)

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22 pages, 2171 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Objective Method for Enhancing the Seismic Resilience of Urban Water Distribution Networks

by Li Long, Ziang Pan, Huaping Yang, Yong Yang and Feiyu Liu

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071105 - 9 Jul 2025

Enhancing the seismic resilience of urban water distribution networks (WDNs) requires the improvement of both earthquake resistance and rapid recovery capabilities within the system. This paper proposes a multi-objective method to enhance the seismic resilience of the WDNs, focusing on system restoration capabilities [...] Read more.

Enhancing the seismic resilience of urban water distribution networks (WDNs) requires the improvement of both earthquake resistance and rapid recovery capabilities within the system. This paper proposes a multi-objective method to enhance the seismic resilience of the WDNs, focusing on system restoration capabilities while comprehensively considering the hydraulic recovery index, maintenance time, and maintenance cost. The method utilizes a random simulation approach to generate various damage scenarios for the WDN, considering pipe leakage, pipe bursts, and variations in node flow resulting from changes in water pressure. It characterizes the functions of the WDN through hydraulic service satisfaction and quantifies system resilience using a performance response function. Additionally, it determines the optimal dispatch strategy for emergency repair teams and the optimal emergency repair sequence for earthquake-damaged networks using a genetic algorithm. Furthermore, a comprehensive computational platform has been developed to systematically analyze and optimize seismic resilience strategies for WDNs. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated through an example involving the WDN in Xi’an City. The results indicate that the single-objective seismic resilience improvement method based on the hydraulic recovery index is the most effective for enhancing the seismic resilience of the WDN. In contrast, the multi-objective method proposed in this article reduces repair time by 17.9% and repair costs by 3.4%, while only resulting in a 0.2% decrease in the seismic resilience of the WDN. This method demonstrates the most favorable comprehensive restoration effect, and the success of our method in achieving a symmetrically balanced restoration outcome demonstrates its value. The proposed methodology and software can provide both theoretical frameworks and technical support for urban WDN administrators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Engineering and Materials)

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20 pages, 2516 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Visual Attention Fusion Network (VAFNet): Bridging Bottom-Up and Top-Down Features in Infrared and Visible Image Fusion

by Yaochen Liu, Yunke Wang and Zixuan Jing

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1104; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071104 - 9 Jul 2025

Infrared and visible image fusion aims to integrate useful information from the source image to obtain a fused image that not only has excellent visual perception but also promotes the performance of the subsequent object detection task. However, due to the asymmetry between [...] Read more.

Infrared and visible image fusion aims to integrate useful information from the source image to obtain a fused image that not only has excellent visual perception but also promotes the performance of the subsequent object detection task. However, due to the asymmetry between image fusion and object detection tasks, obtaining superior visual effects while facilitating object detection tasks remains challenging in real-world applications. Addressing this issue, we propose a novel visual attention fusion network for infrared and visible image fusion (VAFNet), which can bridge bottom-up and top-down features to achieve high-quality visual perception while improving the performance of object detection tasks. The core idea is that bottom-up visual attention is utilized to extract multi-layer bottom-up features for ensuring superior visual perception, while top-down visual attention determines object attention signals related to object detection tasks. Then, a bidirectional attention integration mechanism is designed to naturally integrate two forms of attention into the fused image. Experiments on public and collection datasets demonstrate that VAFNet not only outperforms seven state-of-the-art (SOTA) fusion methods in qualitative and quantitative evaluation but also has advantages in facilitating object detection tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Next-Generation Intelligent Information Technologies)

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27 pages, 392 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Autonomous Soliton Hierarchies

by Maciej Błaszak, Krzysztof Marciniak and Błażej M. Szablikowski

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1103; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071103 - 9 Jul 2025

A formalism for the systematic construction of integrable non-autonomous deformations of soliton hierarchies is presented. The theory is formulated as an initial value problem (IVP) for an associated Frobenius integrability condition on a Lie algebra. It is shown that this IVP has a [...] Read more.

A formalism for the systematic construction of integrable non-autonomous deformations of soliton hierarchies is presented. The theory is formulated as an initial value problem (IVP) for an associated Frobenius integrability condition on a Lie algebra. It is shown that this IVP has a formal solution, and within the framework of two particular subalgebras of the hereditary Lie algebra, the explicit forms of this formal solution are derived. Finally, this formalism is applied to the Korteveg-de Vries, dispersive water waves and Ablowitz–Kaup–Newell–Segur soliton hierarchies. The zero-curvature representations and Hamiltonian structures of the considered non-autonomous soliton hierarchies are also provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Integrable Systems and Soliton Theories)

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