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Modeling and Optimization of an Integrated Energy Supply in the Oil and Gas Industry: A Case Study of Northeast China
Accurate and Efficient Process Modeling and Inverse Optimization for Trench Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors: A Machine Learning Proxy Approach
Utilisation of Different Types of Glass Waste as Pozzolanic Additive or Aggregate in Construction Materials

Journal Description

Processes

Processes is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on processes/systems in chemistry, biology, material, energy, environment, food, pharmaceutical, manufacturing, automation control, catalysis, separation, particle and allied engineering fields published monthly online by MDPI. The Systems and Control Division of the Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering (CSChE S&C Division) and the Brazilian Association of Chemical Engineering (ABEQ) are affiliated with Processes and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges. Please visit Society Collaborations for more details.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, Inspec, AGRIS, and other databases.
Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q2 (Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous))
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 16 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.

Impact Factor: 2.8 (2024); 5-Year Impact Factor: 3.1 (2024)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2227-9717

Latest Articles

22 pages, 5648 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biodegradable Mg-Zn-MgO Composites for Locking Compression Fixation Plates for Pediatric Orthopedics: Improved Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance

by Rajesh Jesudoss Hynes Navasingh, Daniel Asirvatham Amos, Manoj Kumar Gurunathan and Maria P. Nikolova

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2077; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072077 - 30 Jun 2025

Biodegradable magnesium-based composites show potential application in orthopedic implants, with excellent biocompatibility, low density, and biodegradable characteristics inside the human body. In this study, the stir casting procedure was employed to produce magnesium–zinc MMCs (metal matrix composites) reinforced with MgO nanoparticles, and they [...] Read more.

Biodegradable magnesium-based composites show potential application in orthopedic implants, with excellent biocompatibility, low density, and biodegradable characteristics inside the human body. In this study, the stir casting procedure was employed to produce magnesium–zinc MMCs (metal matrix composites) reinforced with MgO nanoparticles, and they were characterized intensively. The analyzed compositions were Mg/4Zn, Mg/4Zn/0.4MgO, and Mg/4Zn/0.6MgO. Their mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and microstructure were then investigated employing tensile, impact, hardness, wear, and corrosion tests, supplemented with SEM analysis. The results indicate that the Mg-4Zn-0.6MgO composite exhibited the highest performance among the tested formulations, with a tensile strength of 150 MPa, a hardness of 65 HRE (Rockwell Hardness, E-scale), and enhanced corrosion resistance. These improvements are attributed to the uniform dispersion of MgO nanoparticles and the formation of a protective Mg(OH)₂ layer, which together contribute to mechanical reinforcement and controlled degradation behavior. The combination of superior mechanical properties and customizable biodegradability verifies the engineered Mg/4Zn/0.6MgO composite as a promising candidate for a biodegradable orthopedic fixation plate without secondary surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Processes)

17 pages, 3264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Data-Driven Framework for Mechanical Behavior Characterization from Instrumented Indentation

by Xiaoqun Wang, Zhongliang Ru, Bangxiang Li and Hongbo Zhao

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2076; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072076 - 30 Jun 2025

This study developed a novel data-driven indentation computation framework to characterize the indentation response and behavior by combining the reduced-order model (ROM), optimal technology, and indentation response curve. ROM was utilized to build a surrogated model to approximate the accuracy of the indentation [...] Read more.

This study developed a novel data-driven indentation computation framework to characterize the indentation response and behavior by combining the reduced-order model (ROM), optimal technology, and indentation response curve. ROM was utilized to build a surrogated model to approximate the accuracy of the indentation response. The dataset was generated using the indentation test or physical model for ROM. Simplicial Homology Global Optimization (SHGO) was considered an optimal technology for searching for mechanical properties in inverse analysis. The developed framework was illustrated and verified using a numerical example. The results were compared with the actual value obtained by an indentation test. The results show that the developed framework characterizes the material mechanical property and indentation response well and agrees with the engineering practice. The proposed framework provides a feasible, scientific, helpful, and promising way to capture the material mechanical behavior and indentation response. Meanwhile, it also has essential reference significance for another engineering field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Processes)

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24 pages, 6715 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigations and Optimization for the Supersonic Gas Atomization System for Manufacturing Metal Powder

by Somjit Mandal and Chi-Chuan Wang

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2075; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072075 - 30 Jun 2025

The metal powder quality of a supersonic gas atomizer can vastly differ depending on the operating gas variables. This study investigates the high-pressure gas atomization (HPGA) process using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The simulation results were validated against experimental data, revealing a [...] Read more.

The metal powder quality of a supersonic gas atomizer can vastly differ depending on the operating gas variables. This study investigates the high-pressure gas atomization (HPGA) process using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The simulation results were validated against experimental data, revealing a series of shock waves that play a crucial role in the gas flow field. A full factorial design of experiments (DOE) was used to optimize inlet gas pressure and temperature. The optimized parameters were found to directly influence droplet breakup and particle size. It was observed that higher inlet gas pressures and temperatures enhance atomization efficiency and produce finer powders, with pressure having a more dominant effect than temperature. The findings provide valuable insights into the gas dynamics of HPGA and support process optimization for producing high-quality metal powders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Processes)

27 pages, 1137 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Flexibility in Forest Biomass Procurement: A Matheuristic Approach for Resilient Bioenergy Supply Chains Under Resource Variability

by Reinaldo Gomes, Alexandra Marques, Fábio Neves-Moreira, Carlos Amaral Netto, Ruxanda Godina Silva and Pedro Amorim

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2074; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072074 - 30 Jun 2025

The sustainable utilization of forest biomass for bioenergy production is increasingly challenged by the variability and unpredictability of raw material availability. These challenges are particularly critical in regions like Central Portugal, where seasonality, dispersed resources, and wildfire prevention policies disrupt procurement planning. This [...] Read more.

The sustainable utilization of forest biomass for bioenergy production is increasingly challenged by the variability and unpredictability of raw material availability. These challenges are particularly critical in regions like Central Portugal, where seasonality, dispersed resources, and wildfire prevention policies disrupt procurement planning. This study investigates two flexibility strategies—dynamic network reconfiguration and operations postponement—as policy relevant tools to enhance resilience in forest-to-bioenergy supply chains. A novel mathematical model, the mobile Facility Location Problem with dynamic Operations Assignment (mFLP-dOA), is proposed and solved using a scalable matheuristic approach. Applying the model to a real case study, we demonstrate that incorporating temporary intermediate nodes and adaptable processing schedules can reduce costs by up to 17% while improving operational responsiveness and reducing non-productive machine time. The findings offer strategic insights for policymakers, biomass operators, and regional planners aiming to design more adaptive and cost-effective biomass supply systems, particularly under environmental risk scenarios such as summer operation bans. This work supports evidence-based planning and investment in flexible logistics infrastructure for cleaner and more resilient bioenergy supply chains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Biomass Energy and Resource Utilization Technology)

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24 pages, 2314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Lean Performance Potential Amidst the Transition Process from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0

by Sanja Stanisavljev, Dragan Ćoćkalo, Mihalj Bakator, Marijana Vidas-Bubanja, Luka Djordjević, Borivoj Novaković and Stefan Ugrinov

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2073; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072073 - 30 Jun 2025

This study examines how selected technological and human-centered factors affect sustainable lean performance potential (SLPP) in manufacturing enterprises within the context of Industry 4.0 transition to Industry 5.0. The relationship between SLPP and Industry 4. transition to Industry 5.0 is contextual, meaning this [...] Read more.

This study examines how selected technological and human-centered factors affect sustainable lean performance potential (SLPP) in manufacturing enterprises within the context of Industry 4.0 transition to Industry 5.0. The relationship between SLPP and Industry 4. transition to Industry 5.0 is contextual, meaning this direct relationship is not analyzed via statistical methods. A structured survey was conducted with 128 managers (n = 128), focusing on human-centric technology design (HCTD), artificial intelligence for waste minimization (AIWM), predictive maintenance (PMAI), and IoT integration in production (IOTP). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, linear regression analysis, Harman’s single-factor test results, multicollinearity test, and non-linear curve estimation analysis. The results show that all four independent variables are positively associated with SLPP. IoT integration and AI for waste minimization had the strongest effects, followed by predictive maintenance. Human-centric technology design showed a weaker, yet still statistically significant, relationship with SLPP. The findings support a model where digital tools contribute directly to lean and sustainable outcomes, while human-centered approaches are emerging more gradually. The research adds empirical evidence to ongoing discussions about factors affecting lean performance in the context of industrial changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industry 4.0 Technologies and Strategies in Lean Manufacturing Processes)

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21 pages, 3720 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Efficient Removal of Nitrobenzene and Its Compounds by Coconut Shell-Derived Activated Carbon

by Aleksandar M. Đorđević, Jadranka Milikić, Vedran Milanković, Danica Bajuk Bogdanović, Kristina Radinović, Milica Marčeta Kaninski, Dubravka Relić, Dalibor Stanković and Biljana Šljukić

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2072; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072072 - 30 Jun 2025

Activated carbon prepared from coconut shell was characterized using SEM/EDS, N₂-sorption, XRD analysis, Raman, and FTIR spectroscopy. It was then evaluated in terms of its capacity to adsorb nitrobenzene, a priority pollutant, from water samples with varying pH levels. Initial studies [...] Read more.

Activated carbon prepared from coconut shell was characterized using SEM/EDS, N₂-sorption, XRD analysis, Raman, and FTIR spectroscopy. It was then evaluated in terms of its capacity to adsorb nitrobenzene, a priority pollutant, from water samples with varying pH levels. Initial studies revealed high adsorption capacity; further studies were broadened to include nitrobenzene derivative, dinitrobenzene, as real samples are expected to contain a mixture of these pollutants. The maximum amount of adsorbed adsorbate increased notably with temperature, reaching 12.88 mg g⁻¹ and 42.75 mg g⁻¹ for nitrobenzene and dinitrobenzene, respectively, at 35 °C. Thermodynamic considerations and determined values of ∆G⁰ and ∆S⁰ indicated that the adsorption process of both nitrobenzene and dinitrobenzene is spontaneous and ∆H⁰ value indicated that it is endothermic in the studied temperature range. A study of the simultaneous adsorption of nitrobenzene and dinitrobenzene indicated a higher affinity toward dinitrobenzene. This study pointed out that coconut shell-derived activated carbon holds high potential as an adsorbent for removing nitrobenzene and its derivatives from water samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical and Microbiological Analyses of Wastes, Effluents and Materials)

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15 pages, 2293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparing and Characterizing Nano Relative Permeability Improver for Low-Permeability Reservoirs

by Bo Li

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2071; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072071 - 30 Jun 2025

Aiming at the problems of insufficient natural productivity and large seepage resistance in low-permeability oil and gas reservoirs, a nano relative permeability improver based on nano SiO₂ was developed in this study. The nano relative permeability improver was prepared by the reversed-phase [...] Read more.

Aiming at the problems of insufficient natural productivity and large seepage resistance in low-permeability oil and gas reservoirs, a nano relative permeability improver based on nano SiO₂ was developed in this study. The nano relative permeability improver was prepared by the reversed-phase microemulsion method, and the formula was optimized (nano SiO₂ 5.1%, Span-80 33%, isobutanol 18%, NaCl 2%), so that the minimum median particle size was 4.2 nm, with good injectivity and stability. Performance studies showed that the improvement agent had low surface tension (30–35 mN/m) and interfacial tension (3–8 mN/m) as well as significantly reduced the rock wetting angle (50–84°) and enhanced wettability. In addition, it had good temperature resistance, shear resistance, and acid-alkali resistance, making it suitable for complex environments in low-permeability reservoirs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy on Production Processes and Systems Engineering)

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20 pages, 6761 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Homology of Atmospheric Pollutants and Carbon Emissions in Industrial Parks: A Case Study in North China

by Zhitao Li, Tianxiang Chen, Fei Fang, Tianzhi Wang, Mingzhe Zhang and Fiallos Manuel

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2070; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072070 - 30 Jun 2025

Industrial parks are well-known as a critical intervention point for global carbon emission reductions due to the high carbon emissions emitted. Conducting carbon accounting research in these parks can provide more precise foundational data for carbon reduction initiatives, promoting low-carbon industrial park development. [...] Read more.

Industrial parks are well-known as a critical intervention point for global carbon emission reductions due to the high carbon emissions emitted. Conducting carbon accounting research in these parks can provide more precise foundational data for carbon reduction initiatives, promoting low-carbon industrial park development. However, industrial parks, positioned as non-independent accounting units between provincial and industry levels, face severe challenges due to ambiguous boundaries, complex accounting entities, and data selection difficulties that significantly impact the carbon accounting accuracy. This study employed the IPCC emission factor method for industrial parks, taking its management structure as the accounting boundary. Additionally, we constructed a carbon accounting method and representation system by considering the carbon emission flow path and integrating the correlation between pollutant and carbon emissions. By categorizing carbon emissions into five groups, this study obtained emissions from fuel combustion (E1), industrial processes (E2), purchased/sold electricity (E3), purchased/sold heat (E4), and carbon-sequestering products (E5). Between 2016 and 2021, the industrial park’s carbon emissions fell from 15.0783 to 6.7152 million tons, while the intensity dropped from 4.86 to 1.91 tons of carbon dioxide (CO₂) per CNY 10,000. The park achieved dual control targets for the total carbon emissions and intensity, with E2 being the main reduction source (70% of total). Meanwhile, total atmospheric pollutants decreased from 9466.19 to 1736.70 tons, with C25 and C26 industries contributing over 99%. In particular, C26 achieved significant reductions in nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂), aiding pollution mitigation. A strong positive correlation was found between pollutants and carbon emissions, especially in C26, SO₂ (0.77), and NO_x (0.89), suggesting NO_x as a more suitable carbon emission indicator during chemical production. These findings offer a theoretical framework for using pollutant monitoring to characterize carbon emissions and support decision-making for sustainable industrial development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Green Processes)

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21 pages, 4431 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing the K-Poisoning Resistance of Heteropoly Acid-Modified Ce/AC Catalyst for Low-Temperature NH₃-SCR

by Tongyue Zhou, Tianlong Xiong, Mengyang Fan, Qiao Chen, Yongchun Deng and Jianjun Li

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2069; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072069 - 30 Jun 2025

The combustion of biomass fuels releases alkali metals, which induce severe catalyst deactivation due to alkali metal (K) poisoning in low-temperature ammonia selective catalytic reduction (NH₃-SCR) systems. To address this issue, this study developed a series of heteropoly acid (HPA)-modified Ce/AC [...] Read more.

The combustion of biomass fuels releases alkali metals, which induce severe catalyst deactivation due to alkali metal (K) poisoning in low-temperature ammonia selective catalytic reduction (NH₃-SCR) systems. To address this issue, this study developed a series of heteropoly acid (HPA)-modified Ce/AC catalysts prepared via incipient wetness impregnation. The low-temperature NH₃-SCR performance (80–200 °C) of these catalysts was systematically evaluated, with particular emphasis on their denitrification activity and K-poisoning resistance. The silicotungstic-acid (TSiA)-modified Ce/Ac (TSiA-Ce/AC) catalyst showed an improvement (>20%) in NO conversion activity under the K poisoning condition. The superior K-poisoning resistance of the TSiA-Ce/AC catalyst was attributed to the high density of Brønsted acidic sites and the strong K binding affinity of TSiA, which together protected active sites and preserved the standard SCR reaction pathway under K contaminations. This study proposes a novel strategy for enhancing catalyst K resistance in low-temperature NH₃-SCR systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Metal Catalyst: Synthesis and Application)

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20 pages, 2078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Holistically Green and Sustainable Pathway Prioritisation for Chemical Process Plant Systems via a FAHP–TOPSIS Framework

by Daniel Li, Mohamed Galal Hassan-Sayed, Nuno Bimbo, Zhaomin Li and Ihab M. T. Shigidi

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2068; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072068 - 30 Jun 2025

Multi-criteria Decision Making (MCDM) presents a novel approach towards truly holistic green sustainability, particularly within the context of chemical process plants (CPPs). ASPEN Plus v12.0 was utilised for two representative CPP cases: isopropanol (IPA) production via isopropyl acetate, and green ammonia (NH₃ [...] Read more.

Multi-criteria Decision Making (MCDM) presents a novel approach towards truly holistic green sustainability, particularly within the context of chemical process plants (CPPs). ASPEN Plus v12.0 was utilised for two representative CPP cases: isopropanol (IPA) production via isopropyl acetate, and green ammonia (NH₃) production. An integrated Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was modelled in MATLAB v24.1 to prioritise the holistically green and sustainable pathways. Life cycle assessments (LCAs) were employed to select the pathways, and the most suitable sub-criteria per the four criteria are as follows: social, economic, environmental, and technical. In descending order of optimality, the pathways were ranked as follows for green NH₃ and IPA, respectively: Hydropower (HPEA) > Wind Turbine (WGEA) > Biomass Gasification (BGEA)/Solar Photovoltaic (PVEA) > Nuclear High Temperature (NTEA), and Propylene Indirect Hydration (IAH) > Direct Propylene Hydration (PH) > Acetone Hydrogenation (AH). Sensitivity analysis evaluated the FAHP–TOPSIS framework to be overall robust. However, there are potential uncertainties within and/or among sub-criteria, particularly in the social dimension, due to software and data limitations. Future research would seek to integrate FAHP with VIKOR and the Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE-II). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)

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12 pages, 1565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Filtration Efficiency of Filter Elements for Lubricating Oil Separation

by Hongjun Li, Shengping Wang, Mingxin Liu, Rongjun Song, Kailong Cui and Cheng Chang

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2067; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072067 - 30 Jun 2025

For the gas injection process in the underground natural gas storage, it is of great significance to separate lubricating oil droplets from natural gas to ensure the capacity of gas injection. However, the interaction mechanism, among various factors, is still unclear in real [...] Read more.

For the gas injection process in the underground natural gas storage, it is of great significance to separate lubricating oil droplets from natural gas to ensure the capacity of gas injection. However, the interaction mechanism, among various factors, is still unclear in real field conditions. In this study, the filtration performances of filter elements were investigated in a range of gas temperatures from 20 °C to 70 °C, aerosol concentrations from 400 mg/m³ to 1200 mg/m³ and flowrates from 37.2 m³/h to 74.4 m³/h. The results show that at the same flowrate, the steady-state filtration efficiency decreases with increasing temperature, resulting from a shift in the upstream aerosol towards the smaller size and an increase in the concentration for droplets within the range of 0.3 to 2 μm. The filtration efficiency only increases by 0.02% at 20 °C, while the steady-state efficiency increases by more than 0.10% at 70 °C and all the flowrates. At the same gas temperature and aerosol concentration, the steady-state filtration efficiency increases with the increase in flowrate. In practical applications, the filtration performance can be improved by lowing the gas temperature, setting up fewer filter elements in the separator, and appropriately reducing the injection amount of lubricating oil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Simulation of Coalescing Technology in Efficient Separation Processes)

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18 pages, 1925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Analysis for Tritium Recovery in Lithium–Lead Alloy Using a Membrane Gas–Liquid Contactor Concept

by Luca Farina, Antonio Ricca, Alfonso Pozio, Priscilla Reale and Silvano Tosti

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2066; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072066 - 30 Jun 2025

The eutectic PbLi (15.7 at.% Li) alloy appears promising for producing tritium from fertile materials. Currently, in nuclear fusion design, the technologies being explored for tritium extraction in molten phases primarily focus on (i) established processes based on Gas–Liquid Contactor (GLC), such as [...] Read more.

The eutectic PbLi (15.7 at.% Li) alloy appears promising for producing tritium from fertile materials. Currently, in nuclear fusion design, the technologies being explored for tritium extraction in molten phases primarily focus on (i) established processes based on Gas–Liquid Contactor (GLC), such as bubble, packed, or spray columns, or on (ii) exploiting hydrogen permeation phenomena using dense metallic membranes, i.e., Permeation Against Vacuum (PAV). This work introduces a new concept, a Membrane Gas–Liquid Contactor, to address several open issues related to mass transport phenomena within the previously mentioned technologies. The MGLC concept merges the advantages of Permeation Against Vacuum (PAV) and Gas–Liquid Contactor (GLC), which have been extensively applied to extract hydrogen and its isotopes from liquid metals. A comprehensive description of the MGLC’s operation is then provided, suggesting a mass transfer model suitable for the practical application of this new concept. Finally, the results of the experimental campaign conducted on a lab-scale test facility are presented and critically analyzed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Materials and Processes for Integration of Reaction and Separation Operations)

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14 pages, 1120 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Impact of Different Dehydration Methods on Drying Efficiency, Nutritional and Physico-Chemical Quality of Strawberries Slices (Fragaria ananassa)

by Patrícia Antunes, Sara Dias, Diogo Gonçalves, Telma Orvalho, Marta B. Evangelista, Enrique Pino-Hernández and Marco Alves

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2065; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072065 - 30 Jun 2025

This study aimed to evaluate the drying kinetics, microstructural features, moisture content, color, pH, aw, texture, acidity, rehydration capacity, and sensorial attributes of strawberry slices processed by different drying methodologies. Strawberry samples were processed by hot air-drying (HA, 60 °C, 0.5 m/s), freeze-drying [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the drying kinetics, microstructural features, moisture content, color, pH, aw, texture, acidity, rehydration capacity, and sensorial attributes of strawberry slices processed by different drying methodologies. Strawberry samples were processed by hot air-drying (HA, 60 °C, 0.5 m/s), freeze-drying (FD, 0.055 mbar), and pulsed electric field (PEF)-assisted freeze-drying (PEFFD, 1 kV/cm and 3.2 kJ/kg). PEF pre-treatment significantly increased cell membrane permeability by forming micropores, which led to a significant reduction in the moisture content of up to 8.87% and improved the drying efficiency. Nonetheless, this pre-treatment did not significantly alter the drying rate due to the inherent constraints of the freeze-drying process. PEFFD samples better retained their shape, volume, and visual quality, and exhibited a maximum rehydration capacity of 64.90%. The ascorbic acid retention was found to be higher in the FD and PEFFD when compared to HA. FD and PEFFD samples had an increase in both red and yellow hue. PEF shows promise as a pre-treatment technique, improving both the drying efficiency and strawberry quality. Further studies are needed to assess PEFFD’s industrial scalability and economic feasibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Thermal and Non-Thermal Technologies for Food Preservation and Sustainable Food Processing)

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16 pages, 2144 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioprocessed Guishe Juice (Agave lechuguilla Residue) as a Dual-Action Bioagent for Weed and Fungal Control in Sustainable Agriculture

by José Humberto Sánchez-Robles, Ana G. Reyes, Leopoldo J. Ríos-González, Elan I. Laredo-Alcalá, Marisol Cruz-Requena, Roberto Arredondo-Valdés, Thelma K. Morales-Martínez and Miguel A. Medina-Morales

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2064; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072064 - 30 Jun 2025

Biopesticides represent a safe and sustainable strategy for biological pest management, applicable to weed and fungal control. Biotechnological processing offers a promising approach to enhance the bioactivity of natural products for agricultural use. In this study, guishe juice, an agroindustrial residue derived from [...] Read more.

Biopesticides represent a safe and sustainable strategy for biological pest management, applicable to weed and fungal control. Biotechnological processing offers a promising approach to enhance the bioactivity of natural products for agricultural use. In this study, guishe juice, an agroindustrial residue derived from Agave lechuguilla, was bioprocessed via inoculation with Fusarium chlamydosporum, and its fungicidal and herbicidal potentials were evaluated. The fungal biotransformation led to the accumulation of phytochemicals, including flavonoids and polyphenols, significantly enhancing antioxidant activity to 76% and 96% as measured by DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. The resulting bioprocessed guishe extract (BGE), particularly at 10% concentration (BGE-10), exhibited strong fungicidal activity, achieving 100% control of phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium spp. and Penicillium spp. Additionally, BGE-10 demonstrated a bioherbicidal effect, with a 77% weed control rate against Verbesina encelioides. These findings emphasize the potential of bioprocessed agave residues as dual-action bioagents, supporting the development of novel, eco-friendly agricultural solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Concepts for Future Biotechnology and Bioprocesses: Plants and Microorganisms for Sustainable Industries)

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23 pages, 6320 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Flow Field Characteristics and Separation Performance of the Compact Series Gas–Liquid Separator

by Ruijie Zhang, Yueyao Liu, Lei Xing, Jingfu Wang and Sheng Gao

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2063; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072063 - 29 Jun 2025

Digitalization is leading the development direction of oilfields in the future. And the precise measurement of produced fluids is the core component supporting the construction of digital oilfields. To mitigate the adverse effects of liquid carryover from gas wells on metering devices at [...] Read more.

Digitalization is leading the development direction of oilfields in the future. And the precise measurement of produced fluids is the core component supporting the construction of digital oilfields. To mitigate the adverse effects of liquid carryover from gas wells on metering devices at the wellhead, this paper proposed a compact tandem-type gas–liquid separator structure (CTGLS) based on the principle of cyclone separation. The internal flow field characteristics and separation performance of the gas–liquid separator were analyzed through numerical simulation and experimental methods. The influence of various liquid concentrations, inlet flow rates, and overflow split ratios on the velocity field, medium distribution, and separation efficiency of gas–liquid separators was obtained. The optimal regulatory relationship of the underflow split ratio under different operating parameters was elucidated. The results indicate that, as the liquid concentration increases, the axial velocity changes significantly within the underflow region of the secondary separator, while the liquid volume fraction in the cyclone chamber increases gradually. Increasing the inlet flow rate and the split ratio can enhance the axial velocity at the overflow outlet, but it will reduce the liquid phase separation efficiency. The mathematical model correlating the operating parameters with the separation efficiency was established using the response surface method. And the best operation regulation mechanism of the split ratio was obtained under different inlet flow rates and liquid concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Separation Processes)

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23 pages, 5894 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics of Deep Coal Reservoirs Based on Logging Parameter Responses and Laboratory Data: A Case Study of the Logging Response Analysis of Reservoir Parameters Is Carried Out in Ordos Basin, China

by Xiaoming Yang, Jingbo Zeng, Die Liu, Yunhe Shi, Hongtao Gao, Lili Tian, Yufei He, Fengsheng Zhang and Jitong Su

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2062; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072062 - 29 Jun 2025

The coal reservoir in the Ordos Mizhi block is buried at a depth of over 2000 m. This study aims to obtain the characteristics of the coal reservoir in the Mizhi block through various experimental methods and combine the gas-bearing characteristics obtained from [...] Read more.

The coal reservoir in the Ordos Mizhi block is buried at a depth of over 2000 m. This study aims to obtain the characteristics of the coal reservoir in the Mizhi block through various experimental methods and combine the gas-bearing characteristics obtained from on-site desorption experiments to analyze the gas content and logging response characteristics of the study area. On this basis, a reservoir parameter interpretation model for the study area is established. This provides a reference for the exploration and development of coal-rock gas in the Mizhi block. The research results show that: (1) The study area is characterized by the development of the No. 8 coal reservoirs of the Benxi Formation, with a thickness ranging from 2 to 11.6 m, averaging 7.2 m. The thicker coal reservoirs provide favorable conditions for the formation and storage of coal-rock gas. The lithotypes are mainly semi-bright and semi-dark. The coal maceral is dominated by the content of the vitrinite, followed by the inertinite, and the exinite is the least. The degree of metamorphism is high, making it a high-grade coal. In the proximate analysis, the moisture ranges from 0.36 to 1.09%, averaging 0.65%. The ash ranges from 2.34 to 42.17%, averaging 16.57%. The volatile ranges from 9.18 to 15.7%, averaging 11.50%. The fixed carbon ranges from 45.24 to 87.51%, averaging 71.28%. (2) According to the results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the coal samples in the Mizhi block have developed fractures and pores. Based on the results of the carbon dioxide adsorption experiment, the micropore adsorption capacity is 7.8728–20.3395 cm³/g, with an average of 15.2621 cm³/g. The pore volume is 0.02492–0.063 cm³/g, with an average of 0.04799 cm³/g. The specific surface area of micropores is 79.514–202.3744 m²/g, with an average of 153.5118 m²/g. The micropore parameters are of great significance for the occurrence of coal-rock gas. Based on the results of the desorption experiment, the gas content of the coal rock samples in the study area is 12.97–33.96 m³/t, with an average of 21.8229 m³/t, which is relatively high. (3) Through the correlation analysis of the logging parameters of the coal reservoir, the main logging response parameters of the reservoir are obtained. Based on the results of the logging sensitivity analysis of the coal reservoir, the interpretation model of the reservoir parameters is constructed and verified. Logging interpretation models for parameters such as industrial components, microscopic components, micropore pore parameters, and gas content are obtained. The interpretation models have interpretation effects on the reservoir parameters in the study area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comprehensive Evaluation and Utilization of Coal Measure Mineral Resources)

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12 pages, 1200 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying Clean and Contaminated Atomic-Sized Gold Contacts Under Ambient Conditions Using a Clustering Algorithm

by Guillem Pellicer and Carlos Sabater

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2061; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072061 - 29 Jun 2025

Molecular electronics studies have advanced from early, simple single-molecule experiments at cryogenic temperatures to complex and multifunctional molecules under ambient conditions. However, room-temperature environments increase the risk of contamination, making it essential to identify and quantify clean and contaminated rupture traces (i.e., conductance [...] Read more.

Molecular electronics studies have advanced from early, simple single-molecule experiments at cryogenic temperatures to complex and multifunctional molecules under ambient conditions. However, room-temperature environments increase the risk of contamination, making it essential to identify and quantify clean and contaminated rupture traces (i.e., conductance versus relative electrode displacement) within large datasets. Given the high throughput of measurements, manual analysis becomes unfeasible. Clustering algorithms offer an effective solution by enabling the automatic classification and quantification of contamination levels. Despite the rapid development of machine learning, its application in molecular electronics remains limited. In this work, we present a methodology based on the DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise) algorithm to extract representative traces from both clean and contaminated regimes, providing a scalable and objective tool to evaluate environmental contamination in molecular junction experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Electronics and Nanoelectronics for Quantum Materials)

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15 pages, 2035 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Application of FeMg-Modified Hydrochar for Efficient Removal of Lead Ions from Aqueous Solution

by Jelena Petrović, Marija Koprivica, Marija Ercegović, Marija Simić, Jelena Dimitrijević, Mladen Bugarčić and Snežana Trifunović

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2060; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072060 - 29 Jun 2025

This study explores the utilization of waste grape pomace-derived hydrochar as an efficient adsorbent for lead (Pb²⁺) removal from aqueous solutions. Hydrochar was produced via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) at 220 °C, followed by doping with magnesium and iron salts, and subsequent [...] Read more.

This study explores the utilization of waste grape pomace-derived hydrochar as an efficient adsorbent for lead (Pb²⁺) removal from aqueous solutions. Hydrochar was produced via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) at 220 °C, followed by doping with magnesium and iron salts, and subsequent pyrolysis at 300 °C to obtain Fe/Mg-pyro-hydrochar (FeMg-PHC). The material’s structural and morphological changes after Pb²⁺ adsorption were examined using FTIR. FTIR revealed chemisorption and ion exchange as key mechanisms, shown by decreased hydroxyl, carbonyl, and metal–oxygen peaks after Pb²⁺ adsorption. Adsorption tests under varying pH, contact time, and initial Pb²⁺ concentrations revealed optimal removal at pH 5. Kinetic modeling indicated that the process follows a pseudo-second-order model, suggesting chemisorption as the dominant mechanism. Isotherm analysis showed that the Sips model best describes the equilibrium, with a maximum theoretical adsorption capacity of 157.24 mg/g. Overall, the simple two-step synthesis—HTC followed by pyrolysis—combined with metal doping yields a highly effective and sustainable adsorbent for Pb²⁺ ion removal from wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)

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16 pages, 3493 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Production of Biochar from Plantain Rachis and Cassava Peel Towards Sustainable Management of Caribbean Agricultural Waste

by Adriana Patricia Herazo, Alejandra Zambrano, Lorena Marín, Julio Mass and Diana Nathalie Montenegro

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2059; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072059 - 29 Jun 2025

The Caribbean faces many environmental issues, and the mitigation and adaptation strategies to address the challenges of global warming are not sufficient in this geographical region. Considering that agriculture is a relevant activity in most countries around this region, our study proposes to [...] Read more.

The Caribbean faces many environmental issues, and the mitigation and adaptation strategies to address the challenges of global warming are not sufficient in this geographical region. Considering that agriculture is a relevant activity in most countries around this region, our study proposes to enhance Caribbean waste management by transitioning to a sustainable and resilient process in the framework of a green, circular economy. The research has been focused on the thermochemical transformation of the typical residues of Caribbean farm products (plantain rachis, and cassava peel). Biochar samples were synthesized from these biomasses by the slow pyrolysis method at different temperatures (300 °C, 400 °C, and 500 °C). Biochar samples with a smooth surface were synthesized from plantain rachis biomass, while biochar samples with a porous surface were obtained from cassava peel biomass. At the same pyrolysis temperature, all biochar samples derived from plantain rachis exhibited higher production biochar yields than those biochar samples derived from cassava peel. The yield percentages were determined to be 65.7% and 62.0% at a pyrolysis temperature of 300 °C; 45.6% and 37.5% at 400 °C; and 33.7% and 25.4% at 500 °C, respectively. XRD measurements revealed that both biomass-derived biochar samples were found to be enriched with several compounds, such as kalicinite, arcanite, sylvite, CaO₃Si, and MgO₃Si, which vary according to the pyrolysis temperature. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of carbonyl and carboxyl functional groups on the surface of all biochar samples. However, only the aliphatic functional groups were observed on the surface of the biochar samples derived from cassava peel. These characteristics are of particular relevance due to their potential application in soil amendment or water remediation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Processes)

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17 pages, 8792 KiB

Open AccessEssay

Composite Effect of Nanoparticles and Conventional Additives on Hydrate Formation in Seawater-Based Drilling Fluids

by Dongdong Guo, Yunhong Zhang, Ling Ji, Hengyin Zhu, Jinjin Yao, Ran Li and Zhipeng Xin

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2058; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072058 - 28 Jun 2025

The design of high-performance drilling fluid systems is of vital importance for the safe and efficient exploitation of natural gas hydrates. Incorporating appropriate nanoparticles into drilling fluids can significantly enhance drilling fluid loss control, wellbore stability, and hydrate inhibition. However, the combined effects [...] Read more.

The design of high-performance drilling fluid systems is of vital importance for the safe and efficient exploitation of natural gas hydrates. Incorporating appropriate nanoparticles into drilling fluids can significantly enhance drilling fluid loss control, wellbore stability, and hydrate inhibition. However, the combined effects of nanoparticles and conventional additives on hydrate inhibition in drilling fluid systems remain poorly understood. In this study, the influence of nanoparticles on hydrate formation was first evaluated in a base mud, followed by an investigation of their combined effects with common drilling fluid additives. The results demonstrate that hydrophilic nano-CaCO₃ particles exhibit hydrate inhibitory effects, with the strongest inhibition observed at 3.0%. Composite system tests (incorporating nanoparticles with sepiolite, filtrate reducers, and flow modifiers) revealed diverse effects on hydrate formation. Specifically, the combination of nanoparticles and sepiolite promoted hydrate formation; the combination of nanoparticles and filtrate reducers showed divergent effects. Mixtures of nanoparticles with 0.2% low-viscosity anionic cellulose (LV-PAC), carboxymethyl starch (CMS), and low-viscosity carboxymethyl cellulose (LV-CMC) inhibited hydrate formation, while mixtures with 0.2% sulfonated phenolic resin (SMP-2) and hydrolyzed ammonium polyacrylonitrile (NH₄-HPAN) accelerated hydrate formation. Notably, the incorporation of nanoparticles with 0.3% guar gum, sesbania gum, high-viscosity carboxymethyl cellulose (HV-CMC), or high-viscosity polyanionic cellulose (HV-PAC) resulted in the complete inhibition of hydrate formation. By contrast, the synergistic inhibition effect of the nanoparticle/xanthan gum (XC) composite system was relatively weak, with the optimal compounding concentration determined to be 0.3%. These findings provide critical insights for the development of drilling fluid systems in natural gas hydrate reservoirs, facilitating the optimization of drilling performance and enhancing operational safety in hydrate-bearing formations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Gas Hydrate: From Formation to Exploitation Processes)

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