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Processes, Volume 13, Issue 6

2025 June - 330 articles

Cover Story: In this study, we investigate an innovative precipitation prototype designed by ResourSEAs and analyzed through a computational fluid dynamics and population balance model, aiming to understand the influence of reactant concentration and nozzle orientation on precipitation processes. The simulations highlight how different concentration, nozzle orientation, and flow conditions could significantly influence the interplay between the mixing and precipitation phenomena, offering insights for optimizing reactor design in industrial applications. View this paper
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Articles (330)

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,514 Views
23 Pages

19 June 2025

The shallow, soft subsea formations, characterized by low strength and poor stability, lead to complex interactions between the screw motor drilling tool and the wellbore wall during directional drilling, complicating the accurate evaluation of the t...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Control, and Optimization of Drilling Techniques)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,517 Views
16 Pages

19 June 2025

Exploration in the Tarim Craton has established that small-displacement strike–slip faults control carbonate reservoirs’ development and oil and gas accumulation. Oil and gas primarily accumulate within a defined lateral distance from the...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Reservoir Simulation and Modelling in Oil and Gas-Related Processes)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
957 Views
17 Pages

19 June 2025

This study elucidates the photocatalytic NOx abatement efficacy of eco-efficient mortars incorporating construction waste-derived aggregates functionalized with nano-TiO2. The research findings demonstrate a positive correlation between NOx abatement...

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Processes)
  • Review
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,034 Views
15 Pages

Utilization of Agro-Industrial Residues from the Rosa damascena Mill. Oil Industry: A Literature Review on Biomass Potential for Food and Feed Ingredients

  • Nikolay Kolev,
  • Mihaela Ivanova,
  • Alexandar Balabanov,
  • Desislava Vlahova-Vangelova,
  • Aneta Kišová and
  • Francesco Vizzarri

19 June 2025

The re-usage of byproducts needs urgent attention as the recycling and reduction in wastes can minimize environmental pollution and ameliorate the present situation by creating new products, such as animal feed and ingredients for the food industry....

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmaceutical Processes)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,488 Views
23 Pages

19 June 2025

Under carbon emission constraints, to promote low-carbon transformation and achieve the aim of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality in the energy sector, this paper constructs an operational optimization model for the coordinated operation of a virtu...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation, Decision-Making and Market Simulation of a New Type of Power System)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,328 Views
15 Pages

Evaluation of Particle and Nanoparticle Emissions in Fiber and CO2 Laser Cutting Processes

  • Noemi Paulin,
  • Roberta Pernetti,
  • Fabrizio Scafa,
  • Stefano M. Candura and
  • Enrico Oddone

19 June 2025

Laser cutting processes entail the cutting of metal sheets by the emission of a laser source that melts the material along defined paths, potentially generating incidental metal nanoparticles (IMNPs). These particles have been associated with genotox...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Laser-Assisted Manufacturing and Materials Processing)
  • Feature Paper
  • Perspective
  • Open Access
26 Citations
3,012 Views
28 Pages

19 June 2025

As industries come under growing pressure to minimize carbon emissions without compromising the efficiency of operations, the integration of energy-aware production scheduling with emerging energy markets, renewable energy, and policy mechanisms is c...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,052 Views
14 Pages

Large Eddy Simulations on the Diffusion Features of the Cold-Vented Natural Gas Containing Sulfur

  • Xu Sun,
  • Meijiao Song,
  • Sen Dong,
  • Dongying Wang,
  • Yibao Guo,
  • Jinpei Wang and
  • Jingjing Yu

19 June 2025

For cold venting processes frequently employed in oil and gas fields, precisely predicting the instantaneous diffusion process of the vented explosive and/or toxic gases is of great importance, which cannot be captured by the Reynolds-averaged Navier...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,976 Views
19 Pages

19 June 2025

This research has explored the development of pH-sensing starch and carrageenan films incorporated with grape pomace and acerola residue extracts. The main goal was to improve the films’ physicochemical properties and induce pH-sensing capabili...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction, Modification, Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Natural and Biobased Polymer Materials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,066 Views
23 Pages

Analysis of the Flame-Arresting Performance of Pipeline Flame Arresters with Solid Particle Deposition

  • Qian Huang,
  • Jiangtao Xiao,
  • Rui Liao,
  • Yuxin Xie,
  • Xueyuan Long and
  • Cheng Zeng

19 June 2025

In gas transmission stations, flame arrestors are typically installed in pipelines and venting systems to prevent the flames resulting from accidental ignition or deflagration of combustible gases during transmission from propagating through the pipe...

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
1,452 Views
11 Pages

19 June 2025

Soil salinization in coastal areas is a serious problem restricting agricultural development. This field study aimed to explore the effects of flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) and coal fly ash (CFA) in combination with irrigation on coastal sal...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Utilization of Biomass, Coal and Organic Solid Wastes)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
799 Views
26 Pages

19 June 2025

In this study, using in-house code I-COSTA, importance analyses are performed on the phenomenological parameters in the aerosol dynamics using International Standard Problem No. 44. The analyses consider twelve parameters used in multicomponent secti...

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
2,968 Views
24 Pages

19 June 2025

Plastic waste accumulation presents critical environmental challenges demanding innovative circular economy solutions. This study developed a comprehensive machine learning framework to systematically identify optimal enzyme combinations for polyeste...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy on Production Processes and Systems Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
824 Views
17 Pages

Study on Seepage Model of Staged-Fractured Horizontal Well in Low Permeability Reservoir

  • Jian Song,
  • Zongxiao Ren,
  • Zhan Qu,
  • Xinzhu Wang,
  • Jiajun Cao,
  • Xuemei Luo and
  • Miao Wang

18 June 2025

This study addresses the coupled influence of the threshold pressure gradient and stress sensitivity during the seepage process in low-permeability reservoirs. By integrating Laplace transform, perturbation transform, the image principle, and the sup...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,214 Views
18 Pages

Parametric Effects of Mixing Channel Geometry on Entrainment Characteristics of Ejector in R410A Heat Pump Systems

  • Yuying Wang,
  • Zhengdao Zhou,
  • Meiyuan Yang,
  • Li Chang,
  • Yang Li and
  • Zhenying Zhang

18 June 2025

The two-phase ejector has gained prominence in heat pump systems as a device that effectively mitigates throttling losses through expansion work recovery. This investigation employs three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to...

(This article belongs to the Section Process Control, Modeling and Optimization)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,397 Views
22 Pages

18 June 2025

Driven by the demand for low-carbon and sustainable development, power systems are increasingly transitioning toward higher proportions of renewable energy and power-electronic interfaces, leading to a growing requirement for wind turbines to provide...

(This article belongs to the Section Process Control, Modeling and Optimization)
  • Review
  • Open Access
5 Citations
6,064 Views
40 Pages

Review of Automotive Thermoelectric Generator Structure Design and Optimization for Performance Enhancement

  • Yue Wang,
  • Ruochen Wang,
  • Ruiqian Chai,
  • Renkai Ding,
  • Qing Ye,
  • Zeyu Sun,
  • Xiangpeng Meng and
  • Dong Sun

18 June 2025

Thermoelectric generator (TEG) has emerged as a critical technology for automotive exhaust energy recovery, yet there is still a lack of reviews analyzing automotive TEG structure design and optimization methods simultaneously. Therefore, this review...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
4,103 Views
18 Pages

18 June 2025

The traditional papermaking process uses petroleum-based additives, which raise environmental concerns. As a result, these concerns have attracted the scientific community to explore green additives by introducing environmentally friendly cellulose m...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy on Production Processes and Systems Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,313 Views
20 Pages

18 June 2025

Recently, studies on accelerator-based boron neutron capture therapy (AB-BNCT) systems for cancer treatment have attracted the attention of researchers around the world. A neutron source can be obtained through the impingement of high-intensity proto...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Simulation of Flow and Heat Transfer Processes)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,588 Views
24 Pages

18 June 2025

The study examines the biosorption potential of Ulva intestinalis (UI) and calcium oxide-modified Ulva intestinalis (CaO-UI) for the environmentally favorable removal of cadmium (Cd2+), nickel (Ni2+), and lead (Pb2+) from aqueous solutions. This rese...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Low-Cost Adsorbents in Water Purification Processes)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,182 Views
21 Pages

18 June 2025

This study presents a comprehensive multifractal characterization of full-scale pore structures in middle- to high-rank coal reservoirs from the Western Guizhou–Eastern Yunnan Basin and establishes a permeability prediction model integrating fr...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comprehensive Evaluation and Utilization of Coal Measure Mineral Resources)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,655 Views
15 Pages

18 June 2025

This paper explores the application and evolution of Configuration Risk Management (CRM) systems in Chinese nuclear power plants, focusing on their alignment with the National Nuclear Safety Administration (NNSA)’s technical policies. It examin...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Process Safety Technology for Nuclear Reactors and Power Plants)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,722 Views
13 Pages

18 June 2025

This study presents an innovative hybrid geothermal air conditioning system that combines conventional air-based heat exchange with ground heat exchange technology. The system features a ground heat exchanger placed downstream from the outdoor unit h...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Storage Systems and Thermal Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,882 Views
14 Pages

Kinetics of Acid Leaching of Niobium from Man-Made Raw Materials of Titanium Magnesium Production: Experimental Research and Modelling

  • Azamat Yessengaziyev,
  • Azamat Toishybek,
  • Arailym Mukangaliyeva,
  • Bagdat Altaibayev,
  • Kenzhegali Smailov,
  • Albina Yersaiynova and
  • Nurgaly Abdyldayev

17 June 2025

Niobium, with its unique properties, plays a key role in high-tech industries, but its recovery from secondary sources remains poorly studied. The kinetics of niobium leaching from niobium-containing middlings obtained via the water treatment of dust...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Extractive Metallurgy)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,445 Views
16 Pages

The Design of an Intensified Process and Production Plant for Cosmetic Emulsions Using Amazonian Oils

  • Laura Scalvenzi,
  • Estela Guardado Yordi,
  • Edgar Wilfrido Santamaría Caño,
  • Ibeth Nina Avilez Tolagasi,
  • Matteo Radice,
  • Reinier Abreu-Naranjo,
  • Lianne León Guardado,
  • Luis Ramón Bravo Sánchez and
  • Amaury Pérez Martínez

17 June 2025

The cosmetic industry in the Ecuadorian Amazon region faces the challenge of competitively integrating locally sourced plant-based raw materials into efficient and sustainable production processes. This study proposes the design of a pilot plant for...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Innovation in Chemical Plant Design)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,150 Views
24 Pages

17 June 2025

Although the integration of large-scale energy storage with renewable energy can significantly reduce electricity costs for steel enterprises, existing energy storage technologies face challenges such as deployment constraints and high costs, limitin...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Operation and Control in Renewable Energy Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,333 Views
28 Pages

17 June 2025

In recent years, to achieve “dual carbon” goals, increasing the penetration of renewable energy has become a critical approach in China’s power sector. Power electronic converters play a key role in integrating renewable energy into...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Storage Planning, Control, and Dispatch for Grid Dynamic Enhancement)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,336 Views
19 Pages

Cake Moisture Estimation Based on Image Analysis and Regression Model for Controlling the Compression Time of Filter Press in Sludge Dewatering

  • Poltak Sandro Rumahorbo,
  • Nobuhiro Yazawa,
  • Hiroki Ito,
  • Jun Sugimoto,
  • Satoshi Kondo,
  • Yoshifumi Okada,
  • Kazuhiko Sato,
  • Warut Timprae and
  • Shinya Watanabe

17 June 2025

This study proposes practical methods for estimating the moisture content of sludge, represented by the cake moisture, in the filter press dewatering process. Because the cake moisture and filtrate volume are difficult to measure directly, the propos...

(This article belongs to the Section Automation Control Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,862 Views
20 Pages

17 June 2025

Shale plays with pre-existing natural fractures can yield significant production when operating horizontal wells with multi-stage hydraulic fracturing (HWMHF). This work proposes a general, robust, and integrated framework for estimating optimal HWMH...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Unconventional Reservoir Development and CO2 Storage)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,234 Views
16 Pages

17 June 2025

Hydraulic oscillators can effectively reduce the frictional resistance of the horizontal well drilling column and increase mechanical drilling speed, but the influence of geological and operational conditions on the drag reduction performance of thes...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,159 Views
14 Pages

17 June 2025

While the arrival of sargassum on the coasts of the Mexican Caribbean represents a threat to the population and the environment, its valorization into high-value-added products represents an opportunity from a circular economy perspective. This paper...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemicals: Extraction, Optimization, Identification, Biological Activities, and Applications in the Food, Nutraceutical, and Pharmaceutical Industries (2nd Edition))
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,232 Views
13 Pages

17 June 2025

The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx emissions by hydrocarbons (HCs) using a silver (Ag)-based catalyst offers significant advantages over conventional SCR systems that rely on ammonia reductants and vanadium-based catalysts. However, the c...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,445 Views
14 Pages

Prediction of Typical Power Plant Circulating Cooling Tower Blowdown Water Quality Based on Explicable Integrated Machine Learning

  • Yongjie Wan,
  • Xing Tian,
  • Hanhua He,
  • Peng Tong,
  • Ruiying Gao,
  • Xiaohui Ji,
  • Shaojie Li,
  • Shan Luo,
  • Wei Li and
  • Zhenguo Chen

17 June 2025

This paper establishes an explicable integrated machine learning model for predicting the discharge water quality in a circulating cooling water system of a power plant. The performance differences between three deep learning models, a Temporal Convo...

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Green Processes)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,568 Views
26 Pages

Simulation Study of Refracturing of Shale Oil Horizontal Wells Under the Effect of Multi-Field Reconfiguration

  • Hongbo Liang,
  • Penghu Bao,
  • Gang Hui,
  • Zeyuan Ma,
  • Xuemei Yan,
  • Xiaohu Bai,
  • Jiawei Ren,
  • Zhiyang Pi,
  • Ye Li and
  • Fei Gu
  • + 6 authors

17 June 2025

The mechanisms underlying formation energy depletion after initial fracturing and post-refracturing production decline in shale oil horizontal wells remain poorly understood. This study proposes a novel numerical simulation framework for refracturing...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3,488 Views
14 Pages

A Study on the Enhancement of Storage Stability in Formulated Gac Fruit Oil and Its Encapsulated Form

  • Po-Hua Wu,
  • Chia-Yu Lin,
  • Ming-Chang Wu,
  • Shih-Lun Liu,
  • Sz-Jie Wu and
  • Chang-Wei Hsieh

17 June 2025

The fruit of Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng., commonly known as Gac fruit, contains arils rich in carotenoids and unsaturated fatty acids, making it suitable for use as a natural colorant, flavor enhancer, and dietary supplement. This study examine...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction Processes, Modeling, and Optimization of Oils)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,685 Views
17 Pages

17 June 2025

With the advancement in power electronics technology, variable-frequency drives have been widely adopted for motor operation due to their inherent benefits: control performance, extending equipment life, and energy savings. The most used technique is...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Simulation and Control in Energy Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,497 Views
19 Pages

A Dynamic Three-Dimensional Evaluation Framework for CCUS Deployment in Coal-Fired Power Plants

  • Jiangtao Zhu,
  • Tiankun Wang,
  • Yongzheng Gu,
  • Siyuan Liu,
  • Zhiwei Xun,
  • Dongpo Men and
  • Bin Cai

16 June 2025

Under the “dual-carbon” targets, the coal power industry faces significant challenges in low-carbon transition, with carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies as a key solution for emission reduction and energy security...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Smart Grids and Microgrids: Distributed Generation and Energy Storage Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,657 Views
20 Pages

16 June 2025

Long-term shutdowns caused by ice formation on wind turbine blades can lead to significant power generation losses, a persistent issue for wind farm operators. The rapid acquisition of ice mass and thickness on blades under actual meteorological cond...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena in Energy Systems)
  • Review
  • Open Access
8 Citations
6,830 Views
29 Pages

Absorption-Based Optimization Technologies for Acid Gas Removal Units: A Review of Recent Trends and Challenges

  • Rafi Jusar Wishnuwardana,
  • Madiah Binti Omar,
  • Haslinda Binti Zabiri,
  • Mochammad Faqih,
  • Rosdiazli Ibrahim and
  • Kishore Bingi

16 June 2025

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2) can cause various damages that degrade the quality of natural gas before it reaches end users and contribute to environmental pollution. Therefore, it is crucial to eliminate these contaminants to ensur...

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,441 Views
18 Pages

16 June 2025

This study numerically investigates unsteady natural convection (NC) heat transfer (HT) and entropy generation (Egen) in trapezoidal cavities filled with two thermally stratified fluids. Both air-filled and water-filled configurations are analyzed to...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Hydrodynamics of Industrial Processes: Energy Efficiency and Optimization)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,118 Views
17 Pages

16 June 2025

The dynamic behavior of large-scale systems containing diverse devices is a crucial focus for system operators, particularly in power systems where grid-connected devices generate AC electrical signals through various modulated methods. One of the ma...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Operation and Control of New Power System with Large-Scale Renewable Energy Integration)
  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
1,774 Views
17 Pages

16 June 2025

This study investigates the economic operation of integrated energy systems under uncertainty, aiming to boost operational efficiency and cost-effectiveness while reducing carbon emissions. Unlike existing methods that either ignore the demand respon...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Smart Grids and Microgrids: Distributed Generation and Energy Storage Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,093 Views
18 Pages

16 June 2025

In this study, an orthogonal array design was employed to optimize total flavonoid extraction conditions. The results showed that the optimal conditions were an ethanol concentration of 70%, an ultrasonic power of 250 W, a solid–liquid ratio of...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Extraction and Characterization of Functional Properties of Bioactive Compounds Obtained from Food Processing)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,160 Views
16 Pages

Statistical Analysis of Temperature Sensors Applied to a Biological Material Transport System: Challenges, Discrepancies, and a Proposed Monitoring Methodology

  • Felipe Roque de Albuquerque Neto,
  • José Eduardo Ferreira de Oliveira,
  • Rodrigo Gustavo Dourado da Silva,
  • Andrezza Carolina Carneiro Tomás,
  • Alvaro Antonio Villa Ochoa,
  • José Ângelo Peixoto da Costa,
  • Alisson Cocci de Souza and
  • Paula Suemy Arruda Michima

16 June 2025

Conventional methods for transporting biological materials typically use dry ice or ice for preservation but often overlook important aspects of temperature monitoring and metrological control. These methods generally do not include temperature senso...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiscale Modeling and Control of Biomedical Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
1,586 Views
15 Pages

A New Kinetic Model for Pectin Extraction from Grapefruit Peel Using Delayed Differential Equations

  • María L. Montoro,
  • María N. Pantano,
  • María C. Fernández,
  • María F. Sardella,
  • Andres Rosales and
  • Gustavo Scaglia

16 June 2025

The objective of this study is to develop a kinetic model that incorporates time-delay mechanisms to describe the gradual release behavior of pectin. Three models were used: modified Peleg, logistic, and second-order linear with time delay (SOPDT), t...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Optimization for Multi-scale Integration)
  • Article
  • Open Access
920 Views
28 Pages

16 June 2025

This paper investigates the event-triggered dissipative fuzzy tracking control problem of nonlinear networked systems with dynamic quantization and stochastic deception attacks, where the Takagi–Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy system theory is utilized to r...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stability and Optimal Control of Linear Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
2,869 Views
38 Pages

Optimized CO2 Modeling in Saline Aquifers: Evaluating Fluid Models and Grid Resolution for Enhanced CCS Performance

  • Ismail Ismail,
  • Sofianos Panagiotis Fotias,
  • Spyridon Pissas and
  • Vassilis Gaganis

16 June 2025

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a critical strategy for reducing CO2 emissions from hard-to-abate sectors. Reliable and efficient reservoir simulation tools are essential for supporting the safe and effective deployment of CCS projects. This stud...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Reservoir Simulation and Modelling in Oil and Gas-Related Processes)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,154 Views
18 Pages

16 June 2025

With the further implementation and development of the Western Development Strategy, studying the mechanical behavior and deformation characteristics of deep-buried tunnels in layered hard rock under high ground stress conditions holds considerable e...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization of Complex Engineering Systems and Application of Advanced Digital and Intelligent Technologies)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,547 Views
21 Pages

16 June 2025

To explore the influence of guide vanes on the energy loss of hydraulic turbines, a pump characterized by a simple structure and convenient operation was selected as the research subject. Entropy generation theory was utilized to analyze entropy gene...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,111 Views
13 Pages

16 June 2025

After prolonged production, the inter-layer heterogeneity of reservoirs increases. To enhance the utilization of low-permeability layers and improve overall reservoir recovery, this study employed sand-pack models with multiple measurement points and...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

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Processes - ISSN 2227-9717