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Nutrients
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Updates on Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Human Health
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Updates on Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Human Health

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 November 2023) | Viewed by 13974

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Francesco Cadario

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Pediatrics, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
Interests: childhood diabetes; T1D; vitamin D; omega 3 PUFAs; nutrition
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

A simple PubMed search for papers on omega-3 fatty acids and future research produces a total of 26,364 items. This is obviously a topic of great significance in the field of nutrients, which is why this Special Issue of Nutrients invites updates on omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and human health, focusing on the latest evidence on cardiovascular diseases, diabetes type 1 and type 2, obesity, metabolic diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, psychiatric and mental diseases, and neoplasms. Much has been said on this topic, but much less has been proven and reached clinical practice. We would therefore like to focus on evidence, with original clinical research being particularly welcome. We also invite studies on pathways which are essential to move from research to practice “from bench to bed”. 

Dr. Francesco Cadario
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
  • cardiovascular diseases
  • diabetes
  • obesity
  • metabolic diseases
  • inflammatory bowel diseases
  • psychiatric and mental diseases
  • neoplasms

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 540 KiB  
Article
Effects of Concentrated Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation on Quality of Life after Radical Prostatectomy: A Phase II Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial (RCT-EPA)
by Hanane Moussa, Karine Robitaille, Jean-François Pelletier, Roxane Tourigny, Yves Fradet, Louis Lacombe, Paul Toren, Michele Lodde, Rabi Tiguert, Thierry Dujardin, Yves Caumartin, Thierry Duchesne, Pierre Julien, Josée Savard, Caroline Diorio and Vincent Fradet
Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1369; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061369 - 11 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2209
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) and associated treatments incur symptoms that may impact patients’ quality of life. Studies have shown beneficial relationships between diet, especially omega-3 fatty acids, and these symptoms. Unfortunately, only few data describing the relationship between long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (LCn3) and [...] Read more.
Prostate cancer (PCa) and associated treatments incur symptoms that may impact patients’ quality of life. Studies have shown beneficial relationships between diet, especially omega-3 fatty acids, and these symptoms. Unfortunately, only few data describing the relationship between long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (LCn3) and PCa-related symptoms in patients are available. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of LCn3 supplementation on PCa-specific quality of life in 130 men treated by radical prostatectomy. Men were randomized to receive a daily dose of either 3.75 g of fish oil or a placebo starting 7 weeks before surgery and for up to one-year post-surgery. Quality of life was assessed using the validated EPIC-26 and IPSS questionnaires at randomization, at surgery, and every 3 months following surgery. Between-group differences were assessed using linear mixed models. Intention-to-treat analyses showed no significant difference between the two groups. However, at 12-month follow-up, per-protocol analyses showed a significantly greater increase in the urinary irritation function score (better urinary function) (MD = 5.5, p = 0.03) for the LCn3 group compared to placebo. These results suggest that LCn3 supplementation may improve the urinary irritation function in men with PCa treated by radical prostatectomy and support to conduct of larger-scale studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Human Health)
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12 pages, 656 KiB  
Article
Vitamin D Repletion and AA/EPA Intake in Children with Type 1 Diabetes: Influences on Metabolic Status
by Silvia Savastio, Erica Pozzi, Valentina Mancioppi, Valentina Boggio Sola, Deborah Carrera, Valentina Antoniotti, Paola Antonia Corsetto, Gigliola Montorfano, Angela Maria Rizzo, Marco Bagnati, Ivana Rabbone and Flavia Prodam
Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4603; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214603 - 1 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1496
Abstract
Our study aimed to show a relationship between metabolic control, vitamin D status (25OHD), and arachidonic acid (AA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The secondary aim was to evaluate dietary intake and the presence of ketoacidosis (DKA) at [...] Read more.
Our study aimed to show a relationship between metabolic control, vitamin D status (25OHD), and arachidonic acid (AA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The secondary aim was to evaluate dietary intake and the presence of ketoacidosis (DKA) at the onset of T1D. Methods: A cohort of 40 children with T1D was recruited, mean age 9.7 years (7.1; 13), with onset of T1D in the last 5 years: some at onset (n: 20, group A) and others after 18.0 ± 5 months (n: 20; group B). Twenty healthy children were compared as control subjects (CS). Dietary intakes were assessed through a diary food frequency questionnaire. Moreover, dried blood spots were used to test AA/EPA ratio by gas chromatography. Results: T1D children had a lower percentage of sugar intake (p < 0.02) than CS. Furthermore, group B introduced a greater amount of AA with the diet (g/day; p < 0.05) than CS (p < 0.01) and group A (p < 0.01). Children with an AA/EPA ratio ≤ 22.5 (1st quartile) required a lower insulin demand and had higher 25OHD levels than those who were in the higher quartiles (p < 0.05). Subjects with DKA (9/40) had levels of 25OHD (p < 0.05) and C-peptide (p < 0.05) lower than those without DKA. Moreover, analyzing the food questionnaire in group A, subjects with DKA showed a lower intake of proteins, sugars, fiber (g/day; p< 0.05), vitamin D, EPA, and DHA (g/day; p < 0.01) compared to subjects without DKA. Non-linear associations between vitamin D intake (p < 0.0001; r2:0.580) and linear between EPA intake and C-peptide (p < 0.05; r: 0.375) were found in all subjects. Conclusions: The study shows a relationship between vitamin D status, AA/EPA ratio, and metabolic state, probably due to their inflammatory and immune mechanisms. A different bromatological composition of the diet could impact the severity of the onset. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Human Health)
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Review

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18 pages, 1165 KiB  
Review
Vitamin D and ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids towards a Personalized Nutrition of Youth Diabetes: A Narrative Lecture
by Francesco Cadario
Nutrients 2022, 14(22), 4887; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224887 - 18 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2272
Abstract
After the discovery of insulin, nutrition has become central in the management of diabetes in order to limit glycemic rise after meals, optimize metabolic control, and prevent complications. Over the past one hundred years, international scientific societies have consecutively refined nutritional needs and [...] Read more.
After the discovery of insulin, nutrition has become central in the management of diabetes in order to limit glycemic rise after meals, optimize metabolic control, and prevent complications. Over the past one hundred years, international scientific societies have consecutively refined nutritional needs and optimized food intake for the treatment of diabetes. In particular, over the past century, nutrition applied with pumps for the administration of insulin and continuous glucose monitoring have allowed substantial advancement in the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. The role of some substances, such as vitamin D and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, have been proposed without univocal conclusions, individually or in combination, or in the diet, to improve the nutrition of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. This second condition, which is highly associated with overweight, should be prevented from childhood onwards. Personalized nutrition could bypass the problem, reaching a scientific conclusion on the individual subject. This article focuses on childhood and adolescent diabetes, aims to provide a narrative summary of nutrition over the past century, and promotes the concept of personalized nutrition to pediatricians and pediatric diabetologists as a possible tool for the treatment of type 1 diabetes and the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Human Health)
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Other

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13 pages, 1323 KiB  
Systematic Review
Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Postoperative Inflammatory Response: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Ghaith Mohsen, Annika Stroemer, Andreas Mayr, Andrea Kunsorg, Christian Stoppe, Maria Wittmann and Markus Velten
Nutrients 2023, 15(15), 3414; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153414 - 31 Jul 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3019
Abstract
Initial evidence indicates that preoperatively initiated administration of omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) attenuates the postoperative inflammatory reaction. The effects of immunonutrition containing omega-3 FAs, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on the inflammatory response to abdominal surgery continues to be [...] Read more.
Initial evidence indicates that preoperatively initiated administration of omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) attenuates the postoperative inflammatory reaction. The effects of immunonutrition containing omega-3 FAs, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on the inflammatory response to abdominal surgery continues to be unclear, although improved outcomes have been reported. Therefore, we determined the effectiveness of preoperatively initiated omega-3 FAs administration on postoperative inflammation defined as CRP (C-Reactive Protein), IL-6 (Interleukin 6), and WBC (White Blood Count) and potential effects on postoperative length of hospital stay (LOS) due to an improved inflammatory response. Methods: a literature search of Cochrane Library was conducted to identify all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of preoperatively initiated omega-3 to standard care, placebo, or other immunonutrients excluding omega-3 FAs in patients undergoing abdominal surgery until the end of December 2022. Results: a total of 296 articles were found during the initial search. Thirteen RCTs involving 950 patients were identified that met the search criteria. These were successively analyzed and included in this meta-analysis. There was no significant difference between the groups with respect to inflammatory markers IL-6: −0.55 [−1.22; 0.12] p = 0.10, CRP: −0.14 [−0.67; 0.40] p = 0.55, WBC: −0.58 [−3.05; 1.89] p = 0.42, or hospital stay −0.5 [−1.43; 0.41] p = 0.2. Conclusion: although reduced inflammatory markers were observed, preoperative administration of omega-3 FAs immunonutrients had no significant effect on the postoperative inflammatory response in patients undergoing abdominal surgeries. Yet, results obtained from this study are inconclusive, likely attributed to the limited number of trials and patients included. Further studies are required to obtain a better educated verdict. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Human Health)
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16 pages, 1700 KiB  
Systematic Review
Association of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake on Inflammatory Gene Expression and Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Nadia Ghasemi Darestani, Abolfazl Bahrami, Mohammad Reza Mozafarian, Nazgol Esmalian Afyouni, Roozbeh Akhavanfar, Reza Abouali, Arsalan Moradian and Saman Lorase
Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4627; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214627 - 2 Nov 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3929
Abstract
The health benefits of omega-3 fatty acid (FA) supplementation on inflammatory gene expression (IGE) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are becoming more evident. However, an overview of the results from randomized controlled trials is lacking. This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate [...] Read more.
The health benefits of omega-3 fatty acid (FA) supplementation on inflammatory gene expression (IGE) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are becoming more evident. However, an overview of the results from randomized controlled trials is lacking. This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of omega-3 fatty acid intake on MS (based on the criteria of the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)) and inflammatory gene expression (IGE). A search was conducted of PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science for cohort studies published from the inception of the database up to May 2022 that assessed the associations of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) with EDSS and inflammatory gene expression (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8)) outcomes. For the highest vs. lowest comparison, the relative risk (RR) estimates with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were pooled using the random-effect model. In total, 13 cohort studies with 1353 participants were included in the meta-analysis during periods of 3 to 144 weeks. A significant inverse relationship was found between DHA and EDSS scores (RR: 1.05; 95% CI: 0.62, 1.48; p < 0.00001). Our results also showed that omega-3 FAs significantly upregulated the gene expression of PPAR-γ (RR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.52, 1.38; p < 0.03) and downregulated the expression of TNF-α (RR: −0.15; 95% CI: −0.99, 0.70; p < 0.00001) and IL-1 (RR: −0.60; 95% CI: −1.02, −0.18; p < 0.003). There was no clear evidence of publication bias with Egger’s tests for inflammatory gene expression (p = 0.266). Moreover, n-3 PUFAs and EPA were not significantly associated with EDSS scores (p > 0.05). In this meta-analysis of cohort studies, blood omega-3 FA concentrations were inversely related to inflammatory gene expression (IGE) and EDSS score, which indicates that they may hold great potential markers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of MS. However, further clinical trials are required to confirm the potential effects of the omega-3 FAs on MS disease management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Human Health)
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