Photostability of Perovskite Solar Cells: Challenges and Strategies
Thickness and Wavelength Optimizations of a High-Performance SPR Sensor Employing a Silver Layer and Black Phosphorus in Principal Directions
Rapid and Ultrasensitive Short-Chain PFAS (GenX) Detection in Water via Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy with a Hierarchical Nanofibrous Substrate
Ab Initio Study of the Structures, Bonding Interactions, and Thermal Stability of the Li-Decorated 2D Biphenylene Sheet
Stripe-Patterned Al/PDMS Triboelectric Nanogenerator for a High-Sensitive Pressure Sensor and a Novel Two-Digit Switch with Surface-Edge Enhanced Charge Transfer Behavior

Journal Description

Nanomaterials

Nanomaterials is an international, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary scholarly open access journal, published semimonthly online by MDPI. It publishes reviews, regular research papers, communications, and short notes that are relevant to any field of study that involves nanomaterials, with respect to their science and application. The Spanish Carbon Group (GEC) and The Chinese Society of Micro-Nano Technology (CSMNT) are affiliated with Nanomaterials and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, CAPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Physics, Applied) / CiteScore - Q1 (General Chemical Engineering )
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 15.4 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 1.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Companion journals for Nanomaterials include: Nanomanufacturing and Applied Nano.

Impact Factor: 4.3 (2024); 5-Year Impact Factor: 4.7 (2024)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2079-4991

Latest Articles

30 pages, 11921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy, Kinetics, and Mechanism of Tetracycline Degradation in Water by O₃/PMS/FeMoBC Process

by Xuemei Li, Qingpo Li, Xinglin Chen, Bojiao Yan, Shengnan Li, Huan Deng and Hai Lu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1108; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141108 (registering DOI) - 17 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the degradation efficacy, kinetics, and mechanism of the ozone (O₃) process and two enhanced O₃ processes (O₃/peroxymonosulfate (O₃/PMS) and O₃/peroxymonosulfate/iron molybdates/biochar composite (O₃/PMS/FeMoBC)), especially the O₃/PMS/FeMoBC process, for the degradation of tetracycline (TC) in water. An FeMoBC sample was synthesized by the impregnation–pyrolysis method. The XRD results showed that the material loaded on BC was an iron molybdates composite, in which Fe₂Mo₃O₈ and FeMoO₄ accounted for 26.3% and 73.7% of the composite, respectively. The experiments showed that, for the O₃/PMS/FeMoBC process, the optimum conditions were obtained at pH 6.8 ± 0.1, an initial concentration of TC of 0.03 mM, an FeMoBC dosage set at 200 mg/L, a gaseous O₃ concentration set at 3.6 mg/L, and a PMS concentration set at 30 μM. Under these reaction conditions, the degradation rate of TC in 8 min and 14 min reached 94.3% and 98.6%, respectively, and the TC could be reduced below the detection limit (10 μg/L) after 20 min of reaction. After recycling for five times, the degradation rate of TC could still reach about 40%. The introduction of FeMoBC into the O₃/PMS system significantly improved the TC degradation efficacy and resistance to inorganic anion interference. Meanwhile, it enhanced the generation of hydroxyl radicals (^•OH) and sulfate radicals (SO₄^•−), thus improving the oxidizing efficiency of TC in water. Material characterization analysis showed that FeMoBC has a well-developed porous structure and abundant active sites, which is beneficial for the degradation of pollutants. The reaction mechanism of the O₃/PMS/FeMoBC system was speculated by the EPR technique and quenching experiments. The results showed that FeMoBC efficiently catalyzed the O₃/PMS process to generate a variety of reactive oxygen species, leading to the efficient degradation of TC. There are four active oxidants in O₃/PMS/FeMoBC system, namely ^•OH, SO₄^•−, ¹O₂, and •O₂⁻. The order of their contribution importance was ^•OH, ¹O₂, SO₄^•−, and •O₂⁻. This study provides an effective technological pathway for the removal of refractory organic matter in the aquatic environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)

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22 pages, 9529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Highly Reliable PbS QDs-Based SWIR Photodetector Based on Metal Oxide Electron/Hole Extraction Layer Formation Conditions

by JinBeom Kwon, Yuntae Ha, Suji Choi and Donggeon Jung

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141107 - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

Recently, with the development of automation technology in various fields, much research has been conducted on infrared photodetectors, which are the core technology of LiDAR sensors. However, most infrared photodetectors are expensive because they use compound semiconductors based on epitaxial processes, and they have low safety because they use the near-infrared (NIR) region that can damage the retina. Therefore, they are difficult to apply to automation technologies such as automobiles and factories where humans can be constantly exposed. In contrast, short-wavelength infrared photodetectors based on PbS QDs are actively being developed because they can absorb infrared rays in the eye-safe region by controlling the particle size of QDs and can be easily and inexpensively manufactured through a solution process. However, PbS QDs-based SWIR photodetectors have low chemical stability due to the electron/hole extraction layer processed by the solution process, making it difficult to manufacture them in the form of patterning and arrays. In this study, bulk NiO and ZnO were deposited by sputtering to achieve uniformity and patterning of thin films, and the performance of PbS QDs-based photodetectors was improved by optimizing the thickness and annealing conditions of the thin films. The fabricated photodetector achieved a high response characteristic of 114.3% through optimized band gap and improved transmittance characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Dot Materials and Their Optoelectronic Applications)

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35 pages, 10932 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Non-Noble Metal Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Water Splitting

by Aiyi Dong, Zifeng Li, Yinhua Ma, Weimin Liao, Fengjiao Zhao, Xun Zhang and Honglin Gao

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141106 - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

Electrochemical water splitting is an efficient and eco-friendly method for hydrogen production, offering a sustainable energy solution. Currently, the noble metal platinum is considered to be the most efficient catalyst for electrochemical hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs). Due to the scarcity and high cost of noble metal materials, there is an urgent need to find abundant and cost-effective non-noble metal catalysts to reduce the overpotential of HERs. In recent years, significant scientific advancements have been reported in non-noble metal HER catalysts. This review categorizes and reviews the recent non-noble metal HER catalysts and their reaction mechanisms. An exhaustive overview of proven effective catalyst categories is provided, offering early-career researchers a panoramic understanding of this dynamic research field. Finally, we address current challenges and future directions in this field to encourage further research efforts and the development of non-noble metal catalysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical and Electrocatalysis Performance of Functional Nanomaterials)

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13 pages, 4656 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Speed and Hysteresis-Free Near-Infrared Optical Hydrogen Sensor Based on Ti/Pd Bilayer Thin Films

by Ashwin Thapa Magar, Tu Anh Ngo, Hoang Mai Luong, Thi Thu Trinh Phan, Minh Tuan Trinh, Yiping Zhao and Tho Duc Nguyen

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141105 - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

Palladium (Pd) and titanium (Ti) exhibit opposite dielectric responses upon hydrogenation, with stronger effects observed in the near-infrared (NIR) region. Leveraging this contrast, we investigated Ti/Pd bilayer thin films as a platform for NIR hydrogen sensing—particularly at telecommunication-relevant wavelengths, where such devices have remained largely unexplored. Ti/Pd bilayers coated with Teflon AF (TAF) and fabricated via sequential electron-beam and thermal evaporation were characterized using optical transmission measurements under repeated hydrogenation cycles. The Ti (5 nm)/Pd (x = 2.5 nm)/TAF (30 nm) architecture showed a 2.7-fold enhancement in the hydrogen-induced optical contrast at 1550 nm compared to Pd/TAF reference films, attributed to the hydrogen ion exchange between the Ti and Pd layers. The optimized structure, with a Pd thickness of x = 1.9 nm, exhibited hysteresis-free sensing behavior, a rapid response time (

t_{90}

< 0.35 s at 4%

H_{2}

), and a detection limit below 10 ppm. It also demonstrated excellent selectivity with negligible cross-sensitivity to

C O_{2}

C H_{4}

, and CO, as well as high durability, showing less than 6% signal degradation over 135 hydrogenation cycles. These findings establish a scalable, room-temperature NIR hydrogen sensing platform with strong potential for deployment in automotive, environmental, and industrial applications. Full article

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30 pages, 2521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Batch to Pilot: Scaling Up Arsenic Removal with an Fe-Mn-Based Nanocomposite

by Jasmina Nikić, Jovana Jokić Govedarica, Malcolm Watson, Đorđe Pejin, Aleksandra Tubić and Jasmina Agbaba

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1104; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141104 - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

Arsenic contamination in groundwater is a significant public health concern, with As(III) posing a greater and more challenging risk than As(V) due to its higher toxicity, mobility, and weaker adsorption affinity. Fe-Mn-based adsorbents offer a promising solution, simultaneously oxidizing As(III) to As(V), enhancing its adsorption. This study evaluates an Fe-Mn nanocomposite across typical batch (20 mg of adsorbent), fixed-bed column (28 g), and pilot-scale (2.5 kg) studies, bridging the gap between laboratory and real-world applications. Batch experiments yielded maximum adsorption capacities of 6.25 mg/g and 4.71 mg/g in a synthetic matrix and real groundwater, respectively, demonstrating the impact of the water matrix on adsorption. Operational constraints and competing anions led to a lower capacity in the pilot (0.551 mg/g). Good agreement was observed between the breakthrough curves in the pilot (breakthrough at 475 bed volumes) and the fixed-bed column studies (365–587 bed volumes) under similar empty bed contact times (EBCTs). The Thomas, Adams–Bohart, and Yoon–Nelson models demonstrated that lower flow rates and extended EBCTs significantly enhance arsenic removal efficiency, prolonging the operational lifespan. Our findings demonstrate the necessity of continuous-flow experiments using real contaminated water sources and the importance of optimizing flow conditions, EBCTs, and pre-treatment in order to successfully scale up Fe-Mn-based adsorbents for sustainable arsenic removal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)

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19 pages, 6391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Antibacterial Properties of Copper Oxide Nanomaterials on Gut-Relevant Bacteria In Vitro: A Multifaceted Approach

by Tia A. Wardlaw, Abdulkader Masri, David M. Brown and Helinor J. Johnston

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1103; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141103 - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

Due to the growth in the application of antibacterial nanomaterials (NMs), there is an increased potential for ingestion by humans. Evidence shows that NMs can induce dysbiosis in the gut microbiota in vivo. However, in vitro investigation of the antibacterial activity of NMs on gut-relevant, commensal bacteria has been neglected, with studies predominantly assessing NM toxicity against pathogenic bacteria. The current study investigates the antibacterial activity of copper oxide (CuO) NMs to Escherichia coli K12, Enterococcus faecalis, and Lactobacillus casei using a combination of approaches and evaluates the importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as a mechanism of toxicity. The impact of CuO NMs (100, 200, and 300 μg/mL) on the growth and viability of bacterial strains was assessed via plate counts, optical density (OD) measurements, well and disc diffusion assays, and live/dead fluorescent imaging. CuO NMs reduced the viability of all bacteria in a concentration-dependent manner in all assays except the diffusion assays. The most sensitive methods were OD measurements and plate counts. The sensitivity of bacterial strains varied depending on the method, but overall, the results suggest that E. coli K12 is the most sensitive to CuO NM toxicity. The production of ROS by all bacterial strains was observed via DCFH-DA fluorescent imaging following exposure to CuO NMs (300 μg/mL). Overall, the data suggests that CuO NMs have antibacterial activity against gut-relevant bacteria, with evidence that NM-mediated ROS production may contribute to reductions in bacterial viability. Our findings suggest that the use of a combination of assays provides a robust assessment of the antibacterial properties of ingested NMs, and in particular, it is recommended that plate counts and OD measurements be prioritised in the future when screening the antibacterial properties of NMs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials and Energetic Application: Experiment and Simulation)

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15 pages, 2473 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Calibrating TSEP for Junction Temperature and RUL Prediction in GaN HEMTs

by Yifan Cui, Yutian Gan, Kangyao Wen, Yang Jiang, Chunzhang Chen, Qing Wang and Hongyu Yu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141102 - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

Gallium nitride high-electron-mobility transistors (GaN HEMTs) are critical for high-power applications like AI power supplies and robotics but face reliability challenges due to increased dynamic ON-resistance (R_{DS_ON}) from electrical and thermomechanical stresses. This paper presents a novel self-calibrating temperature-sensitive electrical parameter (TSEP) model that uses gate leakage current (I_G) to estimate junction temperature with high accuracy, uniquely addressing aging effects overlooked in prior studies. By integrating I_G, aging-induced degradation, and failure-in-time (FIT) models, the approach achieves a junction temperature estimation error of less than 1%. Long-term hard-switching tests confirm its effectiveness, with calibrated R_{DS_ON} measurements enabling precise remaining useful life (RUL) predictions. This methodology significantly improves GaN HEMT reliability assessment, enhancing their performance in resilient power electronics systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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16 pages, 4299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gas Barrier Properties of Organoclay-Reinforced Polyamide 6 Nanocomposite Liners for Type IV Hydrogen Storage Vessels

by Dávid István Kis, Pál Hansághy, Attila Bata, Nándor Nemestóthy, Péter Gerse, Ferenc Tajti and Eszter Kókai

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141101 - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the hydrogen permeability of injection-molded polyamide 6 (PA6) nanocomposites reinforced with organo-modified montmorillonite (OMMT) at varying concentrations (1, 2.5, 5, and 10 wt. %) for potential use as Type IV composite-overwrapped pressure vessel (COPV) liners. While previous work examined their mechanical properties, this study focuses on their crystallinity, morphology, and gas barrier performance. The precise inorganic content was determined using thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA), while differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the structural and morphological changes induced by varying filler content. The results showed that generally higher OMMT concentrations promoted γ-phase formation but also led to increased agglomeration and reduced crystallinity. The PA6/OMMT-1 wt. % sample stood out with higher crystallinity, well-dispersed clay, and low hydrogen permeability. In contrast, the PA6/OMMT-2.5 and -5 wt. % samples showed increased permeability, which corresponded to WAXD and SEM evidence of agglomeration and DSC results indicating a lower degree of crystallinity. PA6/OMMT-10 wt. % showed the most-reduced hydrogen permeability compared to all other samples. This improvement, however, is attributed to a tortuous path effect created by the high filler loading rather than optimal crystallinity or dispersion. SEM images revealed significant OMMT agglomeration, and DSC analysis confirmed reduced crystallinity, indicating that despite the excellent barrier performance, the compromised microstructure may negatively impact mechanical reliability, showing PA6/OMMT-1 wt. % to be the most balanced candidate combining both mechanical integrity and hydrogen impermeability for Type IV COPV liners. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

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14 pages, 8428 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spin-Orbit-Coupling-Governed Optical Absorption in Bilayer MoS₂ via Strain, Twist, and Electric Field Engineering

by Lianmeng Yu, Yingliang Chen, Weibin Zhang, Peizhi Yang and Xiaobo Feng

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1100; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141100 - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

This paper investigates strain-, twist-, and electric-field-tuned optical absorption in bilayer MoS₂, emphasizing spin-orbit coupling (SOC). A continuum model reveals competing mechanisms: geometric perturbations (strain/twist) and Stark effects govern one-/two-photon absorption, with critical thresholds (~9% strain, ~2.13° twist) switching spin-independent to spin-polarized regimes. Strain gradients and twist enhance nonlinear responses through symmetry-breaking effects while electric fields dynamically modulate absorption via band alignment tuning. By linking parameter configurations to absorption characteristics, this work provides a framework for designing tunable spin-resolved optoelectronic devices and advancing light–matter control in 2D materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Modeling and Theoretical Study of Low-Dimensional Materials)

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12 pages, 3782 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural, Magnetic and THz Emission Properties of Ultrathin Fe/L1₀-FePt/Pt Heterostructures

by Claudiu Locovei, Garik Torosyan, Evangelos Th. Papaioannou, Alina D. Crisan, Rene Beigang and Ovidiu Crisan

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1099; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141099 - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

Recent achievements in ultrafast spin physics have enabled the use of heterostructures composed of ferromagnetic (FM)/non-magnetic (NM) thin layers for terahertz (THz) generation. The mechanism of THz emission from FM/NM multilayers has been typically ascribed to the inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE). In this work, we probe the mechanism of the ISHE by inserting a second ferromagnetic layer in the form of an alloy between the FM/NM system. In particular, by utilizing the co-sputtering technique, we fabricate Fe/L1₀-FePt/Pt ultra-thin heterostructures. We successfully grow the tetragonal phase of FePt (L1₀-phase) as revealed by X-ray diffraction and reflection techniques. We show the strong magnetic coupling between Fe and L1₀-FePt using magneto-optical and Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) magnetometry. Subsequently, by utilizing THz time domain spectroscopy technique, we record the THz emission and thus we the reveal the efficiency of spin-to-charge conversion in Fe/L1₀-FePt/Pt. We establish that Fe/L1₀-FePt/Pt configuration is significantly superior to the Fe/Pt bilayer structure, regarding THz emission amplitude. The unique trilayer structure opens new perspectives in terms of material choices for the future spintronic THz sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ferroelectricity, Multiferroicity, and Magnetism in Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials)

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15 pages, 3148 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elucidating the Role of Graphene Oxide Surface Architecture and Properties in Loess Soil Remediation Efficacy

by Zirui Wang, Haotian Lu, Zhigang Li, Yuwei Wu and Junping Ren

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141098 - 15 Jul 2025

Abstract

Loess Plateau is the region with the most concentrated loess distribution and the deepest loess soil layer in the world, and it is facing serious problems of soil erosion and ecological degradation. The nano carbon modification of soil surface properties is a novel strategy for soil improvement and enhancing the soil’s capacity to sequester carbon, which has been extensively researched. However, the mechanisms underlying the influence of carbon surface structure on the efficacy of loess soil remediation remain unclear. Herein, graphene oxide (GO) with a unique two-dimensional structure and adjustable surface properties was optimized as a model carbon filler to investigate the modification effect on loess. As a result, the addition amount of 0.03% GO significantly reduced the disintegration amount of loess, but, if inhibited for a long time, the disintegration effect would weaken. The highly reduced GO can delay the loess disintegration rate due to its enhanced hydrophobicity, but the inhibitory effect fails over a long period of time. After adjusting the reduce degree with a 50% SA (sodium ascorbate), the water-holding capacity of the modified soil in the high suction range is enhanced. This study reveals the synergistic mechanism of the sheet structure and surface properties of GO on the water stability of loess, providing a reference for the prevention and control of soil erosion and ecological restoration in the Loess Plateau. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

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22 pages, 3003 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Engineering Fe-Modified Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (Fe-ZIF-8 and Fe-ZIF-67) via In Situ Thermal Synthesis for Enhanced Adsorption of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solutions: A Comprehensive Study of Isotherms, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics

by Alireza Pourvahabi Anbari, Shima Rahmdel Delcheh, Muhammad Kashif, Alireza Ranjbari, Mohammad Karbalaei Akbari, Serge Zhuiykov, Philippe M. Heynderickx and Francis Verpoort

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141097 - 15 Jul 2025

Abstract

Given the adverse effects of organic dyes from aqueous solutions on human physiology and the ecological system, establishing an effective system for their elimination is imperative. This study employs the in situ thermal (IST) method to synthesize nanocomposites comprising zeolitic imidazole frameworks, specifically Fe-ZIF-8 and Fe-ZIF-67. The investigation offers a comprehensive evaluation of the properties of these nano-adsorbents for the removal of malachite green (MG). The results indicate a significantly increased adsorption capacity of up to 495 and 552 mg g⁻¹ for Fe-ZIF-8 and Fe-ZIF-67, respectively. Furthermore, they demonstrate removal efficiencies of up to 90% and 95% for MG, respectively. Parameters associated with the adsorption process are derived from isotherms and removal kinetics, specifically the Freundlich model and the pseudo-second-order kinetics model, respectively. The enhanced adsorption capacity observed in Fe-ZIF-8 and Fe-ZIF-67 can be attributed to π–π stacking interactions, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic attraction. After undergoing three cycles, both adsorbents consistently exhibit a high removal efficiency of approximately 85%, indicating notable structural integrity and outstanding potential for repeated use. The examined adsorbents display exceptional efficacy, favorable stability, and substantial specific surface area, underscoring their remarkable adsorption capabilities. The nanocomposites comprising Fe-ZIF-8 and Fe-ZIF-67 demonstrate considerable potential as highly favorable options for the elimination of MG and other cationic organic dyes from aqueous environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interaction of Electron Phenomena on the Mesoscopic Scale)

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4 pages, 158 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Metal–Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Micro/Nanoscale Materials

by Jian Wang, Wenqian Chen and Pengyan Wu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1096; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141096 - 15 Jul 2025

Abstract

This Special Issue showcases cutting-edge advances in the design, synthesis, and multifaceted applications of Metal–Organic Framework (MOF)-based micro/nanoscale materials [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Micro/Nanoscale Materials)

14 pages, 285 KiB

Open AccessReview

Is ‘Green’ Gold and Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis Environmentally Friendly?

by Lucas Reijnders

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1095; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141095 - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

In scientific literature biosynthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles and synthesis of these nanoparticles using small organic molecules such as citrate have been called: ‘green’. It has also been often stated that ‘green’ synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticle is environment(ally) friendly or ecofriendly. The characterization environment(ally) friendly or ecofriendly is commonly comparative. The comparison is between ‘green’ and ‘chemical’ synthesis. The few available comparative life cycle assessments addressing the environmental impacts of ‘green synthesis’ of Ag and Au nanoparticles, if compared with ’chemical’ synthesis, strongly suggest that a ‘green’ synthesis should not be equated with being environment(ally) friendly or ecofriendly. The term ‘green’ for Au and Ag nanoparticles obtained by ‘green’ synthesis is a misnomer. There is a case for only using the terms ecofriendly or environment(ally) friendly for nanoparticle synthesis when there is a firm basis for such characterization in comprehensive comparative cradle-to-nanoparticle life cycle assessment, taking into account the uncertainties of outcomes. Full article

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11 pages, 3779 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Enhancement of LiNO₃-NaNO₃-KNO₃-NaNO₂ Thermophysical Properties Through Dual Nano-Additives: SiO₂ and MgO

by Chuang Zhu, Wenxuan He, Manting Gu, Dan Zhang and Baiyuan Tian

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1094; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141094 - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

LiNO₃-NaNO₃-KNO₃-NaNO₂ has a relatively low phase-change temperature, making it suitable for low-temperature heat utilization systems. This study focuses on the performance optimization of the quaternary molten salt to advance its applicability. A series of nanocomposites consisting of nano-SiO₂/MgO and the quaternary salt are prepared. Core thermophysical properties, including phase transition behaviors and thermal transport parameters, are quantified. The incorporation of nano-SiO₂/MgO induces moderate adjustments to the melting point and latent heat yet demonstrates an obvious enhancement in specific heat capacity. Optimal doping at 0.7 wt.% SiO₂ and 0.3 wt.% MgO yields a molten-state specific heat of 1.51 J/(g·K), representing a 6% increase over the undoped base salt (1.42 J/(g·K)). By combining the thermal diffusivity properties of the samples, this study found that the doping of nanoparticles typically induces new structures in molten salts that tend to enhance the specific heat capacity while simultaneously reducing thermal diffusivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nano-Enhanced Thermal Functional Materials)

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22 pages, 4482 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cu-Doping Induced Structural Transformation and Magnetocaloric Enhancement in CoCr₂O₄ Nanoparticles

by Ming-Kang Ho, Yun-Tai Yu, Hsin-Hao Chiu, K. Manjunatha, Shih-Lung Yu, Bing-Li Lyu, Tsu-En Hsu, Heng-Chih Kuo, Shuan-Wei Yu, Wen-Chi Tu, Chiung-Yu Chang, Chia-Liang Cheng, H. Nagabhushana, Tsung-Te Lin, Yi-Ru Hsu, Meng-Chu Chen, Yue-Lin Huang and Sheng Yun Wu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141093 - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study systematically investigates the impact of Cu²⁺ doping on the structural, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties of Cu_xCo_1−xCr₂O₄ nanoparticles synthesized via a solution combustion method. Cu incorporation up to x = 20% induces a progressive structural transformation from a cubic spinel to a trigonal corundum phase, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The doping process also leads to increased particle size, improved crystallinity, and reduced agglomeration. Magnetic measurements reveal a transition from hard to soft ferrimagnetic behavior with increasing Cu content, accompanied by a notable rise in the Curie temperature from 97.7 K (x = 0) to 140.2 K (x = 20%). The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) is significantly enhanced at higher doping levels, with the 20% Cu-doped sample exhibiting a maximum magnetic entropy change (−ΔS_M) of 2.015 J/kg-K and a relative cooling power (RCP) of 58.87 J/kg under a 60 kOe field. Arrott plot analysis confirms that the magnetic phase transitions remain second-order in nature across all compositions. These results demonstrate that Cu doping is an effective strategy for tuning the magnetostructural response of CoCr₂O₄ nanoparticles, making them promising candidates for low-temperature magnetic refrigeration applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanocomposites for Enhanced Supercapacitor and Photocatalytic Applications)

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21 pages, 4142 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nanomaterial-Enabled Enhancements in Thylakoid-Based Biofuel Cells

by Amit Sarode and Gymama Slaughter

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1092; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141092 - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

Thylakoid-based photosynthetic biofuel cells (TBFCs) harness the inherent light-driven electron transfer pathways of photosynthesis to enable sustainable solar-to-electrical energy conversion. While TBFCs offer a unique route toward biohybrid energy systems, their practical deployment is hindered by sluggish electron transfer kinetics, unstable redox mediators, and inefficient interfacing between biological and electrode components. This review critically examines recent advances in TBFCs, with a focus on three key surface engineering strategies: (i) incorporation of nanostructured materials to enhance electrode conductivity and surface area; (ii) application of redox mediators to facilitate charge transfer between photosynthetic proteins and electrodes; and (iii) functional exploitation of individual thylakoid components, including Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II (PSII), to augment photogenerated current output. By systematically evaluating current advancements, this review highlights the synergistic role of materials and biological components in advancing TBFC technology and offers insights into next generation biohybrid solar energy systems with enhanced efficiency and scalability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanotechnology in Fuel Cells)

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13 pages, 6320 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Microwave Absorption Performance of Amorphous Co_100−xFe_x Nanoparticles

by Zhen Wang, Chao An, Fenglong Wang, Hongsheng Liang, Zhaoyang Hou, Hao Shen and Hongjing Wu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1091; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141091 - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

Metallic magnetic materials are extensively used to mitigate electromagnetic interference due to their high Curie temperatures and permeability. However, their high permittivity often hinders impedance-matching effectiveness, limiting their utility. In this study, amorphous cobalt–iron (Co_100−xFe_x) alloy nanoparticles with relatively low permittivity were synthesized using a simple aqueous reduction method at room temperature. The effect of atomic ratio variation on the microwave absorption properties of these nanoparticles was investigated across 2–18 GHz. The amorphous Co_100−xFe_x nanoparticles exhibited excellent electromagnetic wave absorption performance, achieving an effective absorption bandwidth of 5.6 GHz, a matching thickness of 2.60 mm, and a reflection loss of −42 dB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harvesting Electromagnetic Fields with Nanomaterials)

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11 pages, 2257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ZSM-5-Confined Fe-O₄ Nanozymes Enable the Identification of Intrinsic Active Sites in POD-like Reactions

by Gaolei Xu, Yunfei Wu, Guanming Zhai and Huibin Ge

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1090; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141090 - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

As widely used peroxidase-like nanozymes, Fe-based nanozymes still suffer from an unclear reaction mechanism, which limits their further application. In this work, through alkaline treatment and then the replacement or occupation of strong acid sites by isolated Fe species, porous ZSM-5-confined atomic Fe species nanozymes with separated medium acid sites (Al-OH) and isolated Fe-O₄ sites were prepared. And the structure and the state of Fe-O₄ confined by ZSM-5 were determined by AC-HAADF-STEM, XPS, and XAS. In the oxidation of 3, 3′, 5, 5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) by the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) process, the heterolysis of H₂O₂ to ∙OH mainly occurs at the isolated Fe-O₄ sites, and then the generated ∙OH can spill over to the Al-OH sites to oxidize the adsorbed TMB. The synergistic effect between Fe-O₄ sites and medium acid sites can significantly benefit the catalytic performance of Fe-based nanozymes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)

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41 pages, 6887 KiB

Open AccessReview

Charging the Future with Pioneering MXenes: Scalable 2D Materials for Next-Generation Batteries

by William Coley, Amir-Ali Akhavi, Pedro Pena, Ruoxu Shang, Yi Ma, Kevin Moseni, Mihrimah Ozkan and Cengiz S. Ozkan

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1089; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141089 - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

MXenes, a family of two-dimensional carbide and nitride nanomaterials, have demonstrated significant promise across various technological domains, particularly in energy storage applications. This review critically examines scalable synthesis techniques for MXenes and their potential integration into next-generation rechargeable battery systems. We highlight both top-down and emerging bottom-up approaches, exploring their respective efficiencies, environmental impacts, and industrial feasibility. The paper further discusses the electrochemical behavior of MXenes in lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and aluminum-ion batteries, as well as their multifunctional roles in solid-state batteries—including as electrodes, additives, and solid electrolytes. Special emphasis is placed on surface functionalization, interlayer engineering, and ion transport properties. We also compare MXenes with conventional graphite anodes, analyzing their gravimetric and volumetric performance potential. Finally, challenges such as diffusion kinetics, power density limitations, and scalability are addressed, providing a comprehensive outlook on the future of MXenes in sustainable energy storage technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pioneering Nanomaterials: Revolutionizing Energy and Catalysis)

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