Nanomaterials

13 pages, 6056 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lignin Nanoparticles from Coffee Grounds Enhance the Cytotoxicity of Coffee Grounds Lignin and Induce Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Cell Lines

by Shiwen Liu, Xin Zhang, Jihui Wang, Xuan Chen, Xiaoqin Pan, Junqiu Zhang, Jingyu Xu and Weibin Bai

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1754; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231754 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant tumor worldwide, with morbidity and mortality rates increasing annually. Consequently, the development of safe and effective natural anti-tumor drugs has become a critical research focus. Lignin, a polyphenolic polymer abundant in nature, possesses a [...] Read more.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant tumor worldwide, with morbidity and mortality rates increasing annually. Consequently, the development of safe and effective natural anti-tumor drugs has become a critical research focus. Lignin, a polyphenolic polymer abundant in nature, possesses a unique chemical structure that imparts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and tumor cell-related bioactivities, demonstrating remarkable potential in the prevention and treatment of CRC. In this study, we investigated the anti-tumor cell effects of coffee grounds lignin nanoparticles (CLN), prepared using aqueous ethanol extraction from coffee waste, against three CRC cell lines (HCT116, HT29, SW620). The results indicated that CLN potently inhibited the proliferation of all three CRC cell lines mentioned above. This research supports the transformation of lignin from natural products into innovative anti-colorectal cancer agent, offering new insights for the development of novel therapeutic strategies characterized by low toxicity and high efficacy. As research advances and technology continues to innovate, lignin-based nanoparticles emerge as key natural products in CRC therapy, offering new hope for patients and paving the way for the application of natural products in cancer therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lignin-Based Nanocomposites: Applications, Trends and Challenges)

29 pages, 12765 KB

Open AccessArticle

Linking Structure to Electrocatalytic Performance: Graphene Nanoplatelets-Derived Novel Mixed Oxide–Carbon Composites as Supports for Pt Electrocatalysts with Enhanced Stability

by Ilgar Ayyubov, Emília Tálas, Irina Borbáth, Zoltán Pászti, László Trif, Ágnes Szegedi, Catia Cannilla, Giuseppe Bonura, Tamás Szabó, Erzsébet Dodony and András Tompos

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1753; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231753 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

The lifetime of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is significantly influenced by the degradation of their catalysts. A composite-type electrocatalyst support with the formula Ti_(1−x)Mo_xO₂-C (x: 0–0.2, C: carbon) has been found to provide higher stability [...] Read more.

The lifetime of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is significantly influenced by the degradation of their catalysts. A composite-type electrocatalyst support with the formula Ti_(1−x)Mo_xO₂-C (x: 0–0.2, C: carbon) has been found to provide higher stability for the Pt active metal than carbon alone. Non-traditional carbon materials such as graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and graphite oxide (GO) offer new possibilities for supports. This work aims to explore whether it is possible to combine the advantageous properties of GNP and GO in composite-supported Pt electrocatalysts. Composites prepared using the modified sol–gel method and Pt catalysts supported on them were characterized by physicochemical methods. Electrochemical behavior in terms of CO tolerance, activity and stability was studied. Although GO transformed into a mainly graphitic material during composite synthesis, its addition still increased the functional group content of the carbonaceous backbone. The electrical conductivity was significantly higher when GNPs-GO mixtures were used as the starting carbon material compared to the use of pure GNPs. Increased CO oxidation activity was achieved due to the incorporated Mo. Stability of the composite-supported Pt catalyst was significantly higher than that of commercial Pt/C. Increased stability of the GNPs-GO-derived catalyst compared to the GNP-derived one was obtained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Semiconductor-Based Nanomaterials for Catalytic Applications)

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36 pages, 6794 KB

Open AccessReview

Nanoscale Imaging of Biological Tissues: Techniques, Challenges and Emerging Frontiers

by Rohit Kajla, Rebecca Leija-Cardenas, Meghraj Magadi Shivalingaiah, Muhammad Waqas Shabbir and Zihao Ou

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1752; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231752 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Nanoscale characterization of biological tissues bridges molecular identity with structural, mechanical, and chemical organization, enabling high-resolution insights into intact specimens. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the principal imaging modalities that resolve cellular and subcellular features in biological tissues. Electron microscopy techniques [...] Read more.

Nanoscale characterization of biological tissues bridges molecular identity with structural, mechanical, and chemical organization, enabling high-resolution insights into intact specimens. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the principal imaging modalities that resolve cellular and subcellular features in biological tissues. Electron microscopy techniques offer ultrastructural details and volumetric reconstructions with sectioning and tomography techniques. Optical nanoscopy approaches such as single-molecule localization microscopy, stimulated emission depletion microscopy, structural illumination microscopy, and expansion microscopy achieve fluorescence-based mapping with tens-of-nanometer precision. Complementary platforms like atomic force microscopy and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry extend nanoscale characterization into mechanical and chemical domains. Artificial intelligence has emerged as a transformative tool for segmentation, image restoration, and volumetric reconstruction, addressing bottlenecks in throughput and interpretability. From practical applications on biological tissues, we evaluate each technique’s strengths, limitations, and potential for clinical applications. The review concludes with a discussion on emerging directions, including live-tissue nanoscopy, correlative light and electron microscopy, and machine-driven high-throughput imaging for further investigation of nanoscale biological structures and functions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Biomedical and Environmental Applications)

21 pages, 2393 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Functionalized with Bisphenol A for Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction of 3-Chloroaniline from Water Matrices: Material Synthesis and Sorption Optimization

by Sultan K. Alharbi, Bandar R. Alsehli, Awadh O. AlSuhaimi, Khaled A. Thumayri, Khaled M. AlMohaimadi, Yassin T. H. Mehdar, Manal A. Almalki and Belal H. M. Hussein

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1751; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231751 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2025

Abstract

Aromatic amines such as 3-chloroaniline (3-CA) are toxic, persistent, and environmentally relevant water contaminants. Their reliable determination in aqueous systems has therefore become increasingly important. The monitoring of trace levels of these pollutants in complex water matrices typically necessitates a preconcentration step, most [...] Read more.

Aromatic amines such as 3-chloroaniline (3-CA) are toxic, persistent, and environmentally relevant water contaminants. Their reliable determination in aqueous systems has therefore become increasingly important. The monitoring of trace levels of these pollutants in complex water matrices typically necessitates a preconcentration step, most achieved via solid-phase extraction (SPE). However, conventional SPE sorbents often suffer from limited surface reactivity and slow adsorption kinetics, which compromise their performance at ultra-low concentrations. In contrast, nanomaterials offer a promising upgrade due to their high surface area, tunable chemistry, and rapid mass transfer behavior. In this work, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were synthesized via a green sol–gel route from sodium silicate precursor using polyethylene glycol template and then chemically functionalized with bisphenol A (BPA) to produce BPA-MSNs with π-rich and hydrogen-bonding active sites. Characterization using XRD, BET, FTIR, SEM/EDX, and TGA confirmed the successful synthesis and surface modification of the nanosorbent. BPA-MSNs achieved a maximum adsorption capacity of 30.2 mg/g toward 3-CA, fitting Langmuir and Jovanovic isotherm models. Kinetic analysis followed a pseudo-first-order model, indicating physisorption enhanced by π–π stacking and hydrogen bonding. The optimized dispersive SPE (D-SPE) method allowd a low detection limit (LOD = 0.016 mg/L), recovery of 73–85%, and precision below 5.3% RSD in tap, bottled, synthetic municipal wastewater and groundwater samples. The sorbent retained >90% efficiency over five reuse cycles, demonstrating strong potential as a reusable nanosorbent for preconcentration and remediation of aromatic amines in environmental water analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)

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13 pages, 2036 KB

Open AccessReview

Defect Physics and Nanoscale Passivation Strategies in BaSi₂ Thin-Film Photovoltaics

by Xiqiu Wang, Yehua Tang, Kaitao Xin, Liping Pan and Weiping Lu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1750; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231750 - 21 Nov 2025

Abstract

Barium disilicide (BaSi₂) was identified as a promising silicon-based photovoltaic absorber due to its near-optimal bandgap, strong optical absorption, and earth-abundant composition. However, the performance of BaSi₂ thin-film solar cells was severely restricted by structural defects and interfacial instabilities that [...] Read more.

Barium disilicide (BaSi₂) was identified as a promising silicon-based photovoltaic absorber due to its near-optimal bandgap, strong optical absorption, and earth-abundant composition. However, the performance of BaSi₂ thin-film solar cells was severely restricted by structural defects and interfacial instabilities that introduced localized electronic states and facilitated non-radiative recombination. These imperfections degraded carrier lifetime, mobility, and open-circuit voltage. This review systematically examined the formation, energetics, and electronic roles of intrinsic and extrinsic defects in BaSi₂ thin films, and evaluated nanoscale passivation strategies developed to mitigate defect-induced losses. Chemical, dielectric, and interfacial approaches were critically analyzed with emphasis on their underlying mechanisms, limitations, and integration potential. The convergence of in situ characterization, first-principles modeling, and data-driven process optimization was expected to enable predictive defect control and rational interface design, thereby advancing BaSi₂-based photovoltaics toward practical implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry at Nanoscale)

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16 pages, 2193 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative and Optimized Chemical Synthesis of AgNPs for Improved Surface Reactivity and Potential Biosensing Applications

by Alexandra Nicolae-Maranciuc, Ioana Andreea Brezestean, Septimiu-Cassian Tripon and Andreea Campu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1749; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231749 - 21 Nov 2025

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles are metallic particles with very small dimensions and excellent optical, electrical and biological properties. Lately, they have shown promising results in biosensing applications. In the material’s fabrication, the synthesis parameters remain the main aspect to be considered once a certain application [...] Read more.

Silver nanoparticles are metallic particles with very small dimensions and excellent optical, electrical and biological properties. Lately, they have shown promising results in biosensing applications. In the material’s fabrication, the synthesis parameters remain the main aspect to be considered once a certain application is targeted. Therefore, this work presents the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using a chemical reduction based on various volumes of reducing and stabilizing agents. The multiple synthesis methods proposed were tested and optimized in order to achieve the best results for further biosensing applications. In this regard, sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) was used as reducing agent in volumes of 400 μL and 1 mL, while trisodium citrate (TSC) was proposed in much smaller volumes of 10, 20, and 50 μL. The optical and morphological analysis obtained from UV-VIS and TEM microscopy confirmed the formation of nanoparticles in case of all synthesis. The average diameters of silver nanoparticles were in the range between 21 and 27 nm, with high homogeneity for the samples with 20 and 50 μL of TSC. FT-IR analysis confirmed the TSC functionalization on the AgNPs’ surface. SERS analysis and the bulk sensitivity method also showed good surface results, leading to the assumption that both reducing and stabilizing agents can influence the final properties of the material. LSPR biosensing of para-aminothiophenol was tested, and was proven to have detection capabilities at concentrations as low as 10⁻⁷ M. Overall, the results proved that the synthesis method with a smaller amount of reducing agent and a moderate quantity of stabilizing agent has superior properties for biosensing applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plasmonic Nanoparticle-Based Platforms for Efficient (Bio)Sensing)

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12 pages, 3078 KB

Open AccessArticle

Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting by SnO₂/CuO Thin Film Heterostructure-Based Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Generation

by Joun Ali Faraz, Tanvir Hussain, Muhammad Bilal, Khaleel Ahmad and Luminita-Ioana Cotirla

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1748; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221748 - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

The emission of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels creates devastating effects on Earth’s atmosphere. Therefore, a clean energy source is required to fulfill the energy demand. Hydrogen is considered an energy vector, and the production of green hydrogen is a promising approach. Photoelectrochemical [...] Read more.

The emission of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels creates devastating effects on Earth’s atmosphere. Therefore, a clean energy source is required to fulfill the energy demand. Hydrogen is considered an energy vector, and the production of green hydrogen is a promising approach. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is the best approach to produced green hydrogen, but the efficiency is low. To produce hydrogen by PEC splitting water, semiconductor photocatalysts have received an enormous amount of academic research in recent years. A new class of co-catalysts based on transition metals has emerged as a powerful tool for reducing charge transfer barriers and enhancing photoelectrochemical (PEC) efficiency. In this study, copper oxide (CuO) and tin oxide (

S n O_{2}

) multilayer thin films were prepared by thermal evaporation to create an energy gradient between

S n O_{2}

and CuO semiconductors for better charge transfer. To improve the crystallinity and reduce the defects, the prepared films were annealed in a tube furnace at 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C in an argon inert gas environment. XRD results showed that

S n O_{2}

/CuO-600 °C exhibited strong peaks, indicating the transformation from amorphous to polycrystalline. SEM images showed the transformation of smooth dense film to a granular structure by annealing, which is better for charge transfer from electrode to electrolyte. Optical properties showed that the bandgap was decreased by annealing, which might be diffusion of Cu and Sn atoms at the interface. PEC results showed that the

S n O_{2}

/CuO-600 °C heterostructure exhibits the solar light-to-hydrogen (STH%) conversion efficiency of 0.25%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

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22 pages, 2916 KB

Open AccessArticle

Curcumin-Loaded Polysaccharide Nanoparticles Enhance Aqueous Dispersibility and In Vitro Cytotoxicity in Breast Cancer Cell Lines

by Yu-Chen Tsai, Hiroki Miyajima, Ming-Yang Chou and Satoshi Fujita

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1747; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221747 - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

Curcumin (CUR) is a natural compound with anticancer potential; however, its poor water solubility, instability, and rapid degradation limit its therapeutic use. To address these issues, we developed CUR-loaded nanoparticles (CUR-NPs) based on chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and alginate, the TEM-measured diameter of 29.3 [...] Read more.

Curcumin (CUR) is a natural compound with anticancer potential; however, its poor water solubility, instability, and rapid degradation limit its therapeutic use. To address these issues, we developed CUR-loaded nanoparticles (CUR-NPs) based on chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and alginate, the TEM-measured diameter of 29.3 ± 9.0 nm. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis further confirmed good aqueous dispersibility, revealing hydrodynamic diameters of 39.8 ± 7.1 nm for UL-NPs and 46.1 ± 18.1 nm for CUR-NPs. Cytotoxicity assays revealed significant anticancer activity in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, with IC₅₀ values of 17.5 ± 1.9 μg/mL and 39.9 ± 5.4 μg/mL after 72 h, respectively, indicating cell line-dependent sensitivity with MCF-7 cells being more susceptible to CUR-NP treatment. Time-dependent uptake was confirmed using fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry, which demonstrated faster and higher NP uptake by MCF-7 cells than by MDA-MB-231 cells. Collectively, these data support a cell line-dependent cell death response: MCF-7 cells displayed earlier and more pronounced changes consistent with apoptosis, whereas MDA-MB-231 cells showed slower uptake with delayed apoptosis and partial necrosis. Subcellular localization dynamics, particularly perinuclear aggregation, have emerged as determinants of NP-induced cytotoxicity, highlighting the potential for tailoring NP design to specific cellular contexts to improve therapeutic efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

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15 pages, 16180 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gas–Solid Phase Separation of Active Brownian Particles Under Confinement of Hard Walls

by Hao Zhang, Shenghua Xu, Shuangyang Zou, Hongwei Zhou, Wenze Ouyang and Jun Zhong

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1746; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221746 - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

By means of computer simulations, we have investigated the gas–solid phase separation of active Brownian particles (ABPs) under the confinement of two hard walls, distinct from the gas–liquid phase separation typically seen in bulk systems. Our results show that the distance (D) between [...] Read more.

By means of computer simulations, we have investigated the gas–solid phase separation of active Brownian particles (ABPs) under the confinement of two hard walls, distinct from the gas–liquid phase separation typically seen in bulk systems. Our results show that the distance (D) between the hard walls plays a crucial role. Increasing D may facilitate the formation of gas–solid phase separation perpendicular to the hard walls, while decreasing D may suppress such phase separation. Interestingly, when D is decreased further and the lateral system size is increased accordingly to maintain a constant volume, a new reoriented phase separation pattern in the system emerges, i.e., the gas–solid phase coexistence can be found in those layers parallel to the inner surfaces of two hard walls. These intriguing findings illustrate how ABPs can achieve simultaneous localization and crystallization under imposed boundary confinement, thereby fundamentally altering the pathway of phase separation. Also, such understanding may provide a valuable pathway for optimizing the design of systems full of active matters such as micro-robotics or targeted delivery platforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)

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11 pages, 8593 KB

Open AccessArticle

Highly Efficient Cellulose Nanofiber/Halloysite Nanotube Separators for Sodium-Ion Batteries

by Jiangwei Li, Qian Guan, Hualiang Wei, Mengju Zhang, Suxia Ren, Lili Dong, Zaifeng Li, Shuhua Yang and Xiuqiang Zhang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1745; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221745 - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

As a fundamental component of sodium-ion batteries, separators are considered to isolate two electrodes and simultaneously allow for the transport of ions. Cellulose separators have attracted widespread interest for their remarkable properties. In this study, we prepared composite separators comprising cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) [...] Read more.

As a fundamental component of sodium-ion batteries, separators are considered to isolate two electrodes and simultaneously allow for the transport of ions. Cellulose separators have attracted widespread interest for their remarkable properties. In this study, we prepared composite separators comprising cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) for sodium-ion batteries. When the content of the HNT was up to 60%, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the composite separator (denoted as C/H-60) were 24.39 MPa and 2.22%, respectively. Importantly, the C/H-60 separator demonstrated a high porosity (69.08%), improved ionic conductivity (1.142 mS/cm), decent thermal stability, and good electrolyte retention (91.3% electrolyte uptake). The assembled sodium-ion battery containing the composite separators had an excellent rate capacity and cycling property. The proposed composite separators are expected to be applied in high-performance sodium-ion batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

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66 pages, 9255 KB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Polymer-Coated Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: From Design to Promising Applications

by Refia Atik, Rafiqul Islam, Melissa Ariza Gonzalez, Pailinrut Chinwangso and T. Randall Lee

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1744; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221744 - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

The integration of polymer coatings with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles represents a significant advancement in nanotechnology, enhancing the stability, biocompatibility, and functional versatility of these materials. These enhanced properties make polymer-coated nanoparticles key components in a wide range of applications, including biomedicine, [...] Read more.

The integration of polymer coatings with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles represents a significant advancement in nanotechnology, enhancing the stability, biocompatibility, and functional versatility of these materials. These enhanced properties make polymer-coated nanoparticles key components in a wide range of applications, including biomedicine, catalysis, environmental remediation, electronics, and energy storage. The unique combination of polymeric materials with metal and metal oxide cores results in hybrid structures with superior performance characteristics, making them highly desirable for various technological innovations. Polymer-coated metal and metal oxide nanoparticles can be synthesized through various methods, such as grafting to, grafting from, grafting through, in situ techniques, and layer-by-layer assembly, each offering distinct control over nanoparticle size, shape, and surface functionality. The distinctive contribution of this review lies in its systematic comparison of polymer-coating synthesis approaches for different metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, revealing how variations in polymer architecture and surface chemistry govern their stability, functionality, and application performance. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on polymer-coated nanoparticles, including metals such as gold, silver, copper, platinum, and palladium, as well as metal oxides like iron oxide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and aluminum oxide. This review highlights their design strategies, synthesis methods, characterization approaches, and diverse emerging applications, including biomedicine (e.g., targeted drug delivery, gene delivery, bone tissue regeneration, imaging, antimicrobials, and therapeutic interventions), environmental remediation (e.g., antibacterials and sensors), catalysis, electronics, and energy conversion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Metallic and Metal Oxide Nanohybrids and Their Applications)

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34 pages, 2440 KB

Open AccessReview

Nano-Biotechnology in Soil Remediation: Use of Nanomaterials to Promote Plant Growth and Stress Tolerance

by Xunfeng Chen, Shuoqi Wang, Huijuan Lai, Linjing Deng, Qin Zhong, Charles Obinwanne Okoye, Qijian Niu, Yanping Jing, Juncai Wang and Jianxiong Jiang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1743; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221743 - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

Soil degradation and pollution pose significant threats to global agricultural sustainability and food security. Conventional remediation methods are often constrained by low efficiency, high cost, and potential secondary pollution. Nanobiotechnology, an emerging interdisciplinary field, offers innovative solutions by integrating functional nanomaterials with plant–microbe [...] Read more.

Soil degradation and pollution pose significant threats to global agricultural sustainability and food security. Conventional remediation methods are often constrained by low efficiency, high cost, and potential secondary pollution. Nanobiotechnology, an emerging interdisciplinary field, offers innovative solutions by integrating functional nanomaterials with plant–microbe interactions to advance soil remediation and sustainable agriculture. This review systematically elaborates on the mechanisms and applications of nanomaterials in soil remediation and enhanced plant stress resilience. For contaminant removal, nanomaterials such as nano-zero-valent iron (nZVI) and carbon nanotubes effectively immobilize or degrade heavy metals and organic pollutants through adsorption, catalysis, and other reactive mechanisms. In agriculture, nanofertilizers facilitate the regulated release of nutrients, thereby markedly enhancing nutrient use efficiency. Concurrently, certain nanoparticles mitigate a range of abiotic stresses—such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity—through the regulation of phytohormone balance, augmentation of photosynthetic performance, and reinforcement of antioxidant defenses. However, concerns regarding the environmental behavior, ecotoxicity, and long-term safety of nanomaterials remain. Future research should prioritize the development of smart, responsive nanosystems, elucidate the complex interactions among nanomaterials, plants, and microbes, and establish comprehensive life-cycle assessment and standardized risk evaluation frameworks. These efforts are essential to ensuring the safe and scalable application of nanobiotechnology in environmental remediation and green agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nanomaterials in Soils and Plants)

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29 pages, 5615 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Antibacterial Efficacy of a New TiO₂-Cu-Coated Titanium Surface for Biomedical Applications

by Mahalakshmi Pandian, Sacha Cavelier, Simone Guttau, Silvia Cometta, Joseph Fernando, Philipp Kobbe and Dietmar W. Hutmacher

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1742; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221742 - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

Despite advancements in surgical care, the management of surgical site infections (SSIs) associated with fracture-fixation devices is still a challenge after implant fixation, especially in open fractures. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common pathogen of SSIs and contaminates by penetrating [...] Read more.

Despite advancements in surgical care, the management of surgical site infections (SSIs) associated with fracture-fixation devices is still a challenge after implant fixation, especially in open fractures. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common pathogen of SSIs and contaminates by penetrating the trauma itself (preoperatively) or during insertion of the fixation device (intraoperatively). A unique technology was developed to address this issue, consisting of an antibacterial surface obtained after depositing copper on a porous titanium oxide surface. This study aims to characterise and evaluate the in vitro bactericidal effect of this surface against S. aureus. Furthermore, the topography, elemental composition and other physicochemical properties of the copper coating were determined. In vitro assays have demonstrated a reduction of up to 5 log₁₀ in the bacteria colonisation, and additional quantitative and qualitative methods further supported these observations. This study illustrates the antibacterial efficacy and killing mechanisms of the surface, therefore demonstrating its potential for minimising infection progression post-implantation in clinical scenarios and bringing important insights for the design of future in vivo evaluations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials and Coatings for Biomedical Applications)

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2 pages, 596 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Zhou et al. TiO₂ Nanosphere/MoSe₂ Nanosheet-Based Heterojunction Gas Sensor for High-Sensitivity Sulfur Dioxide Detection. Nanomaterials 2025, 15, 25

by Lanjuan Zhou, Chang Niu, Tian Wang, Hao Zhang, Gongao Jiao and Dongzhi Zhang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1741; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221741 - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

16 pages, 3084 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nanostructured Silver Found in Ancient Dacian Bracelets from Cehei Hoard—Salaj, Romania

by Ioan Petean, Emanoil Pripon, Horea Pop, Codruta Sarosi, Gertrud Alexandra Paltinean, Simona Elena Avram, Nicoleta Ignat, Lucian Barbu Tudoran and Gheorghe Borodi

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1740; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221740 - 19 Nov 2025

Abstract

Nanomaterials are usually associated with modern technologies and advanced processing methods. Three silver Dacian bracelets within Cehei hoard (Salaj County, Romania) are tougher than they should be according to the apparently higher silver content. The microstructural investigation reveals that all three bracelets have [...] Read more.

Nanomaterials are usually associated with modern technologies and advanced processing methods. Three silver Dacian bracelets within Cehei hoard (Salaj County, Romania) are tougher than they should be according to the apparently higher silver content. The microstructural investigation reveals that all three bracelets have silver content of about 90 wt.%. The metallographic inspection of a bracelet sample reveals a very refined microstructure of α grain while fewer eutectic grains are almost undetectable, indicating intensive plastic deformation. XRD patterns of the bracelets reveal relevant peaks for silver (without copper) having a much-broadened aspect indicating nanostructural level. The nano-grains were evidenced at high magnification of SEM imaging: 55 nm for bracelet 1, 95 nm for bracelet 2 and 75 nm for bracelet 3. Elemental maps reveal that the nanograins are basically formed by α phase; the finest eutectic traces are situated and uniformly dispersed within α phase, appearing as small red spots. Vickers µHV10 micro indentation was calibrated on a pure silver 999.9 ‰ in annealed state, resulting in 37 HV10. The nanostructured bracelets have about 56 µHV10 for bracelet 1; 50 µHV10 for bracelet 2 and 52 µHV10 for bracelet 3. Dyrrachium drachmas have Vickers microhardness of about 37 µHV10. The obtained results confirm the historian’s supposition that Dyrrachium drachmas could be the source for silver but also clearly indicate that the final steps of bracelets manufacturing were effectuated by cold deformation with intensive cold hardening. It results that cold deformation of the bracelets rods induces a nanostructural state that significantly increases their microhardness instead of their higher silver title. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation, Characterization, Properties, Simulation, and Applications of Nanostructured Materials)

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25 pages, 5386 KB

Open AccessArticle

Advancing Skin Rejuvenation Through Ultrasound-Enhanced Non-Invasive Delivery of Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles

by Leah Shimonov, Chen Benafsha, Shir Harel, Ksenia M. Yegodayev, Uzi Hadad, Riki Goldbart, Tamar Traitel, Yuval Krieger, Moshe Elkabets and Joseph Kost

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1739; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221739 - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

High-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (HMw-HA) is widely used for skin rejuvenation and anti-aging. However, its rapid degradation and <24 h cutaneous residence limit its therapeutic potential. Cross-linked HA fillers were developed to improve longevity, but their high viscosity and invasive administration may reduce biocompatibility [...] Read more.

High-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (HMw-HA) is widely used for skin rejuvenation and anti-aging. However, its rapid degradation and <24 h cutaneous residence limit its therapeutic potential. Cross-linked HA fillers were developed to improve longevity, but their high viscosity and invasive administration may reduce biocompatibility and patient comfort. To overcome these challenges, we developed a biocompatible nanocarrier based on quaternized starch (Q-starch) that encapsulates linear HMw-HA into nanoparticles (NPs) of ~100 nm with a ζ-potential of ~−35 mV. These NPs retained spherical morphology over seven days without aggregation. The resulting HMw-HA-NPs significantly improved HA stability and extended its skin residence time compared to commercially available HA, while preserving its biological function to stimulate collagen production in murine models. To enable non-invasive delivery, we applied low-frequency ultrasound (LFUS), which transiently enhanced skin permeability, facilitated deeper NPs penetration, and further elevated collagen at day 14. Altogether, this strategy offers a promising needle-free alternative to traditional HA treatments by improving stability, skin penetration, and therapeutic efficacy. The combination of HMw-HA-NPs with LFUS addresses key limitations of current dermo-esthetic therapies and supports the development of patient-friendly skin rejuvenation technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)

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15 pages, 4614 KB

Open AccessArticle

Surface Charge-Induced Scattering Enhancement of Diverse Dielectric Nanoscale Particles: A Simulation Study

by Siqi Zhang, Ang Li, Jiaan Wang, Linghao Wu, Siwen Gu and Xu Yang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1738; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221738 - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

At the nanoscale, the scattered light intensity of particles significantly decreases and is easily affected by surface charges. However, under certain conditions, surface charges can induce a scattering enhancement effect, providing a new solution for the precise measurement of nanoparticles. Nevertheless, the universality [...] Read more.

At the nanoscale, the scattered light intensity of particles significantly decreases and is easily affected by surface charges. However, under certain conditions, surface charges can induce a scattering enhancement effect, providing a new solution for the precise measurement of nanoparticles. Nevertheless, the universality of this effect in different material systems is still unclear. Therefore, we selected eight typical submicron dielectric particles encompassing oxides, polymers, semiconductors, and ceramics. Their optical responses under surface charging conditions were studied through numerical simulation. Results show that surface charges induce changes in the complex refractive index and significantly increase the scattering coefficient across all these particle types, compared to their neutral states. This enhancement effect is pronounced at the nanoscale particles, while at the submicron scale there is a clear critical size threshold, beyond which the enhancement effect significantly weakens. Surface charges also cause a spatial redistribution of scattered light intensity, enhancing the strength of forward, backward, and side scattering. These results confirm the cross-material universality of the surface charge-induced scattering enhancement effect. Our study provides a theoretical basis for extending optical measurement techniques for nanoscale particles and suggests considering surface charges in their detection and characterization to improve sensitivity and accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials and Metal-Organic Frameworks)

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24 pages, 4540 KB

Open AccessReview

From Field Effect Transistors to Spin Qubits: Focus on Group IV Materials, Architectures and Fabrications

by Nikolay Petkov and Giorgos Fagas

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1737; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221737 - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

In this review, we focus on group IV one-dimensional devices for quantum technology. We outline the foundational principles of quantum computing before delving into materials, architectures and fabrication routes, separately, by comparing the bottom-up and top-down approaches. We demonstrate that due to easily [...] Read more.

In this review, we focus on group IV one-dimensional devices for quantum technology. We outline the foundational principles of quantum computing before delving into materials, architectures and fabrication routes, separately, by comparing the bottom-up and top-down approaches. We demonstrate that due to easily tunable composition and crystal/interface quality and relatively less demanding fabrications, the study of grown nanowires such as core–shell Ge-Si and Ge hut wires has created a very fruitful field for studying unique and foundational quantum phenomena. We discuss in detail how these advancements have set the foundations and furthered realization of SETs and qubit devices with their specific operational characteristics. On the other hand, top-down processed devices, mainly as Si fin/nanowire field-effect transistor (FET) architectures, showed their potential for scaling up the number of qubits while providing ways for very large-scale integration (VLSI) and co-integration with conventional CMOS. In all cases we compare the fin/nanowire qubit architectures to other closely related approaches such as planar (2D) or III–V qubit platforms, aiming to highlight the cutting-edge benefits of using group IV one-dimensional morphologies for quantum computing. Another aim is to provide an informative pedagogical perspective on common fabrication challenges and links between common FET device processing and qubit device architectures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Semiconductor Nanowires and Devices)

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26 pages, 6322 KB

Open AccessArticle

Silicon-on-Silica Microring Resonators for High-Quality, High-Contrast, High-Speed All-Optical Logic Gates

by Amer Kotb, Antonios Hatziefremidis and Kyriakos E. Zoiros

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1736; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221736 - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

With the increasing demand for ultrafast optical signal processing, silicon-on-silica (SoS) waveguides with ring resonators have emerged as a promising platform for integrated all-optical logic gates (AOLGs). In this work, we design and simulate a SoS-based waveguide structure, operating at the telecommunication wavelength [...] Read more.

With the increasing demand for ultrafast optical signal processing, silicon-on-silica (SoS) waveguides with ring resonators have emerged as a promising platform for integrated all-optical logic gates (AOLGs). In this work, we design and simulate a SoS-based waveguide structure, operating at the telecommunication wavelength of 1550 nm, consisting of a circular ring resonator coupled to straight bus waveguides using Lumerical FDTD solutions. The design achieves a high Q-factor of 11,071, indicating low optical loss and strong light confinement. The evanescent coupling between the ring and waveguides, along with optimized waveguide dimensions, enables efficient interference, realizing a complete suite of AOLGs (XOR, AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND, and XNOR). Numerical simulations demonstrate robust performance across all gates, with high contrast ratios between 11.40 dB and 13.72 dB and an ultra-compact footprint of 1.42 × 1.08 µm². The results confirm the device’s capability to manipulate optical signals at data rates up to 55 Gb/s, highlighting its potential for scalable, high-speed, and energy-efficient optical computing. These findings provide a solid foundation for the future experimental implementation and integration of SoS-based photonic logic circuits in next-generation optical communication systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Nano-Optics and Nano-Optoelectronics: Challenges and Future Trends)

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