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Radiation Effect on Polymeric Materials
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Radiation Effect on Polymeric Materials

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 December 2021) | Viewed by 17856

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Miroslav Maňas

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Applied Informatics, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, CEBIA-Tech, Nad Stranemi 4511, 760 05 Zlin, Czech Republic
Interests: radiation; modification; polymers; processing; testing

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Polymeric materials are used in a variety of applications today. However, polymers are not always suitable for all applications, especially in terms of their mechanical properties and chemical or thermal resistence. Both mechanical properties and temperature or chemical resistence can be modified by radiation crosslinking in order to obtain properties for use in demanding applications. Although such treatment has been studied intensively over the past few decades and has actually been commercialised, not all radiation effects on the properties of polymers have been fully described. This Special Issue will provide recent trends in the use of the irradiation of polymers; and, in particular, the radiation crosslinking of polymers—whether from the point-of-view of improving their properties or expanding their application capabilities.

It is my pleasure to invite you to submit a manuscript for this Special Issue. Full papers, communications, and reviews are all welcome. Critical reviews in specific modern topics in the field,  such as the use of irradiation in specific applications or the processing of products from radiation crosslinked polymers at the end of their life cycle, are welcome.

Prof. Miroslav Maňas
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • polymers
  • irradiation
  • crosslinking
  • properties
  • waste management

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 17542 KiB  
Article
Effect of Temperature Ageing on Injection Molded High-Density Polyethylene Parts Modified by Accelerated Electrons
by Ales Mizera, Miroslav Manas and Pavel Stoklasek
Materials 2022, 15(3), 742; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15030742 - 19 Jan 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2850
Abstract
The temperature ageing of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) modified by accelerated electrons was studied. Commodity plastic HDPE was used as a basic polymer material which was modified by radiation cross-linking. This polymer was used because of its excellent processability and chemical resistance. Plastic injection [...] Read more.
The temperature ageing of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) modified by accelerated electrons was studied. Commodity plastic HDPE was used as a basic polymer material which was modified by radiation cross-linking. This polymer was used because of its excellent processability and chemical resistance. Plastic injection molding technology was used for the production of test specimens. These specimens were modified with the dose of radiation 33, 66, 99, 132, 165, and 198 kGy. The prepared specimens were tested to determine: gel content, degree of swelling, temperature stability, and changes in mechanical properties after temperature ageing. The results were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis on the fracture surfaces. The results of this study confirm that modification of HDPE by radiation cross-linking has a significant effect on increasing temperature stability. It has been shown that HDPE modified by radiation cross-linking can withstand temperatures exceeding the melting point of the original HDPE for a short-term. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiation Effect on Polymeric Materials)
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17 pages, 4538 KiB  
Article
Influence of the β− Radiation/Cold Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Surface Modification on the Adhesive Bonding of Polyolefins
by Martin Bednarik, Ales Mizera, Miroslav Manas, Milan Navratil, Jakub Huba, Eva Achbergerova and Pavel Stoklasek
Materials 2021, 14(1), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010076 - 25 Dec 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2486
Abstract
The goal of this research was to examine the effect of two surface modification methods, i.e., radiation cross-linking and plasma treatment, on the adhesive properties and the final quality of adhesive bonds of polypropylene (PP), which was chosen as the representative of the [...] Read more.
The goal of this research was to examine the effect of two surface modification methods, i.e., radiation cross-linking and plasma treatment, on the adhesive properties and the final quality of adhesive bonds of polypropylene (PP), which was chosen as the representative of the polyolefin group. Polymer cross-linking was induced by beta (accelerated electrons—β−) radiation in the following dosages: 33, 66, and 99 kGy. In order to determine the usability of β− radiation for these applications (improving the adhesive properties and adhesiveness of surface layers), the obtained results were compared with values measured on surfaces treated by cold atmospheric-pressure plasma with outputs 2.4, 4, and 8 W. The effects of both methods were compared by several parameters, namely wetting contact angles, free surface energy, and overall strength of adhesive bonds. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were conducted. According to our findings the following conclusion was reached; both tested surface modification methods significantly altered the properties of the specimen’s surface layer, which led to improved wetting, free surface energy, and bond adhesion. Following the β− radiation, the free surface energy of PP rose by 80%, while the strength of the bond grew in some cases by 290% in comparison with the non-treated surface. These results show that when compared with cold plasma treatment the beta radiation appears to be an effective tool capable of improving the adhesive properties and adhesiveness of PP surface layers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiation Effect on Polymeric Materials)
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15 pages, 4123 KiB  
Article
Physico-Chemical Surface Modifications of Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Using Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) Radiation and EUV-Induced Nitrogen Plasma
by Joanna Czwartos, Bogusław Budner, Andrzej Bartnik, Przemysław Wachulak, Henryk Fiedorowicz and Zygmunt Mierczyk
Materials 2020, 13(19), 4466; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194466 - 8 Oct 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3382
Abstract
In this work, the effect of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation and the combination of EUV radiation and low-temperature nitrogen plasma on the physico-chemical properties of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) surfaces were presented. The laser-plasma EUV source based on a double gas puff target was used [...] Read more.
In this work, the effect of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation and the combination of EUV radiation and low-temperature nitrogen plasma on the physico-chemical properties of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) surfaces were presented. The laser-plasma EUV source based on a double gas puff target was used in this experiment to irradiate PEEK surfaces with nanosecond pulses of EUV radiation and to produce low-temperature plasma through the photoionization of nitrogen with EUV photons. The changes in surface morphology on irradiated polymer samples were examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Chemical changes of the PEEK surfaces were analysed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). EUV radiation and nitrogen plasma treatment caused significant changes in the topography of modified PEEK’s surfaces and an increase in their average roughness. Strong chemical decomposition, appearance of new functional groups as well as incorporation of nitrogen atoms up to ~17 at.% on the PEEK’s surface were observed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiation Effect on Polymeric Materials)
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16 pages, 8848 KiB  
Article
Selective Adsorption, Reduction, and Separation of Au(III) from Aqueous Solution with Amine-Type Non-Woven Fabric Adsorbents
by Chen Huang, Xiao Xu, Junxuan Ao, Lin Ma, Feng Ye, Ziqiang Wang, Lu Xu, Xiaoyan Zhao and Hongjuan Ma
Materials 2020, 13(13), 2958; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13132958 - 2 Jul 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2721
Abstract
Herein, adsorption, separation, and reduction of Au(III) from its aqueous solution were studied with different amine-type, non-woven fabric (NF) adsorbents fabricated with radiation-induced graft polymerization. The adsorbents exhibited different adsorption capacities of Au(III) over a concentration range of hydrochloric acid (HCl) from 5 [...] Read more.
Herein, adsorption, separation, and reduction of Au(III) from its aqueous solution were studied with different amine-type, non-woven fabric (NF) adsorbents fabricated with radiation-induced graft polymerization. The adsorbents exhibited different adsorption capacities of Au(III) over a concentration range of hydrochloric acid (HCl) from 5 mM to 5 M, and the diethylamine (DEA)-type adsorbent performed best under all test conditions. The DEA-type adsorbent was inert toward other metal ions, including Cu(II), Pb(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Li(I), within the fixed concentration range of HCl. Flow-through adsorption tests indicated DEA-type adsorbent exhibited a rapid recovery and high adsorption capacity of 3.23 mmol/g. Meanwhile, DEA-type adsorbent also exhibited high selectivity and rapid extraction for Au(III) from its mixed solution with Pt(IV) and Pd(II). After adsorption, the reduction of Au(III) was confirmed by XRD spectra, TEM, and digital micrograph images. The results indicated that nano-sized Au particles were mainly concentrated on the adsorbent in 5 mM HCl solution. In 1 M HCl solution, not only nano-sized Au particles were found, but also micro-size Au plates precipitation occurred. This study provides a novel material for selective and efficient gold uptake from aqueous solution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiation Effect on Polymeric Materials)
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Figure 1

17 pages, 3789 KiB  
Article
Polyamide Surface Layer Nano-Indentation and Thermal Properties Modified by Irradiation
by Martin Ovsik, Miroslav Manas, Michal Stanek, Adam Dockal, Jiri Vanek, Ales Mizera, Milan Adamek and Pavel Stoklasek
Materials 2020, 13(13), 2915; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13132915 - 29 Jun 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2779
Abstract
This study describes the effect of electron radiation on the nano-mechanical properties of surface layers of selected polyamide (PA) types. Electron radiation initiates the cross-linking of macromolecules in the polyamide structure, leading to the creation of a 3D network which fundamentally changes the [...] Read more.
This study describes the effect of electron radiation on the nano-mechanical properties of surface layers of selected polyamide (PA) types. Electron radiation initiates the cross-linking of macromolecules in the polyamide structure, leading to the creation of a 3D network which fundamentally changes the properties of the tested polymers. Selected types of polyamide (PA 6, PA 66 and PA 9T) were exposed to various intensities of electron radiation (33 kGy, 66 kGy, 99 kGy, 132 kGy, 165 kGy and 198 kGy). The cross-linked polyamides’ surface properties were measured by means of the modern nano-indentation technique (Depth Sensing Indentation; DSI), which operates on the principle of the immediate detection of indenter penetration depth in dependence on the applied load. The evaluation was preformed using the Oliver–Pharr method. The effect of electron radiation on the tested polyamides manifested itself in the creation of a 3D network, which led to an increase of surface layer properties, such as indentation hardness, elastic modulus, creep and temperature resistance, by up to 93%. The increase of temperature and mechanical properties substantially broadens the field of application of these materials in technical practice, especially when higher temperature resistance is required. The positive changes to the nano-mechanical properties as well as mechanical and temperature capabilities instigated by the cross-linking process were confirmed by the gel volume test. These measurements lay the foundation for a detailed study of this topic, as well as for a more effective means of modifying chosen properties of technical polyamide products by radiation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiation Effect on Polymeric Materials)
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19 pages, 7665 KiB  
Article
Nano-Mechanical Properties of Surface Layers of Polyethylene Modified by Irradiation
by Martin Ovsik, Miroslav Manas, Michal Stanek, Adam Dockal, Ales Mizera, Petr Fluxa, Martin Bednarik and Milan Adamek
Materials 2020, 13(4), 929; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13040929 - 19 Feb 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2820
Abstract
This study’s goal was to describe the influence of a wide range of ionizing beta radiation upon the changes in surface layer mechanical properties and structural modifications of selected types of polymer. Radiation crosslinking is a process whereby the impingement of high-energy electrons [...] Read more.
This study’s goal was to describe the influence of a wide range of ionizing beta radiation upon the changes in surface layer mechanical properties and structural modifications of selected types of polymer. Radiation crosslinking is a process whereby the impingement of high-energy electrons adjusts test sample structures, thus enhancing the useful properties of the material, e.g., hardness, wear-resistance, and creep, in order that they may function properly during their technical use. The selected polymers tested were polyolefin polymers like polyethylene (Low-density polyethylene LDPE, High-density polyethylene HDPE). These samples underwent exposure to electron radiation of differing dosages (33, 66, 99, 132, 165, and 198 kGy). After the crosslinking process, the samples underwent testing of the nano-mechanical properties of their surface layers. This was done by means of a state-of-the-art indentation technique, i.e., depth-sensing indentation (DSI), which detects the immediate change in the indentation depth associated with the applied force. Indeed, the results indicated that the optimal radiation dosage increased the mechanical properties by up to 57%; however, the beneficial levels of radiation varied with each material. Furthermore, these modifications faced examination from the structural perspective. For this purpose, a gel test, Raman spectroscopy, and crystalline portion determination by X-ray all confirmed the assumed trends. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiation Effect on Polymeric Materials)
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