Pathways of Worry During the Transition to Adolescence: An Exploration of Students’ Emotion Regulation, Metacognitive Beliefs and Coping
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Emotion Regulation and Coping
1.2. Emotional Awareness and Emotion Regulation
1.3. Cognitive Components in Emotion Regulation and Coping
1.4. Shifts in Emotion Regulation, Coping, and Cognitive Mediators Across Early Adolescence
1.5. The Present Study
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. General Questions
2.4. Scenario-Based Questions
2.5. Procedure
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Preliminary Analysis
3.2. Correlations
3.3. Path Analysis
3.4. Younger Group
3.5. Older Group
Dysregulation | Inhibition | Poor Awareness | Self-Consciousness | Uncontrollability | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Direct | Indirect | Total | Direct | Indirect | Total | Direct | Indirect | Total | Direct | Indirect | Total | Direct | Indirect | Total | |
Uncontrollability | 0.111 | 0.258 ** | 0.369 ** | - | 0.078 | 0.078 | 0.503 ** | - | 0.503 ** | 0.255 ** | - | 0.255 ** | - | - | - |
Problem coping | −0.104 | −0.136 ** | −0.24 ** | 0.21 * | −0.033 * | 0.176 * | −0.096 | −0.118 ** | −0.214 ** | 0.36 ** | −0.060 ** | 0.301 ** | −0.235 ** | - | −0.235 ** |
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Implications and Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Variable | Category | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|---|
Younger group | Age | 11 | 16 | 9.3 |
(N = 172) | 12 | 156 | 90.7 | |
Gender | Male | 78 | 45.3 | |
Female | 91 | 52.9 | ||
Missing | 3 | 1.7 | ||
Older group | Age | 13 | 138 | 83.1 |
(N = 166) | 14 | 27 | 16.3 | |
15 | 1 | 0.6 | ||
Gender | Male | 86 | 51.8 | |
Female | 79 | 47.6 | ||
Missing | 1 | 0.6 |
Younger Group | Older Group | t(df) | p | 95% CI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | Lower | Upper | |||
Inhibition | 13.33 | 2.89 | 13.02 | 2.88 | 0.14 | 0.71 | −0.27 | 0.98 |
Dysregulation | 6.20 | 2.06 | 6.42 | 2.39 | 1.19 | 0.28 | −0.71 | 0.24 |
Poor awareness | 24.44 | 5.21 | 23.97 | 5.23 | 0.07 | 0.79 | −0.76 | 1.48 |
Uncontrollability | 18.30 | 4.07 | 17.53 | 4.42 | 0.88 | 0.35 | −0.23 | 1.60 |
Self-consciousness | 22.50 | 4.19 | 22.17 | 3.85 | 1.18 | 0.28 | −0.55 | 1.18 |
Emotion-focused coping | 15.86 | 4.81 | 15.36 | 4.82 | 0.02 | 0.88 | −0.53 | 1.54 |
Problem-focused coping | 18.33 | 4.14 | 18.42 | 3.72 | 0.59 | 0.44 | −0.94 | 0.75 |
Social coping | 16.41 | 4.44 | 16.46 | 4.58 | 0.68 | 0.41 | −1.02 | 0.92 |
Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Younger Group | ||||||||
1. Inhibition | - | |||||||
2. Dysregulation | −0.39 *** | - | ||||||
3. Poor awareness | −0.04 | 0.20 ** | - | |||||
4. Uncontrollability | −0.01 | 0.21 ** | 0.40 *** | - | ||||
5. Self-consciousness | 0.14 | −0.02 | 0.20 *** | 0.40 *** | - | |||
6. Emotion-focused coping | 0.14 | −0.05 | 0.04 | 0.16 * | 0.20 ** | - | ||
7. Problem-focused coping | 0.14 | −0.18 * | −0.20 ** | −0.12 | 0.06 | 0.22 ** | - | |
8. Social coping | −0.26 *** | 0.20 ** | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.11 | - |
Older Group | ||||||||
1. Inhibition | - | |||||||
2. Dysregulation | −0.41 *** | - | ||||||
3. Poor awareness | −0.05 | 0.42 *** | - | |||||
4. Uncontrollability | −0.01 | 0.34 *** | 0.56 *** | - | ||||
5. Self-consciousness | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.31 *** | - | |||
6. Emotion-focused coping | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.06 | −0.04 | - | ||
7. Problem-focused coping | 0.31 *** | −0.30 *** | −0.25 *** | −0.23 *** | 0.30 *** | 0.16 ** | - | |
8. Social coping | −0.11 | 0.20 ** | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.11 | - |
Correlation Coefficient Comparison | ||||||||
1. Inhibition | - | |||||||
2. Dysregulation | 0.22 | - | ||||||
3. Poor awareness | 0.13 | −2.38 * | - | |||||
4. Uncontrollability | 0.45 | −1.31 | −2.21 * | - | ||||
5. Self-consciousness | 0.30 | 0.88 | 1.07 | 1.06 | - | |||
6. Emotion-focused coping | 0.14 | −0.68 | −0.32 | 1.15 | 2.15 * | - | ||
7. Problem-focused coping | −1.48 | 1.27 | 0.39 | 1.08 | −1.96 * | 0.14 | - | |
8. Social coping | −1.41 | 0.02 | 0.36 | 0.97 | 0.04 | −0.40 | −0.03 | - |
Dysregulation | Poor Awareness | Self-Consciousness | Uncontrollability | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Direct | Indirect | Total | Direct | Indirect | Total | Direct | Indirect | Total | Direct | Indirect | Total | |
Self-consciousness | −0.102 | - | −0.102 | 0.234 * | - | 0.234 * | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Uncontrollability | 0.166 * | −0.036 | 0.13 | 0.280 ** | 0.083 * | 0.363 ** | 0.356 ** | - | 0.356 ** | - | - | - |
Emotion coping | - | −0.005 | −0.005 | 0.005 | 0.07 * | 0.075 | 0.160 | 0.032 | 0.193 * | 0.090 | - | −0.09 |
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Ge, Y.; Tolmie, A.K. Pathways of Worry During the Transition to Adolescence: An Exploration of Students’ Emotion Regulation, Metacognitive Beliefs and Coping. J. Intell. 2025, 13, 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence13080090
Ge Y, Tolmie AK. Pathways of Worry During the Transition to Adolescence: An Exploration of Students’ Emotion Regulation, Metacognitive Beliefs and Coping. Journal of Intelligence. 2025; 13(8):90. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence13080090
Chicago/Turabian StyleGe, Yiran, and Andrew Kenneth Tolmie. 2025. "Pathways of Worry During the Transition to Adolescence: An Exploration of Students’ Emotion Regulation, Metacognitive Beliefs and Coping" Journal of Intelligence 13, no. 8: 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence13080090
APA StyleGe, Y., & Tolmie, A. K. (2025). Pathways of Worry During the Transition to Adolescence: An Exploration of Students’ Emotion Regulation, Metacognitive Beliefs and Coping. Journal of Intelligence, 13(8), 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence13080090