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Brain-Body Interactions in Mental Disorders: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutics

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 February 2026) | Viewed by 7068

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National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
Interests: drug; mental disorders
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Mental disorders are complex conditions with profound impacts on individual well-being and societal health. Beyond their psychological and behavioral manifestations, growing evidence highlights the molecular and cellular underpinnings of these disorders, as well as their intricate interactions with systemic processes throughout the body. For instance, the dysregulation of neural circuits, immune signaling, and endocrine pathways plays a pivotal role in the onset and progression of mental disorders. These brain–body interactions underscore the need for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms that connect mental health with systemic dysfunctions.

Recent decades have witnessed remarkable progress in this field, driven by groundbreaking technologies such as optical recording, optogenetics, and single-cell sequencing, which have shed light on the neural mechanisms underlying mental disorders. At the same time, there is growing recognition of the complex interplay between mental and somatic health. Comorbidities between mental disorders and physical diseases (e.g., cardiovascular, autoimmune, and endocrine disorders) suggest shared risk factors and mechanisms, including neural, immune, and endocrine interactions. These insights offer promising avenues for advancing diagnostics and therapeutics.

This Special Issue aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the most recent advances in mental disorder research, with a particular focus on brain–body interactions, their underlying mechanisms, and innovative approaches to diagnosis and treatment.

Scope and Topics

We invite original research articles, reviews, and perspectives on (but not limited to) the following topics:

  1. Cellular and molecular basis of mental disorders.
  2. Role of neurotransmitters, receptors, and signaling pathways.
  3. Epigenetic mechanisms and gene–environment interactions.
  4. Neural circuits involved in mental disorders and their underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms.
  5. Development of novel pharmacological targets and therapies.
  6. The intersection of neural, immune, and endocrine systems in the pathology of mental disorders.
  7. Shared molecular mechanisms in comorbid mental and somatic diseases.
  8. Neural and systemic factors contributing to comorbidities.

Call for Contributions

This Special Issue seeks to bring together interdisciplinary perspectives to advance our understanding of mental disorders and their treatment. We welcome contributions from neuroscientists, psychiatrists, immunologists, endocrinologists, and other related disciplines. Original research, comprehensive reviews, and critical perspectives are all encouraged.

Dr. Yan-Xue Xue
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • mental disorders
  • brain–body interactions
  • neural mechanisms
  • therapeutics

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Review

33 pages, 1565 KB  
Review
Temporal Interference Electrical Stimulation for Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Mechanisms, Applications, and Translational Perspectives
by Yaqi Zhang, Yue Tong, Xiangyang Zang, Yaqiong Zhao, Feng Wang, Xueliang Shang and Yanxue Xue
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(9), 4023; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27094023 - 30 Apr 2026
Viewed by 528
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are characterized by complex etiologies, widespread involvement of brain regions, and pronounced clinical heterogeneity, with core pathological mechanisms closely associated with abnormal activity in deep brain structures and their functional networks. Although current pharmacological therapies and conventional neuromodulation techniques have shown [...] Read more.
Neuropsychiatric disorders are characterized by complex etiologies, widespread involvement of brain regions, and pronounced clinical heterogeneity, with core pathological mechanisms closely associated with abnormal activity in deep brain structures and their functional networks. Although current pharmacological therapies and conventional neuromodulation techniques have shown therapeutic benefits in certain conditions, they are generally limited by insufficient stimulation depth or the risks associated with invasive procedures. Temporal interference (TI) electrical stimulation has recently emerged as a non-invasive deep neuromodulation technique that generates low-frequency difference-envelope fields through high-frequency carrier signals, thereby enabling relatively precise modulation of deep brain regions while maintaining favorable safety and tolerability. This technique provides a novel technical pathway for precision intervention in neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we summarize the principles and technical characteristics of TI stimulation and highlight its recent applications in mood and stress-related disorders, cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative diseases, movement disorders, addiction, and disorders associated with dysregulated neural excitability. We integrate its potential mechanisms across multiple levels, including neural oscillations, deep–cortical network synchronization, reward and motivational circuits, synaptic plasticity and structural remodeling, excitatory-inhibitory balance, and gene and epigenetic regulation. Current evidence suggests that TI stimulation can modulate electrophysiological activity and may engage molecular and network-level processes relevant to functional improvement, although durable clinical benefits remain to be established. Although clinical translation remains challenged by parameter optimization, interindividual variability, and long-term safety evaluation, advances in computational modeling, multimodal neuroimaging, and closed-loop stimulation strategies are expected to facilitate its development. Overall, TI stimulation represents a promising non-invasive deep neuromodulation approach for mechanistic investigation and precision treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Full article
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17 pages, 1524 KB  
Review
Research Progress on the Mechanism of Bile Acids and Their Receptors in Depression
by Xue Zhao, Iin Zheng, Wenjing Huang, Dongning Tang, Meidan Zhao, Ruiling Hou, Ying Huang, Yun Shi, Weili Zhu and Shenjun Wang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(9), 4023; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094023 - 24 Apr 2025
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5904
Abstract
Depression, a highly prevalent mental disorder worldwide, arises from multifaceted interactions involving neurotransmitter imbalances, inflammatory responses, and gut–brain axis dysregulation. Emerging evidence highlights the pivotal role of bile acids (BAs) and their receptors, including farnesoid X receptor (FXR), Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 [...] Read more.
Depression, a highly prevalent mental disorder worldwide, arises from multifaceted interactions involving neurotransmitter imbalances, inflammatory responses, and gut–brain axis dysregulation. Emerging evidence highlights the pivotal role of bile acids (BAs) and their receptors, including farnesoid X receptor (FXR), Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), and liver X receptors (LXRs) in depression pathogenesis through modulation of neuroinflammation, gut microbiota homeostasis, and neural plasticity. Clinical investigations demonstrated altered BA profiles in depressed patients, characterized by decreased primary BAs (e.g., chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA)) and elevated secondary BAs (e.g., lithocholic acid (LCA)), correlating with symptom severity. Preclinical studies revealed that BAs ameliorate depressive-like behaviors via dual mechanisms: direct CNS receptor activation and indirect gut–brain signaling, regulating neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and BDNF/CREB pathways. However, clinical translation faces challenges including species-specific BA metabolism, receptor signaling complexity, and pharmacological barriers (e.g., limited blood–brain barrier permeability). While FXR/TGR5 agonists exhibit neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory potential, their adverse effects (pruritus, dyslipidemia) require thorough safety evaluation. Future research should integrate multiomics approaches and interdisciplinary strategies to develop personalized BA-targeted therapies, advancing novel treatment paradigms for depression. Full article
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