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Application of Computational Electromagnetics Techniques and Artificial Intelligence in the...
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Application of Computational Electromagnetics Techniques and Artificial Intelligence in the Engineering

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Microwave and Wireless Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 26058

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Le Xu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
Interests: computational electromagnetics methods; antenna array synthesis methods; analysis of electromagnetic scattering characteristics; microwave circuit modeling technology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Xiaowei Shi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
Interests: microwave theory and technique; antenna array; computational electromagnetics methods
Dr. Rui Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
Interests: antenna array synthesis methods; optimization technique
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Xiaojie Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. CAEP Software Center for High Performance Numerical Simulation, Beijing 100088, China
2. Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
Interests: computational electromagnetics methods
Dr. Xiaoqun Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Telecommunication and Navigation Satellites, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
Interests: satellite communication systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The research of computational electromagnetism is fascinating. With it, we can understand the motion law of electromagnetic fields, predict the propagation of the electromagnetic wave, extract the characteristics of electromagnetic fields, and design various microwave devices, circuits, and structures.

With the efforts of many scholars, computational electromagnetism technology has been developed rapidly. Different branches of computational methods have been proposed and many electromagnetic engineering problems have been solved by these methods. The development of computer technology has further promoted the progress of computational electromagnetism technology and formed much excellent design software, which facilitates the design work of engineers. How to make better use of this software in combination with computational electromagnetism theory is also our concern. In addition, as the problems of electromagnetic engineering become more and more complex, traditional computational electromagnetics technology is facing great challenges. Using artificial intelligence technology combined with computational electromagnetics technology is expected to become a method to solve complex electromagnetic problems.

This Special Issue provides a platform for various theoretical and applied research of computational electromagnetic methods. All papers related to computational electromagnetics techniques are welcome.

Topics of Interest of this Special Issue include, but are not limited to:

  • Computational electromagnetics techniques
  • Characteristic modes theory and applications
  • Scattering measurements theory and applications
  • Electromagnetic compatibility
  • Simulation of the complex electromagnetic environment
  • Optimization technique and applications
  • Artificial intelligence techniques and applications
  • Microwave and millimeter wave circuit modeling
  • Application of electromagnetic theory in communication satellite payload

Dr. Le Xu
Prof. Dr. Xiaowei Shi
Dr. Rui Li
Dr. Xiaojie Chen
Dr. Xiaoqun Chen
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • computational electromagnetics techniques
  • characteristic modes theory and applications
  • scattering measurements theory and applications
  • electromagnetic compatibility
  • simulation of complex electromagnetic environment
  • optimization technique and applications
  • artificial intelligence technique and applications

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Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 155 KiB  
Editorial
Application of Computational Electromagnetics Techniques and Artificial Intelligence in the Engineering
by Rui Li and Le Xu
Electronics 2024, 13(10), 1835; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13101835 - 9 May 2024
Viewed by 1324
Abstract
Since the establishment of Maxwell’s equations in the 19th century, computational electromagnetics has undergone a century of stable development [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Computational Electromagnetics Techniques and Artificial Intelligence in the Engineering)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

10 pages, 7453 KiB  
Article
A Balanced BPF with Wide Bandwidth and Steep Selectivity Based on Slotline Stub Loaded Resonators (SSLRs)
by Yifei Liu, Wei Wu, Jinxi Li, Mo Zhao and Feng Wei
Electronics 2023, 12(16), 3389; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12163389 - 9 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1084
Abstract
A balanced bandpass filter (BPF) with a wide differential mode (DM) bandwidth and steep DM passband selectivity and high common-mode (CM) block based on slotline stub-loaded resonators (SSLRs) is designed in this brief. The proposed SSLR, which is composed of a half-wavelength slotline [...] Read more.
A balanced bandpass filter (BPF) with a wide differential mode (DM) bandwidth and steep DM passband selectivity and high common-mode (CM) block based on slotline stub-loaded resonators (SSLRs) is designed in this brief. The proposed SSLR, which is composed of a half-wavelength slotline resonator and a shorted slot stub loaded at the symmetrical plane, is applied to achieve a broad DM passband with a center frequency at 5.1 GHz and a 3 dB bandwidth of 92%. Meanwhile, two transmission zeros (TZs) are introduced to realize a steep DM passband selectivity. The center frequency and bandwidth of the DM passband can be adjusted by changing the dimensions of SSLRs and the gaps between them. Meanwhile, one narrow notched band with a 3 dB bandwidth of 4.9% is realized by employing one coupled quarter-wavelength short-circuited stub at the input ports. In addition, the DM stopband with a rejection level of 10 dB can be extended to 20 GHz. The designed balanced broadband filter is stimulated by a U-shaped microstrip line to slotline transition structure, which can realize wideband a CM block with a high suppression level without influencing the DM one, and this can reduce the design complexity. In order to prove the idea, a balanced broadband filter is designed and measured. The predicted results of S parameters are compared with the measured ones, and a good agreement is achieved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Computational Electromagnetics Techniques and Artificial Intelligence in the Engineering)
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10 pages, 3307 KiB  
Article
Optimization and Design of Balanced BPF Based on Mixed Electric and Magnetic Couplings
by Qiwei Li, Jinyong Fang, Wen Cao, Jing Sun, Jun Ding, Weihao Tie, Feng Wei, Chang Zhai and Jiangniu Wu
Electronics 2023, 12(9), 2125; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12092125 - 6 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1453
Abstract
A balanced bandpass filter (BPF) with an improved frequency selectivity for differential-mode (DM) excitation and high rejection for common-mode (CM) excitation is proposed in this paper. Two half-wavelength stepped impedance resonators (SIRs) are employed based on mixed electric and magnetic couplings to realize [...] Read more.
A balanced bandpass filter (BPF) with an improved frequency selectivity for differential-mode (DM) excitation and high rejection for common-mode (CM) excitation is proposed in this paper. Two half-wavelength stepped impedance resonators (SIRs) are employed based on mixed electric and magnetic couplings to realize a DM passband centered at 2.48 GHz. The center frequency and bandwidth can be easily controlled by optimizing the dimensions of SIRs and the coupling between them, respectively. Meanwhile, two transmission zeros (TZs) are generated based on the mixed electric and magnetic couplings and are independently controlled by tuning the coupling strength. Moreover, a wide DM stopband can be realized by optimizing the SIRs. The proposed balanced BPF is fed by balanced U-type microstrip–slotline transition structures, which can achieve high wideband CM rejection without influencing the DM responses, and the design complexity can be clearly reduced. Finally, a balanced BPF is fabricated, and a good agreement between the simulation and the measurement is observed, which verifies the design method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Computational Electromagnetics Techniques and Artificial Intelligence in the Engineering)
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11 pages, 3677 KiB  
Communication
Pre-Design of Multi-Band Planar Antennas by Artificial Neural Networks
by Mohamed Aziz Lahiani, Zbyněk Raida, Jiří Veselý and Jana Olivová
Electronics 2023, 12(6), 1345; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12061345 - 12 Mar 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2064
Abstract
In this communication, artificial neural networks are used to estimate the initial structure of a multiband planar antenna. The neural networks are trained on a set of selected normalized multiband antennas characterized by time-efficient modal analysis with limited accuracy. Using the Deep Learning [...] Read more.
In this communication, artificial neural networks are used to estimate the initial structure of a multiband planar antenna. The neural networks are trained on a set of selected normalized multiband antennas characterized by time-efficient modal analysis with limited accuracy. Using the Deep Learning Toolbox in Matlab, several types of neural networks have been created and trained on the sample planar multiband antennas. In the neural network learning process, suitable network types were selected for the design of these antennas. The trained networks, depending on the desired operating bands, will select the appropriate antenna geometry. This is further optimized using Newton’s method in HFSS. The use of the neural pre-design concept speeds up and simplifies the design of multiband planar antennas. The findings presented in this paper will be used to refine and accelerate the design of planar multiband antennas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Computational Electromagnetics Techniques and Artificial Intelligence in the Engineering)
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12 pages, 6908 KiB  
Communication
A Novel Tuning Fork-Shaped Tri-Band Planar Antenna for Wireless Applications
by Qiwei Li, Jinyong Fang, Jun Ding, Wen Cao, Jing Sun, Chenjiang Guo and Tao Liu
Electronics 2023, 12(5), 1081; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051081 - 22 Feb 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2323
Abstract
A novel tuning fork-shaped tri-band planar antenna (NTTPA) for the LTE 2.3/3.8-GHz band, WLAN 2.4/5.2/5.8-GHz band, and WiMax 2.5/3.5/5.5-GHz band is presented in this letter. By introducing an asymmetrical turning fork-shaped patch and an inverted L-shaped patch, three notched bands can be generated [...] Read more.
A novel tuning fork-shaped tri-band planar antenna (NTTPA) for the LTE 2.3/3.8-GHz band, WLAN 2.4/5.2/5.8-GHz band, and WiMax 2.5/3.5/5.5-GHz band is presented in this letter. By introducing an asymmetrical turning fork-shaped patch and an inverted L-shaped patch, three notched bands can be generated to form a triple-band operation. The antenna is fabricated on an FR4 board and excited by an SMA connector using a microstrip line. The antenna structure is simple and has a compact size of 45 mm × 40 mm. The measured operating frequency covers 2.2–2.63, 2.73–3.8, and 5.13–6.3 GHz, and the percentage bandwidth is close to 53.3% (S11 < −9.8 dB from 2.2 to 3.8 GHz) and 20.5% (S11 < −10 dB from 5.13 to 6.3 GHz). The calculated and experimental results suggest that the proposed antenna is one of the best candidates for wireless communication systems in terms of multi operating bands, broad percentage bandwidth (BW), compactness, stable radiation pattern, easy processing, and low cost. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Computational Electromagnetics Techniques and Artificial Intelligence in the Engineering)
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15 pages, 5157 KiB  
Article
Research on Testing Method for Shielding Effectiveness of Irregular Cavity Based on Field Distribution Characteristics
by Jinjing Ren, Yuhao Pan, Zhongyuan Zhou and Tao Zhang
Electronics 2023, 12(4), 1035; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12041035 - 19 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1547
Abstract
A method of measuring the shielding effectiveness of the irregular cavity is proposed in this paper. An electromagnetic topology model of the irregular cavity is established according to the characteristics of the irregular cavity, and the electromagnetic field distribution characteristics inside the irregular [...] Read more.
A method of measuring the shielding effectiveness of the irregular cavity is proposed in this paper. An electromagnetic topology model of the irregular cavity is established according to the characteristics of the irregular cavity, and the electromagnetic field distribution characteristics inside the irregular cavity are obtained based on the simulation of the field distribution of the irregular cavity. Combined with the test method of regular cavity shielding effectiveness, the characterization and testing methods of the shielding effectiveness of the irregular cavity are given comprehensively, which compared with the conventional testing method, verifies how effectively the shielding effectiveness of the irregular cavity is tested. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Computational Electromagnetics Techniques and Artificial Intelligence in the Engineering)
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15 pages, 8070 KiB  
Article
Joint Analysis of Front-Door and Back-Door Couplings of PIN Limiter Based on Improved Equivalent Circuit Model
by Tao Liu, Le Xu, Qiwei Li, Bin Yao and Xiaowei Shi
Electronics 2022, 11(23), 3921; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11233921 - 28 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2475
Abstract
Based on the previous research on electromagnetic pulse coupling, which pays more attention to the front-door coupling or the back-door coupling alone, this paper analyzes the influence of an electromagnetic pulse on electronic devices and systems through the joint analysis of front-door and [...] Read more.
Based on the previous research on electromagnetic pulse coupling, which pays more attention to the front-door coupling or the back-door coupling alone, this paper analyzes the influence of an electromagnetic pulse on electronic devices and systems through the joint analysis of front-door and back-door couplings using the finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD). This specific measure is used to simplify the front-door coupling to the voltage source injection, which occurs simultaneously with plane wave irradiation. This coupling scheme of the front door and back door with the voltage source and plane wave acting simultaneously is rarely seen in previous analyses, which also gives consideration to the working state of the circuit. Although the equivalent circuit model is widely used, it cannot effectively reflect the working state of the diode circuit under the conditions of large injection and high frequency. In view of the limited application scenarios of the traditional equivalent circuit model, which cannot accurately describe the internal response characteristics of the diode under different electromagnetic pulse coupling, this paper introduces an improved equivalent circuit model based on the physical model. Taking the Positive Intrinsic-Negative (PIN) limiter as the target, this paper analyzes the influence of the front-door and back-door joint coupling on its performance under different electromagnetic pulses and then gives protection suggestions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Computational Electromagnetics Techniques and Artificial Intelligence in the Engineering)
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16 pages, 7189 KiB  
Article
Accurate Design of Microwave Filter Based on Surrogate Model-Assisted Evolutionary Algorithm
by Yongliang Zhang, Xiaoli Wang, Yanxing Wang, Ningchaoran Yan, Linping Feng and Lu Zhang
Electronics 2022, 11(22), 3705; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223705 - 12 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1849
Abstract
Filter optimization problems involve time-consuming simulations and many variables in the design. These problems require a large amount of computation. This paper proposes an adaptive online updating 1D convolutional autoencoders (AOU-1D-CAE) surrogate model for solving this computationally expensive problem. In the optimization process, [...] Read more.
Filter optimization problems involve time-consuming simulations and many variables in the design. These problems require a large amount of computation. This paper proposes an adaptive online updating 1D convolutional autoencoders (AOU-1D-CAE) surrogate model for solving this computationally expensive problem. In the optimization process, an adaptive update surrogate mapping between input variables and output objectives is constructed within the surrogate model AOU-1D-CAE framework. AOU-1D-CAE can replace electromagnetic (EM) simulation software for data collection, and select and automatically use the accumulated data as training samples to train the AOU-1D-CAE surrogate model. With more and more training samples, the learning ability of the surrogate model is also becoming stronger and stronger. The experimental results show that the data collection efficiency of AOU-1D-CAE is greatly improved, and the automatic update of the sample set improves the prediction performance of the surrogate model. In this paper, the optimization framework is AOU-1D-CAE-assisted particle swarm optimization (PSO), and the surrogate model assists PSO to find the global optimal solution. In the PSO stage, PSO automatically updates and saves the optimal solution, and takes the optimal solution of each stage as the initial solution of the next optimization stage to avoid falling into the local optimal solution. The optimization time is greatly saved and the optimization efficiency is improved. The continuous iteration of PSO also improves the prediction accuracy of the surrogate model. The efficiency of the proposed surrogate model is demonstrated by using two cavity filters as examples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Computational Electromagnetics Techniques and Artificial Intelligence in the Engineering)
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23 pages, 10063 KiB  
Article
Improvement of the SPICE Model of Diode Based on Measurement and Nonlinear Fitting Random Optimization Algorithm
by Dan Ren, Gang Xu, Jing-Qin Li, Ze-Yu Pan, Xuan Zhao and Ping-An Du
Electronics 2022, 11(21), 3461; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11213461 - 26 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3213
Abstract
This paper proposes a modeling method for improvement of the SPICE Model of a diode based on measurement and a nonlinear fitting random optimization algorithm. First, the mechanism of electromagnetic interference generated by diodes at high frequencies was analyzed: dynamic characteristic parameters such [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a modeling method for improvement of the SPICE Model of a diode based on measurement and a nonlinear fitting random optimization algorithm. First, the mechanism of electromagnetic interference generated by diodes at high frequencies was analyzed: dynamic characteristic parameters such as reverse recovery of diodes and junction capacitance. Second, the method of obtaining the I-V characteristic curve and junction capacitance characteristics of the diode through testing was introduced in detail, and a nonlinear fitting random optimization algorithm was proposed to calculate the static and dynamic characteristic parameters of the diode, which can be applied to improvement of the SPICE model of the diode. A simulation and test circuit were built, and the simulation and test results were compared in the time and frequency domains. The model in this study can not only truly reflect the peak voltage owing to the electromagnetic interference characteristics, but also ensure that the harmonic components and component amplitudes are within three times the fundamental frequency, verifying the accuracy of the electromagnetic compatibility model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Computational Electromagnetics Techniques and Artificial Intelligence in the Engineering)
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8 pages, 590 KiB  
Article
Effects of Introducing Confluence Rings on Ground Loss Resistance of VLF Umbrella-Type Antenna
by Ying Quan, Hui Xie, Cheng Yang, Hang Yu and Xinmiao Liu
Electronics 2022, 11(20), 3419; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11203419 - 21 Oct 2022
Viewed by 1454
Abstract
In this work, we analyze the influence of introducing confluence rings on the ground loss resistance in the ground grid system of the VLF umbrella-type transmitting antenna. The geometric deconstruction model of the confluence ring, the model of the VLF umbrella-type transmitting antenna, [...] Read more.
In this work, we analyze the influence of introducing confluence rings on the ground loss resistance in the ground grid system of the VLF umbrella-type transmitting antenna. The geometric deconstruction model of the confluence ring, the model of the VLF umbrella-type transmitting antenna, the models of the umbrella-type antenna ground grid system, and the formulae for the average conductivity are established. The working principle of the confluence ring was analyzed, and the ground loss resistance of the confluence ring structure with different numbers of layers and varying degrees of wire damage was simulated using Feko. The simulation results demonstrated the effect of increasing the number of confluence ring layers on the ground loss resistance of a fully functional grid to be relatively weak. However, when the ground grid wire is broken, the confluence ring structure can effectively reduce the ground loss resistance, thereby improving the radiation efficiency of the antenna. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Computational Electromagnetics Techniques and Artificial Intelligence in the Engineering)
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8 pages, 3126 KiB  
Communication
An Improved Combination Method of MoM and UTD for Calculating the Radiation Characteristics of Antenna Arrays Mounted around Electrically Large Platform
by Nan Wang, Junzhi Liu, Qi Zhang and Yu Zhang
Electronics 2022, 11(20), 3369; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11203369 - 19 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1443
Abstract
An improved method, namely, combined UTD with MoM, is studied to calculate the disturbed pattern of array antennas mounted around an electrically large platform. Each array unit is fed in turns in an MoM processor and then substituted into the UTD process to [...] Read more.
An improved method, namely, combined UTD with MoM, is studied to calculate the disturbed pattern of array antennas mounted around an electrically large platform. Each array unit is fed in turns in an MoM processor and then substituted into the UTD process to pursue the calculation of the disturbed pattern. When solving the current coefficient in MoM, the linear superposition principle is used to realize the separate feeding of each array unit. The proposed method can avoid unreliable UTD results when an equivalent phase center of the antenna is sheltered, and it can improve the RMS error from more than 15 dB to about 1 dB in the T-shaped example given. No large amount of computing resources are needed for the proposed method; the accuracy, efficiency and necessity are illustrated by examples given. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Computational Electromagnetics Techniques and Artificial Intelligence in the Engineering)
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22 pages, 5479 KiB  
Article
Research on Multi-Strategy Routing Protocol in Flying Ad Hoc Networks
by Ning Xin, Xiaoqun Chen, Te Chen, Feng Liu, Kun Liu and Yuxiong Lin
Electronics 2022, 11(20), 3327; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11203327 - 15 Oct 2022
Viewed by 1652
Abstract
In this paper, a multi-strategy routing protocol, reactive-greedy-face (RGF), is proposed based on the advantages of reactive forwarding, greedy forwarding, and projected face forwarding strategies. This protocol improves and unites the strategies through a reasonable selection and switching mechanism to make up for [...] Read more.
In this paper, a multi-strategy routing protocol, reactive-greedy-face (RGF), is proposed based on the advantages of reactive forwarding, greedy forwarding, and projected face forwarding strategies. This protocol improves and unites the strategies through a reasonable selection and switching mechanism to make up for the deficiencies of the existing three-dimensional routing protocols in the flight self-assembly network and improve the rapid recovery of packet forwarding after topology changes. The simulation validation shows that this routing protocol can be used to recover packets after a topology change. Simulation verification indicates that the routing protocol significantly improves the packet delivery rate and the average end-to-end delay performance, and can better adapt to the flight self-assembly network’s three-dimensional high-dynamic and low-density characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Computational Electromagnetics Techniques and Artificial Intelligence in the Engineering)
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17 pages, 4781 KiB  
Article
Efficient Microwave Filter Design by a Surrogate-Model-Assisted Decomposition-Based Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm
by Yongfeng Wei, Guangfei Qi, Yanxing Wang, Ningchaoran Yan, Yongliang Zhang and Linping Feng
Electronics 2022, 11(20), 3309; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11203309 - 14 Oct 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2279
Abstract
As a crucial frequency selection device in modern communication systems, the microwave filter plays an increasingly prominent role. There is a great demand for the multi-objective design of microwave filters. The filter’s performance affects the quality of the whole communication system directly. However, [...] Read more.
As a crucial frequency selection device in modern communication systems, the microwave filter plays an increasingly prominent role. There is a great demand for the multi-objective design of microwave filters. The filter’s performance affects the quality of the whole communication system directly. However, traditional multi-objective electromagnetic (EM) optimization design demands repetitive EM simulations to adjust the physical parameters of the microwave filters. Accordingly, using electromagnetic simulation directly to design optimization is quite expensive. Given this situation, this paper applies a novel surrogate model based on one-dimensional convolutional autoencoders (1D-CAE) into the multi-objective algorithm evolutionarily based on decomposition (MOEA/D) for the first time. This approach uses MOEA/D as the multi-objective optimizer, and a novel low-complexity surrogate model based on one-dimensional convolutional autoencoders (1D-CAE) is constructed to predict the expensive EM simulation results. The surrogate model based on 1D-CAE is used to generate the results of scalar subproblems of MOEA/D, which greatly improves the design efficiency. Compared with the traditional design methods based on an EM solver, this method not only effectively optimizes multiple design objectives but also completes the design of microwave filters in a shorter time. The proposed method is verified using the design of a sixth-order ceramic filter and a seventh-order metal cavity filter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Computational Electromagnetics Techniques and Artificial Intelligence in the Engineering)
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