You seem to have javascript disabled. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled.

Search for Articles:

Title / Keyword

Author / Affiliation / Email

Journal

Article Type

Advanced Search

Section

Special Issue

Volume

Issue

Number

Page

Logical OperatorOperator

Search Text

Search Type

Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Enhanced Colorimetric Detection of Viruses and Bacteria
A NO₂ Sensitive MnO₂/Graphene Oxide Composite Based Gas Sensor
Facile Route to Electronic Tongues for Prompt Detection of Compounds of Medical Relevance

Journal Description

Chemosensors

Chemosensors is an international, scientific, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the science and technology of chemical sensors and related analytical methods and systems, published monthly online by MDPI.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), CAPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, Engineering Village and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Instruments and Instrumentation) / CiteScore - Q2 (Analytical Chemistry)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 20.1 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.

Impact Factor: 3.7 (2023); 5-Year Impact Factor: 3.7 (2023)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2227-9040

Latest Articles

22 pages, 5830 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical Study of the Detection Model for Sulphate Saline Soil Based on Mid-Infrared Spectrometry

by Hanyu Wei, Yong Huang, Sining Li, Jingzhuo Zhao, Wen Liu, Huan Li, Qiushuang Cui and Ruyun Bai

Chemosensors 2025, 13(5), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13050173 - 8 May 2025

High soil sulfate levels can inhibit crop growth and accelerate concrete infrastructure degradation, highlighting the critical importance of rapid and accurate sulfate content determination. Nevertheless, conventional analytical techniques are laborious and intricate, and delays in processing may result in alterations to the material, [...] Read more.

High soil sulfate levels can inhibit crop growth and accelerate concrete infrastructure degradation, highlighting the critical importance of rapid and accurate sulfate content determination. Nevertheless, conventional analytical techniques are laborious and intricate, and delays in processing may result in alterations to the material, owing to oxidation. We recognized the accuracy, reproducibility, and non-invasiveness of mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy as a rapid and straightforward technique for soil analysis. In this study, soil samples were collected from two depths (0–20 cm and 20–40 cm) across three regions in China: the arid northwestern region, the cold-temperate northeastern zone, and the subtropical southwestern region. One group was mixed with Na₂SO₄ (a readily soluble salt) at mass fractions ranging from 0.1% to 7%, while the other group was mixed with FeS₂ (a sulfide) at mass fractions ranging from 1% to 70%. This study aimed to develop a mid-infrared spectroscopy-based method for analyzing soluble sulfate and sulfide in soil. Three chemometric methods were evaluated: partial least squares regression (PLSR), principal component regression (PCR), and multivariate linear regression (MLR). Results showed that the MLR model provided superior predictive performance. For the 20–40 cm sodium sulfate-mixed soil from the arid northwestern region, the MLR model exhibited the best performance with an Rp² of 0.9535, an RMSEP of 0.0030, an RPD of 4.96, and an RPIQ of 6.26. For the 20–40 cm iron disulfide-mixed soil from the cold-temperate northeastern region, the MLR model demonstrated superior results with Rp², RMSEP, RPD, and RPIQ values of 0.9590, 0.042, 5.97, and 10.94, respectively. For the 0–20 cm iron disulfide-mixed soil from the subtropical southwestern region, the MLR model achieved the best performance with an Rp² of 0.9848, an RMSEP of 0.0025, an RPD of 14.20, and an RPIQ of 25.48. Despite regional variations in soil properties, this study successfully predicted sulfate and sulfide contents in soils from diverse areas using mid-infrared spectroscopy combined with appropriate chemometric methods. This approach provides reliable technical support for soil sulfate detection and offers significant practical value for soil assessment in both agricultural production and engineering construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Optical Chemical Sensors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2059 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Cost Electronic Nose for Identification of Wood Species in Which Brazilian Sugar Cane Spirit Was Aged

by Alexandre A. da Silva, Bruna R. Vieira, Elaine Y. Yamauchi, Rosamaria W. C. Li and Jonas Gruber

Chemosensors 2025, 13(5), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13050172 - 8 May 2025

Many popular alcoholic beverages, such as Brazilian sugar cane spirit (cachaça), are aged in wood casks to achieve a smoother and more pleasant taste. The type of wood plays an important role in improving the quality of the spirit, with oak being the [...] Read more.

Many popular alcoholic beverages, such as Brazilian sugar cane spirit (cachaça), are aged in wood casks to achieve a smoother and more pleasant taste. The type of wood plays an important role in improving the quality of the spirit, with oak being the most widely used. Due to its elevated price and poor local availability, oak has been gradually replaced in Brazil by other woods, such as Amburana cearensis (Amburana), Cariniana legalis (Jequitibá), Hymenaea courbaril (Jatobá), and Ocotea odorifera (Cinnamon sassafras). For general purposes in beverage quality control and wood identification, and using ethanol/water extracts (cachaça 47% v/v) as a model, this article describes the construction of a low-cost electronic nose that quickly identifies the wood species that was used for aging a cachaça sample. The nose is made of an array of four chemoresistive conductive polymer gas sensors. Principal component and leave-one-out analyses showed perfect classification of all tested samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Cost Chemosenors for Applications in Environment, Health, Food, and Industry Process Control)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 5614 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heterostructures of CdSe Quantum Dots and g-C₃N₄ Applied as Electrochemiluminescent Probes for the Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide in Human Serum

by Roodney Alberto Carrillo Palomino, Aylén Di Tocco, Gastón Darío Pierini, Gabriela Valeria Porcal and Fernando Javier Arévalo

Chemosensors 2025, 13(5), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13050171 - 7 May 2025

In this work, we developed a highly sensitive and reproducible electrochemiluminescent sensor based on a heterostructure of cadmium selenide quantum dots capped with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) + 3-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid (MES) (QDs CdSe) and carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C₃N₄) for the [...] Read more.

In this work, we developed a highly sensitive and reproducible electrochemiluminescent sensor based on a heterostructure of cadmium selenide quantum dots capped with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) + 3-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid (MES) (QDs CdSe) and carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C₃N₄) for the detection of H₂O₂ in lyophilized serum samples. To enhance the sensor sensitivity, g-C₃N₄ nanosheets were utilized as a platform to immobilize the QDs CdSe. An exhaustive characterization of the heterostructure was conducted, elucidating the interaction mechanism between QDs CdSe and g-C₃N₄. It was revealed that g-C₃N₄ acts as a hole (h⁺) donor, while QDs CdSe act as energy acceptors in a resonance energy transfer process, with the electrochemiluminescence emission originating from the QDs CdSe. The electrochemiluminescence intensity decreases in the presence of H₂O₂ due to the deactivation of the excited states of the QDs CdSe. This electrochemiluminescent sensor demonstrates exceptional performance for detecting H₂O₂ in aqueous systems, achieving a remarkably low limit of detection (LOD) of 1.81 nM, which is more sensitive than most reported sensors to detect H₂O₂. The applicability of the sensor was successfully tested where sub-µM levels of H₂O₂ were accurately quantified. These results highlight the potential of this electrochemiluminescent sensor as a reliable and pre-treatment-free tool for H₂O₂ detection in biochemical studies and human health applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Sensors for Bio-Medical and Environmental Applications, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 2446 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chlorpyrifos Detection Based on 9-Fluorenone Oxime

by Edoardo Donà and Aleksandra Lobnik

Chemosensors 2025, 13(5), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13050170 - 6 May 2025

Chlorpyrifos is one of the most toxic organophosphate pesticides, prompting its ban in Europe in 2020. Consequently, developing a detection method that is both selective and sensitive is essential for protecting human health and the environment. In this study, we report for the [...] Read more.

Chlorpyrifos is one of the most toxic organophosphate pesticides, prompting its ban in Europe in 2020. Consequently, developing a detection method that is both selective and sensitive is essential for protecting human health and the environment. In this study, we report for the first time a fluorescent probe based on an oxime for the direct detection of chlorpyrifos. 9-fluorenone oxime, upon deprotonation with a phosphazene base, undergoes a nucleophilic attack on chlorpyrifos, resulting in a significant alteration of its fluorescence properties. Following careful optimization, the method demonstrated excellent linearity (R² = 0.98) over a concentration range of 350 to 6980 μg/L, with a limit of detection of 15.5 μg/L. Furthermore, the probe was successfully applied to chlorpyrifos detection in water samples, yielding satisfactory results. This approach effectively overcomes the stability limitations of enzyme-based fluorescent sensors, offering a robust and innovative solution for the detection of organophosphate pesticides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Optical Chemical Sensors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 5244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Sensing Selectivity of Gas Sensors Based on Different Sn-Doped Indium Oxide Films

by Haoran Sheng, Haoyu Li, Yujie Huang, Bochao Zhang, Jiarui Liang, Xinze Zhou, Yuan Tian and Qiang Li

Chemosensors 2025, 13(5), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13050169 - 5 May 2025

The gas-sensitive performance and selectivity of gas sensors via different Sn-doped indium oxide (In₂O₃) films have been investigated. The response characteristics were significantly enhanced to methanol (CH₄O), ethanol (C₂H₆O), and acetone (C₃ [...] Read more.

The gas-sensitive performance and selectivity of gas sensors via different Sn-doped indium oxide (In₂O₃) films have been investigated. The response characteristics were significantly enhanced to methanol (CH₄O), ethanol (C₂H₆O), and acetone (C₃H₆O) with the increase in Sn content, while the response time and the recovery time became shorter. The sensor exhibited the strongest response to ethanol, followed by acetone and then methanol with all the ratios of In₂O₃ (90%, 85%, and 80%) and SnO₂ (10%, 15%, and 20%). The mechanism of Sn doping on the gas sensing selectivity was calculated using the density functional theory (DFT) method, which perfectly explained the experimental results. The sensors demonstrated high selectivity towards ethanol, even in the presence of interfering gases. In addition, the sensors showed effective detection of the target gas with 10 ppb and demonstrated good repeatability. This work systematically analyzed the priority selectivity of In₂O₃-based gas sensors, providing a new path for gas detection in multi-interference and complex environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanomaterial-Based Gas Sensors and Humidity Sensors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 3761 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces Mullite Structures for Humidity Detection

by Yurii Milovanov, Arianna Bertero, Bartolomeo Coppola, Paola Palmero and Jean-Marc Tulliani

Chemosensors 2025, 13(5), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13050168 - 5 May 2025

Three-dimensional-printed complex mullite structures based on triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMSs, namely, Schwartz and Gyroid) with two different thicknesses (Schwartz 1 and Gyroid 1–4 mm, Schwartz 2 and Gyroid 2–6 mm) were fabricated and tested as humidity sensors. The samples were sintered at [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional-printed complex mullite structures based on triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMSs, namely, Schwartz and Gyroid) with two different thicknesses (Schwartz 1 and Gyroid 1–4 mm, Schwartz 2 and Gyroid 2–6 mm) were fabricated and tested as humidity sensors. The samples were sintered at 1450 °C and tested in the range from 0% to 89% relative humidity (RH) at room temperature to evaluate the effect of geometry and thickness on humidity sensitivity. After water vapor exposure at room temperature, the response was 2.84 under 89 RH% for the Schwartz 1 structure (1.36 for the Schwartz 2 structure) and 1.21 for the Gyroid 1 structure (7.00 for the Gyroid 2 structure). The results showed that, at 89% RH, the best response of the sensors was achieved for the Gyroid 2 structure. Sensors exhibit good repeatability, and there was no interference in the presence of other gases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for Food Testing, Environmental Analysis, and Medical Diagnostics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Organophosphorus Pesticide Photoelectrochemical/Electrochemical Dual-Mode Smartsensors Derived from Synergistic Co,N-TiO₂@ZrO₂/3DGH Platform

by Zhouxiaolong Zhang, Hongting Ma, Hao Mo and Nan Zhu

Chemosensors 2025, 13(5), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13050167 - 5 May 2025

Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs), while pivotal for agricultural productivity, pose severe environmental and health risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. Existing detection methods, such as chromatography and spectroscopy, face limitations in field adaptability, cost, and operational complexity. To address these challenges, this study [...] Read more.

Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs), while pivotal for agricultural productivity, pose severe environmental and health risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. Existing detection methods, such as chromatography and spectroscopy, face limitations in field adaptability, cost, and operational complexity. To address these challenges, this study introduces a novel dual-mode photoelectrochemical–electrochemical (PEC-EC) sensor based on a Co,N-TiO₂@ZrO₂/3DGH nanocomposite. The sensor synergistically integrates zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) for selective OP capture via phosphate-Zr coordination, cobalt-nitrogen co-doped titanium dioxide (Co,N-TiO₂) for visible-light responsiveness, and a three-dimensional graphene hydrogel (3DGH) for enhanced conductivity. In the PEC mode under light irradiation, OP adsorption induces charge recombination, yielding a logarithmic photocurrent attenuation with a detection limit of 0.058 ng mL⁻¹. Subsequently, the EC mode via square wave voltammetry (SWV) self-validates the results, achieving a detection limit of 0.716 ng mL⁻¹. The dual-mode system demonstrates exceptional reproducibility, long-term stability, and selectivity against common interferents. Parallel measurements revealed <5% inter-mode discrepancy, validating the intrinsic self-checking capability. This portable platform bridges the gap between laboratory-grade accuracy and field-deployable simplicity, offering transformative potential for environmental monitoring and food safety management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Chemical Sensors in Dalian University of Technology: Fundamental Science and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Discovery of Lithospermate B as a Potential Ligand for the Malarial E2 Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme via Multiplexed Native Mass Spectrometry

by Jianying Han, Wesley C. Van Voorhis, Ronald J. Quinn and Miaomiao Liu

Chemosensors 2025, 13(5), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13050166 - 5 May 2025

There is an urgent need for novel therapeutics to combat Plasmodium falciparum, especially in light of increasing drug resistance. Here, we present a multiplexed native mass spectrometry (MS) platform capable of simultaneously screening multiple protein targets against chemically diverse crude extracts with [...] Read more.

There is an urgent need for novel therapeutics to combat Plasmodium falciparum, especially in light of increasing drug resistance. Here, we present a multiplexed native mass spectrometry (MS) platform capable of simultaneously screening multiple protein targets against chemically diverse crude extracts with minimal sample preparation. A mixture of seven malarial proteins was analyzed under optimized native MS conditions, enabling the detection of specific ligand binding events. Using this platform, lithospermate B from Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) was identified as a novel ligand for a malarial ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme with moderate affinity (Kd = 30.5 ± 2.5 μM). This is the first report linking lithospermate B to a malarial protein target, highlighting the potential of native MS to uncover new bioactivities of known natural products. This approach significantly enhances the throughput of protein–ligand screening and offers a powerful tool for early-stage natural product-based drug discovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue GC, MS and GC-MS Analytical Methods: Opportunities and Challenges (Third Edition))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 5088 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Minimal Electronic Nose Based on Graphene Functionalized with Metalated Pyrazinoporphyrazines and Phthalocyanines for Ammonia, Benzene, and Hydrogen Sulfide Discrimination

by Sonia Freddi, Luca Vaghi, Andrea Penoni, Luca Scapinello and Luigi Sangaletti

Chemosensors 2025, 13(5), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13050165 - 5 May 2025

The development of electronic noses is, nowadays, essential for several applications, including breath analysis and industrial security. Ammonia, benzene, and hydrogen sulfide are particularly important due to their environmental and health impacts. Here, graphene-based sensors, functionalized with unconventional in-house synthesized zinc and copper [...] Read more.

The development of electronic noses is, nowadays, essential for several applications, including breath analysis and industrial security. Ammonia, benzene, and hydrogen sulfide are particularly important due to their environmental and health impacts. Here, graphene-based sensors, functionalized with unconventional in-house synthesized zinc and copper octyl-pyrazinoporphyrazines and commercially available zinc phthalocyanine, have been prepared. Enhanced solubility given by the octyl chains allowed us to exploit drop-casting as a straightforward functionalization technique. The sensors demonstrated excellent performance for detecting ammonia, benzene, and hydrogen sulfide as a single sensor, with a competitive detection limit and a high sensitivity compared to the state of the art. In particular, functionalization enabled the detection of hydrogen sulfide, for which no response is observed with bare graphene, and lowered the detection limit for all the gases compared to bare graphene. Additionally, the prepared sensors have been assembled into an e-nose that shows promising potentiality to be used for both industrial and medical applications thanks to its excellent discrimination capability of single gases and mixtures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Chemical Sensors for Gas Detection)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using BiOI/BiOCl Composite-Enhanced Cathodic Photocurrent and Amplifying Signal Variation in AgI for Developing a Highly Sensitive Photoelectrochemical Immunosensing Platform

by Mengyang Zhang, Weikang Wan, Shurui Wang, Huiyu Zeng, Yang Wu, Zhihui Dai and Wenwen Tu

Chemosensors 2025, 13(5), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13050164 - 5 May 2025

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors have emerged as potential analysis techniques in recent years due to PEC’s benefits, which include straightforward operation, quick response times, and basic equipment. In this work, a new PEC sandwich immunoassay was fabricated, which was based on low-toxicity BiOI/BiOCl composites [...] Read more.

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors have emerged as potential analysis techniques in recent years due to PEC’s benefits, which include straightforward operation, quick response times, and basic equipment. In this work, a new PEC sandwich immunoassay was fabricated, which was based on low-toxicity BiOI/BiOCl composites accompanied by enhanced signal detection via AgI-conjugated antibodies (Ab₂-AgI). Specifically, the low-toxicity inorganic semiconductor BiOI/BiOCl composites were first utilized in PEC bioanalysis. Owing to the unique configuration of energy levels between BiOI and BiOCl, the photoelectric response was more excellent than those of BiOI or BiOCl alone. Moreover, the Ab₂-AgI conjugates were utilized as signal amplification components through the specific antibody–antigen immunoreaction. In the presence of target Ag, the immobilized Ab₂-AgI conjugates clearly improve the steric hindrance of the sensing electrode and effectively hinder the transfer of photo-induced holes; meanwhile, AgI NPs can competitively absorb excitation light. A new PEC immunosensing platform for detecting tumor markers at 0 V under visible light excitation was developed, and using carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as a model analyte demonstrated an ultra-low detection limit of 4.9 fg·mL⁻¹. Meanwhile, it demonstrated excellent specificity and stability, potentially opening up a novel and promising platform for detecting other critical biomarkers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors: Advances and Prospects)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

48 pages, 7068 KiB

Open AccessReview

Colorimetric Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Sensors for Rapid Detection of Organic Compounds: A Review

by Juan Carlos Bravo-Yagüe, Gema Paniagua-González, Rosa María Garcinuño, Asunción García-Mayor and Pilar Fernández-Hernando

Chemosensors 2025, 13(5), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13050163 - 4 May 2025

This review offers a comprehensive examination of the development and current state of the art in the field of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based colorimetric sensors, focusing on their potential for the rapid detection of organic compounds. These MIP-sensors are gaining considerable attention due [...] Read more.

This review offers a comprehensive examination of the development and current state of the art in the field of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based colorimetric sensors, focusing on their potential for the rapid detection of organic compounds. These MIP-sensors are gaining considerable attention due to their distinctive capacity to modify sensor surfaces by creating recognition cavities within the polymer matrix, providing a versatile and highly selective platform for detecting a broad spectrum of analytes. This review systematically examines different types of MIP-based colorimetric sensors, attending to the target analyte, highlighting their applications in on-site sample detection, drug monitoring, environmental analysis, and food safety detection. The integration of novel technologies, such as nanozymes and smartphone-based detection, which enhance the capabilities of colorimetric MIP sensors, is also addressed. The sensors are particularly valuable due to their low cost, rapid response times, portability, and ease of use. Finally, the review outlines the future challenges for the development of MIP-based colorimetric sensors, focusing on overcoming existing limitations, improving sensor performance, and expanding their applications across various fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Cost Chemosenors for Applications in Environment, Health, Food, and Industry Process Control)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 5044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

¹H-NMR Spectroscopy and Chemometric Fingerprinting for the Authentication of Organic Extra Virgin Olive Oils

by Silvana M. Azcarate, Maria P. Segura-Borrego, Rocío Ríos-Reina and Raquel M. Callejón

Chemosensors 2025, 13(5), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13050162 - 1 May 2025

The authentication of organic extra virgin olive oils (OEVOOs) is crucial for quality control and fraud prevention. This study applies proton-nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectroscopy combined with chemometric analysis as a non-destructive, untargeted approach to differentiate EVOOs based on cultivation method [...] Read more.

The authentication of organic extra virgin olive oils (OEVOOs) is crucial for quality control and fraud prevention. This study applies proton-nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectroscopy combined with chemometric analysis as a non-destructive, untargeted approach to differentiate EVOOs based on cultivation method (organic vs. conventional) and variety (Hojiblanca vs. Picual). Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) demonstrated well-defined sample differentiation, while the variable importance in projection (VIP) selection and Tukey’s test identified key spectral regions responsible for classification. The results showed that sterols and lipid-related compounds played a major role in distinguishing organic from conventional oils, whereas fatty acids and phenolic compounds were more relevant for cultivar differentiation. These findings align with known metabolic differences, where Picual oils generally exhibit higher polyphenol content, and a distinct fatty acid composition compared to Hojiblanca. The agreement between chemometric classification models and statistical tests supports the potential of ¹H-NMR for OEVOO authentication. This method provides a comprehensive and reproducible metabolic fingerprint, enabling differentiation based on both agronomic practices and genetic factors. These findings suggest that ¹H-NMR spectroscopy, coupled with multivariate analysis, could be a valuable tool for quality control and fraud detection in the olive oil industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemometrics for Food, Environmental and Biological Analysis)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 3229 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Systematic Review of the Applications of Electronic Nose and Electronic Tongue in Food Quality Assessment and Safety

by Ramkumar Vanaraj, Bincy I.P, Gopiraman Mayakrishnan, Ick Soo Kim and Seong-Cheol Kim

Chemosensors 2025, 13(5), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13050161 - 1 May 2025

Food quality assessment is a critical aspect of food production and safety, ensuring that products meet both regulatory and consumer standards. Traditional methods such as sensory evaluation, chromatography, and spectrophotometry are widely used but often suffer from limitations, including subjectivity, high costs, and [...] Read more.

Food quality assessment is a critical aspect of food production and safety, ensuring that products meet both regulatory and consumer standards. Traditional methods such as sensory evaluation, chromatography, and spectrophotometry are widely used but often suffer from limitations, including subjectivity, high costs, and time-consuming procedures. In recent years, the development of electronic nose (e-nose) and electronic tongue (e-tongue) technologies has provided rapid, objective, and reliable alternatives for food quality monitoring. These bio-inspired sensing systems mimic human olfactory and gustatory functions through sensor arrays and advanced data processing techniques, including artificial intelligence and pattern recognition algorithms. The e-nose is primarily used for detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in food, making it effective for freshness evaluation, spoilage detection, aroma profiling, and adulteration identification. Meanwhile, the e-tongue analyzes liquid-phase components and is widely applied in taste assessment, beverage authentication, fermentation monitoring, and contaminant detection. Both technologies are extensively used in the quality control of dairy products, meat, seafood, fruits, beverages, and processed foods. Their ability to provide real-time, non-destructive, and high-throughput analysis makes them valuable tools in the food industry. This review explores the principles, advantages, and applications of e-nose and e-tongue systems in food quality assessment. Additionally, it discusses emerging trends, including IoT-based smart sensing, advances in nanotechnology, and AI-driven data analysis, which are expected to further enhance their efficiency and accuracy. With continuous innovation, these technologies are poised to revolutionize food safety and quality control, ensuring consumer satisfaction and compliance with global standards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electronic Nose (E-Nose) and Electronic Tongue (E-Tongue) in Food Quality)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1900 KiB

Open AccessReview

Electrodes for pH Sensing Based on Stainless Steel: Mechanism, Surface Modification, Potentiometric Performance, and Prospects

by Javier E. Vilasó-Cadre, Juan Hidalgo, María A. Arada-Pérez, Iván A. Reyes-Domínguez, Graziella L. Turdean, Roel Cruz, Juan J. Piña Leyte-Vidal, Lázaro A. González-Fernández, Manuel Sánchez-Polo and Luis Hidalgo

Chemosensors 2025, 13(5), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13050160 - 1 May 2025

The fabrication of miniaturized and durable pH electrodes is a key requirement for developing advanced analytical devices for both industrial and biomedical applications. Glass electrodes are not an option in these cases. Electrodes based on metal oxides have been the most studied for [...] Read more.

The fabrication of miniaturized and durable pH electrodes is a key requirement for developing advanced analytical devices for both industrial and biomedical applications. Glass electrodes are not an option in these cases. Electrodes based on metal oxides have been the most studied for pH sensing in these and other applications. Stainless steel pH electrodes have been an option for many years, both for measurement using steel as a sensitive material and using it as a substrate for the deposition of other metal oxides; in the latter case, the sensitive ability of stainless steel seems to play a crucial role. In addition, recent use as a substrate for materials such as polymers, carbon nanotubes, and metallic nanoparticles should be considered. This paper presents a review of this type of pH electrode, covering aspects related to the sensing mechanism, the treatment of stainless steel, potentiometric performances, applications, and the prospects of these sensors for use in modern analytical instruments. Sensing with the oxide passive layer and the artificial layer by oxidation treatments is analyzed. The use of metal oxides and other materials as the sensitive layer on stainless steel, their application in wearable devices, microneedle sensors, and combination with field-effect transistors for high-temperature pH sensing are covered as the most current and promising applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials-Based (Bio)sensors for Electrochemical Detection and Analysis)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

22 pages, 2532 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on Xanthine Oxidase-Based Electrochemical Biosensors: Food Safety and Quality Control Applications

by Totka Dodevska

Chemosensors 2025, 13(5), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13050159 - 1 May 2025

Electrochemical biosensors are integrated bio-receptor–transducer devices that convert specific biological interactions into measurable electrical signals. Over the past decade, the use of novel nanomaterials, advanced enzyme immobilization techniques, and enhanced sensor architectures have been extensively studied, yielding significant progress in the design of [...] Read more.

Electrochemical biosensors are integrated bio-receptor–transducer devices that convert specific biological interactions into measurable electrical signals. Over the past decade, the use of novel nanomaterials, advanced enzyme immobilization techniques, and enhanced sensor architectures have been extensively studied, yielding significant progress in the design of highly sensitive, rapid, and reliable electrochemical biosensors. In the modern food industry various types of electrochemical biosensors are used, playing essential roles in the processes monitoring and optimization. This review highlights the strategies implemented to improve the analytical performance of electrochemical enzyme biosensors based on xanthine oxidase (XOx) for the quantitative detection of xanthine (X) and hypoxanthine (Hx), analytes relevant to the field of food quality control. The article covers recent developments (mainly original studies reported from 2010 to date) in the substrate materials, different electrode designs, working principles, advantages, limitations, and applications of XOx biosensors for meat freshness assessment. The article is meant to be a valuable resource that provides insights for improving design for the next generation bio-electroanalytical platforms to ensure food safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Cost Chemosenors for Applications in Environment, Health, Food, and Industry Process Control)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 5530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nondestructive Discrimination of Plant-Based Patty Containing Traditional Medicinal Roots Using Visible–Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging and Machine Learning Techniques

by Gwanggeun Song, Hwanjo Chung, Reza Adhitama Putra Hernanda, Junghyun Lee and Hoonsoo Lee

Chemosensors 2025, 13(5), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13050158 - 25 Apr 2025

The interest in traditional meat being replaced by plant-based food has increased throughout the years. Some agricultural products, such as root crops, could be incorporated into alternative meat products due to the health benefits. However, relevant studies have discovered that some roots are [...] Read more.

The interest in traditional meat being replaced by plant-based food has increased throughout the years. Some agricultural products, such as root crops, could be incorporated into alternative meat products due to the health benefits. However, relevant studies have discovered that some roots are considered allergen materials, necessitating further identification to maintain consumer safety. Aside from high accuracy, the limitations offered by traditional identification methods are a reason to employ nondestructive methods. This study aimed to develop a hyperspectral imaging system measuring the 400 nm to 1000 nm spectral range for the nondestructive identification of roots in soybean-based patty. Four thin-sliced traditional medicinal roots (tianma (Gastrodia elata), balloon flower root (Platycodon grandiflorum), deodeok (Codonopsis lanceolata), and ginseng (Panax ginseng)) were incorporated in a soybean-based patty with a concentration of 5% w/w. Moreover, support vector machine (SVM) learning and one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNN) were realized for the discrimination model in tandem with spectral data extracted from the hyperspectral image. Our study demonstrated that SVM learning effectively discriminates between original patty and patty with root addition, with an F1-score, precision, and recall beyond 96.77%. This optimum model was achieved by using the standard normal variate (SNV) spectra. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemometrics Tools Used in Chemical Detection and Analysis)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2669 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of Gaseous H₂O₂ Using UV-Vis Spectroscopy

by Adam Modic, Larisa Filip and Vasko Jovanovski

Chemosensors 2025, 13(5), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13050157 - 24 Apr 2025

The detection of gases and volatile compounds remains a significant analytical challenge, particularly in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. Many situations require rapid, sensitive, and yet easy-to-operate methods for detecting gaseous hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) under ambient conditions. In this [...] Read more.

The detection of gases and volatile compounds remains a significant analytical challenge, particularly in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. Many situations require rapid, sensitive, and yet easy-to-operate methods for detecting gaseous hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) under ambient conditions. In this study, we present two novel methodologies for the real-time monitoring of gaseous H₂O₂ based on colorimetric reactions, which are quantitatively analysed using UV-vis spectrometry. The proposed methods demonstrate high sensitivity in the low mg m⁻³ range, with a broad linear response within the tested concentration ranges of 0.4–17.6 mg m⁻³ and 10–90 mg m⁻³ after 20 min of accumulation under room-temperature conditions. The simplicity of the experimental setup, combined with robust analytical performance, highlights the potential applications of these methods in emerging fields such as clinical diagnostics, explosives detection, environmental monitoring, and occupational health and safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Optical Chemical Sensors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 6110 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Progress on Rare Earth Orthoferrites for Gas-Sensing Applications

by Ganesh Kotnana and Seongin Hong

Chemosensors 2025, 13(5), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13050156 - 23 Apr 2025

Gas-sensing technology is crucial for the detection of toxic and harmful gases to ensure environmental safety and human health. Gas sensors convert the changes in the conductivity of the sensing material resulting from the adsorption of gas molecules into measurable electrical signals. Rare [...] Read more.

Gas-sensing technology is crucial for the detection of toxic and harmful gases to ensure environmental safety and human health. Gas sensors convert the changes in the conductivity of the sensing material resulting from the adsorption of gas molecules into measurable electrical signals. Rare earth orthoferrite-based perovskite oxides have emerged as promising candidates for gas-sensing technology owing to their exceptional structural, optical, and electrical properties, which enable the detection of various gases. In this article, we review the latest developments in orthoferrite-based gas sensors in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, stability, operating temperature, and response and recovery times. It begins with a discussion on the gas-sensing mechanism of orthoferrites, followed by a critical emphasis on their nanostructure, doping effects, and the formation of nanocomposites with other sensing materials. Additionally, the role of the tunable bandgap and different porous morphologies with a high surface area of the orthoferrites on their gas-sensing performance were explored. Finally, we identified the current challenges and future perspectives in the gas-sensing field, such as novel doping strategies and the fabrication of miniaturized gas sensors for room-temperature operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Sensors for Bio-Medical and Environmental Applications, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3209 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Volatile Organic Components and MS-e-nose Profiles of Indonesian and Malaysian Palm Sugars from Different Plant Origins

by Aldia Katherinatama, Yonathan Asikin, Ryo Amano, Siti Hajar-Azhari, David Yudianto, Dhina Aprilia Nurani Widyahapsari, I Wayan Rai Widarta, Kensaku Takara and Koji Wada

Chemosensors 2025, 13(5), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13050155 - 22 Apr 2025

The volatile profiles of palm sugar, a traditional sweetener used in Southeast Asia, vary according to its geographic and botanical origin. This study investigated the volatile organic components (VOCs) of Indonesian and Malaysian palm sugars derived from Arenga pinnata, Nypa fruticans, [...] Read more.

The volatile profiles of palm sugar, a traditional sweetener used in Southeast Asia, vary according to its geographic and botanical origin. This study investigated the volatile organic components (VOCs) of Indonesian and Malaysian palm sugars derived from Arenga pinnata, Nypa fruticans, and Cocos nucifera using solid-phase microextraction-GC-MS and MS-e-nose analyses. A total of 42 compounds were detected, including 12 Maillard reaction products, 10 esters, 8 alcohols, 5 ketones, 3 carboxylic acids, 3 phenols, and 1 aldehyde. The Indonesian palm (West Java) and nipa (Central Java) sugars contained VOCs of 39.45 and 38.49 µg/100 g palm sugar, respectively, whereas the Balinese palm and Malaysian coconut sugars contained significantly lower volatiles (18.56 and 11.41 µg/100 g, respectively). Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed diverse composition profiles, with palm-derived sugars rich in pyrazines, nipa sugars dominated by carboxylic acids, and coconut sugars characterized by alcohols such as [R,R]-2,3-butanediol. PCA of the MS-e-nose analysis confirmed these variations, with PAR scaling enhancing their differentiation and providing valuable loading plots, including ion masses m/z 43 and 45 (hydrocarbons or carboxylic acids), m/z 60 (acetic acid), and m/z 108 (dimethyl-pyrazines). These findings highlight the influence of geography and plant origin on palm sugar VOCs, which may affect their sensory attributes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue GC, MS and GC-MS Analytical Methods: Opportunities and Challenges (Third Edition))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3014 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Construction of 2D TiO₂@MoS₂ Heterojunction Nanosheets for Efficient Toluene Gas Detection

by Dehui Wang, Jinwu Hu, Hui Xu, Ding Wang and Guisheng Li

Chemosensors 2025, 13(5), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13050154 - 22 Apr 2025

Monitoring trace toluene exposure is critical for early-stage lung cancer screening via breath analysis, yet conventional chemiresistive sensors face fundamental limitations, including compromised selectivity in complex VOC matrices and humidity-induced signal drift, with prevailing p–n heterojunction architectures suffering from inherent charge recombination and [...] Read more.

Monitoring trace toluene exposure is critical for early-stage lung cancer screening via breath analysis, yet conventional chemiresistive sensors face fundamental limitations, including compromised selectivity in complex VOC matrices and humidity-induced signal drift, with prevailing p–n heterojunction architectures suffering from inherent charge recombination and environmental instability. Herein, we pioneer a 2D core–shell n–n heterojunction strategy through rational design of TiO₂@MoS₂ heterostructures, where vertically aligned MoS₂ nanosheets are epitaxially grown on 2D TiO₂ derived from graphene-templated synthesis, creating built-in electric fields at the heterojunction interface that dramatically enhance charge carrier separation efficiency. At 240 °C, the TiO₂@MoS₂ sensor exhibits a superior response (R_a/R_g = 9.8 to 10 ppm toluene), outperforming MoS₂ (R_a/R_g = 2.8). Additionally, the sensor demonstrates rapid response/recovery kinetics (9 s/16 s), a low detection limit (50 ppb), and excellent selectivity against interfering gases and moisture. The enhanced performance is attributed to unidirectional electron transfer (TiO₂ → MoS₂) without hole recombination losses, methyl-specific adsorption through TiO₂ oxygen vacancy alignment, and steric exclusion of non-target VOCs via size-selective MoS₂ interlayers. This work establishes a transformative paradigm in gas sensor design by leveraging n–n heterojunction physics and 2D core–shell synergy, overcoming long-standing limitations of conventional architectures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Chemical Sensors for Gas Detection)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

More Articles...

Submit to Chemosensors Review for Chemosensors

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

► Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

View More...

Latest Books

More Books and Reprints...

E-Mail Alert

News

30 April 2025
Richard DiMarchi and Rolf Müller Share the 2024 Tu Youyou Award

6 May 2025
Chemosensors | Articles Related to Bio-Chemical Sensors for Environmental Monitoring

6 May 2025
Chemosensors | Articles Related to Bio-Chemical Sensors for Ion Detection

More News & Announcements...

Topics

Propose a Topic

Topic in Beverages, Fermentation, Foods, Molecules, Separations, Chemosensors

Advances in Analysis of Flavors and Fragrances: Chemistry, Properties and Applications in Food Quality Improvement Topic Editors: Ana Leahu, Marìa Soledad Prats Moya, Cristina Ghinea
Deadline: 31 May 2025

Topic in Analytica, Molecules, Nanomaterials, Polymers, Separations, Chemosensors, Magnetochemistry

Nanomaterials in Green Analytical Chemistry Topic Editors: George Zachariadis, Rosa Peñalver, Natalia Manousi
Deadline: 15 August 2025

Topic in Molecules, Biomimetics, Chemosensors, Life, AI, Sci

Recent Advances in Chemical Artificial Intelligence Topic Editors: Pier Luigi Gentili, Jerzy Górecki, David C Magri, Pasquale Stano
Deadline: 1 October 2025

Topic in Analytica, Metabolites, Toxins, Molecules, Cells, Chemosensors

Application of Analytical Technology in Metabolomics Topic Editors: Preeti Chandra, Raúl G. Enríquez
Deadline: 31 October 2025

More Topics

Conferences

Announce Your Conference

17–19 November 2025 11th International Symposium on Sensor Science

26–28 May 2025 [IECB 2025] The 5th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors

8–11 July 2025 7th International Conference on Nanomaterials Science and Mechanical Engineering

More Conferences...

Special Issues

Propose a Special Issue

Special Issue in Chemosensors

Flexible Electronic Devices and Systems for Sensing Applications Guest Editors: Song Gao, Yang Li, Wenjing Yue
Deadline: 10 May 2025

Special Issue in Chemosensors

Chemometrics Tools Used in Chemical Detection and Analysis Guest Editor: Pedro N. Sousa Sampaio
Deadline: 15 May 2025

Special Issue in Chemosensors

Functional Nanomaterial-Based Gas Sensors Guest Editor: Juanyuan Hao
Deadline: 15 May 2025

Special Issue in Chemosensors

Green Analytical Chemistry: Current Trends and Future Developments Guest Editors: João Flávio Da Silveira Petruci, Rodrigo Alejandro Abarza Munoz, Sidnei Gonçalves Da Silva
Deadline: 20 May 2025

More Special Issues

Topical Collections

Topical Collection in Chemosensors

Novel Chirogenic Systems and Sensing Materials for Stereoselective Sensors Development Collection Editors: Victor Borovkov, Riina Aav, Roberto Paolesse, Manuela Stefanelli, Donato Monti

Topical Collection in Chemosensors

Sustainable Metal Oxide Materials for Sensing Applications Collection Editors: Ana Rovisco, Elisabetta Comini

Topical Collection in Chemosensors

Recent Advances in Multifunctional Sensing Technology for Gas Analysis Collection Editor: Simonetta Capone

Back to TopTop