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Applications of Electronic Nose (E-Nose) and Electronic Tongue (E-Tongue) in...
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Applications of Electronic Nose (E-Nose) and Electronic Tongue (E-Tongue) in Food Quality

A special issue of Chemosensors (ISSN 2227-9040). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Chemical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 May 2025) | Viewed by 2666

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Celia García-Hernández

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
BioEcoUVa, Universidad de Valladolid, 47002 Valladolid, Spain
Interests: fabrication of electrochemical sensors and biosensors inspired in nanomaterials; (bio)electronic tongues applied in food analysis; thin films and nanotechnology: langmuir, layer-by-layer, spincoating; electrodeposition of coatings; corrosion and mechanical properties of materials of industrial interest

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The concepts of electronic tongues (e-tongues) and electronic noses (e-noses) have developed rapidly in recent years due to their vast potential. They are based on electrochemical sensors combined with multivariate data analysis. The development of new analytical methods to characterize food is of vital importance for improving current quality and safety control systems. E-tongues and e-noses are holistic systems that provide global and qualitative information about samples. However, if the data matrix obtained by such multisensor systems is analyzed with adequate chemometric processing tools, descriptive or predictive information about specific parameters can be also extracted. Moreover, biosensors have been successfully implemented in these systems to develop bioelectronic devices. The electrochemical sensors used in these systems must incorporate appropriate electroactive and/or sensing materials that can interact with compounds of interest in the food industry. Some candidates for this task include conducting polymers, metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, porphyrins, phthalocyanines, and/or enzymes. In this context, nanotechnology can play an important role in manufacturing nanostructured sensors through various surface modification techniques.

This Special Issue focuses on recent research activities in the field of electronic tongues and noses for food analysis. Authors are encouraged to submit suitable articles/reviews addressing innovations in the field of electrochemical sensors/biosensors; novel electronic devices for food quality control; lab-on-chip devices; microsystems for food analysis; new electrocatalytic materials for sensing units; advanced fabrication processes based on nanotechnology; and in situ systems for food quality control, among other applications in foodstuff analysis.

Dr. Celia García-Hernández
Guest Editor

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2000 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electronic tongues
  • electronic noses
  • food analysis
  • food quality and safety
  • electrochemical sensors
  • electrochemical biosensors
  • nanostructured sensors for food analysis

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 4334 KiB  
Article
Study on the Geographic Traceability and Growth Age of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer Base on an Electronic Nose and Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy
by Jinying Li, Jianlei Qiao, Chang Liu, Zhigang Zhou, Cheng Kong, Zhiyong Chang, Xiaohui Weng and Shujun Zhang
Chemosensors 2025, 13(5), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13050176 - 10 May 2025
Viewed by 218
Abstract
During ginseng selection, marketing promotion, and sales, it is imperative to expeditiously differentiate the overall quality grades, identify the geographic traces and determine the growth ages. This facilitates the selection of the most appropriate quality grade for each product, thereby ensuring the most [...] Read more.
During ginseng selection, marketing promotion, and sales, it is imperative to expeditiously differentiate the overall quality grades, identify the geographic traces and determine the growth ages. This facilitates the selection of the most appropriate quality grade for each product, thereby ensuring the most efficacious marketing strategy. In this study, a new method is proposed and developed for the classification of ginsengs with diverse geographical traceability and with various growth ages by combining an electronic nose (E-nose) system and machine learning with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as a calibration technology. An investigation has been carried out to discover the differences in the secondary metabolites and odor of three types of ginseng with different geographic traceability and three growth ages of ginseng from the same geographic traceability site. In the proposed method, five types of ginseng samples have been successfully tested. The optimal Mean-SVM model combined with an E-nose system classified ginseng samples with different geographic traceability and different growth years with accuracies of 100% and 82% in the training and test sets, respectively. These results have significant implications for ginseng’s geographic traceability, growth age determination, and overall quality control. It is believed that the future implementation of the proposed method would significantly protect the health and economic interests of consumers as well as promoting the use of an E-nose in the market surveillance of consumable products such as ginseng and other foods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electronic Nose (E-Nose) and Electronic Tongue (E-Tongue) in Food Quality)
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Review

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31 pages, 952 KiB  
Review
Electronic Tongue Technology Applied to the Analysis of Grapes and Wines: A Comprehensive Review from Its Origins
by Celia Garcia-Hernandez, Cristina Garcia-Cabezon, Maria Luz Rodriguez-Mendez and Fernando Martin-Pedrosa
Chemosensors 2025, 13(5), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13050188 - 17 May 2025
Viewed by 244
Abstract
The electronic tongue (ET) and bioelectronic tongue (bioET) technologies have emerged as innovative and promising tools for the characterization and quality control of complex liquid matrices such as grape musts and wines. These multisensor systems, based on electrochemical detection and chemometric analysis, provide [...] Read more.
The electronic tongue (ET) and bioelectronic tongue (bioET) technologies have emerged as innovative and promising tools for the characterization and quality control of complex liquid matrices such as grape musts and wines. These multisensor systems, based on electrochemical detection and chemometric analysis, provide global and rapid information about taste-related attributes, antioxidant content, and other critical parameters, offering an alternative or complement to traditional analytical methods. This review explores the principles, development, and applications of ET and bioET in the wine industry, highlighting their capacity to assess grape ripeness, monitor fermentation, determine wine aging, detect adulterations, and support geographical and varietal authentication. Special attention is paid to advances in sensing materials—such as conducting polymers, metal nanoparticles, and enzymes—and the construction techniques of sensors and biosensors, which have improved ET performance. Finally, the potential of these technologies as cost-effective, portable, and on-site tools aligns with the demands of Industry 4.0 and next-generation smart agriculture and food production systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electronic Nose (E-Nose) and Electronic Tongue (E-Tongue) in Food Quality)
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37 pages, 4556 KiB  
Review
Current Opportunities and Trends in the Gas Sensor Market: A Focus on e-Noses and Their Applications in Food Industry
by Selene Mor, Buse Gunay, Michele Zanotti, Michele Galvani, Stefania Pagliara and Luigi Sangaletti
Chemosensors 2025, 13(5), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13050181 - 12 May 2025
Viewed by 402
Abstract
Electronic noses (e-noses) are devices developed to recognize/classify odors and used in many fields, matching the current societal needs and concerns, such as food integrity and quality control, environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, safety, and security in urban and industrial settlements. In this study, [...] Read more.
Electronic noses (e-noses) are devices developed to recognize/classify odors and used in many fields, matching the current societal needs and concerns, such as food integrity and quality control, environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, safety, and security in urban and industrial settlements. In this study, we review the application fields of e-noses based on a market analysis of currently available devices. A total of 44 companies active up to 2024, as well as 265 products, have been identified by considering the web pages of companies that feature e-noses among their products. These devices have been classified according to (i) the sensing mechanisms underlying the device performances and (ii) the application fields. The most diffused sensing devices/systems are chemiresistors (12.8%), electrochemical sensors (13.0%), catalytic beads (12.4%), and those based on optical detection techniques (16.0%). Commercial e-noses find large application in the industrial (21.0%) and chemical and petrochemical (21.0%) fields. A focus is made on the food and beverage application field, which is still a minor part of the overall share (6.0%) but is rapidly increasing and plays a relevant role in future applications where safety, sustainability, and quality issues are strictly intertwined. From this study, a rather complex picture emerges, and a proper taxonomy is expected to correctly classify the different kinds of e-noses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electronic Nose (E-Nose) and Electronic Tongue (E-Tongue) in Food Quality)
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23 pages, 3229 KiB  
Review
A Systematic Review of the Applications of Electronic Nose and Electronic Tongue in Food Quality Assessment and Safety
by Ramkumar Vanaraj, Bincy I.P, Gopiraman Mayakrishnan, Ick Soo Kim and Seong-Cheol Kim
Chemosensors 2025, 13(5), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13050161 - 1 May 2025
Viewed by 751
Abstract
Food quality assessment is a critical aspect of food production and safety, ensuring that products meet both regulatory and consumer standards. Traditional methods such as sensory evaluation, chromatography, and spectrophotometry are widely used but often suffer from limitations, including subjectivity, high costs, and [...] Read more.
Food quality assessment is a critical aspect of food production and safety, ensuring that products meet both regulatory and consumer standards. Traditional methods such as sensory evaluation, chromatography, and spectrophotometry are widely used but often suffer from limitations, including subjectivity, high costs, and time-consuming procedures. In recent years, the development of electronic nose (e-nose) and electronic tongue (e-tongue) technologies has provided rapid, objective, and reliable alternatives for food quality monitoring. These bio-inspired sensing systems mimic human olfactory and gustatory functions through sensor arrays and advanced data processing techniques, including artificial intelligence and pattern recognition algorithms. The e-nose is primarily used for detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in food, making it effective for freshness evaluation, spoilage detection, aroma profiling, and adulteration identification. Meanwhile, the e-tongue analyzes liquid-phase components and is widely applied in taste assessment, beverage authentication, fermentation monitoring, and contaminant detection. Both technologies are extensively used in the quality control of dairy products, meat, seafood, fruits, beverages, and processed foods. Their ability to provide real-time, non-destructive, and high-throughput analysis makes them valuable tools in the food industry. This review explores the principles, advantages, and applications of e-nose and e-tongue systems in food quality assessment. Additionally, it discusses emerging trends, including IoT-based smart sensing, advances in nanotechnology, and AI-driven data analysis, which are expected to further enhance their efficiency and accuracy. With continuous innovation, these technologies are poised to revolutionize food safety and quality control, ensuring consumer satisfaction and compliance with global standards. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electronic Nose (E-Nose) and Electronic Tongue (E-Tongue) in Food Quality)
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