Behavioral Sciences

17 pages, 537 KiB

Open AccessReview

The System of Corrective Interventions in the Sex Offender Population and the Proposed “Trident Statal Program” (TSP) in the Field of Italian Sex Crimes

by Giulio Perrotta, Stefano Eleuteri, Simona Grilli, Giulio D’Urso and Irene Petruccelli

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1085; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081085 (registering DOI) - 11 Aug 2025

Abstract

The issue of effective treatments for individuals with a history of sexual offending has legal, social, economic, political, and clinical impacts. Studies conducted on the topic of evaluating treatment outcomes for sex offenders have examined both biological and psychological interventions. The etiology of [...] Read more.

The issue of effective treatments for individuals with a history of sexual offending has legal, social, economic, political, and clinical impacts. Studies conducted on the topic of evaluating treatment outcomes for sex offenders have examined both biological and psychological interventions. The etiology of the phenomenon appears to be multifactorial, as the sexual harasser learns from the social and family context the norms that will constitute our framework of rules, in addition to the characteristics of temperament, character, and personality. Therefore, there is a need for a definite social–health policy at the government level to be able to address the legal-judicial, socio-political, and health problem of Italian sex offenders to reeducate and reintegrate them into society by drastically reducing or nullifying the risk of recidivism. This study proposes the “Trident State Program” (TSP), which could reduce or solve the problem of recidivism of Italian sexual offenders and promote a better process of re-education and reintegration of these individuals. The operational protocol of the program is being drafted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emotional and Behavioral Outcomes of Adverse and Traumatic Experiences Among Justice-Involved Individuals: Future Directions for Treatment)

10 pages, 646 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perceived Public Stigma Toward Psychological Help: Psychometric Validation of the Stigma Scale for Receiving Psychological Help Among Chinese Law Students

by Tingting Wang, Qi Lu Huang and Wei Li

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1084; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081084 - 10 Aug 2025

Abstract

Public stigma toward psychological help-seeking is a critical barrier to mental health service utilization, particularly among university students in culturally conservative and academically demanding disciplines such as law. In China, where Confucian values emphasize social conformity and face preservation, law students may internalize [...] Read more.

Public stigma toward psychological help-seeking is a critical barrier to mental health service utilization, particularly among university students in culturally conservative and academically demanding disciplines such as law. In China, where Confucian values emphasize social conformity and face preservation, law students may internalize societal narratives that associate mental illness with personal weakness, deterring them from accessing psychological services. This study translated and examined the psychometric properties of the Stigma Scale for Receiving Psychological Help (SSRPH) among Chinese law students. A total of 1257 undergraduate law students from five universities in China participated in the study. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on a randomly selected subsample (n = 628) to examine the scale’s factor structure, followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on a second subsample (n = 629). Results supported a unidimensional factor structure with strong internal consistency (α = 0.82). CFA yielded a good model fit (CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.95). Significant negative correlations with help-seeking attitudes (r = −0.37, p < 0.001) supported discriminant validity. While further validation is warranted, the Chinese SSRPH appears suitable for assessing perceived public stigma in legal education contexts and may inform future research and program design in stigma reduction and mental health promotion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)

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14 pages, 509 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of School Burnout on Life Satisfaction Among University Students: The Mediating Effects of Loneliness and Fear of Alienation

by Taeeun Shim and Eunsun Go

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1083; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081083 - 9 Aug 2025

Viewed by 132

Abstract

University students face increased stress and potential school burnout amid rapid digital transformation and competitive academic environments, yet little is known about how socioemotional processes explain the link between burnout and life satisfaction. This study examined how school burnout affects life satisfaction, mediated [...] Read more.

University students face increased stress and potential school burnout amid rapid digital transformation and competitive academic environments, yet little is known about how socioemotional processes explain the link between burnout and life satisfaction. This study examined how school burnout affects life satisfaction, mediated by loneliness and fear of alienation. A cross-sectional survey of 1783 students was conducted to measure school burnout, loneliness, fear of alienation, and life satisfaction. Structural equation modeling showed that school burnout had a significant negative direct effect on life satisfaction, mediated by loneliness. Higher burnout predicted greater loneliness, which in turn lowered life satisfaction. Although school burnout positively predicted fear of alienation, fear of alienation showed a complex association, with a positive direct path to life satisfaction. However, when loneliness was considered in the full mediation model, the overall indirect effect remained significantly negative. The sequential mediation pathway (school burnout → loneliness → fear of alienation → life satisfaction) highlighted how students’ social disconnection can intensify concerns about exclusion, ultimately affecting their well-being. These findings extend the literature by clarifying the socioemotional mechanisms linking school burnout and life satisfaction. Interventions should address academic demands and bolster emotional support, including resilience training, social skills development, and community-building programs, to mitigate loneliness and manage alienation concerns, thereby promoting students’ life satisfaction and psychological wellness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Educator Wellness)

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18 pages, 1179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Parental Media Soothing Lead to the Risk of Callous–Unemotional Behaviors in Early Childhood? Testing a Moderated Mediation Model

by Ruifeng Tan, Kai Hu, Peishan Huang and Liman Cai

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1082; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081082 - 8 Aug 2025

Viewed by 164

Abstract

Callous–unemotional (CU) behaviors are a significant marker of early socioemotional disorders. This study investigated the role of parental media soothing as a potential risk factor for CU behaviors in young children and the indirect effects of children’s emotion regulation competence and effortful control. [...] Read more.

Callous–unemotional (CU) behaviors are a significant marker of early socioemotional disorders. This study investigated the role of parental media soothing as a potential risk factor for CU behaviors in young children and the indirect effects of children’s emotion regulation competence and effortful control. Data were collected from 1095 Chinese parents of young children (M_age(mouths) = 60.56, SD = 9.52) using the Media Emotion Regulation Scale, the Emotion Regulation Scale, the Inventory of Callous–Unemotional Traits, and the Effortful Control Scale. Moderated mediation analysis was employed to examine whether parental media soothing indirectly impacts CU behaviors by decreasing emotion regulation and whether this indirect effect was influenced by children’s effortful control. The results were consistent with the moderated mediation model, indicating that media soothing significantly correlates with higher levels of CU behaviors through lower levels of emotion regulation. Furthermore, the indirect effect could be influenced by the level of effortful control. The findings highlighted the new familial ecological risk factors associated with early CU behaviors and provided direction for future research on the association between Chinese parental media practices and poor socioemotional outcomes in early childhood. Full article

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14 pages, 1638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reflection Rumination Reduces Negative Emotional Processing During Goal-Directed Behavior: An ERP Study

by Max Owens, Jessica Renaud and Ashly S. Healy

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1081; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081081 - 8 Aug 2025

Viewed by 138

Abstract

Trait rumination is a repetitive and often maladaptive attentional focus on the consequences of depression. Rumination independently contributes to cognitive control dysfunction associated with depression. However, it is not clear how the effects of rumination on cognitive control may contribute to negative attention [...] Read more.

Trait rumination is a repetitive and often maladaptive attentional focus on the consequences of depression. Rumination independently contributes to cognitive control dysfunction associated with depression. However, it is not clear how the effects of rumination on cognitive control may contribute to negative attention biases as well, or whether it is specific to brooding or reflective rumination. To address these questions, the current study examined the link between trait rumination, cognitive control, and attentional biases. Participants were given a task to remember three neutral faces across a delay period with a single irrelevant sad, happy, or scrambled face distractor. Memory accuracy was also collected. Additionally, the amplitude of the emotion processing late positive potential (LPP) component was recorded by electroencephalograph (EEG) in response to distractors. Brooding and reflection were not associated with memory accuracy. Brooding was not significantly related to LPP amplitudes. A significant emotion by reflection interaction on LPP amplitudes was observed. As the reflection levels increased, the LPP amplitudes for sad faces decreased relative to amplitudes for scrambled faces. The effects were maintained while controlling for brooding and depression. The results suggest that reflection may bias attention toward control over negative distraction but not improve accuracy and, thus, may contribute to cognitive inefficiency associated with depression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neural Correlates of Cognitive and Affective Processing)

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18 pages, 734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Building and Sustaining Community Engagement to Advance School Behavioral Health Research

by Kristen Figas, Katherine A. Perkins, Brian P. Daly, Robert Stevens, Brooke E. Chehoski and Mark D. Weist

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1080; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081080 - 8 Aug 2025

Viewed by 140

Abstract

The promise of achieving desired outcomes in community-engaged research relies upon an ongoing and long-term connection between the community and researchers. However, many community–researcher relationships begin and end in the confines of a single project, often precluding the sustainability and scalability of programs [...] Read more.

The promise of achieving desired outcomes in community-engaged research relies upon an ongoing and long-term connection between the community and researchers. However, many community–researcher relationships begin and end in the confines of a single project, often precluding the sustainability and scalability of programs and initiatives that can benefit the community. Few examples exist in the literature, especially for the focus of this paper—school behavioral health (SBH)—to understand how the complex, challenging, and nuanced process of continued engagement between researchers and community members can be sustained and succeed. In this article, we chronicle the development of the Southeastern School Behavioral Health Community across 13 years, from its inception in a single state to its regional expansion through two research awards, to illustrate how long-term community engagement and a history of community connections can shape SBH research and practice across project action cycles. We describe the strengths, challenges, and lessons learned from this long-term community engagement experience. Numerous examples illustrate proactive and responsive strategies for initiating and sustaining community engagement throughout all phases of the longitudinal initiative and demonstrate tangible ways in which meaningful engagement influenced both research and practice. The reflections include the extent to which engagement principles of the research funder (the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, PCORI) were enacted during this research program; our roles as researchers, facilitators, and community members; the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic; engagement facilitators and structures; and what was achieved regarding levels of engagement. Future directions are provided for sustaining interconnected, community-engaged research and practice in SBH. Full article

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20 pages, 1219 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Can Gratitude Ease the Burden of Fibromyalgia? A Systematic Review

by Bruno Daniel Carneiro, Daniel Humberto Pozza and Isaura Tavares

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1079; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081079 - 7 Aug 2025

Viewed by 486

Abstract

Fibromyalgia has unclear etiopathogenesis, no curative treatment, and a severe impact on the quality of life. Gratitude practices have been shown to enhance the quality of life in chronic diseases. This systematic review, performed by searching five electronic databases, following the PRISMA guidelines, [...] Read more.

Fibromyalgia has unclear etiopathogenesis, no curative treatment, and a severe impact on the quality of life. Gratitude practices have been shown to enhance the quality of life in chronic diseases. This systematic review, performed by searching five electronic databases, following the PRISMA guidelines, is the first aiming to evaluate the impact of gratitude in fibromyalgia. Data from eligible studies was extracted and a narrative synthesis was performed. Six articles (four observational studies and two randomized clinical trials) were included. Higher levels of gratitude are associated with reduced symptom severity, an enhanced quality of life, improved well-being, and the improvement of pain-related outcomes in fibromyalgia patients. Gratitude is related to reduced stress, anxiety, and depression; better sleep patterns; and less functional impairment in FM patients. Higher levels of gratitude contribute to a better quality of life, general well-being, and higher functioning capacity in fibromyalgia patients. Based on the results gathered in this systematic review, we propose that gratitude should be investigated as a therapeutic adjuvant in the management of fibromyalgia. Full article

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17 pages, 1000 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mindfulness-Based Art Interventions for Students: A Meta-Analysis Review of the Effect on Anxiety

by Zhihui Zhu, Lin Xiao, Nor Aniza Ahmad, Samsilah Roslan, Nur Aimi Nasuha Burhanuddin, Jianping Gao and Cuihua Huang

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1078; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081078 - 7 Aug 2025

Viewed by 276

Abstract

Anxiety has become an important issue affecting students’ mental health. There is some evidence that mindfulness-based art interventions (MBAIs) can reduce students’ anxiety symptoms. However, some studies have shown the opposite view. Therefore, it is necessary to explore whether MBAIs are effective in [...] Read more.

Anxiety has become an important issue affecting students’ mental health. There is some evidence that mindfulness-based art interventions (MBAIs) can reduce students’ anxiety symptoms. However, some studies have shown the opposite view. Therefore, it is necessary to explore whether MBAIs are effective in alleviating students’ anxiety. In this meta-analysis, we chose 17 articles that met the criteria for inclusion, involving a total of 1548 participants, to figure out how big an impact the interventions had on student anxiety as a whole. The results show that MBAIs can reduce students’ anxiety (g = −0.387, p = 0.000). The effect size varies based on different moderators, including learning stage, sample size, intervention type, research design, measuring instrument, and intervention duration. Intervention type, research design, and measuring instrument are significant moderators. Specifically, the mindfulness-based art intervention (MBAI) showed stronger effects than the mandala coloring activity. Single-group experimental designs showed significantly higher effect sizes than studies that included a control group, and studies that used other measurement instruments had significantly higher effect sizes than those that used the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory. On this basis, the researchers put forward specific suggestions based on MBAIs to alleviate the anxiety of students from different educational backgrounds. However, due to the nascent nature of this field, the number of included articles is relatively small. The effectiveness of the research needs further testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of the Mindfulness-Based and Compassion-Based Therapies on Well-Being: The New Findings of the Neuroscience, the Practices, and the Education)

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16 pages, 828 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictors for Enjoyment in Playing Musical Instruments with a Focus on Psychological Factors

by Weiyi Zhao, Alexander Park, Qian Zhang and Kyung-Hyun Suh

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1077; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081077 - 7 Aug 2025

Viewed by 123

Abstract

This study investigated the psychological factors related to the enjoyment of playing musical instruments among Chinese adults. Additionally, it verified a model that can predict enjoyment using psychological variables, demographic profiles, and variables related to music to provide useful information and knowledge for [...] Read more.

This study investigated the psychological factors related to the enjoyment of playing musical instruments among Chinese adults. Additionally, it verified a model that can predict enjoyment using psychological variables, demographic profiles, and variables related to music to provide useful information and knowledge for further studies and interventions. The participants were 416 male and female Chinese adults aged 20–68 years. Predictive models were examined using stepwise regression and decision-tree analyses. The results revealed that extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and hardiness were positively correlated with the enjoyment of playing musical instruments, whereas the behavioral activation system (BAS) and behavioral inhibition system (BIS) showed negative correlations. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that fun-seeking accounted for the greatest variance in enjoyment in playing musical instruments. Fun-seeking, agreeableness, openness, self-directedness, and conscientiousness accounted for approximately 27.2% of the variance in enjoyment in playing musical instruments among Chinese adults. The decision-tree model included enjoyment of music class in childhood, self-directedness, age, experience playing musical instruments, experience growing up in a family that enjoys music, extraversion, and agreeableness. These findings suggest that psychological variables such as fun-seeking and agreeableness may play a more important role in Chinese adults’ enjoyment of playing musical instruments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)

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17 pages, 1045 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Professional Development for Teachers in the Digital Age: A Comparative Analysis of Online Training Programs and Policy Implementation

by Yuanhai Gu, Jun He, Wenjuan Huang and Bo Sun

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1076; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081076 - 7 Aug 2025

Viewed by 238

Abstract

In the digital age, online teacher professional development (TPD) has become a key strategy for enhancing instructional quality and ensuring equitable access to continuous learning. This research compares and analyzes Chinese online teacher professional development (TPD) with the United States over a period [...] Read more.

In the digital age, online teacher professional development (TPD) has become a key strategy for enhancing instructional quality and ensuring equitable access to continuous learning. This research compares and analyzes Chinese online teacher professional development (TPD) with the United States over a period of ten years, from 2014 to 2024. This study uses a mixed-methods approach based on policy documents, structured surveys, and interviews to investigate how governance regimes influence TPD outcomes for fair education. Both countries experienced a massive expansion of web-based TPD access and engagement, with participation rates over 75% and effectiveness scores over 4.3 by 2024. China focused on fast scaling by way of centralized mandates and investments in infrastructure, while the United States emphasized gradual expansion through decentralized, locally appropriate models. Most indicators had converged by the end of the period, even with these different approaches. Yet, qualitative evidence reveals persisting gaps in functional access and contextual appropriateness, especially in rural settings. Equality frameworks with attention to teacher agency, policy implementation, and digital usability must supplant weak access metrics. A hybrid paradigm presents itself as an attractive means toward building equitable and productive digital TPD environments through the symbiotic integration of China’s successful scalability and the United States’ professional autonomy. Full article

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21 pages, 376 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Interplay of Biomarkers and Psychosocial Variables in IPV Perpetration

by Arthur Cantos, María L. Mondolfi and K. Daniel O’Leary

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1075; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081075 - 7 Aug 2025

Viewed by 211

Abstract

Relevant biopsychosocial factors, including testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) levels, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and difficulties in emotion regulation, have been implicated in IPV perpetration. However, further research is needed to clarify how biomarkers and psychosocial variables interact. The authors herein predicted that [...] Read more.

Relevant biopsychosocial factors, including testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) levels, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and difficulties in emotion regulation, have been implicated in IPV perpetration. However, further research is needed to clarify how biomarkers and psychosocial variables interact. The authors herein predicted that emotion regulation difficulties would moderate the association between ACES and IPV perpetration. The sample consisted of 30 IPV perpetrators aged 18 to 51 (M = 30.80, SD = 8.43) and 30 control non-perpetrator participants aged 18–35 (M = 24.13; SD = 4.28). All participants provided saliva samples to assess T and C levels and completed a sociodemographic questionnaire that included questions related to ACEs, and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Higher levels of T and T/C, greater difficulties in emotion regulation, and higher prevalence of ACEs were found to significantly differentiate the IPV perpetrators from the non-IPV perpetrators. However, difficulties in emotional regulation did not emerge as a significant moderator between these variables, and only one of four subscales of the DERS, emotional awareness, was significantly associated with both testosterone and IPV. These results are in accord with meta-analytic results which found that DERS scores are higher in IPV perpetrators than non-perpetrators but that there was a very small association between emotional dysregulation and IPV (0.14), and emotional awareness was not associated with IPV. Similarly, effect sizes for ER variables are strong as differentiators of perpetrators and non-perpetrators.. Given the relative strength of psychological variables as moderators of childhood trauma and IPV, anger would appear to be a much stronger moderator as it is a much stronger predictor of IPV than emotional dysregulation. Full article

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22 pages, 302 KiB

Open AccessArticle

STEM Students’ Perceptions of Classical Reading: A Q-Methodology Study on Well-Being-Related Experiences

by Yeonsook Kim, Song Yi Lee, Mikyung Jun and Taeeun Shim

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1074; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081074 - 7 Aug 2025

Viewed by 253

Abstract

This study used the Q methodology to examine how Korean science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) students perceive the experience of reading classical texts and how such experiences relate to their overall well-being. We developed 31 statements for the Q-sorting process and collected [...] Read more.

This study used the Q methodology to examine how Korean science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) students perceive the experience of reading classical texts and how such experiences relate to their overall well-being. We developed 31 statements for the Q-sorting process and collected data from 39 undergraduate students majoring in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). The analysis identified three distinct perception types: type 1—exploratory type, which broadens thinking through diverse perspectives, type 2—experience type, which shares achievement and enjoyment through reading together, and type 3—insight type, which seeks universal values and truth. These findings suggest that, for science and engineering students, reading classics offers a multidimensional experience—encompassing intellectual expansion, relational engagement, and philosophical reflection—beyond conventional academic activities. In particular, the therapeutic dimension of reading, as discussed in bibliotherapy, has emerged as a mechanism that supports self-reflection and emotional resilience. Although each type approached classical reading differently, the participants demonstrated varied perceptions that reflect dimensions of well-being, such as emotional awareness, relational connection, and self-reflection, as expressed through the Q-sorting of pre-defined statements. Based on these results, this study concludes that classical reading can function as a significant mechanism for promoting well-being, offering new directions and practical implications for classical reading education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Psychology)

9 pages, 192 KiB

Open AccessReview

Underdiagnosed and Misunderstood: Clinical Challenges and Educational Needs of Healthcare Professionals in Identifying Autism Spectrum Disorder in Women

by Beata Gellert, Janusz Ostrowski, Jarosław Pinkas and Urszula Religioni

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1073; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081073 - 7 Aug 2025

Viewed by 226

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) remains significantly underdiagnosed in women, resulting in a persistent gender gap with important clinical, functional, and psychosocial implications. This narrative review explores the multifactorial barriers contributing to diagnostic disparities, including the male-oriented structure of current diagnostic criteria, the prevalence [...] Read more.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) remains significantly underdiagnosed in women, resulting in a persistent gender gap with important clinical, functional, and psychosocial implications. This narrative review explores the multifactorial barriers contributing to diagnostic disparities, including the male-oriented structure of current diagnostic criteria, the prevalence of co-occurring psychiatric conditions, and the phenomenon of social camouflaging shaped by culturally reinforced gender norms. These factors frequently lead to delayed identification, clinical misinterpretation, and suboptimal care. The review synthesizes evidence from clinical, psychological, and sociocultural research to demonstrate how the under-recognition of ASD in women impacts mental health outcomes, access to education, occupational stability, and overall quality of life. Special emphasis is placed on the consequences of missed or late diagnoses for healthcare delivery and the educational needs of clinicians involved in ASD assessment and care. This article concludes with actionable, evidence-based recommendations for enhancing diagnostic sensitivity, developing gender-responsive screening strategies, and integrating training on female autism presentation into medical and allied health education. Addressing these challenges is essential to reducing diagnostic inequities and ensuring timely, accurate, and person-centered care for autistic women throughout their lifespan. Full article

20 pages, 821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Phoneme Discrimination in the Variability of Speech and Language Outcomes Among Children with Hearing Loss

by Kerry A. Walker, Jinal K. Shah, Lauren Alexander, Stacy Stiell, Christine Yoshinaga-Itano and Kristin M. Uhler

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1072; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081072 - 6 Aug 2025

Viewed by 256

Abstract

This research compares speech discrimination abilities between 17 children who are hard-of-hearing (CHH) and 13 children with normal hearing (CNH), aged 9 to 36 months, using either a conditioned head turn (CHT) or condition play paradigm, for two phoneme pairs /ba-da/ and /sa-ʃa/. [...] Read more.

This research compares speech discrimination abilities between 17 children who are hard-of-hearing (CHH) and 13 children with normal hearing (CNH), aged 9 to 36 months, using either a conditioned head turn (CHT) or condition play paradigm, for two phoneme pairs /ba-da/ and /sa-ʃa/. As CHH were tested in the aided and unaided conditions, CNH were also tested on each phoneme contrast twice to control for learning effects. When speech discrimination abilities were compared between CHH, with hearing aids (HAs), and CNH, there were no statistical differences observed in performance on stop consonant discrimination, but a significant statistical difference was observed for fricative discrimination performance. Among CHH, significant benefits were observed for /ba-da/ speech discrimination while wearing HAs, compared to the no HA condition. All CHH were early-identified, early amplified, and were enrolled in parent-centered early intervention services. Under these conditions, CHH demonstrated the ability to discriminate speech comparable to CNH. Additionally, repeated testing within 1-month did not result in a change in speech discrimination scores, indicating good test–retest reliability of speech discrimination scores. Finally, this research explored the question of infant/toddler listening fatigue in the behavioral speech discrimination task. The CHT paradigm included returning to a contrast (i.e., /a-i/) previously shown to be easier for both CHH and CNH to discriminate to examine if failure to discriminate /ba-da/ or /sa-ʃa/ was due to listening fatigue or off-task behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Language and Cognitive Development in Deaf Children)

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22 pages, 454 KiB

Open AccessArticle

You Understand, So I Understand: How a “Community of Knowledge” Shapes Trust and Credibility in Expert Testimony Evidence

by Ashley C. T. Jones and Morgan R. Haga

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1071; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081071 - 6 Aug 2025

Viewed by 168

Abstract

Sloman and Rabb found support for the existence of the community of knowledge (CK) effect, which occurs when individuals are more likely to report understanding and being able to explain even fake scientific information when told that an expert understands the information. To [...] Read more.

Sloman and Rabb found support for the existence of the community of knowledge (CK) effect, which occurs when individuals are more likely to report understanding and being able to explain even fake scientific information when told that an expert understands the information. To date, no studies have been conducted that attempted to replicate original findings, let alone test the presence of the CK effect in realistic, legal scenarios. Therefore, Study One replicated original CK effect studies in a jury-eligible M-Turk sample (N = 291) using both Sloman and Rabb’s experimental stimuli as well as new stimuli. Study Two then tested the presence of the CK effect using scientific testimony in a mock court hearing from a forensic evaluator (N = 396). Not only did the CK effect improve laypeople’s perceptions of the scientific information in court, but it also improved their perceptions of the expert witness’s credibility, increased the weight assigned to the scientific information, and increased the weight assigned to the expert testimony. This effect was mediated by participants’ perceived similarity to the expert, supporting the theory behind the CK effect. These studies have important implications for the use of scientific information in court, which are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Cognitive Processes in Legal Decision Making)

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13 pages, 444 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Swiping Disrupts Switching: Preliminary Evidence for Reduced Cue-Based Preparation Following Short-Form Video Exposure

by Wanying Luo, Xinran Zhao, Bingshan Jiang, Qiang Fu and Juan’er Zheng

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1070; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081070 - 6 Aug 2025

Viewed by 268

Abstract

The rapid rise of short-form video platforms such as TikTok and Instagram Reels has transformed digital engagement by promoting fragmented, high-tempo swiping behaviors and intense sensory stimulation. While these platforms dominate daily use, their impact on higher-order cognition remains underexplored. This study provides [...] Read more.

The rapid rise of short-form video platforms such as TikTok and Instagram Reels has transformed digital engagement by promoting fragmented, high-tempo swiping behaviors and intense sensory stimulation. While these platforms dominate daily use, their impact on higher-order cognition remains underexplored. This study provides preliminary behavioral experimental evidence that even brief exposure to short-form video environments may be associated with reduced cue-based task preparation, a specific subcomponent of proactive cognitive flexibility. In a randomized between-subjects design, participants (N = 72) viewed either 30 min of TikTok-style content, a neutral documentary, or no video (passive control), followed by a task-switching paradigm with manipulated cue–target intervals (CTIs). As expected, the documentary and control group exhibited significant preparation benefits at longer CTIs, reflected in reduced switching costs—consistent with effective anticipatory task-set updating. In contrast, the short video group failed to leverage extended preparation time, indicating a selective disruption of goal-driven processing. Notably, performance at short CTIs did not differ across groups, reinforcing the interpretation that reactive control remained intact, while proactive preparation was selectively impaired. These findings link habitual “swiping” to disrupted task-switching efficiency—a phenomenon summarized as swiping disrupts switching. These findings suggest that short-form video exposure may temporarily bias attentional regulation toward stimulus-driven reactivity, thereby undermining anticipatory cognitive control. Given the widespread use of short-form video platforms—especially among young adults—these results underscore the need to better understand how media design features interact with cognitive control systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognition)

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21 pages, 689 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Predictors of Response to Cognitive Stimulation Interventions in Dementia: A Systematic Review Aiming for Personalization

by Ludovica Forte, Giulia Despini, Martina Quartarone, Lara Calabrese, Marco Brigiano, Sara Trolese, Alice Annini, Ilaria Chirico, Giovanni Ottoboni, Maria Casagrande and Rabih Chattat

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1069; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081069 - 6 Aug 2025

Viewed by 245

Abstract

Despite the extensive evidence supporting the effectiveness of cognitive stimulation, differences in results may be due to the influence of cognitive and non-cognitive aspects in people with dementia. The aim of this systematic review is to identify the most reliable variables in forecasting [...] Read more.

Despite the extensive evidence supporting the effectiveness of cognitive stimulation, differences in results may be due to the influence of cognitive and non-cognitive aspects in people with dementia. The aim of this systematic review is to identify the most reliable variables in forecasting the effectiveness of cognitive stimulation in people with mild to moderate dementia. According to PRISMA guidelines, the research was conducted using five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Web of Science, APA PsycInfo), considering randomized controlled trials. A total of six studies were included. Different aspects moderating the gain resulting from cognitive intervention were collected and assessed in terms of demographic, cognitive, emotional, social, and quality of life parameters. People with dementia benefit more from cognitive intervention if they are female, if they have a low formal education level, a low baseline level of cognitive function, and lower depressive symptoms, and if caregivers actively participate in sessions. Quality of life, if low at baseline, also seems to improve following CST intervention. A deeper understanding of the cognitive and non-cognitive aspects ensuring improvement after cognitive stimulation may guide future research to develop more personalized interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychosocial Care and Support in Dementia)

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12 pages, 259 KiB

Open AccessArticle

No Detectable Effects of Chronic Stress on Moral Decision-Making Are Found: A Data Reanalysis and a Pre-Registered Replication and Extension

by Lemei Zou, Junhong Wu and Chuanjun Liu

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1068; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081068 - 6 Aug 2025

Viewed by 217

Abstract

According to the dual-process model of moral cognition, individuals tend to refuse the proposal of killing some to save more innocents under stressful conditions compared to non-stressful states, which has been demonstrated in previous studies. However, this effect might be unreliable according to [...] Read more.

According to the dual-process model of moral cognition, individuals tend to refuse the proposal of killing some to save more innocents under stressful conditions compared to non-stressful states, which has been demonstrated in previous studies. However, this effect might be unreliable according to the General Adaptation Syndrome theory and the Stress Process Model. To test this speculation, we reanalyzed the raw data on the effect of chronic stress on moral choice from a previous study (Study 1) and conducted a pre-registered replication and extension study (Study 2). Both results demonstrated no detectable effect of chronic stress on moral decisions, which is inconsistent with the original results. This study calls for caution regarding this effect and has important theoretical and practical implications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Picturing Morality from Multidisciplinary Perspectives—Third Edition)

15 pages, 736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does “Lying Flat” Lead to Greater Life Satisfaction? Evidence from Empirical Research

by Huanhua Lu, Jinli Wang and Feng Kong

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1067; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081067 - 6 Aug 2025

Viewed by 208

Abstract

At present, faced with intense competitive stress, some young people have adopted a lifestyle of “lying flat”—a passive attitude characterized by giving up efforts and goals—in order to relieve pressure and increase life satisfaction. However, the question of whether “lying flat” can really [...] Read more.

At present, faced with intense competitive stress, some young people have adopted a lifestyle of “lying flat”—a passive attitude characterized by giving up efforts and goals—in order to relieve pressure and increase life satisfaction. However, the question of whether “lying flat” can really increase life satisfaction is still unclear. Our study attempted to investigate the relation between “lying flat” and life satisfaction. We combined cross-sectional (Study 1) and longitudinal research (Study 2) to investigate the relation between “lying flat” and life satisfaction. Study 1 showed that “lying flat” was significantly negatively associated with life satisfaction, and the cross-lagged analyses in Study 2 found that “lying flat” significantly negatively predicted life satisfaction one month later, but life satisfaction did not significantly predict “lying flat” one month later. The present study first revealed a temporal directionality between the “lying flat” and life satisfaction. This suggests that “lying flat”, which serves as a temporary relief mechanism in the face of overwhelming pressure, may come at the cost of long-term psychological functioning. Full article

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19 pages, 451 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Examining the Structure of Directed Motivational Currents (DMCs) Among Secondary and Tertiary English as a Second Language Learners

by Chuanwei Huo, Lawrence Jun Zhang and Jason M. Stephens

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1066; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081066 - 6 Aug 2025

Viewed by 225

Abstract

Motivation remains a central concern in second language (L2) and English as a foreign language (EFL) education, yet its underlying mechanisms are insufficiently understood. This study employs the theory of Directed Motivational Currents (DMCs) to explore periods of intense, sustained L2 motivation among [...] Read more.

Motivation remains a central concern in second language (L2) and English as a foreign language (EFL) education, yet its underlying mechanisms are insufficiently understood. This study employs the theory of Directed Motivational Currents (DMCs) to explore periods of intense, sustained L2 motivation among Chinese adolescent EFL learners across secondary and tertiary levels. Through in-depth interviews with ten participants, this research identified the conditions (e.g., collaborative peer dynamics, vivid goal visualization) that triggered their DMC experiences. The data also highlighted how facilitative elements—such as clear starting points, personalized goal alignment, behavioral routines, and timely feedback—played a crucial role in initiating and sustaining these motivational currents. These findings contribute to DMC theory by revealing how intrinsic and extrinsic factors jointly foster and maintain high levels of motivation over time, offering valuable insights for designing targeted interventions to enhance EFL motivation and learning among Chinese adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Educational Psychology)

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32 pages, 1320 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Theory of Mind Development in Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Individuals: A Systematic Review

by Leire Martín, Mario Figueroa, Beatriz de Diego-Lázaro, Raquel Balboa-Castells and Gary Morgan

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1065; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081065 - 6 Aug 2025

Viewed by 348

Abstract

Theory of Mind (ToM) is a construct that includes a range of connected abilities linked to the understanding of others’ mental states. During the last three decades, ToM development has been studied extensively in deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) individuals and performances [...] Read more.

Theory of Mind (ToM) is a construct that includes a range of connected abilities linked to the understanding of others’ mental states. During the last three decades, ToM development has been studied extensively in deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) individuals and performances compared to the typically hearing (TH) population. Given the advances in the early diagnosis of deafness, interventions, and hearing devices over this period, variations in task performance among DHH participants might have been reduced. The current systematic review aims to synthesize all studies of ToM in DHH individuals and answer the following question: Do DHH individuals (Population), compared to a control sample of TH and/or among themselves (Comparator), in an assessment of ToM (Intervention), have differentiated results (Outcome)? After a search of the literature, 97 papers were included. We found that, in general, TH participants outperformed their DHH peers in ToM measures; however, there was a wide range of results. Explanations for this variability included the quality of early interactions and early exposure to both signed and spoken language. The review also indicates that the understanding of false belief was the most studied component within ToM, while other components, such as understanding intention and irony, require further research. Implications of these findings for clinical practice are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Language and Cognitive Development in Deaf Children)

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20 pages, 874 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Does AI Trust Foster Innovative Performance Under Paternalistic Leadership? The Roles of AI Crafting and Leader’s AI Opportunity Perception

by Qichao Zhang, Feiwen Wang, Ganli Liao and Miaomiao Li

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1064; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081064 - 5 Aug 2025

Viewed by 229

Abstract

As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly embedded in organizational development, understanding how leadership shapes employee responses to AI is critical for fostering workplace innovation. Drawing on trait activation theory, this study develops a theoretical model in which employee AI trust enhances innovative performance [...] Read more.

As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly embedded in organizational development, understanding how leadership shapes employee responses to AI is critical for fostering workplace innovation. Drawing on trait activation theory, this study develops a theoretical model in which employee AI trust enhances innovative performance through AI crafting. Paternalistic leadership serves as a situational moderator, while the leader’s AI opportunity perception functions as a higher-order moderator. A three-wave survey was conducted with 523 employees from 14 AI-intensive manufacturing firms in China. Results show that the interaction between AI trust and paternalistic leadership positively predicts both AI crafting and innovative performance. In addition, AI crafting mediates the effect of the interaction term on innovative performance. Furthermore, the leader’s AI opportunity perception moderates this interactive effect: when this perception is high, the positive impact of AI trust and paternalistic leadership on AI crafting is significantly stronger; when it is low, the effect weakens. These findings contribute to the literature by clarifying the situational and cognitive conditions under which AI trust promotes innovation, thereby extending trait activation theory to AI-enabled workplaces and offering actionable insights for leadership development in the intelligent era. Full article

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14 pages, 685 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social Challenges on University Campuses: How Does Physical Activity Affect Social Anxiety? The Dual Roles of Loneliness and Gender

by Yuyang Nie, Wenlei Wang, Cong Liu, Tianci Wang, Fangbing Zhou and Jinchao Gao

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1063; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081063 - 5 Aug 2025

Viewed by 259

Abstract

Social anxiety is a prevalent mental health concern among college students, often intensified by academic and interpersonal pressures on campus. This study investigated the relationship between physical activity, loneliness, and social anxiety among college students, aiming to examine the mediating role of loneliness [...] Read more.

Social anxiety is a prevalent mental health concern among college students, often intensified by academic and interpersonal pressures on campus. This study investigated the relationship between physical activity, loneliness, and social anxiety among college students, aiming to examine the mediating role of loneliness in the process of physical activity affecting social anxiety, as well as the moderating role of gender in this mediating effect. A cross-sectional research design was adopted, and data on physical activity levels, loneliness, and social anxiety were collected through questionnaires completed by 638 students at a university in China. This study conducted a single-factor Harman test, descriptive statistical analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and independent-samples t-tests, and it modeled the moderated mediation effect. The results showed that physical activity was significantly and negatively correlated with both loneliness and social anxiety. Loneliness played a mediating role in the influence of physical activity on social anxiety, and this mediating effect was moderated by gender, being more pronounced in the female group. This study concluded that physical activity can help alleviate social anxiety, but the mechanism involving the reduction of loneliness is more apparent in women, indicating the need to consider gender differences when developing interventions, as there may be other, more significant reasons for men. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Risk and Protective Factors in Social Interactions: Behavioral and Neural Evidence)

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20 pages, 594 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Mandarin Tones in Loud Speech for Native Speakers and Second Language Learners

by Hui Zhang, Xinwei Chang, Weitong Liu, Yilun Zhang and Na Wang

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1062; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081062 - 5 Aug 2025

Viewed by 305

Abstract

Teachers often raise their vocal volume to improve intelligibility or capture students’ attention. While this practice is common in second language (L2) teaching, its effects on tone perception remain understudied. To fill this gap, this study explores the effects of loud speech on [...] Read more.

Teachers often raise their vocal volume to improve intelligibility or capture students’ attention. While this practice is common in second language (L2) teaching, its effects on tone perception remain understudied. To fill this gap, this study explores the effects of loud speech on Mandarin tone perception for L2 learners. Twenty-two native Mandarin speakers and twenty-two Thai L2 learners were tested on their perceptual accuracy and reaction time in identifying Mandarin tones in loud and normal modes. Results revealed a significant between-group difference: native speakers consistently demonstrated a ceiling effect across all tones, while L2 learners exhibited lower accuracy, particularly for Tone 3, the falling-rising tone. The loud speech had different impacts on the two groups. For native speakers, tone perception accuracy remained stable across different speech modes. In contrast, for L2 learners, loud speech significantly reduced the accuracy of Tone 3 identification and increased confusion between Tones 2 and 3. Reaction times in milliseconds were prolonged for all tones in loud speech for both groups. When subtracting the length of the tones, the delay of RT was evident only for Tones 3 and 4. Therefore, raising the speaking volume negatively affects the Mandarin tone perception of L2 learners, especially in distinguishing Tone 2 and Tone 3. Our findings have implications for both theories of L2 tone perception and pedagogical practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognition)

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16 pages, 466 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cognitive Distortions Associated with Loneliness: An Exploratory Study

by Kory Floyd, Colter D. Ray and Josephine K. Boumis

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1061; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081061 - 5 Aug 2025

Viewed by 232

Abstract

Loneliness is a significant challenge for millions worldwide, with chronic loneliness having harmful effects on physical health, mental well-being, and relationships. Cognitive distortions play an important role in perpetuating loneliness. Psychological interventions targeting such distortions have been effective at alleviating feelings of loneliness. [...] Read more.

Loneliness is a significant challenge for millions worldwide, with chronic loneliness having harmful effects on physical health, mental well-being, and relationships. Cognitive distortions play an important role in perpetuating loneliness. Psychological interventions targeting such distortions have been effective at alleviating feelings of loneliness. However, less is known about which cognitive distortions are most prevalent among lonely individuals and how these distortions relate to loneliness and mental well-being. This exploratory study prescreened a Census-matched sample of 1000 U.S. adults for loneliness, then asked those in the top quartile (N = 237) to rate multiple patterns of cognitive distortion related to loneliness. Factor analyses identified six common and influential patterns of cognitive distortion (mindreading, future reward, catastrophizing, essentializing, deservedness, and externalizing). Essentializing was the most strongly endorsed factor, followed by mindreading and catastrophizing. Essentializing also evidenced the strongest correlation with loneliness. Additionally, the relationship between loneliness and participants’ stress was completely mediated by mindreading, catastrophizing, and essentializing. These findings highlight the importance of targeting specific cognitive distortions in loneliness interventions to effectively improve the mental well-being of lonely individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognition)

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20 pages, 524 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sorry, Am I Intruding? Comparing Performance and Intrusion Rates for Pretested and Posttested Information

by Kelsey K. James and Benjamin C. Storm

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1060; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081060 - 5 Aug 2025

Viewed by 208

Abstract

Pretesting and posttesting have long been implemented in classrooms as methods of testing and improving learning. Prior research has been mixed on the relative benefits of pretesting versus posttesting, with some studies finding pretesting to be more beneficial, and others finding posttesting to [...] Read more.

Pretesting and posttesting have long been implemented in classrooms as methods of testing and improving learning. Prior research has been mixed on the relative benefits of pretesting versus posttesting, with some studies finding pretesting to be more beneficial, and others finding posttesting to be more beneficial. True/False testing is a particularly easy-to-implement method and is regularly used in classrooms. However, relatively little is known about how these tests affect learning. Three experiments address the effects of true/false pre- and posttests on learning correct information and intrusion rates of false information. We find consistent benefits of both pretesting and posttesting but significantly higher intrusion rates for posttesting relative to pretesting, a finding that persisted despite inclusion of simple True/False feedback (Experiment 2) and substantive feedback (Experiment 3). Although the difference between pretesting and posttesting intrusion rates was still significant with the addition of substantive feedback, overall intrusion rates were greatly reduced. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Educational Applications of Cognitive Psychology)

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13 pages, 367 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Psychometric Properties of the Greek Version of the Claustrophobia Questionnaire

by Varvara Pantoleon, Petros Galanis, Athanasios Tsochatzis, Foteini Christidi, Efstratios Karavasilis, Nikolaos Kelekis and Georgios Velonakis

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081059 - 5 Aug 2025

Viewed by 185

Abstract

Background: Claustrophobia is defined as the fear of enclosed spaces, and it is a rather common specific phobia. Although the Claustrophobia Questionnaire (CLQ) is a valid questionnaire to measure claustrophobia, there have been no studies validating this tool in Greek. Thus, our [...] Read more.

Background: Claustrophobia is defined as the fear of enclosed spaces, and it is a rather common specific phobia. Although the Claustrophobia Questionnaire (CLQ) is a valid questionnaire to measure claustrophobia, there have been no studies validating this tool in Greek. Thus, our aim was to translate and validate the CLQ in Greek. Methods: We applied the forward–backward translation method to translate the English CLQ into Greek. We conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine the two-factor model of the CLQ. We examined the convergent and divergent validity of the Greek CLQ by using the Fear Survey Schedule-III (FSS-III-CL), the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI-NL-N), and the Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). We examined the convergent validity of the Greek CLQ by calculating Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the CLQ scores and scores on FSS-III-CL, NEO-FFI-NL-N, STAI-S (state anxiety), and STAI-T (trait anxiety). We examined the divergent validity of the Greek CLQ using the Fisher r-to-z transformation. To further evaluate the discriminant validity of the CLQ, we calculated the average variance extracted (AVE) score and the Composite Reliability (CR) score. We calculated the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach’s alpha to assess the reliability of the Greek CLQ. Results: Our CFA confirmed the two-factor model of the CLQ since all the model fit indices were very good. Standardized regression weights between the 26 items of the CLQ and the two factors ranged from 0.559 to 0.854. The convergent validity of the Greek CLQ was very good since it correlated strongly with the FSS-III-CL and moderately with the NEO-FFI-NL-N and the STAI. Additionally, the Greek CLQ correlated more highly with the FSS-III-CL than with the NEO-FFI-NL-N and the STAI, indicating very good divergent validity. The AVE for the suffocation factor was 0.573, while for the restriction factor, it was 0.543, which are both higher than the acceptable value of 0.50. Moreover, the CR score for the suffocation factor was 0.949, while for the restriction factor, it was 0.954. The reliability of the Greek CLQ was excellent since the ICC in test–retest study was 0.986 and the Cronbach’s alpha was 0.956. Conclusions: The Greek version of the CLQ is a reliable and valid tool to measure levels of claustrophobia among individuals. Full article

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22 pages, 985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding the Implementation of CareCoach—A Blended eHealth Intervention for Carers of People Living with Dementia: A Qualitative Process Evaluation Using Normalisation Process Theory

by Thando Katangwe-Chigamba, Margaret Guy, Jan R. Oyebode, Fiona M. Poland, Carl May, Chris Fox, Helen Morse and Jane L. Cross

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1058; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081058 - 5 Aug 2025

Viewed by 173

Abstract

CareCoach seeks to enhance self-efficacy in family caregivers of people living with dementia and has been feasibility tested in a multicentre randomised controlled trial. The intervention offers two face-to-face sessions with a trained coach and access to an online platform with nine modules. [...] Read more.

CareCoach seeks to enhance self-efficacy in family caregivers of people living with dementia and has been feasibility tested in a multicentre randomised controlled trial. The intervention offers two face-to-face sessions with a trained coach and access to an online platform with nine modules. This paper reports findings from an embedded qualitative process evaluation assessing implementation from the implementer’s (‘coach’s’) (n = 8) perspective using individual interviews and implementer group discussions. Qualitative data were transcribed verbatim, inductively coded and analysed using Normalisation Process Theory. Implementers demonstrated (1) ‘Coherence’ by seeking to understand how CareCoach compared to current practice, highlighting the importance of supporting coaches to differentiate and identify boundaries between their new ‘coach role’ and usual practice; (2) ‘Cognitive Participation’ by reviewing training and resources to understand their role own responsibilities and facilitate delivery of coaching sessions; group supervision and peer support were also emphasised; (3) ‘Collective Action’ through interactions with carers to deliver key behavioural aspects such as goal setting, problem solving, and providing feedback; and (4) ‘Reflexive Monitoring’ by appraising the intervention to gain useful insights that could facilitate refinement of CareCoach training and delivery. This study provides a theoretically informed understanding of the implementation of CareCoach for caregivers of people living with dementia and provides recommendations to enhance training for coaches, intervention delivery and carer engagement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychosocial Care and Support in Dementia)

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13 pages, 364 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Racial Imposter Syndrome and Music Performance Anxiety: A Case Study

by Trisnasari Fraser

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1057; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081057 - 4 Aug 2025

Viewed by 416

Abstract

The impact of cultural identity on music performance anxiety (MPA) is under-researched. This retrospective case study explores the treatment of a professional musician in her 30s who presented with MPA associated with performing music related to her estranged father’s cultural background. The case [...] Read more.

The impact of cultural identity on music performance anxiety (MPA) is under-researched. This retrospective case study explores the treatment of a professional musician in her 30s who presented with MPA associated with performing music related to her estranged father’s cultural background. The case formulation identified attachment ruptures and negative cognitions associated with her mixed cultural heritage that contributed to an experience of imposterism—referred to in lay literature as ‘racial imposter syndrome’ (RIS). It was hypothesized that RIS served to perpetuate her MPA. An attachment-based approach and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy framework was adopted, drawing on evidence-based treatment for MPA and mixed heritage individuals. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), Outcome Rating Scale (ORS) and Session Rating Scale (SRS) were used as outcome measures. These measures fluctuated throughout the therapy. While improvements were observed in depression scores midway through treatment, elevated stress and depression scores at the conclusion of treatment were understood to reflect situational factors related to financial and housing precarity. Nonetheless, at the conclusion of treatment, the client showed improvement in managing MPA, evidenced by her progress in recording an album and reengagement with public performances. This case study adds to the limited research on treating MPA in racially minoritized and mixed-race individuals, Further research is required across larger and more diverse samples to better understand the relationship between MPA and RIS and to develop effective interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interventions for Music Performance Anxiety)

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22 pages, 553 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Drives “Group Roaming”? A Study on the Pathway of “Digital Persuasion” in Media-Constructed Landscapes Behind Chinese Conformist Travel

by Chao Zhang, Di Jin and Jingwen Li

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1056; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081056 - 4 Aug 2025

Viewed by 209

Abstract

In the era of digital intelligence, digital media landscapes increasingly influence cultural tourism consumption. Consumerism capitalizes on tourists’ superficial aesthetic commonalities, constructing a homogenized media imagination that leads to collective convergence in travel decisions, which obscures aspects of local culture, poses safety risks, [...] Read more.

In the era of digital intelligence, digital media landscapes increasingly influence cultural tourism consumption. Consumerism capitalizes on tourists’ superficial aesthetic commonalities, constructing a homogenized media imagination that leads to collective convergence in travel decisions, which obscures aspects of local culture, poses safety risks, and results in fleeting local tourism booms. In this study, semistructured interviews were conducted with 36 tourists, and NVivo12.0 was used for three-level node coding in a qualitative analysis to explore the digital media attributions of conformist travel behavior. The findings indicate that digital media landscapes exert a “digital persuasion” effect by reconstructing self-experience models, directing the individual gaze, and projecting idealized self-images. These mechanisms drive tourists to follow digital traffic trends and engage in imitative behaviors, ultimately shaping the phenomenon of “group roaming”, grounded in the psychological effect of herd behavior. Full article

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Behav. Sci., Volume 15, Issue 8 (August 2025) – 92 articles

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