Behavioral Sciences

16 pages, 268 KB

Open AccessArticle

Emotional Intelligence and Adolescents’ Use of Artificial Intelligence: A Parent–Adolescent Study

by Marco Andrea Piombo, Sabina La Grutta, Maria Stella Epifanio, Gaetano Di Napoli and Cinzia Novara

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1142; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081142 - 21 Aug 2025

Viewed by 569

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) profoundly shapes adolescents’ digital experiences, presenting both developmental opportunities and risks related to privacy and psychological well-being. This study investigates first the possible generational gap between adolescents and their parents in AI use and trust, and then the associations between [...] Read more.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) profoundly shapes adolescents’ digital experiences, presenting both developmental opportunities and risks related to privacy and psychological well-being. This study investigates first the possible generational gap between adolescents and their parents in AI use and trust, and then the associations between the Trait Emotional Intelligence (trait EI), parenting styles, perceived social support, and parental involvement on adolescents’ use and trust in AI-based technologies. Participants were 170 adolescents (aged 13–17) and 175 parents from southern Italy, who completed standardized questionnaires assessing parenting styles, Trait Emotional Intelligence (Trait EI), social support, digital literacy, and use and trust in AI. Adolescents used AI more frequently than parents, especially for school- or work-related support and were more likely to seek behavioral advice from AI. They also showed higher trust in AI data security and the quality of behavioral advice than parents. Moreover, greater trait EI and more authoritative (vs. authoritarian) parenting were associated with less frequent AI use and lower use and trust in AI. In 47 matched parent–adolescent dyads, cluster analysis identified Balanced Users (higher trait EI, authoritative parenting, stronger support, cautious AI use) and At-Risk Users (lower trait EI, authoritarian parenting, lower support, heavier and more trusting AI use) Despite no causal inferences can be drawn due to the correlational nature of the data, the results suggested the importance of considering adolescents’ trait EI and authoritative parenting practices in supporting balanced and critical digital engagement, highlighting the concept of a “digital secure base” as essential for navigating the evolving digital landscape. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emotional Intelligence and Psychological Well-Being in Children and Adolescents)

25 pages, 849 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Parental Media Attitudes and Mediation Behaviors on Young Children’s Problematic Media Use in China: An Actor–Partner Interdependence Mediation Model Analysis

by Chaopai Lin, Ying Cui, Xiaohui Wang, Xiaoqi Su, Limin Zhang and Qian Peng

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1141; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081141 - 21 Aug 2025

Viewed by 324

Abstract

Young children’s problematic media use (PMU) is a growing concern, and parents are critical in shaping early digital habits. However, research often overlooks the dyadic interplay between mothers’ and fathers’ attitudes and parenting practices. This study examined how parents’ favorable attitudes toward child [...] Read more.

Young children’s problematic media use (PMU) is a growing concern, and parents are critical in shaping early digital habits. However, research often overlooks the dyadic interplay between mothers’ and fathers’ attitudes and parenting practices. This study examined how parents’ favorable attitudes toward child screen media (PASU) predict their own (actor) and their partner’s (partner) mediation behaviors, and how these behaviors subsequently mediate the path to children’s PMU. Drawing on survey data from 1802 matched urban Chinese mother–father pairs, we employed an Actor–Partner Interdependence Mediation Model (APIMeM) within a structural equation modeling (SEM) framework. This dyadic model simultaneously tested actor, partner, and indirect mediation paths connecting parental attitudes to PMU via eight specific parenting practices. Results showed that more positive PASUs predicted each parent’s own supportive behaviors (e.g., high-quality dialogue, autonomy support) but not restrictive limits. Partner effects were modest and asymmetric: mothers’ positive attitudes predicted greater knowledge in fathers, whereas fathers’ positive attitudes were linked to lower communication quality from mothers. Of all parenting dimensions, only higher communication quality (both parents) and mothers’ hands-on monitoring directly predicted lower PMU. Mediation analyses confirmed communication quality as the sole reliable pathway: each parent’s favorable attitudes indirectly lowered PMU by enhancing their own dialogue, but fathers’ attitudes simultaneously increased PMU by eroding mothers’ dialogue. These findings spotlight constructive conversation and coordinated dyadic strategies—especially safeguarding maternal dialogue—as critical targets for interventions aimed at curbing early PMU. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Educational Psychology)

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28 pages, 2845 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Social Presence on Purchase Intentions of Knowledge Products Among Knowledge-Based Short Video Users: A Moderated Mediation Model

by Can Zheng, Shuai Ling, Yarong Huang and Xinxiang Li

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1140; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081140 - 21 Aug 2025

Viewed by 396

Abstract

Despite the rapid growth of knowledge-based short videos, monetizing this content remains a significant challenge. Grounded in social presence theory, this study investigates how social presence influences users’ purchase intentions by incorporating the mediating effects of cognitive engagement and expectation, as well as [...] Read more.

Despite the rapid growth of knowledge-based short videos, monetizing this content remains a significant challenge. Grounded in social presence theory, this study investigates how social presence influences users’ purchase intentions by incorporating the mediating effects of cognitive engagement and expectation, as well as the moderating effects of knowledge anxiety. Using data from 663 users of knowledge-based short videos in China, the proposed model demonstrates strong explanatory power for purchase intention (R² = 54.6%). The findings show that social presence significantly enhances users’ intention to purchase knowledge products by fostering cognitive engagement and expectations, creating a serial mediation effect. Furthermore, knowledge anxiety positively moderates the impact of social presence on purchase intention, with a more pronounced effect for individuals with higher anxiety. This research provides a novel theoretical perspective for understanding user behavior in knowledge-based short videos and offers practical guidance for platforms and creators to enhance monetization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral Economics)

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21 pages, 310 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Beliefs of Latine Mothers and Fathers from Diverse Backgrounds About the Role of Mobile Devices in Their Parenting Experiences

by Wendy Ochoa

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1139; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081139 - 21 Aug 2025

Viewed by 281

Abstract

This study examined how a socioeconomically and linguistically diverse sample of Latine mothers (n = 20) and fathers (n = 20) of children under age five perceive the role of mobile screen technologies in their parenting experiences, using semi-structured interviews. The [...] Read more.

This study examined how a socioeconomically and linguistically diverse sample of Latine mothers (n = 20) and fathers (n = 20) of children under age five perceive the role of mobile screen technologies in their parenting experiences, using semi-structured interviews. The results show seven key themes that capture how parents believed these devices had both supported and hindered their parenting. These themes were organized into three overarching functions that reflect how mobile screen technologies were viewed and used by Latine mothers and fathers from socioeconomically and linguistically diverse backgrounds: (1) enabling access to parenting resources (i.e., access to information and social support), (2) shaping parent–child interactions (i.e., facilitating teaching, promoting bonding, and disrupting interactions), and (3) influencing emotional regulation and wellbeing (i.e., aiding or complicating behavior management and contributing to parental stress and relief). While these functions were largely consistent across participants, notable differences emerged by gender, language, and income—most prominently in relation to the parents’ levels of formal schooling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interaction between Cultural and Environmental Factors in Children’s Development)

21 pages, 859 KB

Open AccessArticle

Orthorexia Nervosa and Its Associations with Novel Foods and Body Image Concerns

by Mirko Duradoni, Giulia Colombini, Noemi Gori and Andrea Guazzini

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1138; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081138 - 21 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Research on food-related behaviors has increasingly focused on orthorexia nervosa, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, especially with the rise of new types of healthy foods. This study examines the associations between orthorexic tendencies, as measured by the Orthorexia Nervosa Inventory [...] Read more.

Research on food-related behaviors has increasingly focused on orthorexia nervosa, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, especially with the rise of new types of healthy foods. This study examines the associations between orthorexic tendencies, as measured by the Orthorexia Nervosa Inventory and ORTO-R, and scores on the Food Neophobias Scale, attitudes toward novel foods, body shape concerns, as assessed by the Body Shape Questionnaire, and drive for muscularity, training adherence, and anabolic steroid use, as measured by the Drive for Muscularity Scale. A total of 306 participants (68.3% female; Mage = 35.4 years, SD = 13.7), who were at least 18 old and fluent in Italian, took part in an online, anonymous data collection. The results revealed mixed associations between ON and the perceived attractiveness or intention to consume novel foods. In contrast, no relationship was found between orthorexia and food neophobia. Additionally, orthorexic dimensions were correlated with greater body shape dissatisfaction (r-scores ranging from 0.44 to 0.52, p < 0.001) and a drive for muscularity (r-scores ranging from 0.43 to 0.57, p < 0.001). Notably, orthorexic scores showed significant positive correlations with thoughts about anabolic steroid use (r-scores ranging from 0.26 to 0.60, p < 0.001) and training adherence (r-scores ranging from 0.39 to 0.53, p < 0.001) in a subsample of people who regularly exercise. Of examined the predictors, body shape concerns and thoughts about anabolic steroid use (ß ranging from 0.21 to 0.55, and R² ranging from 0.43 to 0.57, p < 0.001) were the most robust predictors of orthorexic tendencies. Overall, the findings highlight the complex relationships between orthorexic tendencies, perceptions, and attitudes, as well as body-related concerns, while also providing new insights into their connection to novel foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Body Image and Wellbeing: From a Social Psychology Perspective)

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21 pages, 638 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reshaping the Ability–Strategy Link in Emotion Regulation: The Role of a Structured Picture-Book Intervention for Preschoolers

by Lihong Wang, Ran Cui, Na Wan and Wei Hu

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1137; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081137 - 21 Aug 2025

Viewed by 408

Abstract

Emotion-regulation ability and strategy (i.e., the specific behaviors used to manage feelings) are crucial for preschoolers’ socioemotional development. This study investigated whether a structured picture-book intervention could enhance these components and, critically, reshape the relationship between them. A quasi-experimental, pretest–posttest design was employed [...] Read more.

Emotion-regulation ability and strategy (i.e., the specific behaviors used to manage feelings) are crucial for preschoolers’ socioemotional development. This study investigated whether a structured picture-book intervention could enhance these components and, critically, reshape the relationship between them. A quasi-experimental, pretest–posttest design was employed with 60 preschoolers (aged 4–5) assigned to an intervention or a passive-exposure control group. The intervention group engaged in bi-weekly, structured emotion-themed picture-book activities for eight weeks. Results from repeated-measures analyses indicated that the intervention group showed significantly greater gains in emotion-regulation abilities (i.e., recognition, expression, regulation) and more frequent use of positive strategies (e.g., cognitive reconstruction, seeking support) compared to the control group. Crucially, the intervention altered the relationship between ability and strategy. In the intervention group, the correlation between overall emotion-regulation ability and the use of negative strategies shifted from non-significant at pretest to significantly negative at posttest. Conversely, this relationship shifted to significantly positive in the control group. These findings suggest that structured interventions not only improve discrete emotion skills but also foster a more adaptive integration of ability and strategy use, preventing the maladaptive pattern where higher ability paradoxically links to greater reliance on negative strategies. Full article

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20 pages, 266 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of College Matriculation Policies on the Cultural Adaptation of Migrant Children: A Statistical Analysis of Perceived Discrimination in Chinese Cities

by Xiaotong Zhi, Yun Sun, Zhendong Sun, Yuelong Ming and Cixian Lv

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1136; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081136 - 21 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Migrant children’s discrimination perceptions directly affect their cultural adaptation in the city of influx. In response to migrant children, cities in China have issued relevant urban education policies such as the different-location college entrance examination policy. This study aims to investigate the impact [...] Read more.

Migrant children’s discrimination perceptions directly affect their cultural adaptation in the city of influx. In response to migrant children, cities in China have issued relevant urban education policies such as the different-location college entrance examination policy. This study aims to investigate the impact of China’s urban educational policies on the relationship between perceptions of discrimination and acculturation among migrant children. The research sample for this paper was drawn from nine cities that pioneered the policy reform, and a total of 1436 questionnaires were collected. This study analyzed the data using multiple regression analysis and mediation effect tests. This study reveals the following: (a) Migrant children’s educational policy identity has a significant positive impact on their acculturation, whereas their perception of discrimination has a significant negative effect on their acculturation. (b) As the influence of urban educational policies increases, the negative effects of discrimination perceptions on migrant children’s school cultural adaptation, community cultural adaptation, and customs and language adaptation will all diminish. To further explore the facilitating effect of urban educational policies on the cultural adaptation of migrant children, this study proposes recommendations for the household registration system, college entrance examination admission system, and child protection system. This paper not only puts forward policy recommendations for cities of inflow but also provides a Chinese research horizon for the urban cultural adaptation of migrant children in cities of inflow. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Life Satisfaction and Mental Health in Migrant Children)

16 pages, 309 KB

Open AccessArticle

Authoritative Filial Piety Rather than Reciprocal Filial Piety Mediated the Relationship Between Parental Support, Career Decision Self-Efficacy, and Discrepancies Between Individual-Set and Parent-Set Career Goals

by Shanshan Guan, Fanrong Meng and Chenggang Wu

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1135; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081135 - 21 Aug 2025

Viewed by 473

Abstract

Although a wealth of research has examined the predictors influencing the discrepancies between individual-set and parent-set career goals (DBIPCG), investigations grounded in collectivist cultural perspectives remain relatively scarce. Within collectivist societies, filial piety holds profound cultural significance. Drawing on a dual filial piety [...] Read more.

Although a wealth of research has examined the predictors influencing the discrepancies between individual-set and parent-set career goals (DBIPCG), investigations grounded in collectivist cultural perspectives remain relatively scarce. Within collectivist societies, filial piety holds profound cultural significance. Drawing on a dual filial piety framework encompassing reciprocal filial piety (RFP) and authoritative filial piety (AFP), this study aims to explore the interconnections among parental support, self-efficacy in career decision-making, dual filial piety orientations, and DBIPCG. The results indicated that parental support was negatively associated with DBIPCG. By contrast, self-efficacy in career decision-making did not predict DBIPCG directly. Instead, self-efficacy indirectly influenced DBIPCG, an effect mediated specifically by AFP rather than RFP, Furthermore, AFP was found to mediate the link between parental support and DBIPCG. These findings underscore the role of parental support in minimizing differences in career goal formation between generations and highlight the potentially adverse implications of AFP in exacerbating such discrepancies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychological Research on Sexual and Social Relationships)

19 pages, 577 KB

Open AccessArticle

When Expertise Goes Undercover: Exploring the Impact of Perceived Overqualification on Knowledge Hiding and the Mediating Role of Future Work Self-Salience

by Xiaoyun Ren, Di Wu, Qian Zhang and Haitianyu Lin

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1134; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081134 - 20 Aug 2025

Viewed by 398

Abstract

Grounded in the person–environment fit theory and an identity-based perspective, this study investigated the relationship between perceived overqualification and knowledge hiding, focusing on the mediating role of future work self-salience and the moderating role of the growth mindset. We suggest that perceived overqualification [...] Read more.

Grounded in the person–environment fit theory and an identity-based perspective, this study investigated the relationship between perceived overqualification and knowledge hiding, focusing on the mediating role of future work self-salience and the moderating role of the growth mindset. We suggest that perceived overqualification as a person–job misfit would negatively impact employees’ salient hoped-for work identities, representing a low level of future work self-salience. The diminished salience of a future work self leads employees to hide their knowledge. Furthermore, the growth mindset exacerbates the negative impact of perceived overqualification. We conducted a three-wave survey with 482 employees from knowledge-intensive industries. The results revealed that perceived overqualification boosted knowledge hiding by decreasing employees’ future work self-salience. The growth mindset enhanced the negative relationship between perceived overqualification and future work self-salience. Thus, the indirect effect of perceived overqualification on knowledge hiding via future work self-salience was more significant for those with a stronger growth mindset. Our findings contribute to the literature on person–job fit and knowledge behavior while providing practical insights for managing and guiding talented employees in knowledge management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Organizational Behaviors)

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16 pages, 485 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Relationship Between Students’ Language Learning Curiosity and Academic Achievement: The Mediating Role of Foreign Language Anxiety

by Honggang Liu, Tong Li, Hongying Zheng, Yang Li and Jiqun Fan

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1133; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081133 - 20 Aug 2025

Viewed by 478

Abstract

Curiosity and anxiety are critical emotional factors influencing language learning; yet, existing studies often overlook their combined effects and the mechanisms through which they shape academic achievements. This study aimed to explore the relationships among language learning curiosity, foreign language anxiety, and academic [...] Read more.

Curiosity and anxiety are critical emotional factors influencing language learning; yet, existing studies often overlook their combined effects and the mechanisms through which they shape academic achievements. This study aimed to explore the relationships among language learning curiosity, foreign language anxiety, and academic achievement among junior high school students. A total of 870 students from southeastern China, including 7 selected for semi-structured interviews, participated in the study. Quantitative data were analyzed through SPSS and AMOS with structural equation modeling, while qualitative data were examined using thematic analysis in NVivo to identify profile-based patterns. The findings revealed that students showed relatively high curiosity and moderate anxiety in English language learning. Consistent with our hypotheses, curiosity positively predicted academic achievement, while anxiety had a negative effect. Foreign language anxiety partially mediated the relationship between curiosity and academic performance. Qualitative data supported these findings, showing that curiosity fostered engagement and reduced anxiety in real learning contexts. These findings support the control-value theory of academic emotions and offer theoretical and practical implications for emotional regulation in language education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Educational Psychology)

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14 pages, 908 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

How Metaphorical Instructions Influence Children’s Motor Learning and Memory in Online Settings

by Weiqi Zheng and Xinyun Liu

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1132; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081132 - 20 Aug 2025

Viewed by 338

Abstract

Metaphorical instructions are widely used in motor skill learning, yet their impact on learning and memory processes in children remains underexplored. This study examined whether metaphor-based language could enhance children’s acquisition and recall of body posture-related motor skills in an online learning environment. [...] Read more.

Metaphorical instructions are widely used in motor skill learning, yet their impact on learning and memory processes in children remains underexplored. This study examined whether metaphor-based language could enhance children’s acquisition and recall of body posture-related motor skills in an online learning environment. Forty-eight children aged 7 to 9 were randomly assigned to receive either metaphorical or explicit verbal instructions while learning 15 gymnastic postures demonstrated through static images. Following the learning phase, participants completed a free recall task, in which they reproduced the learned postures without cues, and a recognition task involving the identification of previously learned postures. Results indicated that children in the metaphor group recalled significantly more postures than those in the explicit group, with no reduction in movement quality. However, no group differences were observed in recognition accuracy or discrimination sensitivity. These findings suggest that metaphorical instructions may enhance children’s ability to retrieve self-generated motor representations but offer limited advantage when external cues are available. The study provides evidence for the value of metaphor-based strategies in supporting immediate motor memory in digital, child-focused learning settings and highlights the potential task-dependency of instructional language effects on memory outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical and Motor Development in Children)

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15 pages, 3429 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Link Between Mate Value Discrepancy and Relationship Satisfaction—An Empirical Examination Using Response Surface Analysis

by Mehmet Mehmetoglu, Ilmari Määttänen and Matthias Mittner

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1131; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081131 - 20 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Existing studies on mate value discrepancy and relationship satisfaction often suffer from two key limitations: they conceptualize mate value as a single, undifferentiated construct and rely on simple difference scores to model discrepancy effects. The present study addresses these issues by examining the [...] Read more.

Existing studies on mate value discrepancy and relationship satisfaction often suffer from two key limitations: they conceptualize mate value as a single, undifferentiated construct and rely on simple difference scores to model discrepancy effects. The present study addresses these issues by examining the relationship between mate value discrepancy and relationship satisfaction using a multidimensional operationalization of mate value and applying response surface analysis. Data were collected in 2016 in Norway via a web-based survey administered by a market research company, with a sample stratified across the country’s 19 counties. The final estimation sample included 904 individuals currently in romantic relationships. The analysis involved a combination of confirmatory factor analysis and response surface analysis. The findings indicate that relationship satisfaction is highest when both partners exhibit high levels of Family orientation, resourcefulness, appearance, sociability, and physical condition. Among these, family orientation emerged as the most important dimension. Notably, relationship satisfaction declined when both partners scored equally low on these traits. Implications for future research and theoretical implications are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychology of Mate Choice, Romantic Relationships and Sexuality)

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14 pages, 1708 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Neural Correlates of Facial Attractiveness in Resume Screening: Evidence from ERPs

by Bin Ling, Yuting Xia and Yihan Wang

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1130; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081130 - 20 Aug 2025

Viewed by 363

Abstract

Facial attractiveness plays a significant role in job search evaluations, with recruiters often rating candidates with higher levels of attractiveness more favorably. This paper investigates how physical appearance and employability jointly influence applicant evaluations during resume screening. Using event-related potential (ERP) techniques, the [...] Read more.

Facial attractiveness plays a significant role in job search evaluations, with recruiters often rating candidates with higher levels of attractiveness more favorably. This paper investigates how physical appearance and employability jointly influence applicant evaluations during resume screening. Using event-related potential (ERP) techniques, the study observes dynamic brain changes during the experiment. The findings reveal that: (1) Employability significantly enhances P200 amplitudes (reflecting early attentional allocation), while its effects on N170 and LPP components are contingent upon attractiveness levels; (2) These employability effects are selectively modulated by facial attractiveness: under high-attractiveness conditions, high employability potentiates both P200 and LPP responses (suggesting enhanced motivational engagement and emotional arousal); low employability leads to more negative N170 amplitudes (indicating early conflict detection to stereotype-incongruent cues). Conversely, no such effects emerge under low-attractiveness conditions, demonstrating that facial attractiveness gates the neural prioritization of qualification information. These results provide valuable insights into job search evaluations and highlight the neural mechanisms involved in facial perception and processing during resume screening. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognition)

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12 pages, 292 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Whole Day Movement Matters to Executive Function Among College Students

by Xiaoxia Zhang, Samantha Moss, Caifang Wu, Jean Keller and Xiangli Gu

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1129; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081129 - 20 Aug 2025

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Abstract

“The whole day movement matters to health.” has become an important topic while the associations between executive function and different movement behaviors (i.e., physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB) and sleep) are traditionally examined in isolation. This study aimed to examine the combined [...] Read more.

“The whole day movement matters to health.” has become an important topic while the associations between executive function and different movement behaviors (i.e., physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB) and sleep) are traditionally examined in isolation. This study aimed to examine the combined associations of movement behaviors (i.e., moderate-to-vigorous PA [MVPA], light PA, screen-based SB, non-screen-based SB, and sleep) with executive function (i.e., working memory, inhibition, and overall executive function) among college students. A total of 366 college students (60.1% female; mean age = 22.59 ± 3.54) were recruited. Validated questionnaires were used to assess light PA, MVPA, screen-based and non-screen-based SB, sleep, and executive function. All the movement behaviors including screen-based SB (β = 0.13), sleep (β = −0.12), and MVPA (β = −0.16) were significant predictors on working memory (R² = 0.09). Only BMI (β = 0.14) was found to be a significant contributor to inhibition (R² = 0.05). The overweight/obese group had significantly higher scores (meaning lower functioning) in inhibition compared to peers with healthy weights (d = 0.24). These findings suggest healthy movement behaviors (i.e., engage in MVPA, reduce screen-based SB, sufficient sleep) and weight management are beneficial for executive function during young adulthood. Full article

14 pages, 645 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparing Gender Differences in Willingness to Accept Same- and Other-Sex Dyadic and Multi-Person Sexual Offers: An Examination of the Backlash Effect

by Ashley E. Thompson, Lizzy Bensen and Ryan Scoats

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1128; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081128 - 20 Aug 2025

Viewed by 593

Abstract

Proponents of Sexual Script Theory posit that men and women differ in their sexual behaviors/motivations, often due to culturally ingrained expectations. When these expectations are violated, individuals may face stigma, particularly in nontraditional contexts like mixed-sex threesomes (MSTs). This study examined gender differences [...] Read more.

Proponents of Sexual Script Theory posit that men and women differ in their sexual behaviors/motivations, often due to culturally ingrained expectations. When these expectations are violated, individuals may face stigma, particularly in nontraditional contexts like mixed-sex threesomes (MSTs). This study examined gender differences in heterosexual adults’ anticipated stigma and willingness to accept various sexual offers, including dyadic and MST offers involving same- and other-sex partners, through the lens of the backlash effect (i.e., the anticipation of stigma for participating in sexual behaviors that contradict societal expectations). A total of 540 heterosexual U.S. adults read vignettes depicting hypothetical sexual invitations and completed measures assessing anticipated stigma and willingness to engage. Results revealed that men anticipated less stigma and were more willing to accept sexual offers than women. Participants also anticipated less stigma and reported greater willingness to accept other-sex dyadic offers as compared to same-sex or MST offers. However, men reported the highest anticipated stigma and lowest willingness for same-sex dyadic offers, suggesting a novel backlash effect against men engaging in gender non-conforming behaviors. These findings offer support for the persistence of the sexual double standard and provide evidence for gendered backlash effects, including those impacting heterosexual men. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sexual Double Standard: Prejudice in Gender and Sexual Orientation)

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19 pages, 597 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison of Turning-Point Memories Among US and UK Emerging Adults: Adversity, Redemption, and Unresolved Trauma

by Cade D. Mansfield, Madisyn Carrington and Leigh A. Shaw

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1127; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081127 - 19 Aug 2025

Viewed by 389

Abstract

Turning-point memories, experiences that impact personal development, may be interpreted in ways that emphasize positive, negative, or mixed development because the memory prompt is open-ended with regard to event valence (i.e., it does not elicit ‘high’-point or ‘low’-point life events). Broadly, narratives that [...] Read more.

Turning-point memories, experiences that impact personal development, may be interpreted in ways that emphasize positive, negative, or mixed development because the memory prompt is open-ended with regard to event valence (i.e., it does not elicit ‘high’-point or ‘low’-point life events). Broadly, narratives that articulate how one has grown or changed for the better over time are positively associated with beneficial psychological characteristics and well-being, and are thought to be a cultural master narrative template in the United States (US). Recent work suggests cultural differences in the narration of adversity. Our mixed-methods study expands the literature on cultural comparisons of turning-point autobiographical memories by comparing themes in turning-point memory narratives of US and UK college-going emerging adults and by assessing whether or not narrative differences relate to changes in well-being and emotions after narration. Results suggest that turning points are characterized by memories of adversity and that redemptive narration is similar across samples in its frequency and associations with well-being and emotions. Discussion explores when and why redemptive narration may be beneficial for people from broad backgrounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Finding Healthy Coping Mechanisms in Autobiographical Memory)

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14 pages, 478 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship of Family Cohesion and Teacher Emotional Support with Adolescent Prosocial Behavior: The Chain-Mediating Role of Self-Compassion and Meaning in Life

by Peng Li, Xia Zhou, Jiali Jiang, Shuying Fu, Xuejun Bai and Wenbin Feng

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1126; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081126 - 19 Aug 2025

Viewed by 384

Abstract

A questionnaire survey was conducted with 1153 adolescents to examine how emotional support within family and school contexts relates to adolescents’ prosocial behavior. Results indicated that both family cohesion and teacher emotional support were positively and significantly associated with prosocial behavior. Further analysis [...] Read more.

A questionnaire survey was conducted with 1153 adolescents to examine how emotional support within family and school contexts relates to adolescents’ prosocial behavior. Results indicated that both family cohesion and teacher emotional support were positively and significantly associated with prosocial behavior. Further analysis revealed that adolescents’ meaning in life mediated these relationships and that self-compassion together with meaning in life served as a sequential mediating pathway. When the direct effects of family cohesion and teacher emotional support on prosocial behavior were compared, teacher emotional support exhibited a significantly stronger direct association. However, no significant differences emerged between the two sources of support concerning the sequential (chain-mediating) pathways. These findings extend current understanding of adolescent prosocial development and highlight the importance of collaborative efforts by families and schools to meet adolescents’ emotional needs and promote prosocial tendencies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting Social–Emotional and Academic Support in Educational Settings)

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19 pages, 315 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanisms of Self-Regulatory Decline in Accusatorial Interrogations

by Amber Heemskerk, Laura Smalarz, Stephanie Madon, Max Guyll and Yueran Yang

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1125; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081125 - 19 Aug 2025

Viewed by 310

Abstract

Confessions carry substantial weight in criminal investigations, yet little is known about the psychological mechanisms underlying suspects’ confession decisions. This research tested the hypothesis that situational pressures inherent to accusatorial interrogations deplete suspects’ self-regulatory resources, impairing their ability to make rational, self-protective decisions. [...] Read more.

Confessions carry substantial weight in criminal investigations, yet little is known about the psychological mechanisms underlying suspects’ confession decisions. This research tested the hypothesis that situational pressures inherent to accusatorial interrogations deplete suspects’ self-regulatory resources, impairing their ability to make rational, self-protective decisions. We examined three potential mechanisms of self-regulatory depletion in accusatorial interrogations: (1) decision-making pressure, (2) fatigue, and (3) depleted self-regulatory reserves. Participants were interviewed about minor (Experiment 1; N = 154) or serious (Experiment 2; N = 486) prior criminal and unethical behaviors under conditions that manipulated whether they experienced both decision-making pressure and fatigue, fatigue alone, or neither. We operationalized decision-making pressure through a response-contingent consequence structure and fatigue through extended questioning. We measured self-regulatory capacity by assessing time spent on an unsolvable anagram task after the interview. Experiment 2 also manipulated whether participants’ pre-interview self-regulatory reserves were depleted by having some complete the unsolvable anagram task before, as opposed to after, the interview. The results suggested a role of decision-making pressure—alone and in combination with fatigue—in producing self-regulatory depletion but provided no evidence for the effect of experimentally depleted self-regulatory reserves. These findings offer empirical support for theories linking interrogation pressures to self-regulatory decline. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Cognitive Processes in Legal Decision Making)

20 pages, 1025 KB

Open AccessArticle

Language and Cognitive Development in Bimodal Bilingual Deaf Children in Hearing Families: Three Case Studies

by Diane Lillo-Martin, Deborah Chen Pichler and Elaine Gale

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1124; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081124 - 19 Aug 2025

Viewed by 674

Abstract

We investigated aspects of language and cognitive development in three bimodal bilingual deaf children in hearing families. Some previous research finds cognitive delays for deaf children, which may be due to an early lack of access to language input. Studies of children having [...] Read more.

We investigated aspects of language and cognitive development in three bimodal bilingual deaf children in hearing families. Some previous research finds cognitive delays for deaf children, which may be due to an early lack of access to language input. Studies of children having strong early language access through parental use of American Sign Language (ASL) support the hypothesis that language delays are behind such cognitive delays. We ask whether hearing parents who are novice learners of ASL provide sufficient support for early language and cognitive development. The three case studies in this report used both ASL and English, with support for ASL development provided by our ASL specialist. We assessed the children’s general cognition, executive function, ASL vocabulary, English vocabulary, and overall language ability in both ASL and English. We found strong language development outcomes and correspondingly, age-appropriate cognitive development. These results are consistent with the conclusion that novice signer parents can support their children’s development as ASL-English bilinguals, establishing a strong foundation for further cognitive and linguistic growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Language and Cognitive Development in Deaf Children)

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21 pages, 579 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Work in German Public Administration: Social Resources, Occupational Health Literacy and Work Design Competencies in Association with Work Engagement

by Tanja Wirth, Elisabeth Rohwer, Leonie Jaß, Volker Harth and Stefanie Mache

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1123; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081123 - 19 Aug 2025

Viewed by 386

Abstract

Background: Since the COVID-19 pandemic, hybrid work models are on the rise in public administration in Germany. Hybrid work poses new challenges for employees. Face-to-face contact with colleagues at the office may be limited, potentially affecting social relationships at work. This study aimed [...] Read more.

Background: Since the COVID-19 pandemic, hybrid work models are on the rise in public administration in Germany. Hybrid work poses new challenges for employees. Face-to-face contact with colleagues at the office may be limited, potentially affecting social relationships at work. This study aimed to examine job demands and resources pertaining to social relationships between employees in public administration with low and high face-to-face contact with colleagues. Furthermore, associations between social and personal resources with work engagement and the moderating role of face-to-face contact were explored. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was carried out in a German public administration. Validated instruments were used to measure job demands and resources regarding social relationships, occupational health literacy, work design competencies, and work engagement. Differences between employees with low and high face-to-face contact with colleagues were examined using Pearson’s chi-square test and Welch’s t-test. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze associations between social and personal resources and work engagement. Simple moderation analyses were carried out to explore the role of face-to-face contact. Results: Overall, 127 employees in public administration completed the questionnaire. Employees with low face-to-face contact with colleagues at the office reported significantly higher fear of missing out at work and lower team cohesion and empowering leadership. Team cohesion as well as work design competencies and occupational health literacy (subscale willingness/responsibility) were significantly positively associated with work engagement, but no moderation effect of face-to-face contact could be observed. Conclusion: To reduce job demands regarding social relationships and strengthen social resources of hybrid workers, organizational measures could be taken to foster regular face-to-face contact with colleagues (e.g., overlapping attendance days). Additionally, training programs on work design competencies and occupational health literacy could positively impact employees’ work engagement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Work Motivation, Engagement, and Psychological Health)

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16 pages, 637 KB

Open AccessArticle

Work–Family Boundary Fit and Employee Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Work–Family Conflict

by Ying Meng, Hongying Li, Yong Qu and Guilan Yu

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1122; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081122 - 19 Aug 2025

Viewed by 565

Abstract

This study explores how the consistency between work–family boundary preferences and boundary enactment affects employee well-being by applying polynomial regression and response surface analysis. Using two-wave data from 420 employees in consulting firms in China, recruited via snowball sampling, bootstrapping was conducted to [...] Read more.

This study explores how the consistency between work–family boundary preferences and boundary enactment affects employee well-being by applying polynomial regression and response surface analysis. Using two-wave data from 420 employees in consulting firms in China, recruited via snowball sampling, bootstrapping was conducted to examine whether reduced work–family conflict mediates this relationship. The results show that consistency between preferences and enactment is positively related to job satisfaction and depression–enthusiasm well-being but has no significant effect on anxiety–comfort well-being. Anxiety–comfort and depression–enthusiasm well-being are higher when both preferences and enactment are high compared to when both are low. Work–family conflict plays a mediating role in this relationship. This research adds to the boundary management literature by highlighting the importance of aligning work–family boundary preferences with enactment. The findings suggest that organizations can improve employee well-being by supporting boundary management practices that match individual preferences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Burnout, Mental Health and Work-Family Interface in Today’s Workplaces)

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17 pages, 478 KB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Effects of Short- and Long-Term Negative Affect on Smartphone Usage: The Moderating Role of Locus of Control

by Yang Chu, Jiahao Li, Shan Liu, Yanfang Liu and Jie Xu

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1121; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081121 - 18 Aug 2025

Viewed by 376

Abstract

In the digital age, smartphones are often used as tools for emotion regulation. While prior research has examined affective predictors of smartphone use, few studies have considered the combined impact of short-term and long-term affective states. This study investigates how daily negative emotional [...] Read more.

In the digital age, smartphones are often used as tools for emotion regulation. While prior research has examined affective predictors of smartphone use, few studies have considered the combined impact of short-term and long-term affective states. This study investigates how daily negative emotional states and psychological distress relate to smartphone use and whether these associations are moderated by locus of control, a core belief about perceived control. Thirty-seven participants completed a one-month daily diary study combined with objective smartphone usage tracking, which yielded 837 valid observations. Multilevel analyses showed no association between daily negative emotional state and smartphone use. However, psychological distress predicted divergent behavioral patterns based on locus of control: individuals with an internal locus of control showed reduced usage under distress, whereas those with an external locus of control exhibited increased frequency of use. These findings highlight the importance of individual control beliefs in shaping technology-mediated emotion regulation and offer implications for interventions targeting excessive smartphone use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Deep Links: Emotional Regulation, Psychological Symptomatology, and Addictions)

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14 pages, 482 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Cyber-Ostracism on Bystanders’ Helping Behavior Among Undergraduates: The Moderating Role of Rejection Sensitivity

by Qian Sun, Shuchang Su, Shuting Lai, Xi Ding and Shaoyang Guo

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1120; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081120 - 18 Aug 2025

Viewed by 324

Abstract

This study examined how undergraduate bystanders respond to cyber-ostracism events and the moderating role of rejection sensitivity in shaping helping behaviors using two experiments. In Experiment 1 (N = 276), we first measured participants’ rejection sensitivity, then manipulated cyber-ostracism using a social [...] Read more.

This study examined how undergraduate bystanders respond to cyber-ostracism events and the moderating role of rejection sensitivity in shaping helping behaviors using two experiments. In Experiment 1 (N = 276), we first measured participants’ rejection sensitivity, then manipulated cyber-ostracism using a social media interaction scenario, and finally, measured helping behavior towards the (non-)ostracism target using a questionnaire. Experiment 2 (N = 258) sought to replicate and extend the findings of Experiment 1 using a methodologically refined design, in which we employed a modified Cyberball paradigm to manipulate cyber-ostracism and measured bystanders’ helping behavior through their resource allocation decisions (i.e., token sharing). The results revealed that witnessing cyber-ostracism significantly promoted bystanders’ helping behavior. This facilitative effect was more pronounced among bystanders with high rejection sensitivity. These findings shed light on the psychological mechanisms underlying bystanders’ helping responses in the context of cyber-ostracism and provide a new perspective for understanding interpersonal interactions in digital environments. Full article

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25 pages, 953 KB

Open AccessArticle

Communication Errors in Human–Chatbot Interactions: A Case Study of ChatGPT Arabic Mental Health Support Inquiries

by Ghuzayyil Mohammed Al-Otaibi, Hind M. Alotaibi and Sami Sulaiman Alsalmi

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1119; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081119 - 18 Aug 2025

Viewed by 344

Abstract

Large language models (LLMs) have become extensively used among users across diverse settings. Yet, with the complex nature of these large-scale artificial intelligence (AI) systems, leveraging their capabilities effectively is yet to be explored. In this study, we looked at the types of [...] Read more.

Large language models (LLMs) have become extensively used among users across diverse settings. Yet, with the complex nature of these large-scale artificial intelligence (AI) systems, leveraging their capabilities effectively is yet to be explored. In this study, we looked at the types of communication errors that occur in interactions between humans and ChatGPT-3.5 in Arabic. A corpus of six Arabic-language consultations was collected from an online mental health support forum. For each consultation, the researchers provided the user’s Arabic queries to ChatGPT-3.5 and analyzed the system’s responses. The study identified 102 communication errors, mostly grammatical and repetitions. Other errors involved contradictions, ambiguous language, ignoring questions, and lacking sociality. By examining the patterns and types of communication errors observed in ChatGPT’s responses, the study is expected to provide insights into the challenges and limitations of current conversational AI systems, particularly in the context of sensitive domains like mental health support. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Interventions for Addiction and Mental Health)

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38 pages, 8278 KB

Open AccessReview

Music as Fluidum: A Rheological Approach to the Materiality of Sound as Movement Through Time

by Mark Reybrouck

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1118; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081118 - 18 Aug 2025

Viewed by 411

Abstract

Music is an elusive phenomenon with sounds that disappear while sounding. This challenges the description of the music and its processing by the listener or performer. A possible answer to this problem lies in the definition of music as flowing sound energy that [...] Read more.

Music is an elusive phenomenon with sounds that disappear while sounding. This challenges the description of the music and its processing by the listener or performer. A possible answer to this problem lies in the definition of music as flowing sound energy that continuously modifies its substance and shape. Such an approach adheres to the materiality of sound and allows for a description of music in rheological terms. We therefore take as a starting point the analogy of music as a virtual, motional object that follows a trajectory through time, revolving around three major issues: (i) the relation between sound and motion, (ii) the description of motion or movement over time, and (iii) the embodied and enactive character of musical engagement. The paper relies mainly on historical sources—most notably the work of Alexander Truslit on motion perception and Ernst Kurth on energetics—and connects them to modern paradigms of embodied and enactive cognition as applied to music. Full article

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11 pages, 250 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Relation Between Violence and Suicidality in Mexico: The Impact of Different Types of Violence in Suicidal Behaviour Detected by a Massive Mental Health Screening App (MeMind)

by Cristian Antonio Molina-Pizarro, Olatz Lopez-Fernandez, Paula Villasante-Soriano, Ismael Martinez-Nicolas, Fuensanta Aroca-Bisquert, Pablo Méndez-Bustos, Lucas Giner and Enrique Baca-García

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1117; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081117 - 18 Aug 2025

Viewed by 375

Abstract

The construct of violence has scarcely been researched in relation to suicidality in Mexico. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of different types of violence (e.g., violence at home, non-suicidal self-injury) in suicidal behaviour (e.g., suicidal ideation, suicidal [...] Read more.

The construct of violence has scarcely been researched in relation to suicidality in Mexico. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of different types of violence (e.g., violence at home, non-suicidal self-injury) in suicidal behaviour (e.g., suicidal ideation, suicidal acts) of the citizens of the Yucatan State using a massive online screening approach through a smartphone application. A prospective cohort study design was undertaken during 2022 including 32,531 Mexican participants aged between 15 and 80 years old, which constituted the second wave of the SmartScreen project, through the TEDUCA survey. We selected as the main variables violence at home, non-suicidal self-injuries, and suicidal behaviour (Columbia—Suicide Severity Rating Scale; C-SSRS). A set of univariate regression analyses was performed for the entire sample connecting the variables with the C-SSRS. Subsequently, a multiple linear regression model was used. The model explained a significant portion of the variance in C-SSRS scores (R²adj = 0.3227) indicating the following as predictors affecting suicidality: perceived violence at home, followed by a history of NSSI, and previous mental health service attendance, among other associations between the sociodemographic predictors and suicidal behaviour. Significant interactions between perceived violence and NSSI history were also found. In conclusion, our study highlights the significant role of perceived violence at home and NSSI history in shaping suicide risk understood as the ideation and intention of suicidality among Yucatan citizens. The interaction between these factors and sociodemographic variables such as gender and age underscore the complex nature of suicide risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Suicidal Behaviors: Prevention, Intervention and Postvention)

21 pages, 1479 KB

Open AccessArticle

Manifestation of Learner Agency in Primary Education: Goal Setting, Implementation, and Reflection in the Context of Competency-Based Learning

by Jovita Ponomariovienė and Daiva Jakavonytė-Staškuvienė

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081116 - 18 Aug 2025

Viewed by 561

Abstract

This article explores the manifestation of learner agency among primary school students within the context of competency-based education. Grounded in social cognitive theory and self-determination principles, the study examines how fourth-grade students set, implement, and reflect on personal learning goals through action research [...] Read more.

This article explores the manifestation of learner agency among primary school students within the context of competency-based education. Grounded in social cognitive theory and self-determination principles, the study examines how fourth-grade students set, implement, and reflect on personal learning goals through action research conducted in two Lithuanian schools. A total of 108 students participated by documenting their goals and reflections in journals, while teachers provided insights through interviews. The results reveal that students are capable of demonstrating agency through meaningful goal setting and reflective learning practices, especially when supported by a safe environment, constructive feedback, and opportunities for choice. However, the findings also highlight challenges—such as vague or overly ambitious goals, incomplete reflections, and concerning trends like excessive gaming or emotionally charged goals. The study underscores the critical role of teacher support in scaffolding goal-setting skills and fostering student motivation, while also emphasizing the need for early interventions in emotional literacy and digital well-being. It concludes that learner agency is a developable capacity requiring intentional pedagogical strategies and a reflective school culture. Full article

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14 pages, 535 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Interaction Dynamics in Dog-Assisted Therapy: An Observational Study

by Candela Jasmin Hüsgen, Nienke Peters-Scheffer and Robert Didden

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1115; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081115 - 18 Aug 2025

Viewed by 450

Abstract

(1) Background: Dog-assisted therapy (DAT) integrates dogs into therapeutic sessions to enhance participants’ physical, emotional, and social well-being. Despite its growing popularity, little is known about the interaction dynamics between the dog, participant, and therapist during sessions. (2) Methods: This study examined these [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Dog-assisted therapy (DAT) integrates dogs into therapeutic sessions to enhance participants’ physical, emotional, and social well-being. Despite its growing popularity, little is known about the interaction dynamics between the dog, participant, and therapist during sessions. (2) Methods: This study examined these dynamics, focusing on active participation, focus direction, joint focus, and physical contact. Video data from sessions 1, 5, and 9 of 10 individual therapy sessions with five participants were analysed using behavioural observations and an ethogram. (3) Results: Results indicated that therapists’ active participation increased over time while participants’ activity levels remained stable. Dogs were most active during the initial and final sessions. Participants’ focus on therapists remained consistent, but their focus on the dog stabilised after an initial decline. Dogs are primarily focused on their surroundings. The joint focus between participants and therapists increased, and physical contact with dogs varied significantly among participants and dogs. (4) Conclusions: The findings partially support the “icebreaker” theory, whereby dogs help establish initial rapport. However, the trend was not consistent across all participants. Therapist–dog interactions remained low and stable. Differences in dog characteristics (e.g., breed and fur type) and participant needs may explain variation in physical contact. These findings underline the complexity of DAT and highlight the need for further research into interaction patterns relate to participants and dog characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal-Assisted Interventions for Neurodivergent Individuals: Advancing Research, Practice, and Well-Being)

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14 pages, 1078 KB

Open AccessArticle

Through Another’s Eyes: Implicit SNARC-like Attention Bias Reveals Allocentric Mapping of Numerical Magnitude

by Wanying Luo

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081114 - 17 Aug 2025

Viewed by 379

Abstract

Numerical magnitude can bias spatial attention, typically facilitating faster responses to the left for small numbers and to the right for large numbers—an effect traditionally attributed to egocentric spatial mappings. However, in everyday environments, individuals often share space with others, raising the question [...] Read more.

Numerical magnitude can bias spatial attention, typically facilitating faster responses to the left for small numbers and to the right for large numbers—an effect traditionally attributed to egocentric spatial mappings. However, in everyday environments, individuals often share space with others, raising the question of whether such spatial–numerical associations can spontaneously reorganize based on another person’s visual perspective. To investigate this, we employed a digit-primed visual detection paradigm in which participants judged the location (left, right, up, or down) of a briefly presented peripheral probe following centrally displayed digits. If numerical magnitude implicitly guides attention, probe detection should be faster when its location is congruent with the digit-induced spatial bias. Critically, in the avatar condition, a task-irrelevant avatar was positioned on the participant’s left side, such that the avatar’s horizontal (left–right) axis corresponded to the participant’s vertical (up–down) axis—an axis along which egocentric numerical biases are typically absent. If participants spontaneously adopted the avatar’s perspective, numerical cues might induce attentional biases along this axis. Results revealed two simultaneous effects: a canonical egocentric SNARC-like effect (small–left, large–right) and a novel allocentric effect (small–up, large–down) emerged along the vertical axis, implicitly aligned with the avatar’s left–right spatial orientation. Numerical extremity enhanced the egocentric SNARC-like effect but had no effect in the allocentric case, pointing to a distinct mechanism rooted in embodied spatial perspective. These findings suggest that numerical magnitude can implicitly map onto both egocentric and allocentric spatial frames, reflecting a implicit and embodied mechanism of social understanding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognition)

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17 pages, 938 KB

Open AccessReview

Value-Directed Remembering: A Dual-Process Perspective

by Qiong Li, Weihai Tang and Xiping Liu

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1113; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081113 - 17 Aug 2025

Viewed by 442

Abstract

Value-directed remembering involves two key mechanisms: automatic processing and strategic processing. Automatic processing relies on the brain’s reward system and is associated with midbrain dopaminergic pathways and medial temporal-lobe activity. Strategic processing, in contrast, involves conscious, effortful encoding strategies and engages semantic-processing regions [...] Read more.

Value-directed remembering involves two key mechanisms: automatic processing and strategic processing. Automatic processing relies on the brain’s reward system and is associated with midbrain dopaminergic pathways and medial temporal-lobe activity. Strategic processing, in contrast, involves conscious, effortful encoding strategies and engages semantic-processing regions and executive control systems. This article reviews the developmental trajectory of value-directed remembering from childhood to old age through the lens of a dual-process model. Children and adolescents primarily rely on automatic processing; adults are capable of flexibly switching between the two processes; older adults tend to rely more on strategic processing. These findings reflect the dynamic developmental changes in the brain’s reward and executive-control systems. Future research should further investigate the synergistic interplay between dual-processing mechanisms, the moderating role of cultural contexts, and the efficacy of intervention strategies to deepen our understanding of the developmental trajectory of value-directed memory. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Children’s Cognitive Development in Social and Cultural Contexts)

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