Cells

29 pages, 2144 KiB

Open AccessReview

Adipose Tissue-Derived Therapies for Osteoarthritis: Multifaceted Mechanisms and Clinical Prospects

by Hanwen Zhang, Oliver Felthaus and Lukas Prantl

Cells 2025, 14(9), 669; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14090669 - 2 May 2025

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that significantly impacts quality of life and poses a growing economic burden. Adipose tissue-derived therapies, including both cell-based and cell-free products, have shown promising potential in promoting cartilage repair, modulating inflammation, and improving joint function. Recent [...] Read more.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that significantly impacts quality of life and poses a growing economic burden. Adipose tissue-derived therapies, including both cell-based and cell-free products, have shown promising potential in promoting cartilage repair, modulating inflammation, and improving joint function. Recent studies and clinical trials have demonstrated their regenerative effects, highlighting their feasibility as a novel treatment approach for OA. This review summarises the therapeutic mechanisms and latest advancements in adipose tissue-derived therapies, providing insights into their clinical applications and future prospects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Research on Adipose Stem Cells)

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26 pages, 1303 KiB

Open AccessReview

Expanding the Use of SGLT2 Inhibitors in T2D Patients Across Clinical Settings

by Alessandro Cuttone, Vittorio Cannavò, Raouf Mastan Sheik Abdullah, Pierluigi Fugazzotto, Giada Arena, Simona Brancati, Andrea Muscarà, Carmela Morace, Cristina Quartarone, Domenica Ruggeri, Giovanni Squadrito and Giuseppina Tiziana Russo

Cells 2025, 14(9), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14090668 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are currently recommended in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) to reduce serum glucose levels. Moreover, robust evidence has clearly demonstrated their beneficial cardiovascular and renal effects, making this class of drugs pivotal for the treatment of T2D, especially [...] Read more.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are currently recommended in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) to reduce serum glucose levels. Moreover, robust evidence has clearly demonstrated their beneficial cardiovascular and renal effects, making this class of drugs pivotal for the treatment of T2D, especially when complicated by diabetic kidney disease or heart failure. However, several other comorbidities are frequently encountered in T2D patients beyond these long-term diabetes complications, especially in the internal medicine setting. For some of these comorbidities, such as MAFLD and cognitive impairment, the association with diabetes is increasingly recognized, with the hypothesis of a common pathophysiologic background, whereas, for others, a coincident epidemiology linked to the ageing of populations, including that of T2D subjects, may be advocated. In the effort of personalizing T2D treatment, evidence on the potential effects of SGLT2i in these different clinical conditions is accumulating. The purpose of this narrative review is to update current literature on the effects of SGLT2i for the treatment of T2D in different clinical settings beyond glycaemic control, and to elucidate potential molecular mechanisms by which they exert these effects. Full article

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18 pages, 3150 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Targeting ATF5, CEBPB, and CEBPD with Cell-Penetrating Dpep Sensitizes Tumor Cells to NK-92MI Cell Cytotoxicity

by Qing Zhou, Markus D. Siegelin and Lloyd A. Greene

Cells 2025, 14(9), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14090667 - 2 May 2025

Abstract

Natural killer (NK) cells are an important innate defense against malignancies, and exogenous sources of NK cells have been developed as anti-cancer agents. Nevertheless, the apparent limitations of NK cells in clearing cancers have suggested that their efficacy might be augmented by combination [...] Read more.

Natural killer (NK) cells are an important innate defense against malignancies, and exogenous sources of NK cells have been developed as anti-cancer agents. Nevertheless, the apparent limitations of NK cells in clearing cancers have suggested that their efficacy might be augmented by combination with other treatments. We have developed cell-penetrating peptides that target the transcription factors ATF5, CEBPB, and CEBPD and that promote apoptotic cancer cell death both in vitro and in vivo without apparent toxicity to non-transformed cells. We report here that one such peptide, Dpep, significantly sensitizes a variety of tumor cell types to the cytotoxic activity of the NK cell line, NK-92MI. Such sensitization requires pre-exposure of tumor cells to Dpep and does not appear due to effects of Dpep on NK cells themselves. Our findings suggest that Dpep acts in this context to lower the apoptotic threshold of tumor cells to NK cell toxicity. Additionally, while Dpep pre-treatment does not prevent tumor cells from causing NK cell “inactivation”, it sensitizes cancer cells to repeated rounds of exposure to fresh NK cells. These findings thus indicate that Dpep pre-treatment is an effective strategy to sensitize cancer cells to the cytotoxic actions of NK cells. Full article

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13 pages, 4773 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microgliosis in the Spinal Dorsal Horn Early After Peripheral Nerve Injury Is Associated with Damage to Primary Afferent Aβ-Fibers

by Yuto Shibata, Yuki Matsumoto, Keita Kohno, Yasuharu Nakashima and Makoto Tsuda

Cells 2025, 14(9), 666; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14090666 - 2 May 2025

Abstract

Neuropathic pain results from a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory nervous system. Injury to primary afferent nerves leads to microgliosis in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH), which plays a crucial role in developing neuropathic pain. Within the SDH, primary afferent fibers broadly [...] Read more.

Neuropathic pain results from a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory nervous system. Injury to primary afferent nerves leads to microgliosis in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH), which plays a crucial role in developing neuropathic pain. Within the SDH, primary afferent fibers broadly project, and microglia are nearly ubiquitously distributed under normal conditions. However, not all microglia react to injuries affecting primary afferent fibers, resulting in spatially heterogeneous microgliosis within the SDH. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain elusive. In this study, the spatial relationship between microgliosis and the projections of injured nerves was investigated by generating mice that had expressed tdTomato in the fourth lumbar dorsal root ganglion (L4-DRG) neurons via intra-L4-spinal nerve (SpN) injection of adeno-associated viral vectors. After transection of the L4-SpN, we found that microgliosis in the SDH selectively occurred in the innervation territories of the injured primary afferent fibers. However, denervating transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)-expressing primary afferent fibers in the SDH through intrathecal injection of capsaicin did not trigger microgliosis, nor did it influence the microgliosis induced by L4-SpN injury. Conversely, pharmacological damage to myelinated DRG neurons, including Aβ-fibers, was sufficient to induce microgliosis. Furthermore, L4-SpN injury also induced microgliosis in the gracile nucleus, which primarily receives innervation from Aβ-fibers. These findings suggest that microgliosis in the SDH shortly after peripheral nerve injury is predominantly associated with damage to primary afferent Aβ-fibers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms of Neuropathic Pain)

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23 pages, 3231 KiB

Open AccessReview

Getting Blood Out of a Stone: Vascularization via Spheroids and Organoids in 3D Bioprinting

by Daria Revokatova, Polina Bikmulina, Zahra Heydari, Anna Solovieva, Massoud Vosough, Anastasia Shpichka and Peter Timashev

Cells 2025, 14(9), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14090665 - 1 May 2025

Abstract

Current developments in bioequivalent technology have led to the creation of excellent models that mimic the structure and function of human organs. These models are based on the original tissues and organs of the human body, but they lack the complex interaction with [...] Read more.

Current developments in bioequivalent technology have led to the creation of excellent models that mimic the structure and function of human organs. These models are based on the original tissues and organs of the human body, but they lack the complex interaction with the extensive network of vasculature, and this is a major challenge for these models. A functional vasculature is essential for oxygen, nutrient, and waste exchange. It is also responsible for inductive biochemical exchange, and provides a structural pattern for organ growth. In vitro systems, containing no perfusable vessels, suffer from the quick formation of a necrotic core of organoids, and further development does not occur due to increased metabolic demands. Another key limitation of 3D-based techniques is the absence of accurate architectural structures and large-scale tissue sizes. Recently, new 3D bioprinting methods have been developed for organoids and spheroids as living building blocks. These methods aim to address some of the challenges associated with 3D technologies. In this review, we discuss recent strategies for vascularization via organoids and spheroids, which are used as structural units in bioprinting to recreate natural organs and tissues with ever-increasing accuracy in structure and function. Full article

18 pages, 6638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

RBFOX1 Regulates Calcium Signaling and Enhances SERCA2 Translation

by Sadiq Umar, Wuqiang Zhu, Fernando Souza-Neto, Ingrid Bender, Steven C. Wu, Chastity L. Healy, Timothy D. O’Connell and Jop H. van Berlo

Cells 2025, 14(9), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14090664 - 1 May 2025

Abstract

RBFOX1 is an RNA-binding protein that regulates alternative splicing and RNA processing in the neurons, skeletal muscle, and heart. We intended to define the role of RBFOX1 in regulating calcium homeostasis to maintain normal cardiac function. We generated cardiomyocyte-specific Rbfox1 gene-deletion mice (cKO). [...] Read more.

RBFOX1 is an RNA-binding protein that regulates alternative splicing and RNA processing in the neurons, skeletal muscle, and heart. We intended to define the role of RBFOX1 in regulating calcium homeostasis to maintain normal cardiac function. We generated cardiomyocyte-specific Rbfox1 gene-deletion mice (cKO). The cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of RBFOX1 was confirmed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The cKO mice showed mild hypertrophy and depressed cardiac function under homeostatic conditions, which did not deteriorate with age. Pressure overload by trans-aortic constriction (TAC) caused exaggerated cardiac hypertrophy and accelerated heart failure in cKO compared with wild-type mice. We performed Western blotting to assess the expression of important Ca²⁺-handling proteins, which showed alterations in the phosphorylation of PLN and CAMKII and decreased expression of SERCA2. We measured the Ca²⁺dynamics and noted significantly delayed Ca²⁺ reuptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Importantly, the decrease in SERCA2 expression was not due to reduced mRNA expression or altered splicing. To assess the possibility of the post-transcriptional regulation of SERCA2 expression by RBFOX1, we performed RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), which showed the binding of RBFOX1 protein to Serca2 mRNA, which was confirmed in luciferase assays with the Serca2a 3′-untranslated region fused to luciferase. Finally, we performed a puromycin incorporation experiment, which showed that RBFOX1 enhances SERCA2 protein translation. Our results show that RBFOX1 plays a crucial role in regulating the expression of Ca²⁺-handling genes to maintain normal cardiac function. We show an important post-transcriptional role of RBFOX1 in regulating SERCA2 expression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cells of the Cardiovascular System)

28 pages, 4150 KiB

Open AccessReview

Inhibitors of Cyclic Dinucleotide Phosphodiesterases and Cyclic Oligonucleotide Ring Nucleases as Potential Drugs for Various Diseases

by Christopher S. Vennard, Samson Marvellous Oladeji and Herman O. Sintim

Cells 2025, 14(9), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14090663 - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

The phosphodiester linkage is found in DNA, RNA and many signaling molecules, such as cyclic mononucleotide, cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) and cyclic oligonucleotides (cONs). Enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester linkage (nucleases and phosphodiesterases) play important roles in cell persistence and fitness and have therefore [...] Read more.

The phosphodiester linkage is found in DNA, RNA and many signaling molecules, such as cyclic mononucleotide, cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) and cyclic oligonucleotides (cONs). Enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester linkage (nucleases and phosphodiesterases) play important roles in cell persistence and fitness and have therefore become targets for various diseased states. While various inhibitors have been developed for nucleases and cyclic mononucleotide phosphodiesterases, and some have become clinical successes, there is a paucity of inhibitors of the recently discovered phosphodiesterases or ring nucleases that cleave CDNs and cONs. Inhibitors of bacterial c-di-GMP or c-di-AMP phosphodiesterases have the potential to be used as anti-virulence compounds, while compounds that inhibit the degradation of 3′,3′-cGAMP, cA₃, cA₄, cA₆ could serve as antibiotic adjuvants as the accumulation of these second messengers leads to bacterial abortive infection. In humans, 2′3′-cGAMP plays critical roles in antiviral and antitumor responses. ENPP1 (the 2′3′-cGAMP phosphodiesterase) or virally encoded cyclic dinucleotide phosphodiesterases, such as poxin, however, blunt this response. Inhibitors of ENPP1 or poxin-like enzymes have the potential to be used as anticancer and antiviral agents, respectively. This review summarizes efforts made towards the discovery and development of compounds that inhibit CDN phosphodiesterases and cON ring nucleases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phosphodiesterases (PDEs): Therapeutic Targets in Human Health and Disease)

25 pages, 951 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

mTORopathies in Epilepsy and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: The Future of Therapeutics and the Role of Gene Editing

by Marina Ottmann Boff, Fernando Antônio Costa Xavier, Fernando Mendonça Diz, Júlia Budelon Gonçalves, Laura Meireles Ferreira, Jean Zambeli, Douglas Bottega Pazzin, Thales Thor Ramos Previato, Helena Scartassini Erwig, João Ismael Budelon Gonçalves, Fernanda Thays Konat Bruzzo, Daniel Marinowic, Jaderson Costa da Costa and Gabriele Zanirati

Cells 2025, 14(9), 662; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14090662 - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

mTORopathies represent a group of neurodevelopmental disorders linked to dysregulated mTOR signaling, resulting in conditions such as tuberous sclerosis complex, focal cortical dysplasia, hemimegalencephaly, and Smith–Kingsmore Syndrome. These disorders often manifest with epilepsy, cognitive impairments, and, in some cases, structural brain anomalies. The [...] Read more.

mTORopathies represent a group of neurodevelopmental disorders linked to dysregulated mTOR signaling, resulting in conditions such as tuberous sclerosis complex, focal cortical dysplasia, hemimegalencephaly, and Smith–Kingsmore Syndrome. These disorders often manifest with epilepsy, cognitive impairments, and, in some cases, structural brain anomalies. The mTOR pathway, a central regulator of cell growth and metabolism, plays a crucial role in brain development, where its hyperactivation leads to abnormal neuroplasticity, tumor formation, and heightened neuronal excitability. Current treatments primarily rely on mTOR inhibitors, such as rapamycin, which reduce seizure frequency and tumor size but fail to address underlying genetic causes. Advances in gene editing, particularly via CRISPR/Cas9, offer promising avenues for precision therapies targeting the genetic mutations driving mTORopathies. New delivery systems, including viral and non-viral vectors, aim to enhance the specificity and efficacy of these therapies, potentially transforming the management of these disorders. While gene editing holds curative potential, challenges remain concerning delivery, long-term safety, and ethical considerations. Continued research into mTOR mechanisms and innovative gene therapies may pave the way for transformative, personalized treatments for patients affected by these complex neurodevelopmental conditions. Full article

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29 pages, 12311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Expanded Phenotype of the Cln6^nclf Mouse Model

by Victoria Chaoul, Sara Saab, Omar Shmoury, Ramy Alam, Lynn Al Aridi, Nadine J. Makhoul, Jihane Soueid and Rose-Mary Boustany

Cells 2025, 14(9), 661; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14090661 - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of autosomal recessive neurogenetic disorders caused by mutations in 14 different genes. CLN6 disease manifests as variant late-infantile NCL (vLINCL) or as an adult variant. In childhood, symptoms include speech delay, vision loss, cognitive and motor [...] Read more.

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of autosomal recessive neurogenetic disorders caused by mutations in 14 different genes. CLN6 disease manifests as variant late-infantile NCL (vLINCL) or as an adult variant. In childhood, symptoms include speech delay, vision loss, cognitive and motor decline, seizures, and early death. An in-depth characterization of a naturally occurring Cln6 mutant mouse (Cln6^nclf) is presented, with implications for translational research. The expanded phenotype provides data showing early death, vision loss, and motor deficits in male and female Cln6^nclf mice. Diminished visual acuity in Cln6^nclf mice was noted at 28 weeks of age, but the pathological loss of retinal layers began as early as 2 weeks or postnatal day 14 (P14). Apoptosis was confirmed by TUNEL staining in the Cln6^nclf mouse brain at P8 and in the retina at P12. A peak in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression was established as a normal developmental phenomenon in the wild-type and Cln6^nclf mouse brain cerebellum and the CA2–CA3 regions of the hippocampus at P8. In Cln6^nclf mice, GFAP levels were elevated at P12 in the cerebellum and hippocampus. In the retina, a developmental peak in gliosis was absent, with increased astrogliosis noted at P6 and P8 in female and male Cln6^nclf mice, respectively. This highlights the lack of a sex-dependent response in wild-type mice. These novel data position the Cln6^nclf mouse model as a useful tool for screening potential therapeutics for human CLN6 disease. Full article

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22 pages, 6834 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunosuppression of Tumor-Derived Factors Modulated Neutrophils in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Through Upregulation of Arginase-1 via ApoA1-STAT3 Axis

by Chih-Chia Chang, Chia-Bin Chang, Cheng-Huang Shen, Ming-Yang Lee, Yeong-Chin Jou, Chun-Liang Tung, Wei-Hong Lai, Chi-Feng Hung, Meilin Wang, Ya-Yan Lai, Pi-Che Chen and Shu-Fen Wu

Cells 2025, 14(9), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14090660 - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) presents aggressive features and a tumor microenvironment with T cell depletion. However, the role of tumor-associated neutrophils in UTUC remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate how UTUC tumor-derived factors modulate neutrophils and their impact on T cell [...] Read more.

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) presents aggressive features and a tumor microenvironment with T cell depletion. However, the role of tumor-associated neutrophils in UTUC remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate how UTUC tumor-derived factors modulate neutrophils and their impact on T cell immune responses. Our findings demonstrate that UTUC secreted tumor-derived factors, with apolipoprotein A1 (Apo-A1) being the predominant factor, which upregulated arginase-1 expression in neutrophils. STAT3 activation was responsible for the upregulation of arginase-1 in neutrophils. Blocking the interactions between Apo-A1 and its receptors reduced arginase-1 expression in neutrophils treated with tumor tissue culture supernatant (TTCS). Moreover, both CD4⁺ T and CD8⁺ T cell proliferation were inhibited by neutrophils treated with Apo-A1 or TTCS. Importantly, blocking Apo-A1 signaling in neutrophils reversed the inhibitory effects on T cells. In UTUC patients, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was higher than that in healthy subjects. The expression of arginase-1 in neutrophils and the level of Apo-A1 within UTUC tumors were negatively correlated with tumor-infiltrating CD4⁺ T cells. Additionally, neutrophils from UTUC patients showed increased expression of arginase-1 and exhibited inhibitory effects of T cell functions. These findings suggest that UTUC orchestrates an immune-suppressive microenvironment through Apo-A1-mediated upregulation of arginase-1 in neutrophils, ultimately leading to the inhibition of T cell proliferation. Full article

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17 pages, 730 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advancing Obstructive Airway Disease Treatment: Dual PDE3/4 Inhibition as a Therapeutic Strategy

by Rinzhin T. Sherpa, Cynthia J. Koziol-White and Reynold A. Panettieri, Jr.

Cells 2025, 14(9), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14090659 - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

Obstructive airway diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), evoke significant global health concerns manifested by airway inflammation and obstruction. Despite their differing origins, shared pathophysiological features and responses to therapeutic interventions highlight common molecular mechanisms. Standard treatments include inhaled bronchodilators, [...] Read more.

Obstructive airway diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), evoke significant global health concerns manifested by airway inflammation and obstruction. Despite their differing origins, shared pathophysiological features and responses to therapeutic interventions highlight common molecular mechanisms. Standard treatments include inhaled bronchodilators, with combination therapies offering enhanced symptom control. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) plays a crucial role in airway relaxation. Phosphodiesterase (PDE) decreases cAMP levels, thereby attenuating the relaxation of airway smooth muscle, making it a promising therapeutic target. The balance between cAMP production and degradation is essential for regulating airway tone and function. PDE inhibitors for the treatment of obstructive airway diseases have suffered challenges, with adverse side effects of prospective inhibitors causing clinical failures. Efforts to develop PDE inhibitors with an improved safety profile could prove to be beneficial as an add-on treatment for severe asthma and COPD. The recent FDA approval of Ensifentrine, a dual PDE3/4 inhibitor, can significantly advance COPD management by improving bronchodilation, reducing inflammation, and lowering exacerbation rates with favorable safety outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phosphodiesterases (PDEs): Therapeutic Targets in Human Health and Disease)

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16 pages, 1313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bilateral Germ Cell Tumor of the Testis: Biological and Clinical Implications for a Stem Versus Genetic Origin of Cancers

by Jamaal C. Jackson, Darren Sanchez, Aron Y. Joon, Marcos R. Estecio, Andrew C. Johns, Amishi Y. Shah, Matthew Campbell, John F. Ward, Louis L. Pisters, Charles C. Guo, Miao Zhang, Niki M. Zacharias and Shi-Ming Tu

Cells 2025, 14(9), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14090658 - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

Germ cell tumors of the testis (GCTs) provide an ideal tumor model to investigate the cellular versus genetic origin of cancers. In this single institutional study, we evaluated 38 patients with bilateral GCT, including tumors that occurred simultaneously (synchronous) and those occurring at [...] Read more.

Germ cell tumors of the testis (GCTs) provide an ideal tumor model to investigate the cellular versus genetic origin of cancers. In this single institutional study, we evaluated 38 patients with bilateral GCT, including tumors that occurred simultaneously (synchronous) and those occurring at different times (metachronous). For nine of these patients, DNA was isolated from the right and left GCT to determine the genomic and epigenetic differences between tissues using whole-exome sequencing (WES) and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS). We found that seminomas and non-seminomas are molecularly distinct based on DNA methylation and not due to synchronous or metachronous disease. In addition, we did not observe conservation of genetic mutations in right and left GCT in either synchronous or metachronous disease. Our data suggest a cellular origin for bilateral GCT. Full article

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18 pages, 2187 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Recombinant Human Amelogenin on the Osteogenic Differentiation Potential of SHED

by Akira Hirabae, Ryo Kunimatsu, Yuki Yoshimi, Kodai Rikitake, Shintaro Ogashira, Ayaka Nakatani, Shuzo Sakata and Kotaro Tanimoto

Cells 2025, 14(9), 657; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14090657 - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to explore how amelogenin can improve stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED)–based bone regeneration and promote tissue healing as a treatment for critical-sized bone defects. SHED was induced into bone differentiation by using osteogenic differentiation medium. Real-time polymerase [...] Read more.

This study aimed to explore how amelogenin can improve stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED)–based bone regeneration and promote tissue healing as a treatment for critical-sized bone defects. SHED was induced into bone differentiation by using osteogenic differentiation medium. Real-time polymerase chain reaction, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and quantification, and Alizarin Red S staining, as well as calcium and osteocalcin quantification were performed to assess differentiation. On day 18, a significant increase was observed in the expression of RUNX2, CBFB, BGLAP, COL1, BMP2, BMP4, NOTCH1, NOTCH2, and NES. Osteocalcin gene expression continued to increase significantly. ALP activity was significantly higher in the amelogenin-treated group than in the control group on days 7, 10, and 14. On day 14, enhanced ALP staining was observed in the amelogenin-treated group. Calcium and osteocalcin levels were significantly higher in the amelogenin-treated group than in the control group on day 21. This study suggests that combining SHED and amelogenin may be effective for bone regeneration, offering a potential new approach in regenerative medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Tissues and Organs)

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25 pages, 31027 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Six-Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of the Prostate (STEAP) 3 Regulates the Myogenic Differentiation of Yunan Black Pig Muscle Satellite Cells (MuSCs) In Vitro via Iron Homeostasis and the PI3K/AKT Pathway

by Wei Zhang, Minying Zhang, Jiaqing Zhang, Sujuan Chen, Keke Zhang, Xuejing Xie, Chaofan Guo, Jiyuan Shen, Xiaojian Zhang, Huarun Sun, Liya Guo, Yuliang Wen, Lei Wang and Jianhe Hu

Cells 2025, 14(9), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14090656 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

The myogenic differentiation of muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) is an important biological process that plays a key role in the regeneration and repair of skeletal muscles. However, the mechanisms regulating myoblast myogenesis require further investigation. In this study, we found that STEAP3 is [...] Read more.

The myogenic differentiation of muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) is an important biological process that plays a key role in the regeneration and repair of skeletal muscles. However, the mechanisms regulating myoblast myogenesis require further investigation. In this study, we found that STEAP3 is involved in myogenic differentiation based on the Yunan black pig MuSCs model in vitro using cell transfection and other methods. Furthermore, the expression of myogenic differentiation marker genes MyoG and MyoD and the number of myotubes formed by the differentiation of cells from the si-STEAP3 treated group were significantly decreased but increased in the STEAP3 overexpression group compared to that in the control group. STEAP3 played a role in iron ion metabolism, affecting myogenic differentiation via the uptake of iron ions and enhancing IRP-IRE homeostasis. STEAP3 also activated the PI3K/AKT pathway, thus promoting myoblast differentiation of Yunan black pig MuSCs. The results of this study showed that STEAP3 overexpression increased intracellular iron ion content and activated the homeostatic IRP-IRE system to regulate intracellular iron ion metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cell Signaling)

32 pages, 5875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Expression of Mitochondrial Magmas Protein in Ovarian Carcinomas: Magmas Inhibition Facilitates Antitumour Effects, Signifying a Novel Approach for Ovarian Cancer Treatment

by Ali Raza, Ashfaqul Hoque, Rodney Luwor, Ruth M. Escalona, Jason Kelly, Revati Sharma, Fadi Charchar, Simon Chu, Mary K. Short, Paul T. Jubinsky, George Kannourakis and Nuzhat Ahmed

Cells 2025, 14(9), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14090655 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Mitochondrial-associated granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (Magmas) is a unique protein located in the inner membrane of mitochondria, with an active role in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cellular systems. Ovarian cancer (OC), one of the deadliest gynaecological cancers, is characterised by genomic [...] Read more.

Mitochondrial-associated granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (Magmas) is a unique protein located in the inner membrane of mitochondria, with an active role in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cellular systems. Ovarian cancer (OC), one of the deadliest gynaecological cancers, is characterised by genomic instability, affected by ROS production in the tumour microenvironment. This manuscript discusses the role of Magmas and efficacy of its novel small molecule inhibitor BT#9 in OC progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Magmas expression levels were significantly elevated in high-grade human OC compared to benign tumours by immunohistochemistry. The inhibition of Magmas by BT#9 enhanced ROS production and reduced mitochondrial membrane permeability, basal respiration, mitochondrial ATP production, and cellular functions, such as the proliferation and migration of OC cell lines in vitro. Oral administration of BT#9 in vivo significantly reduced tumour growth and spread and enhanced the survival of mice without having any effect on the peritoneal organs. These data suggest that Magmas is functionally important for OC growth and spread by affecting ROS levels and that the inhibition of Magmas activity by BT#9 may provide novel clinical benefits for patients with this malignancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitochondria and Metabolism in Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs))

20 pages, 1436 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gene Expression of Extracellular Matrix Proteins, MMPs, and TIMPs in Post-Operative Tissues of Chronic Rhinosinusitis Patients

by Zygimantas Vaitkus, Astra Vitkauskiene, Liutauras Labanauskas, Justinas Vaitkus, Povilas Lozovskis, Saulius Vaitkus and Ieva Janulaityte

Cells 2025, 14(9), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14090654 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a persistent inflammatory condition of the sinus mucosa characterized by significant tissue remodeling. This study aimed to evaluate the gene expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in post-operative tissues of [...] Read more.

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a persistent inflammatory condition of the sinus mucosa characterized by significant tissue remodeling. This study aimed to evaluate the gene expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in post-operative tissues of CRS patients. A total of 30 patients diagnosed with CRS, divided into CRSwNP (with nasal polyps) and CRSsNP (without nasal polyps) groups, were compared with a control group of 10 individuals undergoing nasal surgeries for non-CRS conditions. Gene expression analysis was conducted using quantitative real-time PCR, and plasma cytokine levels were measured via ELISA. Results indicated significantly higher expression of collagen I, collagen III, fibronectin, vimentin, periostin, and tenascin C in CRS tissues, especially in CRSsNP patients. Conversely, elastin expression was markedly lower. MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 expression was significantly altered, with CRSsNP showing lower levels compared to CRSwNP and controls. TGF-β1 expression was elevated in both CRS groups, particularly in CRSsNP, highlighting its role in fibrosis and ECM remodeling. Additionally, increased plasma concentrations of TSLP and TGF-β1 suggest epithelial activation and immune dysregulation in CRS. These findings underscore distinct remodeling profiles in CRS endotypes, emphasizing the need for targeted therapeutic strategies based on molecular phenotyping. Understanding ECM dysregulation and inflammatory pathways in CRS may lead to improved, individualized treatment approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Treating Fibrosis)

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17 pages, 1346 KiB

Open AccessReview

Targeted Redox Regulation α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex for the Treatment of Human Diseases

by Ryan J. Mailloux

Cells 2025, 14(9), 653; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14090653 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHc) is a crucial enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle that intersects monosaccharides, amino acids, and fatty acid catabolism with oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). A key feature of KGDHc is its ability to sense changes in the redox environment through [...] Read more.

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHc) is a crucial enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle that intersects monosaccharides, amino acids, and fatty acid catabolism with oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). A key feature of KGDHc is its ability to sense changes in the redox environment through the reversible oxidation of the vicinal lipoic acid thiols of its dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase (DLST; E2) subunit, which controls its activity and, by extension, OxPhos. This characteristic inculcates KGDHc with redox regulatory properties for the modulation of metabolism and mediating of intra- and intercellular signals. The innate capacity of KGDHc to participate in the regulation of cell redox homeodynamics also occurs through the production of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (mtH₂O₂), which is generated by the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD; E3) downstream from the E2 subunit. Reversible covalent redox modification of the E2 subunit controls this mtH₂O₂ production by KGDHc, which not only protects from oxidative distress but also modulates oxidative eustress pathways. The importance of KGDHc in modulating redox homeodynamics is underscored by the pathogenesis of neurological and metabolic disorders that occur due to the hyper-generation of mtH₂O₂ by this enzyme complex. This also implies that the targeted redox modification of the E2 subunit could be a potential therapeutic strategy for limiting the oxidative distress triggered by KGDHc mtH₂O₂ hyper-generation. In this short article, I will discuss recent findings demonstrating KGDHc is a potent mtH₂O₂ source that can trigger the manifestation of several neurological and metabolic diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), inflammation, and cancer, and the targeted redox modification of the E2 subunit could alleviate these syndromes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Charming Micro-Insights into Health and Diseases)

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25 pages, 6761 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dopamine Receptor D3 Induces Transient, mTORC1-Dependent Autophagy That Becomes Persistent, AMPK-Mediated, and Neuroprotective in Experimental Models of Huntington’s Disease

by Diego Luis-Ravelo, Felipe Fumagallo-Reading, Alejandro Febles-Casquero, Jonathan Lopez-Fernandez, Daniel J. Marcellino and Tomas Gonzalez-Hernandez

Cells 2025, 14(9), 652; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14090652 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Huntington disease’s (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of a polyglutamine region (PolyQ) within the huntingtin protein (HTT). Mutated huntingtin (mHTT) is cytotoxic, particularly for striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs), whose degeneration is the hallmark of HD. Autophagy inducers currently [...] Read more.

Huntington disease’s (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of a polyglutamine region (PolyQ) within the huntingtin protein (HTT). Mutated huntingtin (mHTT) is cytotoxic, particularly for striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs), whose degeneration is the hallmark of HD. Autophagy inducers currently available promote the clearance of toxic proteins. However, due to their low selectivity and the possibility that prolonged autophagy hampers essential processes in unaffected cells, researchers have questioned their benefits in neurodegenerative diseases. Since MSNs express dopamine receptors D2 (DRD2) and D3 (DRD3) and DRD2/DRD3 agonists may activate autophagy, here, we explored how healthy and mHTT-challenged cells respond to prolonged DRD2/DRD3 agonist treatment. Autophagy activation and its effects on mHTT/polyQ clearance were studied in R6/1 mice (a genetic model of HD), their wild-type littermates, and DRD2- and DRD3-HEK cells expressing a pathogenic (Q74) and a non-pathogenic (Q23) polyQ fragment of mHTT treated with the DRD2/DRD3 agonist pramipexole. Two forms of DRD3-mediated autophagy were found: a transient mTORC1-dependent in WT mice and Q23-DRD3-HEK cells and a persistent AMPK-ULK1-activated in R6/1 mice and Q74-DRD3-HEK cells. This also promoted a robust clearance of soluble mHTT/polyQ and neuroprotection in striatal neurons and DRD3-HEK cells. The findings indicate that DRD3-induced autophagy may be a safe, disease-modifying intervention in HD patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Therapeutic Advances for Neurodegenerative Diseases)

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20 pages, 38507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multipotent Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Vascular Dementia

by Eun-Young Kim, Ki-Sung Hong, Dong-Hun Lee, Eun Chae Lee, Hyung-Min Chung, Se-Pill Park, Man Ryul Lee and Jae Sang Oh

Cells 2025, 14(9), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14090651 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Vascular dementia (VD), characterized by cognitive decline and behavioral disorders, has seen a rapid increase in prevalence in recent years. However, effective treatments for VD remain unavailable. Due to its regenerative potential, stem cell therapy has garnered attention as a promising approach for [...] Read more.

Vascular dementia (VD), characterized by cognitive decline and behavioral disorders, has seen a rapid increase in prevalence in recent years. However, effective treatments for VD remain unavailable. Due to its regenerative potential, stem cell therapy has garnered attention as a promising approach for VD treatment, yet it has shown limited effects on cognitive and behavioral impairments caused by the disease. To address this limitation, this study aimed to develop a novel treatment using human embryonic stem cell-derived multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MMSCs). The therapeutic efficacy of MMSCs was evaluated using a vascular dementia mouse model induced by bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS). The effects of MMSCs were assessed through behavioral tests and postmortem brain tissue analysis, including mRNA expression analysis and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. MMSCs treatment significantly improved both working memory and long-term memory. Histological analysis revealed enhanced angiogenesis, preservation of blood–brain barrier integrity, and improved hippocampal organization. Furthermore, MMSCs treatment reduced the expression of Rock1/2, indicating suppression of neuroinflammatory and apoptotic pathways. These findings suggest that MMSCs offer a sustainable and effective therapeutic approach for vascular dementia. Full article

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