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Foundations, Volume 6, Issue 3

2026 September - 12 articles

Cover Story: A small change in silver content can meaningfully affect the antibacterial performance of zinc oxide nanoparticles. By comparing pure ZnO with nanoparticles prepared using 1% and 5% nominal silver content, this study links changes in material structure to activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Furthermore, the 5% formulation showed the strongest activity, offering insight into designing ZnO-based materials in order to control foodborne bacteria. View this paper
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Articles (12)

  • Article
  • Open Access
218 Views
43 Pages

Equilibrium in a Failed Cartel: Set-Valued Reactions and Sources of Market Asymmetry

  • Anton Badev,
  • Vanya Ivanova,
  • Diana Nedelcheva,
  • Martin Pavlov and
  • Boyan Zlatanov

We study a three-firm market following the breakdown of an initially complete cartel, taking both the breakdown and the identity of the departing firm as exogenously given. In the baseline model, the former cartel members no longer coordinate: all th...

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematical Sciences)
  • Article
  • Open Access
279 Views
25 Pages

We study the extremal behavior of real two-term linear combinations of third-order Zernike modes on the closed unit disk D2. Our primary focus is the classification of interior local extrema; absolute extrema on the boundary circle are treated only w...

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematical Sciences)
  • Article
  • Open Access
882 Views
57 Pages

Introductory and intermediate electrical-engineering education commonly models fundamental circuit and device parameters, including inductance, capacitance, resistance, permeability, permittivity, conductivity, characteristic impedance, transformer t...

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematical Sciences)
  • Article
  • Open Access
626 Views
15 Pages

Influence of Silver Content on the Structural Characteristics and Antibacterial Activity of ZnO–Ag Nanoparticles Against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium

  • Myrna Reyes-Blas,
  • Kimberly Torres-Rivera,
  • Diego Caquías-López,
  • Paola Batista-Cruz,
  • Ian Passalacqua-Montes and
  • Sonia J. Bailón-Ruiz

Antimicrobial nanomaterials have attracted increasing attention as potential alternatives for controlling pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, pure ZnO and Ag-modified ZnO nanoparticles prepared using nominal Ag contents of 1 and 5 wt.% were syn...

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Sciences)
  • Article
  • Open Access
246 Views
15 Pages

We analyze the distributions of historic S&P500 multi-day returns for the number of days of accumulation from 20 to 120. With the increase in the number of days of accumulation, we observe clear tempering of power-law tails toward a seemingly fin...

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematical Sciences)
  • Article
  • Open Access
348 Views
17 Pages

The present paper addresses models of non-local materials and, in particular, flexoelectric materials as dielectrics with higher-order gradients. While the literature develops the subject through variational formulations, here the modelling is develo...

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sciences)
  • Article
  • Open Access
397 Views
32 Pages

We develop a framework in which quantum field equations are reconstructed from a multi-branch Hamilton–Jacobi structure supplemented by density functionals on configuration space. Each branch is defined by a solution of a functional Hamilton&nd...

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sciences)
  • Article
  • Open Access
307 Views
19 Pages

The mathematical representation of discrete signals is classically governed by linear basis transforms, such as the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), which treat spectral projection as a rigid, deterministic geometric operation. Under this paradigm,...

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematical Sciences)
  • Article
  • Open Access
662 Views
12 Pages

The Clopper–Pearson method of constructing a confidence interval for the probability of success in a binary population that follows a Bernoulli distribution is well known. This paper pedagogically justifies the Clopper–Pearson method and...

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematical Sciences)
  • Article
  • Open Access
533 Views
21 Pages

The mathematization of science is undergoing a structural transformation driven by the rise of computation and data-intensive methods. While classical mathematization relied largely on explicitly formulated laws and formal structures, contemporary sc...

(This article belongs to the Topic Geometric Structures on Manifolds: Riemannian Geometry, Submanifolds, and Physical Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
591 Views
29 Pages

A study of elementary counting (of simple clouds of dots by the Munduruku indigenous people of Brazil) is reanalysed in order to compare and contrast three kinds of probability mass functions (PMFs): (i) quantitative response to a discrete range of c...

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematical Sciences)
  • Article
  • Open Access
650 Views
21 Pages

This paper presents a comprehensive theoretical derivation of a membrane potential formula based on the Association-Induction Hypothesis (AIH), challenging traditional membrane theory and the Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz equation (GHK equation)....

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sciences)
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Foundations - ISSN 2673-9321