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11 pages, 1665 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Structural Analysis of Different Components of a Conveying System Used in Road Cleaning Vehicles

by Micha Premkumar Thomai and Seralathan Sivamani

Eng. Proc. 2025, 93(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025093001 - 24 Jun 2025

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The quality of road transport in India has experienced rapid growth. A significant amount of rubbish is being thrown on the highways by passengers daily. The effective removal of garbage from highways is vital. Traditional cleaning methods often include manual procedures that are [...] Read more.

The quality of road transport in India has experienced rapid growth. A significant amount of rubbish is being thrown on the highways by passengers daily. The effective removal of garbage from highways is vital. Traditional cleaning methods often include manual procedures that are not particularly efficient. The objective of our present work is to design and construct a contemporary road cleaning vehicle capable of efficiently removing waste particles from roadways, thereby ensuring the maintenance of clean roads. A conveyor system is a crucial component for transporting waste from the road onto a vehicle. Full article

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9 pages, 5014 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Fundamental Screech Tone Analysis of Elliptic Pipe Jet

by Rajesh Kumar Sambathu and Budda Thiagarajan Kannan

Eng. Proc. 2025, 93(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025093002 - 30 Jun 2025

Viewed by 242

Abstract

The elliptic pipe jet screech is explored at a pressure ratio from 2 to 6. The pipe length to diameter ratio is 5. The fundamental screech frequency and magnitude are obtained from the sound pressure level spectrum. The screech frequency decreases as the [...] Read more.

The elliptic pipe jet screech is explored at a pressure ratio from 2 to 6. The pipe length to diameter ratio is 5. The fundamental screech frequency and magnitude are obtained from the sound pressure level spectrum. The screech frequency decreases as the pressure ratio increases. The minor plane has more tones than the major plane at an emission angle of 75 degrees from the jet axis. The amplitude of the screech differs among the planes. The amplitude is higher at lower emission angles from 45 to 75 degrees and lower at a sideline angle of 90 degrees. Full article

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8 pages, 2125 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental Analysis of Tensile and Metallurgical Properties in Similar and Dissimilar Metal Joints

by T. Sathish, M. Selvam, K. A. Harish, D. Vijay, G. Harish and D. Yashwant

Eng. Proc. 2025, 93(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025093003 - 30 Jun 2025

Viewed by 181

Abstract

This paper delves incto the tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding process, renowned for its efficacy in creating robust metal joints and widely employed in diverse industries for fusing similar or dissimilar materials. The focus of this study is the welding of mild steel [...] Read more.

This paper delves incto the tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding process, renowned for its efficacy in creating robust metal joints and widely employed in diverse industries for fusing similar or dissimilar materials. The focus of this study is the welding of mild steel with stainless steel, showcasing the method’s ability to amalgamate exceptionally sturdy metals and alloys. The resultant welded joints exhibit a meticulously refined microstructure and an impressive strength-to-weight ratio. The primary aim is to scrutinize TIG-welded joints, specifically those connecting mild steel with stainless steel, to elucidate their metallurgical and mechanical attributes. Notably, joints formed between distinct materials, such as mild steel and stainless steel, manifest commendable mechanical and metallurgical properties. This paper extensively investigates the metallurgical microstructures and tensile characteristics of both comparable and dissimilar metal junctions, contributing valuable insights to the field. Full article

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10 pages, 1770 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design and Analysis of Sustainable Kraft Paper-Based Cushioning System for Packaging

by A. P. Mohanraj, S. Kamatchi, A. Deepthisri, P. Parameshwaran and B. P. Sivasubramaniyan

Eng. Proc. 2025, 93(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025093004 - 30 Jun 2025

Viewed by 272

Abstract

In this design, foam packaging for consumer products is replaced by the kraft paper cushioning system. The kraft paper is made into a cylindrical structure, with small cylindrical structures pasted to its outer walls. The cylindrical structure can withstand a high amount of [...] Read more.

In this design, foam packaging for consumer products is replaced by the kraft paper cushioning system. The kraft paper is made into a cylindrical structure, with small cylindrical structures pasted to its outer walls. The cylindrical structure can withstand a high amount of stress, internally and externally. These cylindrical structures’ center points make an imaginary equilateral triangle. Therefore, the applied load is distributed equally across the cylinders and hexagonal structures. We can replace foam packaging with this kraft paper packaging. This design is expected to provide a more eco-friendly product than a normal packaging system. The interior design for the kraft paper is created as integrated cylindrical structures designed using Computer Aided Drawing (CAD). Various tests, such as on compression, impact, and vibration, were carried out. In this design, stimulation, cost comparison of the design, and manufacturing feasibility were examined. Full article

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9 pages, 1077 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design and Simulation of Ripple Free Non-Inverting DC-DC Cuk Converter with Valley-Fill Circuit for LED Applications

by Lakshmi Praba Balakrishnan, Abhinaya Ravichandran, Seyezhai Ramalingam, Deeikshanyaa Sivasubramaniam and Harini Vasudevan Balamurugan

Eng. Proc. 2025, 93(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025093005 - 1 Jul 2025

Viewed by 185

Abstract

LED lighting plays a pivotal role in the illumination landscape owing to its substantial energy efficiency, prolonged operational lifespan, environmental advantages, superior light quality, and its capacity for advanced lighting control. Flicker in led lighting systems has emerged as a substantial concern and [...] Read more.

LED lighting plays a pivotal role in the illumination landscape owing to its substantial energy efficiency, prolonged operational lifespan, environmental advantages, superior light quality, and its capacity for advanced lighting control. Flicker in led lighting systems has emerged as a substantial concern and is appropriate to its potential opposing impacts on human health and visual comfort. Hence, this paper presents a comprehensive analysis, design, and mitigation strategy for flicker in a DC-DC led driver that incorporates a valley fill circuit. The initial stage of this investigation involves an analysis of a conventional cuk converter. However, it is noted that this converter produces an inverting output and experiences high current stress on the semiconductor switch. Consequently, to address these limitations, a non-inverting cuk converter (NICC) is introduced, resulting in a positive output, reduced voltage and current ripple and increased efficiency. To surmount these challenges, the implementation of a valley fill circuit is proposed. This addition facilitates the rapid attainment of a steady state, increases efficiency, and substantially reduces the output voltage and current ripple. An in-depth analysis of the stress imposed on the switch is conducted, leading to the development of a circuit designed to extend the operational life of the LED driver. Therefore, this paper compares the topologies of three different DC-DC cuk power converters. These converters include conventional cuk, non-inverting cuk (NICC), and non-inverting cuk with valley-fill. The performance metrics are examined and compared for all three topologies. The findings of this study affirm that the proposed driver circuit is highly effective in mitigating flicker, thereby enhancing the user experience and elevating the quality of led lighting, all while maintaining energy efficiency. The MATLAB simulations of these converters are performed to validate the theoretical results. Full article

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8 pages, 1252 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Investigation of an Open Loop Resonator for Crack Detection

by Adithya Krishna Menon, C. B. Abhinav, Sreedevi K. Menon and M. P. Hariprasad

Eng. Proc. 2025, 93(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025093006 - 1 Jul 2025

Viewed by 244

Abstract

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of composite systems is challenging due to multiple factors unique to composites. Early detection of any defects in composites is essential to ensure structural integrity and prevent catastrophic failure. In this work, a square Open Loop Resonator (OLR) sensor [...] Read more.

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of composite systems is challenging due to multiple factors unique to composites. Early detection of any defects in composites is essential to ensure structural integrity and prevent catastrophic failure. In this work, a square Open Loop Resonator (OLR) sensor is proposed for the evaluation of cracks in composite structures. Radio frequency characteristics of the newly designed sensors are analyzed, and their efficiency is studied with respect to various crack sizes and orientations. For the present study, early detection of the crack is focused, and cracking is considered to have occurred in the ground plane of the sensor. A band-pass resonator centered at 2.5 GHz is selected for the study. Structural and HFSS simulations are carried out using commercially available software packages. The proposed sensor is found to be effective in early detection of the cracks and is a viable choice for structural health monitoring applications. Full article

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10 pages, 2764 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental Investigation on the Mechanical Properties of Woven Glass–Polyester–Polypropylene Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites

by Sundarapandiyan Murugesan and Palanikumar Kayaroganam

Eng. Proc. 2025, 93(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025093007 - 30 Jun 2025

Viewed by 92

Abstract

Natural composites find application in various fields because of their low specific weight and low investment cost. But due to their inherent nature, natural composites have lower strength and tend to absorb moisture, which makes them weak. In this work, woven glass, mono-bi-filament [...] Read more.

Natural composites find application in various fields because of their low specific weight and low investment cost. But due to their inherent nature, natural composites have lower strength and tend to absorb moisture, which makes them weak. In this work, woven glass, mono-bi-filament polypropylene, and polyester fibers in an epoxy matrix were developed with four and five different stacking layers of texture utilizing the hand-layup procedure. However, understanding the directional dependence of material properties is necessary for the application of these new materials. Three distinctive plates were fabricated for the purpose of the investigation. The laminated plates were tested on a universal testing machine (UTM) and a flexible test setup to examine the mechanical properties of the polymer fiber. By adding short fibers such as polypropylene, polyester fibers in a random manner improved the mechanical strength of the polymer composite compared to the other fiber types such as woven glass fiber sheets and woven polypropylene sheets placed in the middle of the composite. This is because short polymer fibers bond well with epoxy resin and have very good bonding strength. Full article

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9 pages, 1498 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Sensitivity Analysis of an Edge-Fed Microstrip Patch Antenna Strain Sensor to Detect Surface Strains

by A. P. Praveen, Jeetu S. Babu, Sreedevi K. Menon and M. P. Hariprasad

Eng. Proc. 2025, 93(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025093008 - 1 Jul 2025

Viewed by 166

Abstract

Damage detection through strain sensing is inevitable in structural health monitoring (SHM) for implementing preventive measures against the failure of a mechanical component or a civil structure. Strain sensors based on patch antennas are gaining importance due to their simple geometry and ease [...] Read more.

Damage detection through strain sensing is inevitable in structural health monitoring (SHM) for implementing preventive measures against the failure of a mechanical component or a civil structure. Strain sensors based on patch antennas are gaining importance due to their simple geometry and ease of fabrication. This work presents the effect of longitudinal and transverse deformation on the patch antenna strain sensor characteristics. Structural and electromagnetic simulations are performed for various loads using a commercial FEM package. The variation in the reflection coefficient with resonant frequency is analyzed for different strain levels up to the elastic limit of the sensor. It is observed that the edge-fed patch antenna can be used in cases of higher strain levels. However, the patch antenna sensor is less sensitive at lower strain levels. The patch antenna sensor effectively decouples the directional strains, making it effective for bidirectional strain sensing using a single element. Full article

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13 pages, 3329 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Condition Monitoring of Forced-Draft Fan Using Vibration Analysis: A Case Study

by Laxmikant S. Dhamande

Eng. Proc. 2025, 93(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025093009 - 30 Jun 2025

Viewed by 142

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to present vibration-based condition monitoring of forced-draft fans used in sugar factories. The draft system’s uninterrupted operation is essential for the flawless operation of boilers. Considering its importance, a forced-draft fan was employed as a case study. [...] Read more.

The purpose of this paper is to present vibration-based condition monitoring of forced-draft fans used in sugar factories. The draft system’s uninterrupted operation is essential for the flawless operation of boilers. Considering its importance, a forced-draft fan was employed as a case study. The vibration and noise in the time and frequency domain, along with the overall vibration and noise levels, were measured from the driving and non-driving ends of forced-draft fans at different intervals of time so that errors in measurement could be avoided. These vibration data were analyzed to identify faults in the different components of the forced-draft fans, along with problems in their operation. The results of this analysis indicate that the fans under study produced more noise and vibration than the recommended standard value. Also, through signature analysis, it was found that the fans needed to be balanced and aligned properly. The problems observed were rectified, and recommendations are given for the proper maintenance of these fans. An effort was made to explore the relationship between patterns of the vibration spectrum and signs of failure in a forced-draft fan. It was found that vibration-based condition monitoring is an effective tool in sugar factories. Full article

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9 pages, 3096 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development of AC-DC Converter for Hybrid PV Integrated Microgrid System

by Ramabadran Ramaprabha, Sakthivel Sangeetha, Raghunathan Akshitha Blessy, Ravichandran Lekhashree and Pachaiyappan Meenakshi

Eng. Proc. 2025, 93(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025093010 - 30 Jun 2025

Viewed by 98

Abstract

The amount of energy consumed worldwide is raising at a startling rate. This has led to a global energy crisis and a hike in fuel prices and has caused environmental jeopardy. Renewable energy resources offer a promising solution to the above situation. Solar [...] Read more.

The amount of energy consumed worldwide is raising at a startling rate. This has led to a global energy crisis and a hike in fuel prices and has caused environmental jeopardy. Renewable energy resources offer a promising solution to the above situation. Solar energy is examined to be the most liberal source of renewable energy. The efficiency of solar PV cells show nonlinear characteristics and deliver poor performance. Consequently, it is imperative to use the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique to extract the optimum amount of energy from photovoltaic (PV) cells. Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Incremental Conductance (INC) are examples of MPPT algorithms. The performance of MPPT schemes below varying climatic ambience should be predominantly considered. The workings of these schemes under various load conditions becomes critical to analyze. This work deals with this issue and compares the conventional P&O MPPT and INC MPPT schemes for various solar irradiation and load conditions and designing solar panels optimized for maximum power generation. The designed MPPT scheme is carried out in the control circuit of a boost converter, evaluating and designing a converter to convert solar panel DC power into grid-compatible AC power. By analyzing different methods for managing and tracking PV power, this method proves to be fast and gives better results under changes in solar insolation. Full article

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8 pages, 1653 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Mechanical Properties of Brass Alloys: A Review

by S. Jasper, R. Subash, K. Muthuneelakandan, D. Vijayakumar and S. Jhansi Ida

Eng. Proc. 2025, 93(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025093011 - 1 Jul 2025

Viewed by 299

Abstract

Brass is a proportionate copper and zinc alloy that may be mixed to achieve a variety of mechanical, electrical, and chemical characteristics. Compared to bronze, it is more pliable. Brass has a comparatively low melting point (900–940 °C; 1650–1720 °F), depending on its [...] Read more.

Brass is a proportionate copper and zinc alloy that may be mixed to achieve a variety of mechanical, electrical, and chemical characteristics. Compared to bronze, it is more pliable. Brass has a comparatively low melting point (900–940 °C; 1650–1720 °F), depending on its composition. This review explores the most recent advancements in brass alloy technology, including the addition of silicon, tin, and aluminium to improve its strength, machinability, and resistance to corrosion. Furthermore, the development of lead-free, recyclable, and low-carbon brass alloys has been fuelled by the growing demand for environmentally friendly materials. With a renewed emphasis on antibacterial qualities and wear-resistant formulations, brass alloys are also seeing increasing use in sectors like electronics, architecture, and healthcare. Additionally, new opportunities for producing custom-designed brass components have been made possible by the development of additive manufacturing. This paper provides an overview of the current and future potential of brass alloys, highlighting their originality in addressing the changing demands of modern industry and technology. Full article

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7 pages, 2358 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of FSW Parameters on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Aluminum Joints

by Jayakumar Krishnamoorthy, Saran Kumar Murugesan, Sanjuvigasini Nagappan and Sanjay Prakash Prithiviraj

Eng. Proc. 2025, 93(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025093012 - 2 Jul 2025

Viewed by 187

Abstract

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a novel welding technique that produces a solid-state weld by generating frictional heat and plastic deformation at the weld spot with a revolving, non-consumable welding tool. Despite processing a wide range of industrial materials, FSW has concentrated on [...] Read more.

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a novel welding technique that produces a solid-state weld by generating frictional heat and plastic deformation at the weld spot with a revolving, non-consumable welding tool. Despite processing a wide range of industrial materials, FSW has concentrated on welding aluminum and its alloys because of its high strength-to-weight ratio and uses in the shipbuilding, aerospace, and other fabrication industries. Important FSW process factors that determine the mechanical qualities of the weldment are the tool tilt angle, tool traverse feed, tool pin profile, tool rotational speed (TRS), tool traverse speed (TTS), tool pin profile (TPP), and shoulder plunge depth. Variations in the required process parameters cause defects, which lower the weld quality of FSWed aluminum alloys (AA). Therefore, keeping an eye on and managing the FSW process is crucial to preserving the caliber of the weld joints. The current study aims to investigate the changes in the mechanical characteristics and microstructure of the FSWed AA5052-H111 and AA6061-T6 joints. To perform the FSW experiments, we varied TRS, TTS, and TPP on plates that were 5 mm thick and had a butt joint structure. Following welding, the microstructure of the weld zones was examined to observe how the grains had changed. The joint’s tensile strength reached a maximum of 227 MPa for the square-shaped TPP, and the micro-Vickers hardness test results showed a maximum of 102 HV at the weld nugget zone (WNZ). Full article

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10 pages, 1398 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimization of Grid-Connected Hybrid Microgrid System with EV Charging Using Pelican Optimization Algorithm

by Anirban Maity, Sajjan Kumar and Pulok Pattanayak

Eng. Proc. 2025, 93(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025093013 - 2 Jul 2025

Viewed by 167

Abstract

This research focuses on optimizing a grid-connected hybrid microgrid system (HMGS) for The Neotia University (TNU), West Bengal, India, utilizing renewable energy sources to improve sustainability and energy efficiency. The system integrates solar panels, wind turbines, and an existing diesel generator (DG) to [...] Read more.

This research focuses on optimizing a grid-connected hybrid microgrid system (HMGS) for The Neotia University (TNU), West Bengal, India, utilizing renewable energy sources to improve sustainability and energy efficiency. The system integrates solar panels, wind turbines, and an existing diesel generator (DG) to meet campus energy demands, including electric vehicle (EV) charging facilities for residents and staff. The pelican optimization algorithm (POA) is employed to determine the optimal capacity of PV and wind turbine units for reducing energy costs, enhancing reliability, and minimizing carbon emissions. The results reveal a substantial decrease in the cost of energy (COE) from INR 11.74/kWh to INR 5.20/kWh. Full article

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8 pages, 2484 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparative Analysis of PMSMs and SRMs for Drone Applications

by Sarangapani Theperumal Vigneshwar, Mahadevan Balaji and Sundaramoorthy Prabhu

Eng. Proc. 2025, 93(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025093014 - 2 Jul 2025

Viewed by 176

Abstract

This research paper presents a comprehensive comparison between Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) and Switched Reluctance Motors (SRMs) in the context of drone applications. The study focuses on motors designed for an output power of 500 watts, with a torque of 0.8 Nm. [...] Read more.

This research paper presents a comprehensive comparison between Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) and Switched Reluctance Motors (SRMs) in the context of drone applications. The study focuses on motors designed for an output power of 500 watts, with a torque of 0.8 Nm. Simulation results demonstrate that both motor types achieve the specified power rating, exhibiting a torque output of 0.8 Nm. In this comparative analysis, key performance parameters, efficiency, and operational characteristics of PMSM and SRM are systematically evaluated. The study addresses the unique features and challenges associated with each motor type, providing valuable insights for optimizing drone propulsion systems. Additionally, the influence of these motor choices on drone efficiency, weight, and overall performance is discussed. The research contributes to the understanding of motor selection in drone design, offering practical guidance for engineers and researchers involved in unmanned aerial vehicle development. As drone applications continue to diversify, this comparative study aids in making informed decisions regarding motor technologies, balancing power requirements, and maximizing operational efficiency. Full article

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11 pages, 3956 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Implementation of Bidirectional Converter with Asymmetrical Half-Bridge Converter Based on an SRM Drive Using PV for Electric Vehicles

by Ramabadran Ramaprabha, Ethirajan Anjana, Sureshkumar Hariprasath, Sulaimon Mohammed Ashik, Medarametala Venkata Sai Kiran and Tikarey Yoganand Navinsai Kaarthik

Eng. Proc. 2025, 93(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025093015 - 2 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Due to the high demand for fuel efficiency, electric vehicles have come into the picture, as they only use batteries to power the vehicle. This requires constant charging of the batteries at charging stations, which are costly and impractical to install. But it [...] Read more.

Due to the high demand for fuel efficiency, electric vehicles have come into the picture, as they only use batteries to power the vehicle. This requires constant charging of the batteries at charging stations, which are costly and impractical to install. But it is possible to install charging stations by making use of photovoltaic (PV) cells and demagnetization currents to self-charge batteries under stand-still conditions. The design of a bidirectional converter with asymmetrical half-bridge converter based on a switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive, using PV for electric vehicles, is implemented in this paper. It consists of developing a control unit (GCU), Li-ion battery pack, and photovoltaic (PV) solar cells that are integrated with a bidirectional converter and asymmetrical half-bridge converter (AHBC) to provide power to the SRM drive. The solar-assisted SRM drive can be operated in either the motoring mode or charging mode. In the motoring-mode GCU, the battery or PV energy can be used in any combination to power the SRM. In the charging-mode PV, the GCU and AC grids are used to charge the battery under stand-still conditions. This work helps in the self-charging of batteries using either the GCU or PV cells, as well as aids in the improvement in the performance characteristics. Also, this work compares the performance metrics for the proposed system and conventional system. The performance of the drive system using PV cells/GCU is evaluated and verified through MatLab/Simulink and experimental results. Full article

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9 pages, 2979 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Utilizing ZSM-5 Zeolite, Synthesized from Kaolin Clay, as a Catalyst Presents an Efficient Approach for Reducing Emissions in Compression Ignition (CI) Engines

by Sethuraman Narayanan, Karthikeyan Duraisamy and Aasthiya Bharanitharan

Eng. Proc. 2025, 93(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025093016 - 30 Jun 2025

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Abstract

This investigation focuses on synthesizing ZSM-5 zeolite from kaolin clay and its application as a catalytic converter to reduce NOx emissions in CRDI diesel engines. By doping the synthesized zeolite with CuCl₂ and AgNO₃ and coating it on a ceramic monolith, [...] Read more.

This investigation focuses on synthesizing ZSM-5 zeolite from kaolin clay and its application as a catalytic converter to reduce NOx emissions in CRDI diesel engines. By doping the synthesized zeolite with CuCl₂ and AgNO₃ and coating it on a ceramic monolith, this study demonstrated superior catalytic activity for NO_x reduction compared to conventional converters. A set of experimental trials conducted by using a diesel engine with an AVL DI-gas analyzer showed that CuCl₂-ZSM5 and AgNO₃-ZSM5 catalysts reduced the NO_x conversion efficiencies to 72% and 66%. Additionally, these catalysts effectively reduced CO and HC emissions. The results highlight the potential of kaolin-derived zeolites with copper and cobalt dopants as efficient catalysts for emission control in internal combustion engines, offering a promising, sustainable solution for improving air quality and environmental sustainability. Full article

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9 pages, 1411 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Emission Reduction in Commercial Vehicles Using Selective Catalysts

by Chandrasekar Pichandi, Kumar Subburayan, Arulmurugan Seetharaman, Sai Krishna Umamahesh, Sakthi Kumar Kumaresan, Skanath Kumar Pudukkottai Sivasubramanian, Muthaimanoj Periyasamy and Natteri Mangadu Sudharsan

Eng. Proc. 2025, 93(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025093017 - 2 Jul 2025

Viewed by 134

Abstract

Transportation is a major contributor to air pollution, with vehicles emitting around 65% of manmade hydrocarbons, 64% of carbon monoxide, and 40% of nitrogen oxides. These pollutants harm the environment, human health, and materials. With vehicle populations expected to reach 1.3 billion by [...] Read more.

Transportation is a major contributor to air pollution, with vehicles emitting around 65% of manmade hydrocarbons, 64% of carbon monoxide, and 40% of nitrogen oxides. These pollutants harm the environment, human health, and materials. With vehicle populations expected to reach 1.3 billion by 2030, emissions will only worsen. This project focuses on enhancing the efficiency of catalytic converters, which help convert harmful tailpipe emissions like unburned hydrocarbons and CO into less harmful substances (CO₂ and H₂O). Using a selective catalyst alongside a catalytic converter, the study aims to significantly reduce toxic emissions from traditional IC engine vehicles. Full article

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8 pages, 2566 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of the End-Milling Process in Machining AISI 1045 Steel

by Ramesh Sivaprakash, Paramuthuraj Sugumar, Muthuraj Balamurugan and Francis Michael Thomas Rex

Eng. Proc. 2025, 93(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025093018 - 4 Jul 2025

Viewed by 114

Abstract

End milling is a process that is widely used for producing components in aerospace applications, automobile applications, and many other fields. It is crucial to forecast a workpiece’s deformation behaviour during the machining process to choose the best process settings and maximize the [...] Read more.

End milling is a process that is widely used for producing components in aerospace applications, automobile applications, and many other fields. It is crucial to forecast a workpiece’s deformation behaviour during the machining process to choose the best process settings and maximize the part’s overall quality. Understanding the behaviour of each workpiece during the end-milling process through physical experiments is critical, but expensive. Hence, it is inevitable that a numerical study will be developed to estimate workpiece deformation with higher accuracy and less computational cost. The end-milling process on AISI 1045 is simulated in this work using a 3D finite element modelling technique. The ANSYS Workbench 2020 R1 is used to conduct an explicit dynamic analysis in the suggested model. The workpiece’s stress and deformation values throughout the machining process are estimated and examined. Full article

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8 pages, 1303 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Patch Antenna as Thermal Sensor for Structural Health Monitoring

by B. Vishnu, Devarapalli Dinesh Reddy, M. Sai Naveen, M. P. Hariprasad and Sreedevi K. Menon

Eng. Proc. 2025, 93(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025093019 - 7 Jul 2025

Viewed by 99

Abstract

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is crucial for the longevity of engineering structures, especially under thermal loading conditions. Elevated temperatures pose challenges for sensors in data acquisition and characterization. Once suitable sensors are deployed, temperature data help detect and evaluate potential damage or defects. [...] Read more.

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is crucial for the longevity of engineering structures, especially under thermal loading conditions. Elevated temperatures pose challenges for sensors in data acquisition and characterization. Once suitable sensors are deployed, temperature data help detect and evaluate potential damage or defects. This work uses a Rectangular Microstrip Antenna (RMSA)-based sensor for temperature sensing, offering non-invasive, accurate, and stable measurements. The antenna resonant frequency is sensitive to changes in temperature, acting as an indicator. Simulations using HFSS analyze the antenna’s reflection characteristics under thermal loading, simplifying sensing systems, reducing sensor count, and minimizing installation efforts work. Simulated results are comparable to the experimental ones, which ascertain the performance of patch antennas as temperature sensors. Full article

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