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Open AccessEditorial

Preface: The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025)

by Časlav Livada, Mirko Karakašić, Naida Ademović, Tomislav Keser, Ercan Işık and Silva Lozančić

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125029 - 26 Mar 2026

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The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025) continues a long-standing conference series initiated more than three decades ago in Osijek, Croatia [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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Open AccessEditorial

Statement of Peer Review

by Časlav Livada, Mirko Karakašić, Naida Ademović, Tomislav Keser, Ercan Işık and Silva Lozančić

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125030 - 26 Mar 2026

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Abstract

In submitting conference proceedings to Engineering Proceedings, the Volume Editors of the proceedings would like to certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have been subjected to peer review by the designated expert referees and were administered by [...] Read more.

In submitting conference proceedings to Engineering Proceedings, the Volume Editors of the proceedings would like to certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have been subjected to peer review by the designated expert referees and were administered by the Volume Editors strictly following the policies announced on the conference website [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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8 pages, 2719 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Predictive Potential of Three Red-Edge Vegetation Index from Sentinel-2 Images and Machine Learning for Maize Yield Assessment

by Dorijan Radočaj, Ivan Plaščak, Željko Barač and Mladen Jurišić

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125001 - 20 Jan 2026

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Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the prediction potential of phenology metrics from two vegetation indices using Sentinel-2 images, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Three Red-Edge Vegetation Index (NDVI3RE), for maize yield prediction. Ground truth maize yield samples were collected near Koška, [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the prediction potential of phenology metrics from two vegetation indices using Sentinel-2 images, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Three Red-Edge Vegetation Index (NDVI3RE), for maize yield prediction. Ground truth maize yield samples were collected near Koška, Croatia, on 13 October 2023, using a Quantimeter yield mapping sensor on Claas Lexion 6900 combine harvester. The phenology analysis was performed based on a time-series of all available Sentinel-2 images during 2023, using the Beck logistic model for determining the start of season (SOS), peak of season (POS), end of season (EOS), greenup, maturity, senescence, and dormancy. A total of fourteen covariates, including vegetation indices at phenology metrics and their occurrence dates, were used for machine learning prediction of maize yield using Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) regression. The results suggested that the SVM method based on NDVI phenology metrics produced the highest accuracy for maize yield prediction (R² = 0.935, RMSE = 0.558 t ha⁻¹, MAE = 0.399 t ha⁻¹). Vegetation index values at greenup, dormancy and POS were the most important covariates for the prediction, while day of year (DOY) in which they occurred had only a minor effect on the prediction accuracy. This suggests that, despite its limitations regarding the saturation effect, NDVI outperformed NDVI3RE for maize yield prediction when combined with phenology metrics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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9 pages, 5394 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Recent Earthquake Activities and Seismic Sources in Northwestern Türkiye

by Feyza Nur Bekler, Alper Demirci and Tolga Bekler

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125002 - 20 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Northwestern Türkiye (Biga Peninsula, Edremit Gulf, Saros Bay) is a highly seismically active region at the convergence of the Anatolian, Eurasian, and Aegean tectonic plates. It features numerous active faults, including the Yenice–Gönen and Edremit fault zones, in addition to offshore segments of [...] Read more.

Northwestern Türkiye (Biga Peninsula, Edremit Gulf, Saros Bay) is a highly seismically active region at the convergence of the Anatolian, Eurasian, and Aegean tectonic plates. It features numerous active faults, including the Yenice–Gönen and Edremit fault zones, in addition to offshore segments of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) in Saros Bay. Earthquakes here exhibit various mechanisms: the 2017 Ayvacik earthquake sequence (Mw 5.4) near the Tuzla Fault featured NE–SW normal faulting, reflecting regional extension. Other moderate events display strike–slips with minor normal components, indicating transtensional forces. These findings enhance our understanding of the area’s complex seismotectonic activity and stress the critical need for continuous seismic monitoring and hazard assessment in this geologically complex and densely populated part of Türkiye. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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9 pages, 1574 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Corrosion on Parts of Agricultural Machinery

by Ivan Vidaković, Goran Pačarek, Dorijan Radočaj and Igor Andrić

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125003 - 21 Jan 2026

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Abstract

During operation, parts of agricultural machinery (working and structural parts) are exposed to severe corrosion. Corrosion processes are primarily caused by the working environment (high humidity and abrasive soils) and then by atmospheric conditions due to inadequate storage (garaging) of agricultural machinery during [...] Read more.

During operation, parts of agricultural machinery (working and structural parts) are exposed to severe corrosion. Corrosion processes are primarily caused by the working environment (high humidity and abrasive soils) and then by atmospheric conditions due to inadequate storage (garaging) of agricultural machinery during the off-season. The aim of the article is to analyze the causes of corrosion in selected agricultural machinery and to propose appropriate methods of corrosion protection and proper garage storage for agricultural machinery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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8 pages, 1577 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Assessment of Noise Levels in the Central Workshop for Maintenance and Overhaul of Agricultural Machinery

by Željko Barač, Ivan Plaščak, Tomislav Jurić, Dorijan Radočaj, Mladen Jurišić and Petar Andričić

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125004 - 21 Jan 2026

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Abstract

The objective of the study was to determine and assess the noise levels in the workshop during various activities, specifically those performed by mechanics, locksmiths, and turners. The highest mean noise level (LAeq) was observed among locksmiths at 70.02 dB(A), followed by turners [...] Read more.

The objective of the study was to determine and assess the noise levels in the workshop during various activities, specifically those performed by mechanics, locksmiths, and turners. The highest mean noise level (LAeq) was observed among locksmiths at 70.02 dB(A), followed by turners at 68.26 dB(A), and mechanics at 64.45 dB(A). It was established that the average noise level did not exceed the exposure limit value of 87 dB(A). However, during certain activities—such as tractor disassembly and autogenous welding—peak noise levels exceeding 83 dB(A) were recorded, surpassing the lower action value. It is therefore recommended that personal hearing protection be used during these specific activities to prevent potential long-term auditory damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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9 pages, 1152 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Assessment of the Operational Performance of Self-Propelled Lawnmowers Equipped with Different Engine Types

by Mato Nadarević, Željko Barač, Ivan Plaščak, Tomislav Jurić, Valeria Matić and Monika Marković

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125005 - 21 Jan 2026

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Abstract

This paper presents an evaluation of the performance characteristics of lawnmowers powered by gasoline engines and electric motors. Particular emphasis is placed on usability, reduced maintenance requirements, noise emission levels, and environmental sustainability. A custom electric lawnmower was constructed for the purposes of [...] Read more.

This paper presents an evaluation of the performance characteristics of lawnmowers powered by gasoline engines and electric motors. Particular emphasis is placed on usability, reduced maintenance requirements, noise emission levels, and environmental sustainability. A custom electric lawnmower was constructed for the purposes of this study, involving the selection and integration of suitable motors, batteries, and auxiliary components. A comparative analysis was subsequently conducted between the conventional gasoline-powered lawnmower and the electrically powered prototype. Measurements of operational duration and efficiency indicated notable improvements in mowing time and maintenance-related costs. The findings underscore the potential advantages of transitioning to electric propulsion technologies, both from the perspective of sustainable development and environmental responsibility, as well as in terms of operational convenience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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9 pages, 2412 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Analysis of Shrinkage Cracking of a Slab on the Ground Using a Probabilistic and Deterministic Approach

by Aleksandar Landović and Andrea Rožnjik

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125006 - 21 Jan 2026

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Abstract

This paper gives insight into the influences of spatially varying material properties on the non-linear finite element modeling of the rectangular and square-shaped floor slabs. Modeling the properties of the concrete using spatially distributed properties instead of using constant properties is more realistic. [...] Read more.

This paper gives insight into the influences of spatially varying material properties on the non-linear finite element modeling of the rectangular and square-shaped floor slabs. Modeling the properties of the concrete using spatially distributed properties instead of using constant properties is more realistic. We analyzed the influence of probabilistic concrete property modeling on the development of cracks in floor slabs. A concrete floor subjected to a shrinkage load was analyzed using the material model with randomly distributed compressive strength. Consequently, the tensile strength and elastic modulus were also randomly distributed. The concrete properties were defined by the random field generator that uses the Fast Fourier Transformation method and the guidelines given by the Joint Committee on Structural Safety Probabilistic Model Code. The obtained results are compared with the values from modeling with constant concrete properties. The comparison shows that the crack development in the slabs with and without varying material properties is statistically significantly different. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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8 pages, 3777 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Contribution to Milling Tool Maintenance Through Analysis of the Influence of Technological and Design Parameters on Surface Roughness

by Teo Kolmanić, Mirko Karakašić, Hrvoje Glavaš and Eleonora Desnica

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125007 - 23 Jan 2026

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Abstract

This paper analyzes the influence of two milling tools with identical geometric features, coated with a titanium diboride (borox) coating and a polished coating, on the quality of the machined surface of a workpiece made of aluminum alloy EN AW-7075. Using the finite [...] Read more.

This paper analyzes the influence of two milling tools with identical geometric features, coated with a titanium diboride (borox) coating and a polished coating, on the quality of the machined surface of a workpiece made of aluminum alloy EN AW-7075. Using the finite element method (FEM), stresses and deformations on the blade of the two tools were analyzed. The obtained stress and deformation values on the cutting edge of the tool coated with borox coating are higher, compared to the tool with polished coating. The tool coated with borox coating had a more favorable effect on the surface quality of the workpiece compared to the tool coated with a polished coating. In terms of corrosion resistance, the tool with a borox coating is more resistant than the tool with a polished coating. Therefore, maintenance of the tool with a borox coating is cheaper but the cost of production is higher. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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7 pages, 1892 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Spectrum-Based Assessment of Damaged Low-Rise Masonry Building

by Marjo Hysenlliu, Huseyin Bilgin and Altin Bidaj

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125008 - 26 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Seismic performance evaluation of existing buildings is essential for defining effective mitigation strategies in earthquake-prone regions. This study investigates the seismic performance of low-rise unreinforced masonry (URM) residential buildings located in several cities in the Albanian territory. Material properties were obtained from experimental [...] Read more.

Seismic performance evaluation of existing buildings is essential for defining effective mitigation strategies in earthquake-prone regions. This study investigates the seismic performance of low-rise unreinforced masonry (URM) residential buildings located in several cities in the Albanian territory. Material properties were obtained from experimental tests conducted on representative samples and subsequently adopted in the development of analytical models. Three-dimensional finite element models were generated based on the collected geometric data and experimentally determined material characteristics. Nonlinear static (pushover) analyses were carried out to assess the seismic capacity and identify the potential failure mechanisms of the buildings. The numerical results showed significant variation in performance depending on the building typology, with some cases reaching the near-collapse limit state under design-level earthquakes. The capacity curves and performance points obtained from the models demonstrate the pronounced influence of construction techniques, boundary conditions, and material properties on the seismic response. The results indicated that URM residential buildings exhibit distinctive seismic performance characteristics influenced by their construction techniques and material properties. Based on the findings, recommendations for retrofit strategies are proposed to enhance the seismic resilience of such structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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8 pages, 1062 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Influence of Design Parameters on Fluid Leakage in Axial Piston Pumps: A Review and Optimization Opportunities

by Milan Markovic, Eleonora Desnica, Borivoj Novakovic, Ljiljana Radovanovic and Jasmina Pekez

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125009 - 26 Jan 2026

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Abstract

This paper investigates the influence of design parameters on fluid leakage in axial piston pumps. Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of operating clearances, sealing surfaces, and geometric relationships that affect volumetric efficiency and system reliability. Through a systematic review of 32 [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the influence of design parameters on fluid leakage in axial piston pumps. Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of operating clearances, sealing surfaces, and geometric relationships that affect volumetric efficiency and system reliability. Through a systematic review of 32 relevant sources, key components contributing to both internal and external leakage are identified, along with approaches for their optimization through material selection, microgeometry, tolerances, and thermodynamic conditions. Modern methods for diagnostics and leakage prediction are also considered, including the application of artificial intelligence and numerical simulations. The findings of this review may serve as a basis for improving the design and maintenance of axial pumps, with the aim of increasing efficiency and reducing losses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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9 pages, 1851 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Modelling of the Wenner Method Using the Finite Element Method

by Tomislav Barić, Martina Pavić and Hrvoje Glavaš

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125010 - 27 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Knowing the structure and composition of soil is of great importance in numerous scientific and technical fields. For this reason, numerous measuring techniques for measuring soil structure and composition are in use. Despite progress and the introduction of new measuring techniques for determining [...] Read more.

Knowing the structure and composition of soil is of great importance in numerous scientific and technical fields. For this reason, numerous measuring techniques for measuring soil structure and composition are in use. Despite progress and the introduction of new measuring techniques for determining the structure and composition of soil, galvanic methods are still widely used today. This paper provides a brief review of galvanic methods for measuring soil structure and composition. Special emphasis is given to the Wenner method. This paper presents the modelling of Wenner’s method and soil using the finite element method. For this purpose, a common two-layer soil model was chosen. For more advanced modelling and analysis, the two-layer soil model is extended by adding local soil heterogeneity. The influence of local soil heterogeneity, which can be expected during practical measurements, was analyzed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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8 pages, 1041 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Transmission of EM Waves Passing Through a Multilayer Structure

by Vanja Mandrić, Slavko Rupčić, Bogdan Pavković and Ismail Baxhaku

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125011 - 28 Jan 2026

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Abstract

This article investigates the behavior of an electromagnetic field passing through a composite material—a multilayered structure. The material consists of a dielectric material polymethyl methacrylate (acrylic, plexiglass) to which one or more layers of conductive paint are applied to attenuate the field strength. [...] Read more.

This article investigates the behavior of an electromagnetic field passing through a composite material—a multilayered structure. The material consists of a dielectric material polymethyl methacrylate (acrylic, plexiglass) to which one or more layers of conductive paint are applied to attenuate the field strength. This field attenuation is possible precisely because of the chemical structure of the paint, which contains carbon-based particles and is therefore very successful in its purpose. Research was carried out with the stated aim—simulations and confirmation by measurements—to investigate the attenuation of the EM field when passing through a multi-layered structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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8 pages, 570 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Application of Artificial Intelligence in Maintenance as an Important Factor of Corporate Business Strategy

by Zlatko Lackovic, Katarina Stavlic and Kristian Dokic

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125012 - 28 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Artificial intelligence is increasingly being applied not only in the economy but also across various social sectors. As a result, research into maintenance activities is justified, particularly in the context of complex corporate systems. These systems often involve significant investments in fixed assets [...] Read more.

Artificial intelligence is increasingly being applied not only in the economy but also across various social sectors. As a result, research into maintenance activities is justified, particularly in the context of complex corporate systems. These systems often involve significant investments in fixed assets and advanced technologies, which implies high maintenance costs. Therefore, maintenance should be considered both in the formulation and implementation of business strategies. The research hypothesis proposes that the application of artificial intelligence can enhance business and production processes, particularly by optimizing maintenance and reducing costs. Accordingly, maintenance should be integrated into the broader business strategy as a key implementation process. To ensure effective application, all available AI capabilities should be thoroughly explored. Through analysis and discussion, the advantages of using artificial intelligence in maintenance are to be identified, ultimately leading to the validation of the hypothesis. Given the rapid development of information technology especially, this topic offers significant potential for further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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9 pages, 756 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Data Preparation on Machine Learning Models for Diabetes Prediction

by Goran Martinović, Ivan Ivković, Domen Verber and Tatjana Bačun

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125013 - 28 Jan 2026

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Abstract

This paper examines how data preparation affects machine-learning classifiers for diabetes-risk prediction using the Pima Indians Diabetes Database. Three preprocessing methods are considered: imputing invalid zeros, handling outliers, and data scaling. Nine algorithms are evaluated on this dataset: linear/probabilistic baselines (Logistic Regression, Gaussian [...] Read more.

This paper examines how data preparation affects machine-learning classifiers for diabetes-risk prediction using the Pima Indians Diabetes Database. Three preprocessing methods are considered: imputing invalid zeros, handling outliers, and data scaling. Nine algorithms are evaluated on this dataset: linear/probabilistic baselines (Logistic Regression, Gaussian Naive Bayes), distance-based methods (KNN, Support Vector Machines), a single tree-based model (Decision Tree), and tree ensembles (Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, XGBClassifier, LightGBM). Median imputation of invalid zeros yields the largest and most consistent gains in accuracy and AUC. Outlier handling uses interquartile-range filtering, with Local Outlier Factor as an auxiliary indicator; effects are modest for accuracy and small, model-dependent for AUC. Scaling offers targeted benefits: for KNN, robust scaling can slightly alter performance and may reduce AUC relative to median-only imputation in this setup; SVM shows modest gains, while tree ensembles are comparatively insensitive overall. Ensembles achieve the highest performance and remain robust under minimal preparation, while simpler models benefit most from pipelines combining median imputation, careful outlier handling, and appropriate scaling. Hyperparameter tuning yields small to substantial gains—large for Decision Trees—while leaving ensemble rankings largely unchanged. Overall, results highlight the centrality of median imputation and the selective value of scaling for distance-based classifiers in diabetes-risk prediction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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8 pages, 811 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Overview and Analysis of Public Sewerage System Maintenance: Case Study Republic of Croatia

by Dino Obradović, Marija Šperac and Dora Krizmanić

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125014 - 28 Jan 2026

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Abstract

The sewerage system is a vital part of the infrastructure in every settlement, and thus, of the state itself. It ensures the conveyance of sanitary wastewater from its sources (households, buildings and industrial facilities) and stormwater from urban surfaces through sewerage pipelines to [...] Read more.

The sewerage system is a vital part of the infrastructure in every settlement, and thus, of the state itself. It ensures the conveyance of sanitary wastewater from its sources (households, buildings and industrial facilities) and stormwater from urban surfaces through sewerage pipelines to wastewater treatment plants and ultimately to receiving bodies. In the Republic of Croatia, combined sewerage systems are predominant. This paper presents selected data on the characteristics of public sewerage systems in Croatia for the analyzed period. Additionally, a questionnaire was conducted to assess maintenance practices within the country. The analyzed characteristics include the total length of the sewerage network, the number of employees engaged in system maintenance, the number of connections, and the number of wastewater treatment plants. The study also evaluates whether a preventive maintenance strategy was in place during the observed period and whether respondents considered preventive or reactive maintenance to be more cost-effective. The collected data and responses are analyzed and discussed in the context of system efficiency and long-term sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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8 pages, 1043 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Car Interior Maintenance During High Temperatures

by Anita Kvaček Blažević, Dina Jukić, Hrvoje Glavaš and Radoslav Galić

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125015 - 29 Jan 2026

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Abstract

This contribution presents a thermal analysis of a Hyundai i10 exposed to solar radiation and investigates the greenhouse effect, which causes the air temperature inside the parked car to rise well above the ambient temperature. Experimental measurements of the effects of customized window [...] Read more.

This contribution presents a thermal analysis of a Hyundai i10 exposed to solar radiation and investigates the greenhouse effect, which causes the air temperature inside the parked car to rise well above the ambient temperature. Experimental measurements of the effects of customized window inserts on the temperature and heat absorption inside the car were carried out by thermal camera and thermal probes. The probes recorded the temperature at three locations inside the car—in the footwell of the rear seat, on the windscreen, and at the driver’s head height—on two consecutive days with similar weather conditions. The results show that the inserts effectively reduced heat build-up in the interior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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7 pages, 195 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparative Analysis of Machining Preparation Time of a Taper Tap: Traditional vs. Modern Approaches

by Dejan Bajić, Eleonora Desnica, Mića Đurđev, Ivan Palinkaš and Luka Đorđević

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125016 - 2 Feb 2026

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Abstract

This paper presents a comparative analysis of time parameters involved in the preparation phase of machining processes of the taper tap, contrasting traditional and modern approaches. The study examines the time required for the creation of a technological process sheet using traditional methods, [...] Read more.

This paper presents a comparative analysis of time parameters involved in the preparation phase of machining processes of the taper tap, contrasting traditional and modern approaches. The study examines the time required for the creation of a technological process sheet using traditional methods, and the time necessary for 3D modeling and CNC machine programming using modern CAD/CAM software Fusion 360 software (version v2.0.21286). Both approaches are based on the same workshop drawing so initial input data is consistent. The modern approach utilizes the Fusion 360 software (version v2.0.21286) for the creation of a 3D model and CNC machine programming. The traditional method relies on manual interpretation of the workshop drawing and handwritten technological process sheet that contains information about machining operations. Time consumption for each phase (technological planning in the traditional method and digital modeling and programming in the modern method) is measured and compared. The study aims to determine which approach demonstrates higher practical efficiency in specific production contexts and conditions. The scientific contribution of this work lies in providing quantifiable insights into the differences between traditional and modern production preparation methods, thereby supporting decision-making processes in the selection of optimal machining preparation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

9 pages, 1474 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

State Road Pavement Maintenance

by Karolina Vukelić and Sanja Dimter

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125017 - 5 Feb 2026

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Abstract

This paper focuses on a section of the state road D28, Bjelovar northern bypass, Republic of Croatia, which was opened to traffic in 2002. Following the expiration of the 20-year design service life, it was determined that the section required reconstruction, as visual [...] Read more.

This paper focuses on a section of the state road D28, Bjelovar northern bypass, Republic of Croatia, which was opened to traffic in 2002. Following the expiration of the 20-year design service life, it was determined that the section required reconstruction, as visual inspections indicated a significant deterioration in ride comfort. To define the appropriate reconstruction strategy, specifically the strengthening of the pavement structure, reliable data on pavement bearing capacity were needed. Historical design thicknesses were compared with current measurements, and deflection data obtained using a Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) were analyzed for sections where visual assessments suggested reduced structural capacity. Based on the calculated modulus of elasticity, a pavement structure was designed and subsequently strengthened through the addition of an extra load-bearing layer composed of a cold-recycled mixture with foamed bitumen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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8 pages, 553 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Hybrid System for Geoanalysis: Comparative and Integrated Use of Relational and Graph Databases

by Goran Mitrović, Tomislav Galba, Alfonzo Baumgartner and Časlav Livada

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125018 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 558

Abstract

Geospatial data analysis systems are currently very relevant. Most such systems use either relational databases or graph databases. This paper presents the idea of using both approaches, taking into account the main features and advantages of each. A concrete example of a city [...] Read more.

Geospatial data analysis systems are currently very relevant. Most such systems use either relational databases or graph databases. This paper presents the idea of using both approaches, taking into account the main features and advantages of each. A concrete example of a city transport network is used to experimentally examine the use of this hybrid approach. A special ETL procedure was developed to transform data from the corresponding graph database to a relational one, as well as the reverse process from the relational to the graph database. The results show which type of queries are better suited for relational databases, and which for graph databases. Additionally, for certain specific queries and applications, neither database type is capable of providing any results. Although this kind of hybrid architecture has issues with data duplication, the performance gains achieved are significant, making this approach highly efficient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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7 pages, 1009 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparative Analysis of Sensors for Fire Hazard Detection in Indoor Environments

by Tomislav Lukacevic, Davor Damjanovic, Antonio Antunovic, Boris Kos and Josip Balen

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125019 - 9 Feb 2026

Viewed by 597

Abstract

Fire hazards in closed industrial environments pose a significant threat to workers, infrastructure and production processes. Traditional detection systems, such as smoke and heat detectors, often have limitations in their settings, including delayed response time and a tendency for false alarms due to [...] Read more.

Fire hazards in closed industrial environments pose a significant threat to workers, infrastructure and production processes. Traditional detection systems, such as smoke and heat detectors, often have limitations in their settings, including delayed response time and a tendency for false alarms due to non-fire factors such as dust, humidity and vapors. This paper researches the applicability of gas sensors as an alternative or complementary method for early fire detection. This research presents an experimental evaluation of six gas sensors integrated with a microcontroller. Tests were conducted in a controlled environment, simulating industrial conditions by monitoring the combustion of different materials, such as wood, plastic and textile. Sensor responses were analyzed at horizontal distances of 2 m and 4 m from the fire source. Results show that all sensors detected combustion byproducts, with those at 2 m exhibiting a faster response and higher concentration readings. The findings confirm that a multi-sensor approach significantly increases detection reliability and enables an earlier response compared to conventional systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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8 pages, 476 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Influence of Photovoltaic Module Degradation on Photovoltaic Power Plant Investment Payback Time

by Matej Žnidarec, Damir Šljivac, Mario Primorac and Matej Dukić

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125020 - 10 Feb 2026

Viewed by 367

Abstract

This paper presents a methodology for assessing the impact of photovoltaic (PV) module degradation on the payback time of PV power plant investment in a prosumer power system. The methodology uses PV module performance measurements to determine the current degradation level and compares [...] Read more.

This paper presents a methodology for assessing the impact of photovoltaic (PV) module degradation on the payback time of PV power plant investment in a prosumer power system. The methodology uses PV module performance measurements to determine the current degradation level and compares it to the manufacturer-defined degradation level during its lifetime. This represents input data for the PV power plant simulation model, which determines its performance during its lifetime and the investment payback time. The proposed methodology is evaluated using experimental measurements of the performance of two 10-year-old PV modules from the commercially most widely used technologies. The performance measurements on PV modules indicate that the current degradation level does not align with the manufacturer’s defined one. Equal-size models of PV power plants are created in PVSOL Premium software to analyze the impact of manufacturer-defined and real-life degradation on the payback time of PV power plant investments. The simulations confirmed that this influences the payback time of investments, emphasizing the importance of choosing a high-quality PV module during planning and installation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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9 pages, 2031 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Leveraging LLMs and Computer Vision for Personalized Nutrition Advice

by Mateo Tokić, Časlav Livada, Tomislav Galba and Alfonzo Baumgartner

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125021 - 16 Feb 2026

Viewed by 642

Abstract

This paper investigates the application of large language models (LLMs) in the domain of dietary advice, focusing on the recognition of ingredients and nutritional values from food products and the integration of this information into a system capable of delivering personalized recommendations. The [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the application of large language models (LLMs) in the domain of dietary advice, focusing on the recognition of ingredients and nutritional values from food products and the integration of this information into a system capable of delivering personalized recommendations. The research involved the development of a mobile application utilizing React Native and Python Flask frameworks. Optical character recognition (OCR) was implemented through the docTR model to extract nutritional information and ingredients from product images. Based on the extracted data and user profiles stored in a Firestore database, the system generates tailored dietary advice employing OpenAI’s GPT-3.5-turbo model. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of using LLMs to provide personalized dietary recommendations, thereby opening new opportunities in the digital transformation of nutrition and dietary planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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10 pages, 2410 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Progressive Collapse and Robustness Analysis of Multi-Story Reinforced Concrete Structures

by Julide Yuzbasi and Ercan Işık

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125022 - 16 Feb 2026

Viewed by 646

Abstract

Progressive collapse is a critical structural phenomenon where local damage triggers a chain reaction and potentially leads to disproportionate failure of the entire system. In this study, the progressive collapse behavior of multi-story reinforced concrete (RC) structures is investigated using numerical analysis methods. [...] Read more.

Progressive collapse is a critical structural phenomenon where local damage triggers a chain reaction and potentially leads to disproportionate failure of the entire system. In this study, the progressive collapse behavior of multi-story reinforced concrete (RC) structures is investigated using numerical analysis methods. This situation poses a serious danger, especially for high-risk types of structures. In the study, the effect on the collapse tendency is evaluated by considering different structural models. Numerical analyses are performed using a nonlinear finite element method. This study offers a general exploration of the progressive collapse behavior of multi-story RC frames, focusing on robustness evaluation under various structural scenarios. The aim of this study is to improve the understanding of structural responses and to support the development of safer, more durable design strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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8 pages, 6865 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluating Semantic Segmentation Performance Using DeepLabv3+ with Pretrained ResNet Backbones and Multi-Class Annotations

by Matej Spajić, Marija Habijan, Danijel Marinčić and Irena Galić

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125023 - 16 Feb 2026

Viewed by 517

Abstract

Semantic segmentation is a critical task in computer vision, enabling dense classification of image regions. This work investigates the effectiveness of the DeepLabv3+ architecture for binary semantic segmentation using annotated image data. A pretrained ResNet-101 backbone is employed to extract deep features, while [...] Read more.

Semantic segmentation is a critical task in computer vision, enabling dense classification of image regions. This work investigates the effectiveness of the DeepLabv3+ architecture for binary semantic segmentation using annotated image data. A pretrained ResNet-101 backbone is employed to extract deep features, while Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP) and a decoder module refine the segmentation outputs. The dataset provides per-image annotations indicating class presence, which are leveraged to approximate segmentation masks for training purposes. Various data augmentation techniques and training strategies were applied to support effective learning and reduce overfitting. Experimental results on the MHIST dataset show that the proposed pipeline achieves strong performance despite the lack of pixel-level annotations, with a mean Intersection-over-Union (mIoU) of 0.76 and a mean Dice coefficient of 0.84. These confirm the potential of weakly supervised segmentation using class-aware CAMs and deep pretrained encoders for structured pixel-level prediction tasks in medical imaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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10 pages, 2064 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Progressive Collapse and Robustness Analysis of Multi-Story Steel Structures

by Julide Yuzbasi and Ercan Işık

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125024 - 18 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 568

Abstract

Determining the damage mechanisms of structures that have suffered partial or total collapse under the influence of an earthquake contributes to revealing the causes of damage and taking the necessary precautions. Progressive collapse is a critical structural phenomenon in which local damage triggers [...] Read more.

Determining the damage mechanisms of structures that have suffered partial or total collapse under the influence of an earthquake contributes to revealing the causes of damage and taking the necessary precautions. Progressive collapse is a critical structural phenomenon in which local damage triggers a chain reaction, potentially leading to disproportionate failure of an entire system. In recent years, interest in multi-story steel structures has grown significantly due to their efficiency, adaptability, and performance in seismic and urban environments. This study offers a general exploration of the progressive collapse behavior of multi-story steel frames, focusing on robustness evaluation under various column removal scenarios. The aim is to enhance understanding of their structural response and support the development of safer, more resilient design strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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9 pages, 841 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Demolition Practices, Procedures, and Management in Structural Engineering

by Julide Yuzbasi

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125025 - 20 Feb 2026

Viewed by 678

Abstract

Demolition is an essential phase in the life cycle of the built environment, requiring complex decisions, regulatory awareness, and carefully managed processes. This paper provides an overview of demolition practices with a particular focus on controlled demolition and its role in ensuring safety, [...] Read more.

Demolition is an essential phase in the life cycle of the built environment, requiring complex decisions, regulatory awareness, and carefully managed processes. This paper provides an overview of demolition practices with a particular focus on controlled demolition and its role in ensuring safety, efficiency, and minimal disruption. It discusses common procedures, planning considerations, and the importance of coordination while also addressing the broader implications of demolition in terms of urban development, environmental impact, and public safety. Furthermore, the study reviews relevant regulations and environmental standards that shape current practice and identifies the lack of a unified global framework or comprehensive roadmap governing demolition activities. By outlining key concepts and general approaches, this study seeks to support informed decision-making and encourage further research and professional dialogue in the evolving field of demolition management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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7 pages, 180 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design Maintainability of Communication Written in Braille Code

by Mislav Benić, Dina Jukić, Hrvoje Glavaš and Tomislav Barić

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125026 - 10 Mar 2026

Viewed by 292

Abstract

Human information processing is often considered vision-dominant. However, perception is multisensory and shaped by interactions among sensory modalities as well as by top-down processes that integrate prior knowledge and context. Research demonstrates that these mechanisms influence early neural processing and enrich perception beyond [...] Read more.

Human information processing is often considered vision-dominant. However, perception is multisensory and shaped by interactions among sensory modalities as well as by top-down processes that integrate prior knowledge and context. Research demonstrates that these mechanisms influence early neural processing and enrich perception beyond purely bottom-up input. For individuals who are blind, this adaptability allows for the effective acquisition of information through alternative sensory channels, provided that accessibility systems are in place. A central challenge is the limited access to written materials, including text, numerical data, and music notation. Assistive technologies such as speech synthesis and Braille have become key solutions. This contribution focuses on Braille, discussing issues of organization, standardization, and technical design. It also introduces the project “Braille Display Screen Based on Long-Wave Infrared Radiation,” which seeks to create a passive Braille display as an alternative to conventional actuator-based devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

14 pages, 1907 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Influence of Waste Cherry Pits as Coarse Aggregate and Waste Ceramics Powder on Rheological Properties and Strength of Self-Compacting Concrete

by Rafal Ahmed Abbas Ali, Abdulkareem Adil Al-Ani, Nahla N. Hilal, Mohammad I. Al Biajawi, Sheelan Mahmoud Hama and Zouaoui R. Harrat

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125027 - 10 Mar 2026

Viewed by 215

Abstract

Recently, interest has grown in using alternatives to cement and aggregates to improve concrete and reduce its environmental impact. This study explores the use of cherry pit waste (CPW) as a partial substitute for coarse aggregates in self-compacting concrete (SCC) at varying rates [...] Read more.

Recently, interest has grown in using alternatives to cement and aggregates to improve concrete and reduce its environmental impact. This study explores the use of cherry pit waste (CPW) as a partial substitute for coarse aggregates in self-compacting concrete (SCC) at varying rates (0–25%). Rheological, compressive strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests were conducted. The results showed that CPWs reduce flowability but increase cohesion. The 5% CPW mix achieved the highest compressive strength. All the mixes remained acceptable, with classifications from SF3 to SF1. Due to CPWs’ lower density, both wet and dry weights decreased, making this a viable lightweight concrete option. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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8 pages, 520 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluating the Applicability of Probabilistic Methods for Material Selection

by Do Duc Trung, Sunčica Vještica, Nguyen Hoai Son, Nguyen Chi Bao, Hoang Xuan Thinh and Aleksandar Ašonja

Eng. Proc. 2026, 125(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026125028 - 25 Mar 2026

Viewed by 345

Abstract

Material selection is a crucial issue that determines both the economic and technical aspects of a product, as well as the manufacturer’s brand. This process is complex, as it requires the consideration of multiple criteria for each type of material. In this study, [...] Read more.

Material selection is a crucial issue that determines both the economic and technical aspects of a product, as well as the manufacturer’s brand. This process is complex, as it requires the consideration of multiple criteria for each type of material. In this study, probabilistic methods are used for material selection. To assess the effectiveness of applying probabilistic methods in material selection, this research was conducted with three different cases involving the selection of materials for crankshaft manufacturing, cutting-tool manufacturing, and materials used in powder-mixed electrical discharge machining (PMEDM). The results of material selection using probabilistic methods were compared with those obtained using other methods, demonstrating that probabilistic methods fully ensure accuracy in the surveyed cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 34th International Scientific Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2025))

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