Beverages

32 pages, 921 KB

Open AccessReview

An Overview of the Microbiological, Nutritional, Sensory and Potential Health Aspects of Tree Nut-Based Beverages

by Tiziana Di Renzo, Antonela G. Garzón, Stefania Nazzaro, Pasquale Marena, Angela Daniela Carboni, Maria Cecilia Puppo, Silvina Rosa Drago and Anna Reale

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050144 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

In recent years, the rise in food allergies and intolerances, combined with the increasing consumer preference for healthier, plant-based alternatives to traditional dairy products, has driven the development of a diverse range of plant-based beverages. Among these, tree nut-based beverages, “ready-to-drink” products made [...] Read more.

In recent years, the rise in food allergies and intolerances, combined with the increasing consumer preference for healthier, plant-based alternatives to traditional dairy products, has driven the development of a diverse range of plant-based beverages. Among these, tree nut-based beverages, “ready-to-drink” products made from nuts such as almonds, hazelnuts, pistachios, walnuts, brazil nut, macadamia, cashew nut, coconut, pine nut, have gained significant popularity. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of the microbiological, nutritional, and sensory properties of tree nut-based beverages, highlighting their ability to deliver essential nutrients such as healthy fats, proteins, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Additionally, these beverages provide a rich source of bioactive compounds (e.g., antioxidants, polyphenols) that can contribute to health benefits such as reducing oxidative stress, supporting cardiovascular health, and promoting overall well-being. The review also highlights the ability of different species of lactic acid bacteria to enhance flavour profiles and increase the bioavailability of certain bioactive compounds. Nevertheless, further research is essential to optimize the production methods, improve sensory characteristics, and address challenges related to cost, scalability, and consumer acceptance. Continued innovation in this area may position tree nut beverages as a key component of plant-based food models, contributing to the promotion of healthier eating patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research in Plant-Based Drinks)

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23 pages, 1535 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Volatiles of Kombucha During Storage Under Refrigerated Conditions

by Massimo Mozzon, Luigi Rinaldi, Abdelhakam Esmaeil Mohamed Ahmed, Béla Kovács and Roberta Foligni

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050143 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the evolution of the chemical components of kombucha aroma during refrigerated storage. Two preparation methods (MT1 and MT2) were used to produce kombucha from a 1:1 mixture of black and green tea. The bottled beverages were stored at 4 °C [...] Read more.

This study investigates the evolution of the chemical components of kombucha aroma during refrigerated storage. Two preparation methods (MT1 and MT2) were used to produce kombucha from a 1:1 mixture of black and green tea. The bottled beverages were stored at 4 °C for three months, and changes in headspace (HS) volatiles were monitored at different time points using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and GC-MS. A total of 68 volatile substances were identified, with alcohols, acids, and esters dominating the aroma profile. The study revealed significant changes in flavor composition during cold storage, particularly in the first two weeks, with an increase in the number of esters, acids, ketones and terpenoids, as well as the total amount of esters and alkanols. While some changes contribute to the desirable “cider-like” characteristics, others, like certain volatile acids, aliphatic aldehydes and ketones, are associated with off-flavors. These findings suggest that refrigeration alone is not sufficient to completely inhibit microbial activity in freshly prepared kombucha, highlighting the need for further research to correlate chemical changes with sensory properties to establish optimal organoleptic standards and shelf life. Full article

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18 pages, 1555 KB

Open AccessArticle

Alternative Yeast Strains in Beer Production: Impacts on Quality and Nutritional Value

by Loránd Alexa, Hajnalka Csoma, Diána Ungai, Béla Kovács, Nikolett Czipa, Ida Miklós, Zoltán Kállai, László Attila Papp and Szonja Takács

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050142 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

Discovering new yeast species can be crucial for creating new types of beers. In this study, we investigated three new yeast species, Saccharomyces bayanus, Schizosaccharomyces japonicus and Schizosaccharomyces pombe var. malidevorans, which have not been previously used in the brewing industry. [...] Read more.

Discovering new yeast species can be crucial for creating new types of beers. In this study, we investigated three new yeast species, Saccharomyces bayanus, Schizosaccharomyces japonicus and Schizosaccharomyces pombe var. malidevorans, which have not been previously used in the brewing industry. Colour, total acidity, bitterness, aroma profile, total phenolic, flavonoid, mineral content and organoleptic characteristics of beers fermented by these strains were analysed to discover their applicability in the brewing industry. They did not significantly affect the nutritional value and colour of the beers, but showed increased acidity compared to the control Saccharomyces cerevisiae. GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) analysis revealed 33 aroma compounds, some of which were identical and some unique. S. cerevisiae and S. bayanus produced a similar number (19–20) of aroma compounds, while S. japonicus produced the fewest, including some undesirable compounds. Isobutyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, acetol, dimethylpyrazine, acetic acid, 4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione, butyrolactone, 2-furanmethanol, phenylethyl alcohol, maltol and pyranone that provide desired aromas in beers could be found in every sample. The new yeasts significantly increased polyphenols and decreased flavonoid content. Based on the results above and the taste scores, the strains S. bayanus and S. pombe var. malidevorans may be suitable for brewing, while S. japonicus is less or only suitable for combined fermentation. Full article

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10 pages, 298 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Visualization of Beverage Consistency Through 2D and 3D Imaging Methods

by Jane Mertz Garcia, Edgar Chambers IV, Madison Ukele, Abby Brey Althauser and David Rehfeld

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050141 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

Modification to a thin beverage consistency is frequently recommended when swallowing is impaired, but proper thickening during preparation is essential. Contemporary technologies provide innovative ways of addressing quality control due to ongoing challenges in the accuracy of beverage preparation. This study explored two-dimensional [...] Read more.

Modification to a thin beverage consistency is frequently recommended when swallowing is impaired, but proper thickening during preparation is essential. Contemporary technologies provide innovative ways of addressing quality control due to ongoing challenges in the accuracy of beverage preparation. This study explored two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) methods for visualizing beverages representing different levels of consistency (thin, mildly thick, or moderately thick). A total of 48 adults with limited knowledge about swallowing and no experience with thickened beverages participated. They learned about levels of modification and then viewed 2D images (photos) and 3D virtual models of beverage content. Results showed that their ability to recognize beverage consistency and their decision confidence was generally similar across dimensions even though study participants conveyed a strong preference for viewing 3D models. Qualitative findings underscored the importance of beverage attributes, especially color. Participants differed in their perceptions in using a constant (2D) or multiple angles (3D) when evaluating visualizations. Results help inform about the potential role of visual content in developing instructional resources about thickened beverages prescribed for patients with special medical needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Quality, Nutrition, and Chemistry of Beverages)

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14 pages, 543 KB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Non-Alcoholic Beer Fermented with Potential Probiotic Yeasts

by Peter Vaštík, Ján Brunner, Rudolf Jung, Tatiana Klempová, Katarína Furdíková, Daniela Šmogrovičová and Pavel Dostálek

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050140 - 22 Sep 2025

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Abstract

The development of non-alcoholic beer (NAB) with health benefits, using non-conventional potential probiotic yeasts, offers an interesting alternative to standard NAB brewing strategies. In this study, potential probiotic non-Saccharomyces yeasts Pichia manshurica, Kluyveromyces lactis, and Kluyveromyces marxianus, along with [...] Read more.

The development of non-alcoholic beer (NAB) with health benefits, using non-conventional potential probiotic yeasts, offers an interesting alternative to standard NAB brewing strategies. In this study, potential probiotic non-Saccharomyces yeasts Pichia manshurica, Kluyveromyces lactis, and Kluyveromyces marxianus, along with commercial probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii, were characterised and tested for functional NAB production, whereas P. manshurica was used in NAB production for the first time. Growth and viability were assessed across a range of temperatures, pH, and iso-α-bitter acids. The tested yeasts withstood conditions typical of the beer matrix and human digestive tract and had a positive phenolic off-flavour phenotype. Two strains, K. lactis and K. marxianus, showed strong β-glucosidase activity, which may enhance beverage aroma complexity. Ethanol levels in beers fermented with non-Saccharomyces yeasts remained below the NAB limit (≤0.5% v/v). An analysis of volatile organic compound profiles revealed the potential of these yeasts to produce higher alcohols and esters valuable from a brewer’s perspective. This study provides valuable insight into novel probiotic fermentations and the potential application of unconventional yeasts in functional, aromatic, and health-oriented non-alcoholic beverages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Malting, Brewing and Beer)

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12 pages, 2255 KB

Open AccessArticle

Photodegradation of Retsina Wine: Does Pine Resin Protect Against Light-Induced Changes?

by George Polymeros, Silvia Carlin, Francesco Reale, Evangelos Nikolou, Vasilios Nikolou, Urska Vrhovsek and Panagiotis Arapitsas

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050139 - 22 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Retsina is a wine deeply rooted in Greek tradition, often misunderstood, and exclusively produced in Greece by adding pine resin to the must. Typically, it is bottled in flint glass bottles, although it is known that light can damage wine aroma compounds. However, [...] Read more.

Retsina is a wine deeply rooted in Greek tradition, often misunderstood, and exclusively produced in Greece by adding pine resin to the must. Typically, it is bottled in flint glass bottles, although it is known that light can damage wine aroma compounds. However, the effect of light exposure in Retsina wines has never been studied. It remains unknown whether the enrichment with resin-derived compounds can protect Retsina from photodegradation. The main aim of this work was to study the behavior of Retsina’s volatile components when stored in flint glass bottles, and so 12 Retsina wines, prepared with three levels of resin addition, were stored for four weeks under light exposure in flint (clear) glass bottles or protected by light in a box, and then they were analyzed by a GC-MS/MS method. Some compounds were influenced by resin addition, others by light exposure and a few by both conditions. Several terpenes increased with resin addition but decreased due to light exposure, while norisoprenoids decreased under light exposure. Some esters were reduced due to resin addition, and 2-aminoacetophenone was increased by light exposure. The study demonstrated that flint glass bottles should be avoided, as resin does not provide sufficient protection against photodegradation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research in Wine Aroma)

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27 pages, 1795 KB

Open AccessArticle

Leaf Infusion of Ribes magellanicum Poir.: A Traditional Beverage from Southern Patagonia with Strong Inhibitory Effects on α-Glucosidase

by Alberto Burgos-Edwards, Cristina Theoduloz, Crister Ramírez, Sophia Miño, Debasish Ghosh, Ricardo Rozzi, Vladimir Shulaev and Guillermo Schmeda-Hirschmann

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050138 - 19 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Infusions of the leaves of Ribes magellanicum (Grossulariaceae) are used as a digestive in southernmost South America. This work aimed to assess the composition and activity of infusions and MeOH:H₂O 7:3 extracts of R. magellanicum leaves on enzymes related to metabolic [...] Read more.

Infusions of the leaves of Ribes magellanicum (Grossulariaceae) are used as a digestive in southernmost South America. This work aimed to assess the composition and activity of infusions and MeOH:H₂O 7:3 extracts of R. magellanicum leaves on enzymes related to metabolic syndrome (α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and pancreatic lipase), as well as their antioxidant capacity. Samples from a longitudinal gradient from central southern Chile to the islands in the Beagle Channel were investigated. Lyophilized infusions and extracts were used for all determinations, including inhibition of the selected enzymes, total phenolic (TP), total flavonoid (TF), total procyanidins (TPC), and antioxidant capacity (DPPH, FRAP, TEAC, and ORAC). The composition of the samples was assessed by HPLC-DAD. Some 99 compounds were tentatively identified by HPLC-MSⁿ. The main phenolics were quantified using calibration curves with reference compounds. Relevant differences exist in the ratio of constituents in infusions compared to hydroalcoholic extracts. The samples were inactive towards α-amylase and pancreatic lipase at 100 and 50 µg/mL, respectively. Assay-guided isolation of α-glucosidase inhibitors led to fractions with high activity (IC₅₀: 0.02–0.05 µg/mL). The strong inhibition of α-glucosidase and antioxidant capacity of the infusion and extracts of R. magellanicum leaves support its traditional use in southern Patagonia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Quality, Nutrition, and Chemistry of Beverages)

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20 pages, 627 KB

Open AccessReview

Childhood Obesity and Its Physiological Association with Sugar-Sweetened, Free-Sugar Juice, and Artificially Sweetened Beverages

by Meryem El Ouardi, Guillem Garcia-Llorens and Victoria Valls-Belles

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050137 - 19 Sep 2025

Viewed by 346

Abstract

Childhood obesity represents a growing global public health crisis, strongly driven by the widespread consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and, increasingly, artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs). SSB intake drives excessive calorie consumption, reduces satiety, and disrupts hormones, leading to metabolic dysfunction such as insulin [...] Read more.

Childhood obesity represents a growing global public health crisis, strongly driven by the widespread consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and, increasingly, artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs). SSB intake drives excessive calorie consumption, reduces satiety, and disrupts hormones, leading to metabolic dysfunction such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Despite some regional declines, global consumption of SSBs remains high, with persistent socioeconomic disparities. Concurrently, ASBs, marketed as healthier alternatives, pose emerging metabolic and behavioral risks, such as gut microbiota disruption and altered appetite regulation, raising concerns about their long-term safety. Both beverage types displace nutritionally balanced food options in children’s diets and foster enduring preferences for sweetness, exacerbating poor dietary quality. Public health interventions targeting SSB reduction have demonstrated modest success; however, rising ASB use complicates prevention strategies. Effective mitigation of childhood obesity requires comprehensive approaches that emphasize reducing all sweetened beverage consumption, promoting water and whole-food hydration, and addressing the behavioral and environmental factors underlying unhealthy beverage choices to improve lifelong health outcomes. Full article

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25 pages, 1399 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Wine Reaches Consumers: Channel Relevance and a Typology of Multichannel Strategies

by Marc Dressler and Katharina Kleiner

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050136 - 10 Sep 2025

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Abstract

The beverage industry is undergoing a dynamic transition in terms of how and where consumers buy products. In an era of rapid digitalization and shifting consumer behaviors, this study investigates how Germany’s wine producers reach consumers and how the distribution landscape of German [...] Read more.

The beverage industry is undergoing a dynamic transition in terms of how and where consumers buy products. In an era of rapid digitalization and shifting consumer behaviors, this study investigates how Germany’s wine producers reach consumers and how the distribution landscape of German wine has transformed. A survey of more than 1000 German wine producers allowed us to explore multichannel strategies. Home-country distribution stands for 84% of the production, while export represents 16% of sales. Indirect sales via food retail safeguard a large portion of distribution, but direct sales to consumers matter in value-driven sales. The findings confirm the continued dominance of indirect retail, particularly food retail, while also highlighting a rebound in direct-to-consumer sales, value market approaches, and on-premises distribution. The results of this study contribute to closing data gaps by underlining that gastronomy has been re-established as a relevant distribution channel and that German wine has not profited from global growth in wine trading. Multichannel strategies are increasingly common, but they vary significantly in their depth and reach depending on different business models. We conducted a cluster analysis and identified three strategic groups: (1) consumer-centric, predominantly direct-to-consumer-oriented estates (63%); (2) industrial, multichannel producers with a strong presence in food retail and export (8%); and (3) hybrid operators balancing value and volume strategies (29%). This study contributes to the development of a more nuanced understanding of multichannel distribution in the wine sector and provides empirical insights into the strategic implications of firm heterogeneity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wine, Spirits and Oenological Products)

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22 pages, 3244 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Potential of Distinctive Greek White Cultivars in Winemaking: Relationship Between Sensory Sorting Tasks and GC-MS Data

by Evangelia Anastasia Tsapou, George Ntourtoglou, Vassilis Dourtoglou and Elisabeth Koussissi

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050135 - 10 Sep 2025

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Abstract

This study explores the chemical and sensory differentiation of Greek white wines produced from five indigenous grape varieties—Savvatiano, Vidiano, Moschofilero, Assyrtiko, and Malagouzia—across diverse terroirs in Greece. A targeted analytical approach was employed to quantify 12 key volatile aroma compounds derived primarily from [...] Read more.

This study explores the chemical and sensory differentiation of Greek white wines produced from five indigenous grape varieties—Savvatiano, Vidiano, Moschofilero, Assyrtiko, and Malagouzia—across diverse terroirs in Greece. A targeted analytical approach was employed to quantify 12 key volatile aroma compounds derived primarily from amino acid metabolism and lipid degradation, using GC-MS and GC-FID. The selected volatiles, including isoamyl alcohol, phenylethyl alcohol, tyrosol, and hexanoic acid ethyl ester, were chosen for their sensory relevance and their biosynthetic linkage to nitrogenous precursors. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of wines from the 2019 and 2020 vintages revealed clear varietal clustering, under standardized winemaking conditions. Malagouzia wines were characterized by rich and diverse volatile profiles, particularly long-chain fatty acids and esters, while Vidiano exhibited a consistently restrained aromatic expression. Sensory analysis using sorting and ultra-flash profiling confirmed the chemical clustering, with Moschofilero, Vidiano and Malagouzia wines forming distinct sensory groups. The findings demonstrate that key amino acid-derived volatiles can serve as biochemical markers of varietal typicity and support the use of volatile profiling as a tool for terroir-driven wine classification and quality assessment in Greek white wines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Characterization of Alcoholic Beverages: Sensory, Chemical and Terroir Insights)

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27 pages, 2402 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sea Grape (Caulerpa racemosa) Kombucha: A Comprehensive Study of Metagenomic and Metabolomic Profiling, Its Molecular Mechanism of Action as an Antioxidative Agent, and the Impact of Fermentation Time

by Dian Aruni Kumalawati, Reza Sukma Dewi, Noor Rezky Fitriani, Scheirana Zahira Muchtar, Juan Leonardo, Nurpudji Astuti Taslim, Raffaele Romano, Antonello Santini and Fahrul Nurkolis

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050134 - 5 Sep 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 610

Abstract

Sea grape kombucha has been known to exhibit high antioxidant activity due to its elevated total polyphenol content. This study aims to identify and characterize the active microbial community involved in the fermentation of kombucha using sea grapes (C. racemosa) as [...] Read more.

Sea grape kombucha has been known to exhibit high antioxidant activity due to its elevated total polyphenol content. This study aims to identify and characterize the active microbial community involved in the fermentation of kombucha using sea grapes (C. racemosa) as the primary substrate. Furthermore, it evaluates the effects of different Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast (SCOBY) starter concentrations on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of sea grape kombucha. Our results showed that the pH of the kombucha was higher after 7 days of fermentation compared to later time points. The microbial community was composed of 97.08% bacteria and 2.92% eukaryotes, divided into 10 phyla and 69 genera. The dominant genus in all samples was Komagataeibacter. Functional profiling based on 16S rRNA data revealed that metabolic functions accounted for 77.04% of predicted microbial activities during fermentation. The most enriched functional categories were carbohydrate metabolism (15.70%), cofactor and vitamin metabolism (15.54%), and amino acid metabolism (14.24%). At KEGG Level 3, amino acid-associated pathways, particularly alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism (4.24%), were predominant. The fermentation process in sea grape kombucha is primarily driven by carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, supported by energy-generating and cofactor biosynthesis pathways. Our findings indicate that different metabolic pathways lead to variations in kombucha components, and distinct fermentation stages result in different metabolic reactions. For instance, early fermentation stages (Day 7) are dominated by amino acid metabolism, whereas the late stages (Day 21) show increased activity in carbohydrate and sulfur metabolism. Metabolomic analysis revealed that increasing the SCOBY starter concentration significantly influenced pH, soluble solid content, vitamin C, tannin, and flavonoid content. These variations suggest that fermentation duration and microbial composition significantly influence the spectrum of bioactive metabolites, which synergistically provide functional benefits such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and metabolic health-promoting activities. For example, sample K1 produced more fatty acids and simple sugar alcohols, sample K2 enriched complex lipid compounds and phytosterols, while sample K3 dominated the production of polyols and terpenoid compounds. Full article

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21 pages, 1341 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Combined with Ultrasonic Treatment on the Properties of an Apple Juice Enriched with Apple Bagasse

by Alina Manthei, Pedro Elez-Martínez, Olga Martín-Belloso and Robert Soliva-Fortuny

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050133 - 4 Sep 2025

Viewed by 547

Abstract

The incorporation of apple bagasse (AB), a by-product of juice extraction, into apple juice can enhance its nutritional value while reducing food waste. This study investigated the effects of enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) and ultrasonic pre-treatment (US) on AB-enriched apple juice, focusing on its [...] Read more.

The incorporation of apple bagasse (AB), a by-product of juice extraction, into apple juice can enhance its nutritional value while reducing food waste. This study investigated the effects of enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) and ultrasonic pre-treatment (US) on AB-enriched apple juice, focusing on its physicochemical, functional, and health-promoting properties. Apple juice was fortified with AB (1.5%, 3%, 4.5%) and subjected to EH using a cellulase-pectinase mixture for different durations (2, 6, 24 h). Optimal EH conditions (2 h, 3% AB) were combined with US (400 W, 8 min). Key parameters were analyzed, including total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and glycemic response, alongside sensory evaluation. EH reduced particle size (D₅₀), viscosity, and pH, while increasing GalA content, with effects intensifying over time. US further decreased D₅₀ by 25.4% and viscosity by 39.7% but had no impact on other properties. Juices with 3% and 4.5% AB had over twice the phenolic content and 2.5–3× higher antioxidant activity. They also exhibited a potential hypoglycemic effect, with enhanced in vitro glucose retardationand lower blood glucose levels in 10 individuals. In conclusion, AB-enriched apple juice, treated with US and EH, showed higher nutritional value while maintaining acceptable sensory properties. Full article

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16 pages, 449 KB

Open AccessArticle

Total Water Intake and Beverage Variety in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study on Social Capital and Quality of Life in Greece

by Aleks Pepa, Olga Malisova, Ioanna Apostolaki, Emmanuella Magriplis, Chrysavgi Galanaki, Alexandros Chamos, Maria G. Grammatikopoulou and Maria Kapsokefalou

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050132 - 4 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Older adults face unique challenges related to hydration, particularly within the context of psychosocial determinants. This study aimed to examine the associations between total water intake (TWI), beverage variety, social capital, and health-related quality of life. We hypothesized that their ability to access, [...] Read more.

Older adults face unique challenges related to hydration, particularly within the context of psychosocial determinants. This study aimed to examine the associations between total water intake (TWI), beverage variety, social capital, and health-related quality of life. We hypothesized that their ability to access, purchase, prepare, and drink a variety of beverages towards optimal TWI is affected by their physical/mental health and social support. To test the hypothesis, a cross-sectional design was implemented. We evaluated TWI, social capital, and Health-Related Quality Of Life, using the Water Balance Questionnaire, Social Capital Questionnaire, and SF-36, respectively, in 890 free-living participants (49.6% male), aged >65 years, recruited in Metropolitan Athens and Crete, Greece. TWI, 80% from beverages, was 2.6 ± 0.7 L in men and 2.4 ± 0.8 L in women and was associated with beverage variety (4.1 ± 1.0 in men, 3.9 ± 1.1 in women). Social capital, mental health, and variety of beverages were significant predictors of TWI; for each increased unit of the aforementioned predictors, TWI increased to 9.1, 6.8, and 183.5 mL, respectively. Spatial and gender differences were observed in social capital score and its components and in Health-Related Quality Of Life and its components, thus reflecting differences in social support and in functional health, plausibly linked to barriers/enablers to TWI. These findings highlight the potential importance of addressing psychosocial factors to support hydration in older adults. Full article

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16 pages, 1332 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Neuroprotective Effects of Wine Polyphenols in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases: A Review of Risks and Benefits

by Aleksandra Zięba, Aleksandra Wiśniowska, Patrycja Bronowicka-Adamska, Beata Kuśnierz-Cabala, Paweł Zagrodzki and Malgorzata Tyszka-Czochara

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050131 - 2 Sep 2025

Viewed by 963

Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the irreversible and progressive loss of nerve cell function, leading to gradual cognitive decline. These diseases often result in a deterioration in quality of life and a shortened lifespan. The most common neurodegenerative diseases in humans are Alzheimer’s, [...] Read more.

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the irreversible and progressive loss of nerve cell function, leading to gradual cognitive decline. These diseases often result in a deterioration in quality of life and a shortened lifespan. The most common neurodegenerative diseases in humans are Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The recent growing interest is due to the increasing incidence of these diseases and the lack of effective therapeutic methods that could prevent them. However, bioactive compounds contained in foods and beverages have been found to play a significant role in this respect. In particular, a growing body of reports suggests the inverse relationship between wine consumption and the development of such diseases. The main components of wine include ethyl alcohol and polyphenolic compounds (obviously, on a different scale). Wine polyphenols exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Some of them may cross the blood–brain barrier and then affect the functioning of neurons and other cells. Such activity is considered to be an important factor in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunctions. The review presents the current knowledge on the impact of wine consumption and its components on the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wine, Spirits and Oenological Products)

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20 pages, 4558 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Volatile Compounds in Traditional Mexican Cocoa-Based Beverages and Their Application in Flavored Milks

by Lucía Abadía-García, Edgar Ayala-Padilla, Pedro A. Vázquez-Landaverde, María del Carmen Cortez-Trejo and Silvia L. Amaya-Llano

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050130 - 2 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Traditional Mexican non-alcoholic, cocoa-based beverages are a relevant part of the gastronomy of the country. This study aimed to identify the volatile compound profile of three traditional beverages from Mexican gastronomy, including Pozol, Chilate, and Cacahuatole, and evaluate the acceptability of milks incorporating [...] Read more.

Traditional Mexican non-alcoholic, cocoa-based beverages are a relevant part of the gastronomy of the country. This study aimed to identify the volatile compound profile of three traditional beverages from Mexican gastronomy, including Pozol, Chilate, and Cacahuatole, and evaluate the acceptability of milks incorporating their traditional flavors. Chemical composition was determined, and volatile compounds were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed the Mexican beverages are rich in carbohydrates (70.3–78.2% d.b.), proteins (9.3–16% d.b.), and fat (8.8–11.7% d.b.) due to corn, rice, broad beans, and cocoa ingredients. GC revealed volatile profiles, with Pozol containing 148, Chilate 104, and Cacahuatole 109 compounds, mainly terpenes, pyrazines, aldehydes, and phenolics. Nixtamalization, cocoa roasting, and ingredient variations influenced the volatile composition and sensory attributes. Multivariate analysis distinguished the beverages based on their volatile composition, revealing ingredient-dependent variations. Artificial flavors replicating these profiles were developed and incorporated into milks, which were evaluated by a trained sensory panel using the Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) method. Sensory analysis confirmed that key aromatic compounds contributed to flavor perception. This work identified for the first time the volatile compounds of traditional Mexican cocoa-based beverages, namely, Pozol, Chilate, and Cacahuatole, and provides insight into the role of traditional preparation methods in the development of flavor profiles. On the other hand, this study highlights the potential for incorporating traditional Mexican beverage flavors into commercial milk for novel product development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Artisanal and Traditional Beverages)

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3 pages, 212 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Abdi et al. Formulation Design and Functional Characterization of a Novel Fermented Beverage with Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Properties. Beverages 2025, 11, 27

by Ameni Abdi, Emna Gatri, Pasquale Filannino, Sana M’Hir and Lamia Ayed

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050129 - 2 Sep 2025

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Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

18 pages, 378 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Sour Taste Quality and Its Relationship with Chemical Parameters in White Wine: A Case of Koshu Wine

by Fumie Watanabe-Saito, Anna Suzudo, Masashi Hisamoto and Tohru Okuda

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050128 - 1 Sep 2025

Viewed by 585

Abstract

This study aimed to clarify the sensory characteristics of Koshu wine, which is the most popular white wine produced in Japan, by identifying descriptive terms for sour taste, a primary aspect of wine flavor. A sensory evaluation generated 56 terms related to sour [...] Read more.

This study aimed to clarify the sensory characteristics of Koshu wine, which is the most popular white wine produced in Japan, by identifying descriptive terms for sour taste, a primary aspect of wine flavor. A sensory evaluation generated 56 terms related to sour taste quality. Some terms were categorized on the basis of the timing of perception— immediately after sipping, holding in the mouth, and after swallowing—while others were classified as expressing “temporal change”, “overall impression terms”, or “metaphorical terms”. From these, 12 terms—“fresh”, “stand out”, “sharp”, “soft”, “round”, “gentle”, “bright”, “duration”, “crisp”, “intensity”, “mild”, and “calm”—were selected, with definitions and reference standards (materials or examples that represent each characteristic) established. A trained sensory panel evaluated 16 Koshu wines, revealing significant differences in all sour taste quality terms except “duration”. The evaluation of “duration” may require improvement. Correlation analysis indicated that pH was strongly associated with “sharp” sour taste immediately after sipping, while titratable acidity and pH correlated with “round” and “gentle” sour taste when the wine was held in the mouth. Total acidity was linked to the duration of sour taste. Applying the sour taste quality terms determined from this study will enable the quantification of the sour taste quality of wines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wine, Spirits and Oenological Products)

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20 pages, 766 KB

Open AccessArticle

Elderly People’s Evaluation and Understanding of Vegetable Beverages Based on Brazil Nuts (Betholletia excelsa)

by Victor Jonas da Rocha Esperança, Isabelle Paes Leme de Castro, Cinthia de Carvalho Couto, Aline Vieira de Matos Macedo, Daniela de Grandi Castro Freitas de Sá, Janine Passos Lima and Otniel Freitas-Silva

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050127 - 1 Sep 2025

Viewed by 604

Abstract

Plant-based beverages are a viable alternative for elderly consumers because of their practicality and sustainable appeal. The use of Brazil nuts for these beverages is relevant because of the added value given to the country’s agrobiodiversity and the nuts’ nutritional quality, including their [...] Read more.

Plant-based beverages are a viable alternative for elderly consumers because of their practicality and sustainable appeal. The use of Brazil nuts for these beverages is relevant because of the added value given to the country’s agrobiodiversity and the nuts’ nutritional quality, including their high selenium content. This study aimed for the understanding and acceptance by elderly people of a vegetable beverage made from Brazil nuts and fruit. The investigation was divided into two parts: (1) development and sensory analysis of Brazil nut beverages, and (2) consumers’ perception, choice, and influencing factors for these beverages. In the first stage, four beverages were formulated with different fruit pulps. A total of 100 elderly individuals (>60 years; 69% female) evaluated the sensory acceptance and purchase intention of the beverages. In the second stage, an online questionnaire was applied to 220 elderly individuals (>60 years-old; 52.7% female), which consisted of a choice test of nut beverage packages, a food neophobia scale, and questions about vegetable beverage consumption. The study showed that the selenium claim was one of the most relevant factors in the choice, demonstrating that using Brazil nuts can boost beverage purchases. Further tests are still needed to improve the attributes, such as sweet taste and appearance. Despite this, the blend of Brazil nuts with fruits positively influenced the choice and acceptance of these products by elderly individuals. Full article

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18 pages, 492 KB

Open AccessReview

Consumer Psychology in Functional Beverages: From Nutritional Awareness to Habit Formation

by Tariq A. Alalwan

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050126 - 1 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1085

Abstract

The functional beverage sector has experienced a remarkable transformation driven by evolving consumer decision-making patterns emphasizing therapeutic benefits alongside taste preferences. This comprehensive narrative review investigates how consumer psychology, neurobiological processes, and scientific product development converge through a hierarchical framework illustrating their dynamic [...] Read more.

The functional beverage sector has experienced a remarkable transformation driven by evolving consumer decision-making patterns emphasizing therapeutic benefits alongside taste preferences. This comprehensive narrative review investigates how consumer psychology, neurobiological processes, and scientific product development converge through a hierarchical framework illustrating their dynamic interactions. Today’s consumers exhibit unprecedented sophistication when assessing bioactive ingredients, conducting independent research using scientific databases rather than relying on conventional marketing. Our analysis explores mechanisms underlying habit development, behavioral adaptation, and social proof factors driving functional beverage integration into daily routines. We trace evolution from broad-spectrum wellness drinks toward personalized nutrition solutions, recognizing individual metabolic requirements, with consumers viewing these products as preventive health investments requiring evidence-based validation. Key findings underscore the importance of clinically validated formulations at therapeutic dosages, nutritional transparency, and understanding consumer psychology for fostering lasting consumption behaviors driven by cost–benefit analysis. Results indicate future innovations must merge sophisticated bioactive delivery technologies with insights into consumer information-seeking patterns, social validation processes, and evidence-driven decision-making mechanisms. Full article

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55 pages, 2972 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

The Impact of Brewing Methods on the Quality of a Cup of Coffee

by Alessandro Genovese, Nicola Caporaso and Antonietta Baiano

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050125 - 25 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1974

Abstract

A comprehensive overview is provided on factors and processes influencing the final quality of a cup of coffee, with an emphasis on the brewing method’s central role. Coffee quality assessment, both at the bean and cup level, combines objective parameters (color, moisture, bean [...] Read more.

A comprehensive overview is provided on factors and processes influencing the final quality of a cup of coffee, with an emphasis on the brewing method’s central role. Coffee quality assessment, both at the bean and cup level, combines objective parameters (color, moisture, bean defects, density) with a notable degree of subjectivity, as consumer sensory perception is ultimately decisive. The brewing technique is described as a critical determinant of the final chemical, physical, and sensory attributes. Key parameters such as aroma profile, pH, titratable acidity, total and filtered solids, lipid and fatty acid content, viscosity, foam (crema), and colorimetric indices are detailed as essential metrics in coffee quality evaluation. Roasting creates most of coffee’s key aroma compounds. The brewing method further shapes the extraction of both volatile and other bioactive compounds like caffeine, chlorogenic acids, and lipids. Brewing methods significantly affect acidity, “body,” and crema stability, while water quality, temperature, and pressure are shown to impact extraction results and sensory properties. Attention is paid to how methods such as Espresso, filter, French press, and cold brew yield distinct physicochemical and sensory profiles in the cup. Overall, the review highlights the multifaceted nature of coffee cup quality and the interplay between raw material, processing, and preparation, ultimately shaping the coffee sensory experience and market value. Full article

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14 pages, 772 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Validation of a Fast UHPLC–HRMS Method for the Analysis of Amino Acids and Biogenic Amines in Fermented Beverages

by Simone Delaiti, Roberto Larcher, Stefano Pedò and Tiziana Nardin

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050124 - 22 Aug 2025

Viewed by 833

Abstract

Considering the importance of free amino acids (FAAs) and biogenic amines (BAs) in the production of fermented beverages (FB), the interest in the quantification of these compounds has been growing. So far, most of the analytical methods developed entail a derivatization step. While [...] Read more.

Considering the importance of free amino acids (FAAs) and biogenic amines (BAs) in the production of fermented beverages (FB), the interest in the quantification of these compounds has been growing. So far, most of the analytical methods developed entail a derivatization step. While this technique allows for the detection of several compounds, it is often associated with scarce accuracy and poor resolution. To counteract the drawbacks, in this study, we aimed to develop a fast, simple, and effective method that combines the use of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to quantify underivatized FAAs and BAs in FBs. The method was successfully developed and validated: it allowed for the accurate and precise quantification of 20 FAAs—including leucine and isoleucine—and 12 BAs in just 12 min. Its applicability was demonstrated on commercial samples of wines, beers, ciders, saké, and vinegars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Beverage Technology Fermentation and Microbiology)

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Beverages, Volume 11, Issue 5 (October 2025) – 21 articles

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