Exploring Visualization of Beverage Consistency Through 2D and 3D Imaging Methods
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Visualization of Beverage Samples
2.3. Instructional Module
2.4. Experimental Design and Procedures
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Accuracy with Visual Content
3.2. Rating of Decision Confidence
3.3. Preferences and Opinions About Visual Content
4. Discussion
4.1. Accuracy and Rating of Decision Confidence for Levels of Consistency
4.2. Preferences and Opinions About 2D/3D Visualizations
4.3. Limitations and Future Considerations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Level of Beverage Consistency | 2D Static Image | 3D Virtual Model |
---|---|---|
Thin | 63.5% | 58.3% |
Mildly Thick | 47.9% | 42.7% |
Moderately Thick | 56.3% | 58.3% |
Level of Beverage Consistency | 2D Static Image (X ± SD) | 3D Virtual Model (X ± SD) |
---|---|---|
Thin | 4.8 (1.5) | 4.8 (1.5) |
Mildly Thick | 4.4 (1.2) | 4.1 (1.1) |
Moderately Thick | 4.6 (1.3) | 4.3 (1.3) |
Dimension | Theme | Description | Representative Comment |
---|---|---|---|
2D Static Images (preferred by 12 participants) | Beverage Attributes | Color and lighting (transparency) for knowing consistency | “I liked the 2D models because it was easier to see color differences between the levels of thickness.” |
Confidence | Easier to decide | “2D because it was easier to see the liquid and I felt more confident with what I thought it was.” | |
Constant Angle | Same view (no movement) made it easy to see and evaluate | “2D—the 3D image seemed to change as it moved.” | |
3D Virtual Models (preferred by 36 participants) | Beverage Attributes | Texture (e.g., bubbles), color, and lighting (transparency) for consistency | “3D, because you are able to see color change from the top and side as well as if the liquid is see through.” |
Confidence | Easier to decide | “3D models just because it seemed like I could inspect them easier.” | |
Multiple Angles | Manipulating the cup (e.g., zoom in/out, rotate) for different perspectives | “The 3D visuals because you could see the drink from different perspectives and angles.” |
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Garcia, J.M.; Chambers, E., IV; Ukele, M.; Althauser, A.B.; Rehfeld, D. Exploring Visualization of Beverage Consistency Through 2D and 3D Imaging Methods. Beverages 2025, 11, 141. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050141
Garcia JM, Chambers E IV, Ukele M, Althauser AB, Rehfeld D. Exploring Visualization of Beverage Consistency Through 2D and 3D Imaging Methods. Beverages. 2025; 11(5):141. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050141
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarcia, Jane Mertz, Edgar Chambers, IV, Madison Ukele, Abby Brey Althauser, and David Rehfeld. 2025. "Exploring Visualization of Beverage Consistency Through 2D and 3D Imaging Methods" Beverages 11, no. 5: 141. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050141
APA StyleGarcia, J. M., Chambers, E., IV, Ukele, M., Althauser, A. B., & Rehfeld, D. (2025). Exploring Visualization of Beverage Consistency Through 2D and 3D Imaging Methods. Beverages, 11(5), 141. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050141