Processes

17 pages, 694 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Characterization of Dairy Compound with Goat Milk Powder and Rice Flour

by Ana Caroline Ferreira Carvalho, Gilberto Marques Nunes Vieira, Amanda Alves Prestes, Karine Marafon, Carolina Krebs de Souza, Dayanne Regina Mendes Andrade, Cristiane Vieira Helm, Jefferson Santos de Gois and Elane Schwinden Prudêncio

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2324; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082324 (registering DOI) - 22 Jul 2025

Abstract

Goat milk has lower allergenicity and high commercial value but faces storage limitations, often leading to waste. Converting it into powder increases costs, making blending with non-dairy ingredients, such as rice flour, a viable alternative to reduce costs and potentially improve nutrition. In this this study, we developed five dairy compounds by replacing 10–49% of goat milk powder with rice flour. We evaluated their nutritional and physical properties compared to pure goat milk powder and rice flour. Analyses included water activity, total solids, protein, lipids, energy value, color, flowability, wettability, polyphenol content, mineral profile, and morphology. Higher rice flour content increased water activity and improved wettability but reduced flowability, classifying most compounds as reasonable to fair in flow, except for the 10% rice flour sample. All samples met Brazilian standards, which require ≥13 g/100 g of protein. The dairy compounds showed a yellow-greenish color, with significant color differences compared to goat milk powder, particularly at 49% rice flour. Goat milk powder had higher mineral contents (Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, Zn). Total polyphenol content was highest in the 10% rice flour compound, while individual polyphenols were undetectable. Overall, the formulation proved viable for cost reduction while maintaining nutritional quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Process Engineering)

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8 pages, 2146 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Simple Boronic Acid-Appended Sensor Array for Saccharides by Linear Discriminant Analysis

by Guangjian Liu, Zi Long and Guowen Xing

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2323; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082323 (registering DOI) - 22 Jul 2025

Abstract

Saccharides play important roles in human health and life. However, detecting and differentiating the saccharide types using one probe is difficult even under optimized conditions due to the similar structures of different saccharides. In this study, only one sensor was used to construct the array for the discrimination of different types of saccharides on the basis of a dialdehyde-diboronic acid-functionalized tetraphenylethene (TPE-DABA) under different pH conditions. By integrating the fluorescence responses of the probe with linear discriminant analysis (LDA), 12 kinds of saccharides and the polyhydroxy compound sorbitol could be distinguished and identified by as few as one sensor probe. This study provides a reference for developing more simple and effective sensor arrays for saccharides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Isolation and Application of Carbohydrates)

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24 pages, 13010 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dual-Vortex Aerosol Mixing Chamber for Micrometer Aerosols: Parametric CFD Analysis and Experimentally Validated Design Improvements

by Ziran Xu, Junjie Liu, Yue Liu, Jiazhen Lu and Xiao Xu

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2322; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082322 (registering DOI) - 22 Jul 2025

Abstract

Aerosol uniformity in the mixing chamber is one of the key factors in evaluating performance of aerosol samplers and accuracy of aerosol monitors which could output the direct reading of particle size or concentration. For obtaining high uniformity and a stable test aerosol sample during evaluation, a portable mixing chamber, where the sample and clean air were dual-vortex turbulent mixed, was designed. By using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), particle motion within the mixing chamber was illustrated or explained. By adjusting critical structure parameters of chamber such as height and diameter, the flow field structure was optimized to improve particle mixing characteristics. Accordingly, a novel portable aerosol mixing chamber with length and inner diameter of 0.7 m and 60 mm was developed. Through a combination of simulations and experiments, the operating conditions, including working flow rate, ratio of carrier/dilution clean air, and mixture duration, were studied. Finally, by using the optimized parameters, a mixing chamber with high spatial uniformity where variation is less than 4% was obtained for aerosol particles ranging from 0.3 μm to 10 μm. Based on this chamber, a standardized testing platform was established to verify the sampling efficiency of aerosol samplers with high flow rate (28.3 L·min⁻¹). The obtained results were consistent with the reference values in the sampler’s manual, confirming the reliability of the evaluation system. The testing platform developed in this study can provide test aerosol particles ranging from sub-micrometers to micrometers and has significant engineering applications, such as atmospheric pollution monitoring and occupational health assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Particle Processes)

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Processes, Volume 13, Issue 8 (August 2025) – 3 articles

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