Seasonal Influence on Volatile Organic Compounds from Flowers and Leaves of Lepechinia mutica Extracted by SPME-GC-MS
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Chemical Composition
2.2. PCA Analysis
2.3. Enantioselective Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material
4.2. Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction
4.3. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) Analysis
4.4. Enantiomeric Analysis
4.5. Identification of Volatile Compounds
4.6. Data Analysis
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N° | Compounds | LRI a | LRI b | Winter | Summer | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feb | Mar | Apr | Jul | Aug | Sep | ||||
% ± SD | |||||||||
1 | α-thujene | 925 | 924 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | n.d. | 0.87 ± 0.08 | 0.19 ± 0.02 |
2 | α-pinene | 932 | 932 | 1.99 ± 0.19 | 3.68 ± 0.33 | 1.79 ± 0.18 | 2.36 ± 0.26 | 5.64 ± 0.51 | 3.41 ± 0.31 |
3 | camphene | 948 | 946 | 2.06 ± 0.20 | 3.66 ± 0.39 | 1.94 ± 0.19 | 2.61 ± 0.29 | 7.31 ± 0.70 | 4.13 ± 0.44 |
4 | sabinene | 971 | 969 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 |
5 | β-pinene | 977 | 974 | 0.43 ± 0.04 | 0.78 ± 0.07 | 0.39 ± 0.04 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | n.d. | 0.10 ± 0.01 |
6 | myrcene | 990 | 988 | 2.08 ± 0.23 | 4.62 ± 0.42 | 2.55 ± 0.28 | 2.28 ± 0.20 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.01 |
7 | 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol | 992 | 989 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
8 | δ-3-carene | 1008 | 1008 | 0.33 ± 0.03 | 5.78 ± 0.55 | 3.15 ± 0.35 | 4.31 ± 0.48 | 7.25 ± 0.66 | 5.95 ± 0.54 |
9 | α-terpinene | 1018 | 1014 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. |
10 | sylvestrene | 1026 | 1025 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
11 | ο-cymene | 1029 | 1022 | 0.33 ± 0.03 | 0.41 ± 0.04 | 0.63 ± 0.06 | 0.34 ± 0.03 | n.d. | 0.38 ± 0.04 |
12 | β-phellandrene | 1036 | 1025 | 10.19 ± 0.92 | 7.81 ± 0.83 | 15.48 ± 1.47 | 17.74 ± 1.70 | 12.64 ± 1.15 | 17.12 ± 1.81 |
13 | (Z)-β-ocimene | 1045 | 1032 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 9.19 ± 0.88 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 |
14 | γ-terpinene | 1051 | 1054 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.59 ± 0.06 | 0.41 ± 0.04 | 0.33 ± 0.03 |
15 | cis-linalool oxide | 1076 | 1067 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.60 ± 0.06 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 |
16 | 2-acetyl-3-methyl-pyrazine | 1083 | 1079 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | n.d. | 0.37 ± 0.04 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.31 ± 0.03 |
17 | ρ-mentha-2,4(8)-diene | 1084 | 1085 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | n.d. | 0.21 ± 0.02 | 0.20 ± 0.02 |
18 | terpinolene | 1089 | 1086 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 |
19 | δ-3-carene | 1108 | 1007 | 0.71 ± 0.07 | 1.40 ± 0.13 | 1.12 ± 0.10 | 0.33 ± 0.04 | 3.34 ± 0.30 | 0.22 ± 0.02 |
20 | 1,3,8-ρ-menthatriene | 1111 | 1108 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 1.99 ± 0.22 | 2.26 ± 0.20 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
21 | 1-octen-3-yl acetate | 1114 | 1008 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.21 ± 0.02 | 0.31 ± 0.03 | 0.31 ± 0.03 |
22 | myrcenol | 1117 | 1119 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | n.d. | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 |
23 | 3-octanol acetate | 1125 | 1120 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | n.d. | 0.55 ± 0.06 | 0.58 ± 0.05 |
24 | iso-3-thujanol | 1134 | 1134 | 0.69 ± 0.07 | 1.14 ± 0.12 | 1.16 ± 0.10 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.06 ± 0.01 |
25 | cryptone | 1184 | 1183 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.07 ± 0.01 |
26 | isoamyl tiglate | 1191 | 1191 | 1.95 ± 0.18 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.03 ± 0.00 |
27 | linalool formate | 1211 | 1214 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 |
28 | trans-carveol | 1216 | 1215 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
29 | cis-sabinene hydrate acetate | 1220 | 1219 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
30 | cis-carveol | 1225 | 1226 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
31 | pulegone | 1232 | 1233 | 0.045 ± 0.005 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.00 |
32 | linalool acetate | 1255 | 1254 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | n.d. | 0.02 ± 0.00 |
33 | bornyl acetate | 1292 | 1284 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | n.d. | 0.03 ± 0.00 |
34 | 2-undecanone | 1299 | 1293 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.24 ± 0.02 |
35 | n-tridecane | 1301 | 1300 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
36 | δ-elemene | 1337 | 1335 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
37 | α-cubebene | 1351 | 1348 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.03 ± 0.00 |
38 | cyclosativene | 1364 | 1369 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.03 ± 0.00 |
39 | isoledene | 1376 | 1374 | 0.62 ± 0.06 | 1.13 ± 0.10 | 0.98 ± 0.11 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.23 ± 0.02 |
40 | α-copaene | 1381 | 1374 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.02 |
41 | α-duprezianene | 1389 | 1387 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | n.d. | 0.10 ± 0.01 |
42 | 7-epi-sesquithujene | 1392 | 1390 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
43 | cyperene | 1396 | 1398 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.02 | 0.19 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 |
44 | sesquithujene | 1407 | 1405 | 0.26 ± 0.03 | 0.42 ± 0.04 | 0.37 ± 0.03 | 0.31 ± 0.03 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.29 ± 0.03 |
45 | α-gurjunene | 1411 | 1409 | 0.64 ± 0.07 | 1.56 ± 0.15 | 1.39 ± 0.14 | 9.50 ± 0.86 | 8.87 ± 0.99 | 14.61 ± 1.39 |
46 | α-cedrene | 1416 | 1410 | 0.40 ± 0.04 | 0.72 ± 0.08 | 0.63 ± 0.06 | 0.32 ± 0.03 | 0.31 ± 0.03 | 0.39 ± 0.04 |
47 | β-duprezianene | 1420 | 1421 | 0.35 ± 0.04 | 0.76 ± 0.07 | 0.58 ± 0.06 | 1.48 ± 0.15 | 1.54 ± 0.14 | 0.20 ± 0.02 |
48 | dictamnol | 1429 | 1428 | 31.89 ± 3.05 | 12.91 ± 1.37 | 4.13 ± 0.45 | 4.54 ± 0.50 | 15.10 ± 1.51 | 3.57 ± 0.36 |
49 | β-copaene | 1434 | 1430 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.59 ± 0.06 | 0.48 ± 0.05 | 0.64 ± 0.07 |
50 | γ-elemene | 1437 | 1434 | 2.93 ± 0.32 | 3.58 ± 0.36 | 3.22 ± 0.30 | 4.03 ± 0.44 | 1.26 ± 0.12 | 2.64 ± 0.25 |
51 | 6,9-guaiadiene | 1441 | 1442 | 0.88 ± 0.08 | 2.02 ± 0.20 | 1.87 ± 0.19 | 0.58 ± 0.06 | 0.49 ± 0.05 | 0.66 ± 0.07 |
52 | aromadendrene | 1445 | 1439 | 1.02 ± 0.10 | 1.85 ± 0.19 | 1.75 ± 0.18 | 4.59 ± 0.50 | 4.17 ± 0.42 | 5.26 ± 0.53 |
53 | neryl propanoate | 1457 | 1452 | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.44 ± 0.04 | 0.45 ± 0.05 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.23 ± 0.02 |
54 | α-acoradiene | 1466 | 1464 | 1.02 ± 0.09 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | 0.21 ± 0.02 | 2.07 ± 0.23 | 2.35 ± 0.21 | 0.42 ± 0.04 |
55 | 9-epi-(E)-caryophyllene | 1468 | 1464 | 6.42 ± 0.64 | 3.93 ± 0.43 | 6.18 ± 0.56 | 14.16 ± 1.42 | 14.37 ± 1.58 | 14.16 ± 1.27 |
56 | β-acoradiene | 1471 | 1469 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.68 ± 0.07 | 0.66 ± 0.06 | 1.98 ± 0.22 | 0.85 ± 0.08 | 1.48 ± 0.15 |
57 | 10-epi-β-acoradiene | 1474 | 1474 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.25 ± 0.02 | 0.44 ± 0.05 | 0.47 ± 0.04 | 0.66 ± 0.07 |
58 | α-neocallitropsene | 1476 | 1474 | 0.54 ± 0.06 | 0.91 ± 0.09 | 0.84 ± 0.08 | 2.79 ± 0.31 | 1.08 ± 0.11 | 2.04 ± 0.20 |
59 | γ-gurjunene | 1482 | 1475 | 0.36 ± 0.04 | 0.31 ± 0.03 | 0.32 ± 0.03 | 1.20 ± 0.13 | 1.06 ± 0.12 | 1.53 ± 0.16 |
60 | γ-curcumene | 1486 | 1481 | 1.82 ± 0.18 | 3.41 ± 0.34 | 3.73 ± 0.37 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.74 ± 0.08 |
61 | cis-β-guaiene | 1492 | 1492 | 1.50 ± 0.14 | 1.12 ± 0.12 | 1.47 ± 0.15 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
62 | neryl isobutanoate | 1494 | 1490 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.29 ± 0.03 | 0.21 ± 0.02 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
63 | bicyclogermacrene | 1500 | 1500 | 7.00 ± 0.70 | 9.45 ± 0.95 | 9.74 ± 0.97 | 5.44 ± 0.54 | 2.40 ± 0.24 | 4.57 ± 0.46 |
64 | trans-β-guaiene | 1502 | 1502 | 0.92 ± 0.09 | 0.73 ± 0.07 | 0.52 ± 0.05 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
65 | allyl anthranilate | 1504 | 1501 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.40 ± 0.04 | 0.33 ± 0.03 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
66 | α-chamigrene | 1507 | 1503 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
67 | (E,E)-α-farnesene | 1509 | 1505 | 5.02 ± 0.50 | 5.84 ± 0.64 | 7.62 ± 0.76 | 1.13 ± 0.11 | 0.56 ± 0.06 | 1.00 ± 0.10 |
68 | β-curcumene | 1516 | 1514 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 4.50 ± 0.45 | 0.80 ± 0.08 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.58 ± 0.06 |
69 | 6-methyl-α-ionone | 1519 | 1520 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 2.15 ± 0.22 | 1.39 ± 0.14 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.04 ± 0.00 |
70 | β-curcumene | 1520 | 1514 | 0.54 ± 0.05 | 1.12 ± 0.11 | 1.09 ± 0.11 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
71 | 1-phenyl heptan-3-one | 1526 | 1524 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
72 | δ-cadinene | 1530 | 1522 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.31 ± 0.03 | 0.45 ± 0.05 |
73 | (Z)-nerolidol | 1535 | 1531 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.02 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 |
74 | α-copaen-11-ol | 1541 | 1539 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
75 | silphiperfolan-6-β-ol | 1544 | 1546 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
76 | elemol | 1551 | 1548 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
77 | (E)-nerolidol | 1562 | 1561 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
78 | zierone | 1576 | 1574 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
79 | spathulenol | 1579 | 1577 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | n.d. | 0.04 ± 0.00 |
80 | (E)-jasmolactone, extra c | 1581 | 1578 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.59 ± 0.06 | 1.01 ± 0.10 | 1.08 ± 0.11 |
81 | β-copaen-4-α-ol | 1587 | 1590 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 0.26 ± 0.03 | 0.30 ± 0.03 |
82 | anti-anti-anti-helifolen-12-al B | 1595 | 1592 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 0.19 ± 0.02 | 0.29 ± 0.03 | 0.58 ± 0.06 | 0.85 ± 0.08 | 0.99 ± 0.10 |
83 | cis-dihydro -mayurone | 1599 | 1595 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.37 ± 0.04 | 0.62 ± 0.06 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.02 ± 0.00 |
84 | ledol | 1603 | 1602 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
85 | 5-epi-7-epi-α-eudesmol | 1606 | 1607 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
86 | β-atlantol | 1613 | 1608 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
87 | junenol | 1618 | 1618 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 5.98 ± 0.60 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 4.54 ± 0.45 |
88 | selina-1,3,7(11)-trien-8-one | 1630 | 1632 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
89 | β-acorenol | 1636 | 1636 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
90 | cubenol | 1645 | 1645 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.02 ± 0.00 |
91 | himachalol | 1654 | 1652 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 |
92 | α-cadinol | 1659 | 1652 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 0.22 ± 0.02 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.30 ± 0.03 | 0.28 ± 0.03 |
93 | helifolenol A | 1673 | 1674 | 0.75 ± 0.08 | 0.90 ± 0.09 | 1.09 ± 0.11 | 0.74 ± 0.07 | 1.30 ± 0.13 | 1.17 ± 0.12 |
94 | helifolenol B | 1679 | 1677 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.04 ± 0.00 |
95 | zizanal | 1695 | 1697 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.02 ± 0.00 |
96 | amorpha-4,9-dien-2-ol | 1699 | 1700 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
97 | cembrene | 1939 | 1937 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.02 ± 0.00 |
98 | (3Z)-cembrene A | 1963 | 1965 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
99 | nootkatinol | 2087 | 2088 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
100 | benzyl cinnamate | 2100 | 2092 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
101 | 2-keto-manool oxide | 2210 | 2216 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 |
monoterpenes hydrocarbons | 17.69 ± 0.00 | 27.32 ± 0.00 | 35.35 ± 0.00 | 32.45 ± 0.00 | 37 ± 0.00 | 31.96 ± 0.00 | |||
oxygenated monoterpenes | 3.6 ± 0.00 | 2.98 ± 0.00 | 2.87 ± 0.00 | 1.18 ± 0.00 | 4.34 ± 0.00 | 1.38 ± 0.00 | |||
sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons | 54.9 ± 0.00 | 45.13 ± 0.00 | 42.52 ± 0.00 | 51.97 ± 0.00 | 41.15 ± 0.00 | 52.92 ± 0.00 | |||
oxygenated sesquiterpenes | 7.97 ± 0.00 | 5.84 ± 0.00 | 8.64 ± 0.00 | 8.5 ± 0.00 | 3.9 ± 0.00 | 8.64 ± 0.00 | |||
others | 4.25 ± 0.12 | 8.84 ± 0.41 | 7.59 ± 0.23 | 5.36 ± 0.31 | 15.43 ± 0.00 | 4.82 ± 0.00 |
N° | Compounds | LRI a | LRI b | Winter | Summer | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feb | Mar | Apr | Jul | Aug | Sep | ||||
% ± SD | |||||||||
1 | α-thujene | 927 | 924 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
2 | α-pinene | 934 | 932 | 3.94 ± 0.39 | 3.28 ± 0.36 | 3.14 ± 0.30 | 5.99 ± 0.66 | 6.80 ± 0.75 | 5.17 ± 0.57 |
3 | camphene | 951 | 946 | 5.61 ± 0.59 | 4.42 ± 0.48 | 4.39 ± 0.48 | 10.31 ± 1.08 | 11.98 ± 1.12 | 9.06 ± 0.90 |
4 | sabinene | 973 | 969 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.08 ± 0.01 |
5 | β-pinene | 977 | 974 | 0.79 ± 0.08 | 0.61 ± 0.06 | 0.62 ± 0.06 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 |
6 | myrcene | 990 | 988 | 3.24 ± 0.35 | 2.95 ± 0.29 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 1.46 ± 0.16 | 2.21 ± 0.24 | 1.67 ± 0.18 |
7 | 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol | 992 | 989 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
8 | 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-methyl pentanoate | 993 | 989 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
9 | δ-3-carene | 1004 | 1003 | 2.86 ± 0.29 | 2.62 ± 0.26 | 1.14 ± 0.11 | 11.51 ± 1.15 | 10.15 ± 1.02 | 9.86 ± 0.99 |
10 | α-terpinene | 1022 | 1014 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 |
11 | ρ-cymene | 1007 | 1007 | 1.00 ± 0.10 | 1.05 ± 0.11 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.24 ± 0.02 | 0.57 ± 0.06 | 0.33 ± 0.03 |
12 | sylvestrene | 1026 | 1025 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
13 | ο-cymene | 1029 | 1022 | 0.27 ± 0.03 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.29 ± 0.03 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
14 | (Z)-β-ocimene | 1033 | 1032 | 29.24 ± 2.92 | 12.58 ± 1.26 | 15.32 ± 1.53 | 4.50 ± 0.45 | 12.82 ± 1.28 | 2.24 ± 0.02 |
15 | (E)-β-ocimene | 1045 | 1044 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.01 |
16 | γ-terpinene | 1054 | 1054 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 |
17 | meta-tolualdehyde | 1064 | 1064 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
18 | 2-acetyl-3-methyl-pyrazine | 1081 | 1079 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.02 |
19 | ρ-mentha-2,4(8)-diene | 1083 | 1085 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.44 ± 0.04 | 0.87 ± 0.09 | 0.44 ± 0.04 |
20 | terpinolene | 1087 | 1086 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.41 ± 0.04 | 0.22 ± 0.02 |
21 | trans-sabinene hydrate | 1092 | 1098 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 |
22 | linalool | 1112 | 1095 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.19 ± 0.02 |
23 | 1,3,8-ρ-menthatriene | 1114 | 1117 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 |
24 | 1-octen-3-yl acetate | 1117 | 1110 | 0.94 ± 0.09 | 0.48 ± 0.05 | 0.73 ± 0.07 | 0.40 ± 0.04 | 0.73 ± 0.07 | 0.46 ± 0.05 |
25 | trans-rose oxide | 1119 | 1122 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.32 ± 0.03 | 0.17 ± 0.02 |
26 | 3-octanol acetate | 1124 | 1120 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.34 ± 0.03 | 0.61 ± 0.06 | 0.42 ± 0.04 |
27 | (E)-tagetone | 1135 | 1139 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.71 ± 0.07 | 0.05 ± 0.01 |
28 | iso-3-thujanol | 1138 | 1134 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
29 | 3-thujanol | 1162 | 1164 | 0.27 ± 0.03 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
30 | cis-linalool oxide | 1170 | 1170 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
31 | cryptone | 1188 | 1178 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 |
32 | myrtenol | 1194 | 1194 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
33 | 2-methyoxythiophenol | 1207 | 1210 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
34 | linalool formate | 1211 | 1214 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 |
35 | cis-sabinene hydrate acetate | 1220 | 1219 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
36 | cis-carveol | 1225 | 1226 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
37 | pulegone | 1235 | 1233 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 |
38 | trans-sabinene hydrate acetate | 1260 | 1253 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
39 | 3-thujanol acetate | 1295 | 1295 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 |
40 | cis-pinocarvyl acetate | 1314 | 1311 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
41 | δ-elemene | 1337 | 1335 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
42 | α-cubebene | 1352 | 1348 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
43 | NI | 1358 | -- | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
44 | α-ylangene | 1376 | 1373 | 1.48 ± 0.15 | 1.33 ± 0.13 | 1.63 ± 0.16 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.29 ± 0.03 |
45 | α-copaene | 1381 | 1374 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 |
46 | 2-epi-α-funebrene | 1384 | 1380 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.38 ± 0.04 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
47 | β-elemene | 1389 | 1389 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.01 |
48 | 7-epi-sesquithujene | 1392 | 1390 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.56 ± 0.06 | 0.39 ± 0.04 |
49 | cyperene | 1399 | 1398 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.24 ± 0.02 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
50 | sibirene | 1402 | 1400 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
51 | β-longipinene | 1402 | 1400 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
52 | sesquithujene | 1409 | 1405 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
53 | β-isocomene | 1411 | 1407 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
54 | α-gurjunene | 1414 | 1409 | 1.37 ± 0.14 | 1.18 ± 0.12 | 1.45 ± 0.15 | 6.37 ± 0.64 | 10.04 ± 1.00 | 6.27 ± 0.63 |
55 | α-cedrene | 1418 | 1410 | 0.67 ± 0.07 | 0.57 ± 0.06 | 0.71 ± 0.07 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.45 ± 0.05 | 0.40 ± 0.04 |
56 | trans-α-ambrinol | 1422 | 1421 | 0.90 ± 0.09 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.65 ± 0.07 | 0.93 ± 0.09 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1.03 ± 0.10 |
57 | β-duprezianene | 1425 | 1428 | 0.22 ± 0.02 | 0.85 ± 0.08 | 0.31 ± 0.03 | 0.30 ± 0.03 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
58 | dictamnol | 1437 | 1428 | 9.85 ± 0.99 | 34.86 ± 3.49 | 34.64 ± 3.46 | 11.05 ± 1.11 | 10.64 ± 1.06 | 15.15 ± 1.52 |
59 | β-copaene | 1440 | 1430 | 1.32 ± 0.13 | 1.25 ± 0.13 | 1.44 ± 0.14 | 0.90 ± 0.09 | 0.30 ± 0.03 | 1.41 ± 0.14 |
60 | aromadendrene | 1444 | 1439 | 2.55 ± 0.26 | 2.46 ± 0.25 | 2.88 ± 0.29 | 0.95 ± 0.09 | 1.48 ± 0.15 | 5.87 ± 0.59 |
61 | neryl propanoate | 1456 | 1452 | 2.11 ± 0.21 | 2.05 ± 0.20 | 2.59 ± 0.26 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
62 | α-patchoulene | 1460 | 1454 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.22 ± 0.02 | 0.30 ± 0.03 | 0.56 ± 0.06 | 0.47 ± 0.05 |
63 | NI | 1461 | 1464 | 0.32 ± 0.03 | 0.33 ± 0.03 | 0.36 ± 0.04 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
64 | 9-epi-(E)-caryophyllene | 1467 | 1466 | 3.59 ± 0.36 | 4.83 ± 0.48 | 5.96 ± 0.60 | 7.64 ± 0.76 | 9.48 ± 0.95 | 10.64 ± 1.06 |
65 | γ-gurjunene | 1470 | 1475 | 0.83 ± 0.08 | 0.80 ± 0.08 | 0.93 ± 0.09 | 0.38 ± 0.04 | 0.41 ± 0.04 | 0.38 ± 0.04 |
66 | γ-curcumene | 1474 | 1481 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 1.52 ± 0.15 | 1.72 ± 0.17 | 1.38 ± 0.14 |
67 | 11-α-himachala-1,4-diene | 1476 | 1485 | 0.46 ± 0.05 | 0.41 ± 0.04 | 0.48 ± 0.05 | 2.33 ± 0.23 | 1.86 ± 0.19 | 1.64 ± 0.16 |
68 | neryl isobutanoate | 1482 | 1490 | 0.37 ± 0.04 | 0.38 ± 0.04 | 0.43 ± 0.04 | 0.22 ± 0.02 | 0.27 ± 0.03 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
69 | α-zingiberene | 1485 | 1493 | 0.72 ± 0.07 | 0.68 ± 0.07 | 0.71 ± 0.07 | 2.54 ± 0.25 | 1.48 ± 0.15 | 2.00 ± 0.20 |
70 | bicyclogermacrene | 1492 | 1500 | 0.50 ± 0.05 | 0.47 ± 0.05 | 0.61 ± 0.06 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 0.31 ± 0.03 | 0.25 ± 0.03 |
71 | α-zingiberene | 1499 | 1493 | 6.23 ± 0.62 | 6.66 ± 0.67 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
72 | trans-β-guaiene | 1502 | 1502 | 3.23 ± 0.32 | 2.58 ± 0.26 | 3.52 ± 0.35 | 4.68 ± 0.47 | 3.68 ± 0.37 | 4.95 ± 0.50 |
73 | (E,E)-α-farnesene | 1504 | 1505 | 0.19 ± 0.02 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 0.22 ± 0.02 | 0.58 ± 0.06 | 0.40 ± 0.04 | 0.50 ± 0.05 |
74 | β-curcumene | 1515 | 1514 | 9.64 ± 0.96 | 4.40 ± 0.44 | 8.76 ± 0.88 | 1.40 ± 0.14 | 1.10 ± 0.11 | 0.84 ± 0.08 |
75 | 6-methyl-α-ionone | 1523 | 1520 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
76 | 1-phenyl heptan-3-one | 1525 | 1524 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
77 | δ-cadinene | 1529 | 1522 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.02 |
78 | γ-vetivenene | 1532 | 1531 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
79 | (Z)-nerolidol | 1535 | 1531 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 |
80 | α-copaen-11-ol | 1541 | 1539 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
81 | selina-3,7(11)-diene | 1544 | 1545 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
82 | zierone | 1575 | 1574 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.66 ± 0.07 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
83 | (E)-jasmolactone, extra C | 1580 | 1578 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
84 | thujopsan-2-α-ol | 1587 | 1586 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 1.81 ± 0.18 | 1.05 ± 0.11 | 0.85 ± 0.09 |
85 | β-copaen-4-α-ol | 1592 | 1590 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.93 ± 0.09 | 0.52 ± 0.05 | 0.59 ± 0.06 |
86 | cis-dihydro -mayurone | 1595 | 1595 | 0.49 ± 0.05 | 0.80 ± 0.08 | 0.79 ± 0.08 | 0.99 ± 0.10 | 0.44 ± 0.04 | 0.48 ± 0.05 |
87 | 9,11-epoxy-guaia-3,10(14)-diene | 1599 | 1601 | 0.35 ± 0.04 | 0.59 ± 0.06 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
88 | ledol | 1603 | 1602 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
89 | isolongifolan-7-α-ol | 1613 | 1618 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 |
90 | junenol | 1630 | 1618 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 9.19 ± 0.92 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 11.68 ± 1.17 |
91 | β-acorenol | 1636 | 1636 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
92 | epi-α-cadinol | 1645 | 1638 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 |
93 | himachalol | 1654 | 1652 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.38 ± 0.04 |
94 | α-cadinol | 1659 | 1652 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.86 ± 0.09 | 0.43 ± 0.04 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
95 | cis-calamenen-10-ol | 1662 | 1660 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
96 | helifolenol A | 1673 | 1674 | 0.49 ± 0.05 | 0.60 ± 0.06 | 0.67 ± 0.07 | 4.50 ± 0.45 | 2.32 ± 0.23 | 1.88 ± 0.19 |
97 | helifolenol B | 1679 | 1677 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
98 | amorpha-4,9-dien-2-ol | 1698 | 1700 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
99 | (3Z)-cembrene A | 1963 | 1965 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
100 | 2-keto-manool oxide | 2210 | 2216 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 |
monoterpenes hydrocarbons | 47.40 ± 0.54 | 27.84 ± 0.14 | 25.30 ± 0.22 | 34.98 ± 0.43 | 46.32 ± 0.41 | 27.35 ± 0.19 | |||
oxygenated monoterpenes | 1.75 ± 0.12 | 1.06 ± 0.09 | 1.29 ± 0.08 | 1.12 ± 0.11 | 2.87 ± 0.25 | 1.43 ± 0.16 | |||
sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons | 43.49 ± 0.23 | 61.26 ± 0.51 | 63.12 ± 0.43 | 30.96 ± 0.22 | 34.27 ± 0.12 | 38.03 ± 0.41 | |||
oxygenated sesquiterpenes | 13.84 ± 0.18 | 9.13 ± 0.10 | 13.84 ± 0.12 | 18.65 ± 0.21 | 4.64 ± 0.09 | 15.64 ± 0.08 | |||
others | 2.22 ± 0.07 | 2.75 ± 0.09 | 2.06 ± 0.11 | 14.04 ± 0.13 | 11.98 ± 0.30 | 17.25 ± 0.19 |
Factor | df | SS | MS | Pseudo-F | R | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plant parts | 1 | 7713.9 | 7713.9 | 22.494 | 35.05 | 0.001 |
Season | 1 | 5004.3 | 5004.3 | 14.593 | 27.873 | 0.002 |
Plant parts × Season | 1 | 945.63 | 945.63 | 2.7575 | 14.174 | 0.074 |
Res | 8 | 2743.5 | 342.93 | |||
Total | 11 | 16407 |
Chemical Compounds | Leaves | Flowers | Dissimilarity (%) | CD (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
β-phellandrene | 0 | 2.64 | 3.83 | 6.68 |
(Z)-β-ocimene | 2.23 | 0.42 | 2.88 | 5.01 |
bicyclogermacrene | 0 | 1.93 | 2.81 | 4.89 |
γ-elemene | 0 | 1.34 | 1.95 | 3.4 |
aromadendrene | 0 | 1.33 | 1.92 | 3.34 |
trans-β-guaiene | 1.55 | 0.27 | 1.84 | 3.2 |
aromadendrene | 1.23 | 0 | 1.79 | 3.12 |
(E,E)-α-farnesene | 0.29 | 1.29 | 1.47 | 2.57 |
junenol | 0.85 | 0.62 | 1.46 | 2.55 |
β-curcumene | 1.43 | 0.66 | 1.39 | 2.41 |
dictamnol | 2.88 | 2.3 | 1.29 | 2.25 |
α-gurjunene | 1.49 | 1.62 | 1.28 | 2.23 |
α-neocallitropsene | 0 | 0.81 | 1.17 | 2.04 |
δ-3-carene | 1.79 | 1.56 | 1.17 | 2.04 |
α-zingiberene | 0.81 | 0 | 1.17 | 2.03 |
11-α-himachala-1,4-diene | 0.72 | 0 | 1.03 | 1.8 |
6,9-guaiadiene | 0 | 0.69 | 1 | 1.74 |
camphene | 2.09 | 1.46 | 1 | 1.73 |
δ-3-carene | 0 | 0.69 | 1 | 1.73 |
α-zingiberene | 0.67 | 0 | 0.99 | 1.73 |
γ-curcumene | 0.52 | 0.77 | 0.96 | 1.67 |
α-acoradiene | 0 | 0.63 | 0.92 | 1.61 |
neryl propanoate | 0.62 | 0 | 0.92 | 1.61 |
β-acoradiene | 0 | 0.63 | 0.9 | 1.57 |
myrcene | 0.98 | 0.93 | 0.87 | 1.52 |
β-duprezianene | 0 | 0.56 | 0.81 | 1.4 |
β-copaene | 0.72 | 0.23 | 0.77 | 1.35 |
α-ylangene | 0.51 | 0 | 0.77 | 1.34 |
9-epi-(E)-caryophyllene | 2.03 | 2.29 | 0.75 | 1.31 |
cis-β-guaiene | 0 | 0.43 | 0.63 | 1.1 |
Component | LRI a | LRI b | Enantiomeric Distribution | e.e. ± SD (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
(1R)-(+)-α-pinene | 936 | 932 | 71.29 | 42.58 ± 0.34 |
(1S)-(-)-α-pinene | 937 | 932 | 28.71 | |
(S)-(-)-β-pinene | 940 | 969 | 100 | |
(1S,3R)-(+)-δ-3-carene | 1016 | 1008 | 100 | |
(S)-(+)-linalool | 1107 | 1095 | 100 | |
(1S,4S,7R)-(+)-δ-cadinene | 1418 | 1522 | 32.23 | 35.54 ± 0.27 |
(1R,4R,7S)-(–)-δ-cadinene | 1430 | 1522 | 67.77 | |
(6R,8S)-(+)-α-muurolene | 1498 | 1500 | 17.99 | 64.02 ± 0.66 |
(6S,8R)-(–)-α-muurolene | 1502 | 1500 | 82.01 |
Component | LRI a | LRI b | Enantiomeric Distribution | e.e. ± SD (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
(1R)-(+)-α-pinene | 927 | 932 | 89.83 | 79.66 ± 0.82 |
(1S)-(-)-α-pinene | 937 | 932 | 10.17 | |
(S)-(-)-β-pinene | 939 | 969 | 100 | |
(1S,3R)-(+)-δ-3-carene | 982 | 1008 | 100 | |
(S)-(+)-linalool | 1117 | 1095 | 100 | |
(1S,4S,7R)-(+)-δ-cadinene | 1418 | 1522 | 25.31 | 49.38 ± 0.22 |
(1R,4R,7S)-(–)-δ-cadinene | 1431 | 1522 | 74.69 | |
(6R,8S)-(+)-α-muurolene | 1498 | 1500 | 51.20 | 1.59 ± 0.09 |
(6S,8R)-(–)-α-muurolene | 1502 | 1500 | 49.60 |
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Calva, J.; Suquilanda, D.; Benítez, Á.; Armijos, C.; Ramírez, J. Seasonal Influence on Volatile Organic Compounds from Flowers and Leaves of Lepechinia mutica Extracted by SPME-GC-MS. Plants 2025, 14, 3103. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193103
Calva J, Suquilanda D, Benítez Á, Armijos C, Ramírez J. Seasonal Influence on Volatile Organic Compounds from Flowers and Leaves of Lepechinia mutica Extracted by SPME-GC-MS. Plants. 2025; 14(19):3103. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193103
Chicago/Turabian StyleCalva, James, Dayanna Suquilanda, Ángel Benítez, Chabaco Armijos, and Jorge Ramírez. 2025. "Seasonal Influence on Volatile Organic Compounds from Flowers and Leaves of Lepechinia mutica Extracted by SPME-GC-MS" Plants 14, no. 19: 3103. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193103
APA StyleCalva, J., Suquilanda, D., Benítez, Á., Armijos, C., & Ramírez, J. (2025). Seasonal Influence on Volatile Organic Compounds from Flowers and Leaves of Lepechinia mutica Extracted by SPME-GC-MS. Plants, 14(19), 3103. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193103