Life | May 2025 - Browse Articles

24 pages, 1696 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protocell Dynamics: Modelling Growth and Division of Lipid Vesicles Driven by an Autocatalytic Reaction

by Japraj Taneja and Paul G. Higgs

Life 2025, 15(5), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050724 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

We study a computational model of a protocell, in which an autocatalytic reaction sustains itself inside a lipid vesicle. The autocatalytic reaction drives volume growth via osmosis. Membrane area grows due to addition of lipids from the environment. The membrane growth rate depends [...] Read more.

We study a computational model of a protocell, in which an autocatalytic reaction sustains itself inside a lipid vesicle. The autocatalytic reaction drives volume growth via osmosis. Membrane area grows due to addition of lipids from the environment. The membrane growth rate depends on the external lipid concentration and on the tension in the membrane. In the absence of division, a cell either reaches a state of homeostasis or grows to a point where the internal reaction collapses. If a cell becomes elongated, it can divide into two smaller spherical vesicles, conserving the total volume and area. We determine when it is energetically favorable for a large vesicle to divide. Division requires the buildup of a difference between the lipid areas on the outer and inner leaflets of the membrane. Division occurs most easily when the rate of flipping of lipids between leaflets is relatively slow. If the flipping is too fast, the parent cell grows large without dividing. There is a typical size at which division occurs, producing two daughter cells of unequal sizes. The smaller and larger daughters regrow to the same typical size before the next division. Protocells with an active metabolism reach a stable state where the internal autocatalytic reaction and the membrane growth are well balanced. Active protocells can grow and divide in conditions where an inactive vesicle without an internal reaction cannot. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition—Featured Papers on the Origins of Life)

19 pages, 970 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting the S. cerevisiae Gene Expression Score by a Machine Learning Classifier

by Piotr H. Pawłowski and Piotr Zielenkiewicz

Life 2025, 15(5), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050723 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

The topic of this work is gene expression and its score according to various factors analyzed globally using machine learning techniques. The expression score (ES) of genes characterizes their activity and, thus, their importance for cellular processes. This may depend on many different [...] Read more.

The topic of this work is gene expression and its score according to various factors analyzed globally using machine learning techniques. The expression score (ES) of genes characterizes their activity and, thus, their importance for cellular processes. This may depend on many different factors (attributes). To find the most important classifier, a machine learning classifier (random forest) was selected, trained, and optimized on the Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis WEKA platform, resulting in the most accurate attribute-dependent prediction of the ES of Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes. In this way, data from the Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD), presenting ES values corresponding to a wide spectrum of attributes, were used, revised, classified, and balanced, and the significance of the considered attributes was evaluated. In this way, the novel random forest model indicates the most important attributes determining classes of low, moderate, and high ES. They cover both the experimental conditions and the genetic, physical, statistical, and logistic features. During validation, the obtained model could classify the instances of a primary unknown test set with a correctness of 84.1%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)

19 pages, 1728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Cardiovascular Risk Scores, Metabolic Parameters, and Laboratory Profiles in Type 2 Diabetes

by Nazif Yalçın, Selman Aktaş, Seyit Uyar and Nizameddin Koca

Life 2025, 15(5), 722; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050722 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are known to provide cardioprotective effects, but their influence on validated cardiovascular risk models remains underexplored. This study assessed the impact [...] Read more.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are known to provide cardioprotective effects, but their influence on validated cardiovascular risk models remains underexplored. This study assessed the impact of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiovascular risk scores, metabolic parameters, and laboratory profiles over six months. Methods: This study was conducted on 152 T2DM patients initiating SGLT2 inhibitors. Cardiovascular risk was evaluated using the SCORE2-DM model at baseline and after six months. Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) analysis assessed temporal risk stratification changes. Metabolic parameters and laboratory profiles were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: Cardiovascular risk scores decreased significantly, i.e., from 21.68 to 17.43 (p < 0.001). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were reduced by 9.21 mmHg and 6.16 mmHg, respectively (p < 0.001). BMI declined by 1.27 kg/m² (p < 0.001), and HbA1c decreased by 1.38% (p < 0.001). Triglyceride levels dropped by 22.91 mg/dL (p < 0.001), while renal parameters remained stable. The GEE analysis confirmed significant shifts to lower cardiovascular risk categories (β = −0.777, p < 0.001), with comparable efficacy between empagliflozin and dapagliflozin (p = 0.922). Conclusions: SGLT2 inhibitor therapy significantly reduces cardiovascular risk and improves metabolic and laboratory parameters in T2DM patients. These findings highlight the importance of integrating SGLT2 inhibitors into comprehensive cardiometabolic management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular–Kidney–Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome)

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12 pages, 410 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Myokinetic Stretching Exercise Versus Post-Isometric Relaxation Combined with Traction in Patients with Cervical Radiculopathy—A Randomized Clinical Trial

by Fatima Saleem, Maryam Arshad, Sahreen Anwar, Elena Adelina Panaet, Dragoș Ioan Tohănean, Cristina-Ioana Alexe and Dan Iulian Alexe

Life 2025, 15(5), 721; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050721 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Cervical radiculopathy is one of the frequent musculoskeletal problems prevalent in the general population, characterized by neck pain radiating to the upper limb. This study investigated the effects of the myokinetic stretching technique versus post-isometric relaxation (PIR) exercises with mechanical traction in [...] Read more.

Background: Cervical radiculopathy is one of the frequent musculoskeletal problems prevalent in the general population, characterized by neck pain radiating to the upper limb. This study investigated the effects of the myokinetic stretching technique versus post-isometric relaxation (PIR) exercises with mechanical traction in patients with cervical radiculopathy. Methods: A single-blinded, randomized clinical trial was conducted from March 2023 to June 2023. Sixty-six patients with cervical radiculopathy were randomly assigned to two groups: Group A (n = 33) received myokinetic stretching exercises and Group B (n = 33) received isometric relaxation exercises, while mechanical cervical traction was applied to both groups as the baseline treatment. The treatment frequency was two sessions per week for eight weeks. Outcome measures were pain, range of motion, and neck disability measured through the Numerical Pain Rating Scale, a goniometer, and the Urdu version of the Neck Disability Index. Assessments were performed at the baseline and the 4th and 8th weeks of the treatment. Results: The between-group analysis showed a non-significant difference (p > 0.05). The within-group analysis showed (p < 0.001) significant improvement in both groups. Conclusion: This study concluded that the myokinetic stretching technique and post-isometric relaxation exercises combined with mechanical traction are effective in improving pain, range of motion, and neck disability in patients with cervical radiculopathy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Physiotherapy for Musculoskeletal)

16 pages, 1003 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictive Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19: Distinct Inflammatory Pathways in Patients With and Without Pre-Existing Chronic Kidney Disease

by Caterina Carollo, Alida Benfante, Alessandra Sorce, Katia Montalbano, Emanuele Cirafici, Leonardo Calandra, Giulio Geraci, Giuseppe Mulè and Nicola Scichilone

Life 2025, 15(5), 720; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050720 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) has emerged as a significant complication in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated AKI is multifactorial, involving both direct viral effects on renal cells and indirect mechanisms such as systemic inflammation and cytokine storms. [...] Read more.

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) has emerged as a significant complication in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated AKI is multifactorial, involving both direct viral effects on renal cells and indirect mechanisms such as systemic inflammation and cytokine storms. This highlights the critical need for early detection and effective management strategies to mitigate kidney injury and improve patient outcomes. The aim of our study is to assess the potential predictive role of inflammatory biomarkers in determining the risk of developing COVID-19-associated AKI in patients with and without pre-existing CKD. Methods: This study included 84 patients stratified by pre-existing chronic kidney disease (CKD) status. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected, including vital signs, hematological profiles, renal function markers, inflammatory biomarkers, coagulation parameters, and treatments. Outcomes such as acute kidney injury (AKI) and in-hospital mortality were documented. Results: In patients with pre-existing CKD, IL-6 and NLR demonstrated high predictive accuracy for AKI onset. In patients without pre-existing CKD, white blood cell (WBC) count emerged as a significant predictor of AKI onset. Conclusions: The differential roles of IL-6, NLR, and WBC in predicting AKI onset highlight distinct physiopathological pathways influenced by COVID-19. In CKD+ patients, chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation are key drivers of AKI, with IL-6 and NLR serving as robust markers of this inflammatory state. In contrast, in CKD− patients, AKI may be more influenced by acute inflammatory responses and infectious factors, as reflected by WBC count. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Common and Novel Markers of Inflammation and Tissue Damage in Various Pathological Conditions—2nd Edition)

19 pages, 1421 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alkaloid Profile Characterisation and Bioactivity Evaluation of Bolivian Hippeastrum Species (Amaryllidaceae) as Cholinesterase Inhibitors

by María Lenny Rodríguez-Escobar, Raúl Fernando Lara, Margoth Atahuachi, Alfredo F. Fuentes, Carla Maldonado, Jaume Bastida, Luciana R. Tallini and Laura Torras-Claveria

Life 2025, 15(5), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050719 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Amaryllidaceae alkaloids from the Amaryllidoideae subfamily exhibit broad pharmacological activities, including neuroprotection and anticancer effects. Galanthamine is a key compound for Alzheimer’s therapy. The Hippeastrum genus, particularly in Bolivia, offers significant potential for novel drug discovery, emphasising the need for conservation and further [...] Read more.

Amaryllidaceae alkaloids from the Amaryllidoideae subfamily exhibit broad pharmacological activities, including neuroprotection and anticancer effects. Galanthamine is a key compound for Alzheimer’s therapy. The Hippeastrum genus, particularly in Bolivia, offers significant potential for novel drug discovery, emphasising the need for conservation and further phytochemical research. Twenty-seven samples from Bolivian Hippeastrum species were investigated in terms of their alkaloid profile and anticholinesterase activity. The phytochemical analysis of Bolivian Hippeastrum species via GC-MS identified 48 Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, displaying diverse structural groups with potential pharmacological significance. Lycorine- and Homolycorine-type alkaloids were predominant, particularly in H. chionedyanthum and H. haywardii, with high concentrations of lycorine, a promising anticancer compound. The species H. evansiarum and H. mollevillquense contained notable quantities of Galanthamine type alkaloids, relevant for Alzheimer’s treatment. This study also highlights variability in acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities, with H. lara-ricoi and H. haywardii demonstrating strong inhibition. These findings suggest that Hippeastrum species are a valuable source of bioactive compounds, warranting further research into their therapeutic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmaceutical Science)

19 pages, 1679 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sonodynamic Therapy Using 5-Aminolevulinic Acid for Malignant Gliomas: A Review

by Andrea Ebeling and Francesco Prada

Life 2025, 15(5), 718; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050718 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

In recent years, sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has attracted attention as a promising new approach for the treatment of high-grade gliomas, as it is a non-invasive form of therapy that specifically kills tumor cells with limited side effects. SDT combines low-intensity ultrasound with a [...] Read more.

In recent years, sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has attracted attention as a promising new approach for the treatment of high-grade gliomas, as it is a non-invasive form of therapy that specifically kills tumor cells with limited side effects. SDT combines low-intensity ultrasound with a sonosensitizer to produce cytotoxic effects in tumor cells. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), an endogenous amino acid that is metabolized to protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), has shown promise as a sonosensitizer for malignant gliomas in SDT. Ultrasound can penetrate deeper body regions and activate PpIX, leading to an increase in tumor immunogenicity and induction of apoptosis. This review highlights the current state of knowledge on the mechanisms of action, the results of preclinical, clinical and ongoing studies on 5-ALA-SDT in malignant gliomas, and discusses the future benefits of SDT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Applications in Medical and Healthcare)

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17 pages, 1069 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Life on Venus?

by Sanjay S. Limaye

Life 2025, 15(5), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050717 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Venus is not generally at the forefront when considering extraterrestrial life. Yet, based on the physical similarities and proximity to Earth and with the little knowledge of its evolutionary history, there is a possibility that Venus may have hosted life in the past [...] Read more.

Venus is not generally at the forefront when considering extraterrestrial life. Yet, based on the physical similarities and proximity to Earth and with the little knowledge of its evolutionary history, there is a possibility that Venus may have hosted life in the past on the surface if Venus had liquid water and perhaps even has water present in the clouds today. While the early suggestions during the beginning of the space exploration about life on Venus were mostly speculative due to limited data, recent interest has arisen from realizations: (i) the unexplained ultraviolet absorption spectrum of Venus resembles many organics, (ii) there is chemical disequilibria in the cloud layer, (iii) the cloud aerosols likely contain significant abundances of hydrated iron and magnesium sulfates, and (iv) the solar radiation received in the cloud layer contains the appropriate wavelengths and flux to support phototrophy. Considering the extreme environmental survival of many terrestrial microorganisms, the possibility remains that any extant life on Venus in the past could have adapted to survival in the cloud layer far above the surface where energy and nutrients are available, but the precise compositions of the cloud particles and water availability are still uncertain. The key to solving the mystery of life on Venus is to determine if Venus had liquid water on the surface in its past and to measure the precise chemical composition of the Venus atmosphere and the cloud particles. Missions which will be launched in the next few years will provide much needed data that should provide some answers we seek and will surely raise more questions. This perspective reviews recent developments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Astrobiology)

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15 pages, 1090 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Life Detection on Mars: Understanding Challenges in DNA Amplification in Martian Regolith Analogue After Fe Ion Irradiation

by Alessia Cassaro, Claudia Pacelli and Silvano Onofri

Life 2025, 15(5), 716; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050716 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

The search for life beyond Earth currently hinges on the detection of biosignatures that are indicative of current or past life, with terrestrial life being the sole known example. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which acts as the long-term storage of genetic information in all [...] Read more.

The search for life beyond Earth currently hinges on the detection of biosignatures that are indicative of current or past life, with terrestrial life being the sole known example. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which acts as the long-term storage of genetic information in all known organisms, is considered a biosignature of life. Techniques like the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) are particularly useful as they allow for the amplification of DNA fragments, allowing the detection of even trace amounts of genetic material. This study aimed to detect DNA extracted from colonies of an Antarctic black fungus both when (i) alone and (ii) mixed with a Sulfatic Mars Regolith Simulant (S-MRS), after exposure to increasing doses of Fe ions (up to 1 kGy). PCR-based amplification methods were used for detection. The findings of this study revealed no DNA amplification in samples mixed with Sulfatic Mars Regolith Simulant, providing important insights into the potential application of these techniques for in situ DNA detection during future space exploration missions or for their application on the Mars sample return program; it also gives input in the planetary protection discussions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Astrobiology)

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15 pages, 2178 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Effects of Red and Blue LED Light on Melatonin Levels During Three-Hour Exposure in Healthy Adults

by Ana Sanchez-Cano, María José Luesma-Bartolomé, Estela Solanas and Elvira Orduna-Hospital

Life 2025, 15(5), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050715 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Circadian rhythms, essential for regulating human physiology and behavior, are influenced by light exposure, particularly at night. This study examined the impact of red (631 nm) and blue (464 nm) LED light on melatonin secretion, a key circadian marker. Twelve participants aged 19–55 [...] Read more.

Circadian rhythms, essential for regulating human physiology and behavior, are influenced by light exposure, particularly at night. This study examined the impact of red (631 nm) and blue (464 nm) LED light on melatonin secretion, a key circadian marker. Twelve participants aged 19–55 years were exposed to red and blue light for three hours (9:00 p.m.–midnight), with hourly saliva samples analyzed via ELISA to track melatonin levels. Initially, melatonin levels were comparable under both light conditions. After one hour, both lights suppressed melatonin, but differences emerged after two hours: blue light-maintained suppression, with levels at 7.5 pg/mL, while red light allowed recovery to 26.0 pg/mL (p = 0.019). This pattern persisted at the third hour. Blue light had stronger suppression effects, particularly in younger participants and men. These results underscore blue light’s disruptive effects on circadian health and highlight red light as a less disruptive alternative for nighttime environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vision Science and Optometry)

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14 pages, 2221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selenoprotein M Inhibits the Replication of Influenza A Virus by Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species Levels

by Minxuan Liu, Jinhui Wang, Weigang Li, Bo Zhao, Yuanyuan Zhang, Guangyuan Liu and Qiaoying Zeng

Life 2025, 15(5), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050714 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Background: Influenza A virus (IAV) is the major pathogen responsible for influenza pandemics and can cause seasonal influenza outbreaks. In general, viral infection of host cells increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, a process that triggers cell death, lung injury (LI), and other [...] Read more.

Background: Influenza A virus (IAV) is the major pathogen responsible for influenza pandemics and can cause seasonal influenza outbreaks. In general, viral infection of host cells increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, a process that triggers cell death, lung injury (LI), and other damage mechanisms. Methods: In our previous study, we revealed that selenoproteins may inhibit IAV replication at the cellular level. In this study, we determined the effect of selenoprotein M (SelM) on Nanoluc-IAV-PR8 replication through Nanoluc analysis. The mechanism through which selenoprotein inhibits the replication of the influenza virus was investigated using the SelM knockout cell line, nano-luciferase reporter assays, RNAi, qPCR, Western blot, and confocal microscopy. Results: Our experimental results show that SelM can effectively inhibit the replication of influenza A viruses and could potentially be used as a broad-spectrum inhibitor for IAV therapy in future clinical treatments. The increase in ROS levels induced by IAV infection was found to be inhibited by SelM, which possesses an important Sec functional site, thus weakening the ability of IAV to replicate in cells. Conclusions: The results of this study highlight SelM as a selenoprotein that can effectively inhibit IAV replication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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15 pages, 8942 KiB

Open AccessReview

Non-Trileaflet Aortic Valve Aortopathies

by Abdelrahman Ahmed and Tom Kai Ming Wang

Life 2025, 15(5), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050713 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 44

Abstract

The incidence of thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) is approximately 10.4 cases per 100,000 person-years. Although most cases of TAA are caused by degenerative disease, associated aortic valve abnormalities have been heavily linked to this condition. These include unicuspid, bicuspid and quadricuspid aortic valves. [...] Read more.

The incidence of thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) is approximately 10.4 cases per 100,000 person-years. Although most cases of TAA are caused by degenerative disease, associated aortic valve abnormalities have been heavily linked to this condition. These include unicuspid, bicuspid and quadricuspid aortic valves. These non-tricuspid aortic valves occur sporadically but can occur in familial clusters with variable penetrance. The presence of non-tricuspid aortic valves has significant implications for patients, as they become prone to valvular dysfunction and aortic dissection. Therefore, understanding of the pathophysiology and natural history of this condition is imperative for early diagnosis, regular surveillance and timely intervention. In this review article, we discuss the normal anatomy of the aortic valve, non-tricuspid aortic valves and their association with TAAs. We also highlight the role of various cardiac imaging modalities in the management of affected patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanism, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Aortic Diseases: 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 3599 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stress-Induced Depression and Its Effects on Tooth Wear in Rats: A 3D Dental Scan Imaging Perspective

by Preeyarat Plongniras, Sarawut Lapmanee, Natchayaporn Thonapan, Phuripong Thangsombat, Phongsakorn Janthaphim, Chanakarn Lertkarnvijai, Pattama Chailertvanitkul and Supawich Morkmued

Life 2025, 15(5), 712; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050712 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Background: In addition to behavioral and biochemical abnormalities, a parafunction associated with temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) resulted in stress-induced depression in rats. Exploring how chronic stress influences molar wear in rodents provides insights into the understanding of depression, TMD, and oral health. This [...] Read more.

Background: In addition to behavioral and biochemical abnormalities, a parafunction associated with temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) resulted in stress-induced depression in rats. Exploring how chronic stress influences molar wear in rodents provides insights into the understanding of depression, TMD, and oral health. This study aimed to conduct a three-dimensional (3D) analysis of first molar wear in an animal model of depression by comparing molar attrition and cusp variation between stressed male rats and control groups. Methods: After obtaining a validated model of depression in male rats, we obtained 3D scans of lower molars to analyze wear patterns. The 3D analysis was applied to quantify cusps’ volume and the difference in first molar cusp morphological structure. The data were then compared to identify significant morphological differences between groups side by side. Results: The analysis revealed the reduction of cusps’ volume in the depression groups. Rats exposed to depression exhibited significantly greater occlusal table wear than their control counterparts (p < 0.05). Conclusions: As dentistry moves towards greater digital imaging, understanding the impact of psychological factors on TMD becomes increasingly necessary. This study shows that stress-induced depression in rats can result in significant tooth wear, as investigated using a 3D dental scanner. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Radiobiology and Nuclear Medicine)

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Graphical abstract

1 pages, 121 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Golkocheva-Markova, E. Editorial: Epidemiology and Control of Hepatitis Viruses. Life 2024, 14, 1369

by Elitsa Golkocheva-Markova

Life 2025, 15(5), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050711 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Author to be removed [...] Full article

20 pages, 1438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fatty Acid Profile in Field-Collected Seaweed, Lipid Extraction Optimization, and Food Functional Properties

by Nabeel Gnayem, Razan Unis, Rima Gnaim, Álvaro Israel, Jallal Gnaim and Alexander Golberg

Life 2025, 15(5), 710; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050710 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 106

Abstract

Macroalgae (seaweeds) represent a sustainable and alternative source of high-value fatty acids (FAs), including omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6), which could help alleviate pressure on wild fish stocks and mitigate global overfishing. This study analyzed the FA composition of [...] Read more.

Macroalgae (seaweeds) represent a sustainable and alternative source of high-value fatty acids (FAs), including omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6), which could help alleviate pressure on wild fish stocks and mitigate global overfishing. This study analyzed the FA composition of field-collected red (Chondracanthus acicularis, Ballia callitriche, Gracilaria sp., and Gelidium coulteri), brown (Padina pavonica, Sargassum vulgare, Cystoseira myrica, Cystoseira sp., Dictyota dichotoma, and Stephanocystis mundane), and green seaweeds (Ulva compressa). Additionally, lipid extraction was optimized using food-grade solvents, reaction temperatures, and the functional properties of selected green and brown seaweeds. The results showed that brown and green seaweeds contained higher total FA content than red seaweeds, with a favorable n-6/n-3 ratio below 10. The selected species’ functional properties (Water- and Oil-Holding Capacities, Swelling Capacity) met food-grade standards. Ethyl acetate at 60 °C was identified as the optimal food-grade solvent for lipid extraction. Functional properties varied significantly by species and processing conditions, with Ulva compressa exhibiting superior Water- and Oil-Holding Capacities and Swelling Capacity compared to Cystoseira myrica, highlighting its potential as a functional food ingredient. These findings support using seaweeds as a sustainable source for human nutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry, Biophysics and Computational Biology)

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8 pages, 2412 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitors Combined with Radiotherapy in Curative Breast Cancer Patients Induced Pneumonitis: A Case Report

by Pei-Yu Hou

Life 2025, 15(5), 709; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050709 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Background: The role of CDK4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) has expanded from the treatment of advanced breast cancer to early-stage disease, as recent studies have demonstrated their therapeutic benefits. However, evidence regarding the safety of combining CDK4/6i with adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) in a curative [...] Read more.

Background: The role of CDK4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) has expanded from the treatment of advanced breast cancer to early-stage disease, as recent studies have demonstrated their therapeutic benefits. However, evidence regarding the safety of combining CDK4/6i with adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) in a curative setting remains limited. This study aims to present clinical experiences of pulmonary toxicity following the combined use of adjuvant RT and CDK4/6i. Case presentation: We report a case of an Asian female with left breast cancer who underwent a modified radical mastectomy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy, RT, endocrine therapy, and CDK4/6i (abemaciclib) treatment. Cancer therapy-induced grade 2 pneumonitis was impressed by clinical signs and image findings. A 57-year-old postmenopausal woman was diagnosed with left breast invasive lobular carcinoma, hormone receptor–positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative (HR+/HER2−), K67 index of 5–10%, and classified as pT3N3aM0 (stage IIIC). She received adjuvant chemotherapy with FEC followed by docetaxel, endocrine therapy with letrozole, and adjuvant RT of 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions to the left chest wall and regional nodal irradiation. Abemaciclib was initiated after completing RT. Treatment-related pneumonitis developed five months after RT and abemaciclib use. Conclusions: In breast cancer patients receiving a combination of RT and CDK4/6i as curative adjuvant treatment, pulmonary toxicity is a concern and requires careful monitoring, particularly in Asian populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Breast Cancer: Current Controversies and Future Perspectives)

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16 pages, 743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morbidity and Mortality Trends in Preterm Neonates at the Limits of Viability: Retrospective Observations from One Greek Hospital

by Dimitra Maria Apostolidi, Maria Kapetanidi, Eleni Vretou, Antigoni Sarantaki, Katerina Lykeridou, Grigorios Karampas, Athina Diamanti, Maria Vlachou, Nikoleta Pantelaki, Anna Deltsidou, Christina Nanou, Stavroula Charoni, Panagiota Katti, Aikaterini Fotiou, Iraklis Salvanos and Dimitra Metallinou

Life 2025, 15(5), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050708 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2025

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Abstract

The survival and health outcomes of extremely preterm neonates (PNs) remain a critical challenge in neonatal intensive care. This 5-year retrospective, observational study evaluated morbidity and mortality trends in PNs born at the limits of viability and identified survival patterns and associated risk [...] Read more.

The survival and health outcomes of extremely preterm neonates (PNs) remain a critical challenge in neonatal intensive care. This 5-year retrospective, observational study evaluated morbidity and mortality trends in PNs born at the limits of viability and identified survival patterns and associated risk factors. It was conducted from 2017 to 2022 on a dataset of PNs born between 22 + 0 and 26 + 0 weeks of gestation in a tertiary public hospital in Greece. A total of 73 PNs were included. The mortality rate was 56.2%. The median gestational age was 24.3 weeks, and the mean birth weight was 603.6 g. Survival improved significantly with a higher gestational age and birth weight. Respiratory distress syndrome was the most prevalent morbidity (71–94%), followed by late-onset sepsis (35.3%) and patent ductus arteriosus (29.4%). The use of antenatal corticosteroids and enteral feeding were associated with improved survival rates. Survivors required prolonged respiratory support and demonstrated better outcomes with early and adequate nutritional support. We conclude that the gestational age, birth weight, and effective respiratory and nutritional interventions are critical determinants of survival in neonates at the limits of viability. Enhancing neonatal care protocols with targeted interventions, such as antenatal corticosteroid use and evidence-based nutritional practices, could significantly improve outcomes in this vulnerable population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Critical Issues in Intensive Care Medicine)

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16 pages, 555 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pathophysiological Mechanisms Linking COVID-19 and Acute Surgical Abdomen: A Literature Review

by Andrei Modiga, Vlad-Olimpiu Butiurca, Cristian Marius Boeriu, Teodora Sorana Truta, Emilia Turucz, Vasile-Bogdan Halațiu, Ioana-Patricia Rodean, Paul Cristian Russu, Mircea Constantin Gherghinescu and Călin Molnar

Life 2025, 15(5), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050707 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 91

Abstract

Acute surgical abdomen is characterized by intense, sudden abdominal pain due to intra-abdominal conditions requiring prompt surgical intervention. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to various complications related to the disease’s complex pathophysiological mechanisms, hence the hypothesis of COVID-19-induced acute abdominal [...] Read more.

Acute surgical abdomen is characterized by intense, sudden abdominal pain due to intra-abdominal conditions requiring prompt surgical intervention. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to various complications related to the disease’s complex pathophysiological mechanisms, hence the hypothesis of COVID-19-induced acute abdominal surgical pathologies. The connection between acute surgical abdomen and COVID-19 involves two primary mechanisms. First, there is the presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in multiple abdominal organs. This facilitates the cytokine storm through direct viral injury and inflammation. Second, the hypercoagulable state induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) increases the thrombotic risk within abdominal vessels, which can subsequently lead to ischemia. ACE2 receptors are notably expressed in the gastric, duodenal, and rectal epithelium, with SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA and nucleocapsid proteins detected in these tissues. The inflammatory response results in significant endothelial damage, activating coagulation pathways that cause monocellular infiltration, lymphocytic inflammation, and uncontrolled coagulation. These findings highlight the need for further research to clarify how COVID-19 leads to acute abdominal pathologies. Understanding these mechanisms is vital for improving clinical management and patient outcomes during future health crises and in the aftermath of the pandemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Health Before, During, and After COVID-19)

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28 pages, 949 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Sedative Agents, Synthetic Torpor, and Long-Haul Space Travel—A Systematic Review

by Thomas Cahill, Nataliya Matveychuk, Elena Hardiman, Howard Rosner, Deacon Farrell and Gary Hardiman

Life 2025, 15(5), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050706 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 193

Abstract

Background: With renewed interest in long-duration space missions, there is growing exploration into synthetic torpor as a countermeasure to mitigate physiological stressors. Sedative agents, particularly those used in clinical anesthesia, have been proposed to replicate aspects of natural torpor, including reduced metabolic rate, [...] Read more.

Background: With renewed interest in long-duration space missions, there is growing exploration into synthetic torpor as a countermeasure to mitigate physiological stressors. Sedative agents, particularly those used in clinical anesthesia, have been proposed to replicate aspects of natural torpor, including reduced metabolic rate, core temperature, and brain activity. Objectives: This systematic review aims to evaluate the potential of sedative agents to induce torpor-like states suitable for extended spaceflight. The review specifically investigates their pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and performance under space-related stressors such as microgravity and ionizing radiation. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search across multiple databases (e.g., PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) for studies published from 1952 to 2024. Eligible studies included experimental, preclinical, and clinical investigations examining sedative agents (especially inhalation anesthetics) in the context of metabolic suppression or space-relevant conditions. Screening, selection, and data extraction followed PRISMA guidelines. Results: Out of the screened records, 141 studies met the inclusion criteria. These were thematically grouped into seven categories, including torpor physiology, anesthetic uptake, metabolism, and inhalation anesthetics. Sedative agents showed variable success in inducing torpor-like states, with inhalation anesthetics demonstrating promising metabolic effects. However, concerns remain regarding delivery methods, safety, rewarming, and the unknown effects of prolonged use in space environments. Conclusions: Sedative agents, particularly volatile anesthetics, hold potential as tools for inducing synthetic torpor in space. Nevertheless, significant knowledge gaps and technical challenges persist. Further targeted research is required to optimize these agents for safe, controlled use in spaceflight settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Astrobiology)

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13 pages, 754 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Respiratory Muscle Strength, Lactate Accumulation and Exercise Tolerance in Amateur Runners: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Zhe Ren, Junxia Guo, Yurong He, Yu Luo and Hao Wu

Life 2025, 15(5), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050705 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 153

Abstract

Objective: This study investigated the dose–response relationship of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on respiratory muscle strength, lactic acid accumulation and exercise tolerance in amateur runners. Methods: Thirty male amateur runners were randomly assigned to three groups: a high-intensity IMT (HIMT) group, a low-intensity [...] Read more.

Objective: This study investigated the dose–response relationship of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on respiratory muscle strength, lactic acid accumulation and exercise tolerance in amateur runners. Methods: Thirty male amateur runners were randomly assigned to three groups: a high-intensity IMT (HIMT) group, a low-intensity IMT (LIMT) group, and a control group. In addition to their regular training regimen, the high-intensity and low-intensity IMT groups underwent a supervised IMT protocol for a duration of 8 weeks. The primary outcome measures included maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), time to exhaustion (TTE), blood lactate (BLa), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and rate of perceived breathlessness (RPB). Secondary outcomes encompassed VO2 max, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁), and the FEV₁/FVC ratio. Results: After 8 weeks of IMT, the MIP of HIMT and LIMT were significantly improved (p < 0.01), and the MEP of both groups also increased (p < 0.01). There were no significant changes in FVC and FEV₁ (p > 0.05), but only FEV₁/FVC in HIMT was significantly improved (p < 0.01). Exercise testing showed a significant increase in TTE in both the HIMT and low LIMT groups (p < 0.01). Post-exercise RPE scores were lower in both the HIMT group (p < 0.01) and LIMT group (p < 0.05), and both HIMT and LIMT groups’ post-exercise RPB scores were also reduced in both (p < 0.05). In addition, blood lactate accumulation was significantly lower in both HIMT (p < 0.01) and LIMT (p < 0.05). There were no significant changes in VO2 max (p > 0.05) and HR peak (p > 0.05). Conclusion: IMT for 8 weeks can improve respiratory muscle strength, prolong exercise time, improve blood lactate accumulation, subjective fatigue, and dyspnea during exercise. Among them, high-intensity IMT can better improve exercise tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Exercise Physiology and Sports Performance: 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 904 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting Cardiovascular Risk Factors for Acute Leukemia Patients by Assessing Subclinical Atherosclerosis and Left Ventricular Function Before Chemotherapy

by Anda Gabriela Militaru, Daniel Florin Lighezan, Anca Maria Cimpean, Elena Amaricai and Marius Militaru

Life 2025, 15(5), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050704 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 83

Abstract

Background: Subclinical atherosclerosis is a “silent” cardiovascular disease that can be devastating when combined with other illnesses. Its presence may affect therapy responses but can potentially worsen hematological malignancies due to most chemotherapy regimens’ cardiovascular adverse effects. Thus, cardiovascular risk factor (CVRF) assessment [...] Read more.

Background: Subclinical atherosclerosis is a “silent” cardiovascular disease that can be devastating when combined with other illnesses. Its presence may affect therapy responses but can potentially worsen hematological malignancies due to most chemotherapy regimens’ cardiovascular adverse effects. Thus, cardiovascular risk factor (CVRF) assessment is required before chemotherapy. Unfortunately, this rarely happens. Aim: we aim to examine the impact of CVRFs on hemodynamic parameters of acute leukemia (AL) patients before chemotherapy. Methods: Overall, 45 AL patients and 26 controls were included. Intima-media thickness (IMT), ankle brachial index (ABI), pulse wave velocity (PWV), and functional cardiac parameters were used. CVRFs were found in 26 AL patients (36.6%), while 19 AL (26.8%) patients lacked CVRFs. CVRFs were also found in 26 controls (36.6%). Results: Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) significantly decreased for patients with CVRFs (59.26 ± 5.62) compared to those without CVRFs (64.05 ± 7.43, p < 0.05). Hypertensive and diabetic patients had a significantly higher left IMT (mm) of 0.92 ± 0.01 compared to those without them (0.76 ± 0.03, p < 0.05). Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with CVRFs had a significantly higher PWV (m/s) of 8.4 ± 0.12 compared to those without CVRFs (6.87 ± 0.66) (p < 0.05). Conclusions: AL and cardiovascular risk factors interacted before chemotherapy. To decrease cardiotoxicity, AL patients need cardiovascular risk assessment. Subclinical atherosclerosis and echocardiography help chemotherapy patients to choose a treatment regimen, predict long-term outcomes, and predict cardiovascular issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Diseases: From Basic Research to Clinical Application—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fixation Stability of the Right and Left Eyes Under Binocular and Monocular Viewing Conditions

by Jae-Hyeon Noh, Sang-Yeob Kim, Byeong-Yeon Moon, Hyun Gug Cho and Dong-Sik Yu

Life 2025, 15(5), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050703 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Viewed by 138

Abstract

Herein, we investigated changes in fixation stability between the right and left eyes during binocular and monocular viewing in young adults without strabismic binocular vision disorders. Fixation stability was assessed using the bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA) in 34 healthy participants (15 males, [...] Read more.

Herein, we investigated changes in fixation stability between the right and left eyes during binocular and monocular viewing in young adults without strabismic binocular vision disorders. Fixation stability was assessed using the bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA) in 34 healthy participants (15 males, 19 females) in their 20s. Eye-tracking was performed under three conditions: binocular viewing, monocular viewing, and monocular occlusion. Under these conditions, the median BCEA (deg²) values for the right and left eyes were 0.95 and 0.75, 1.07 and 0.86, and 1.62 and 1.32, respectively. Fixation stability did not differ significantly between the right and left eyes under the same viewing conditions. However, the left eye demonstrated greater fixation stability under binocular viewing (closed loop/both eyes open) than the right eye under monocular viewing (open loop/one eye closed). Participants with a dominant left eye in binocular viewing had higher fixation stability than those with a dominant right eye. During monocular occlusion, the nondominant eye showed better fixation stability than the dominant eye. A significant quantitative correlation was observed between phoria and fixation stability in the left eye during binocular viewing. These findings show that fixation stability changes with different viewing conditions and is affected by which eye is covered. Therefore, when conducting tests such as ocular alignment, which involve covering one eye, it may be helpful to assess both right and left eye occlusion for ensuring a more comprehensive analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vision Science and Optometry)

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16 pages, 1803 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physicochemical and Biological Modifications in Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Conditioned Media Under Hypoxic Preconditioning: Impact on Oxidative Stress and Nanoparticle Stability

by Gülsemin Çiçek, Fatma Öz Bağcı, Mehmet Filizfidan, Selçuk Duman and Tahsin Murad Aktan

Life 2025, 15(5), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050702 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Viewed by 160

Abstract

Hypoxic preconditioning (HP) is a promising approach to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by modulating their oxidative stress response, metabolic activity, and secretome composition. Conditioned media (CM) obtained from MSCs cultured under hypoxia contains bioactive molecules and extracellular vesicles [...] Read more.

Hypoxic preconditioning (HP) is a promising approach to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by modulating their oxidative stress response, metabolic activity, and secretome composition. Conditioned media (CM) obtained from MSCs cultured under hypoxia contains bioactive molecules and extracellular vesicles (EVs) that support regenerative processes. However, the effects of varying oxygen levels on the redox status and physicochemical characteristics of MSC-derived CM remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to investigate how two physiologically relevant oxygen concentrations (1% and 5%) influence oxidative stress parameters and nanoparticle features in Wharton’s jelly-derived MSC (WJ-MSC)-conditioned media. Cells were cultured under 1% or 5% O₂ and subjected to serum starvation for 48 or 72 h. CM samples were analyzed for total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), and oxidative stress index (OSI). Nanoparticle size and zeta potential were evaluated using dynamic light scattering (DLS), and HIF-1α levels were quantified via ELISA. Results showed that CM from 1% O₂ cultures exhibited significantly higher oxidative stress, with elevated TOS and OSI values and reduced TAS levels, particularly after 72 h. Nanoparticle size was initially larger under 1% O₂ but decreased with time, whereas 5% O₂ supported more stable size profiles. Zeta potential measurements revealed more negative values under 5% O₂, indicating greater colloidal stability. HIF-1α expression markedly increased under 1% O₂, confirming hypoxia-induced cellular adaptation. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that graded hypoxia distinctly modulates oxidative stress and nanoparticle characteristics in MSC-derived CM. These findings provide a basis for optimizing hypoxic preconditioning protocols to improve the quality and therapeutic potential of acellular MSC-based therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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10 pages, 198 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Sports Injury Prevalence and Patterns in Recreational Sports Activities in South Korea: Applying the Association Rule Method

by Byeong Seok Min and Nara Jang

Life 2025, 15(5), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050701 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Viewed by 111

Abstract

This study aims to identify the prevalence and patterns of sports injuries in recreational sports activities in South Korea. This study utilized data from the “survey of safety accidents” conducted by the Korea Sports Safety Foundation and finally, 3182 recreational sports participants who [...] Read more.

This study aims to identify the prevalence and patterns of sports injuries in recreational sports activities in South Korea. This study utilized data from the “survey of safety accidents” conducted by the Korea Sports Safety Foundation and finally, 3182 recreational sports participants who experienced injuries were selected for the study. For data processing, data related to recreational sports injuries were first collected and organized using Excel 2015, and frequency analysis was conducted using the SPSS 25.0 program. Furthermore, the association rule method was applied via Python 3.13.3 to analyze the patterns of injury sites and types. First, by investigating the prevalence of injuries in recreational sports, it was found that the injury frequency was highest in soccer, followed by cycling, hiking, and badminton. Second, in soccer, it was found that when ankle injuries, which have a high injury frequency, occur, knee, toe, and sprain injuries also occur together (Lift: 1.843). Additionally, in cycling, when knee injuries occur, toe, sprain, and strain (bruise) injuries also occur together (Lift: 2.420). In mountain biking, when ankle injuries, which have a high injury frequency, occur, cuts, sprains, stab wounds (cuts), sprains, and strains (bruises) also occur together (Lift: 1.808). The current survey on recreational sports injuries is expected to be used as basic data to prevent injuries in advance for participants in recreational sports, and it is expected that this will allow them to participate in sports by recognizing common injury sites before participating in sports. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology)

11 pages, 1950 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pilot Study Evaluating the Early Clinical Outcomes Obtained with a Novel, Customized, Multifocal Corneo-Scleral Contact Lens for Presbyopia Correction

by Laura Barberán-Bernardos, Daniel Soriano Salcedo, Sergio Díaz-Gómez and David P. Piñero

Life 2025, 15(5), 700; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050700 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2025

Viewed by 99

Abstract

Background: The objective was to preliminarily evaluate the short-term clinical outcomes obtained in presbyopic patients with a novel, multifocal, customized corneo-scleral contact lens (CSCL). Methods: A total of 11 presbyopic subjects (age 45–80 years, corrected-distance visual acuity ≤ 0.1 LogMAR, near addition ≥ [...] Read more.

Background: The objective was to preliminarily evaluate the short-term clinical outcomes obtained in presbyopic patients with a novel, multifocal, customized corneo-scleral contact lens (CSCL). Methods: A total of 11 presbyopic subjects (age 45–80 years, corrected-distance visual acuity ≤ 0.1 LogMAR, near addition ≥ +1.00 D) were recruited and fitted with a multifocal corneo-scleral contact lens in this pilot study. Pre-fitting evaluations included stereopsis, contrast sensitivity (CS), and ocular aberrometry, with follow-up assessments conducted at 20 min and 1-month post-fitting. The defocus curve was also measured to assess visual performance across varying distances. Results: Twenty-two eyes from 11 participants (53.9 ± 4.7 years, 10 female) were included in this study. Significant changes were observed post-fitting for primary and secondary spherical aberration, coma, and stereopsis (p ≤ 0.033). No significant changes in Strehl ratio and total root mean square were detected (p ≥ 0.182). Binocular contrast sensitivity was better with spectacles than with the fitted CSCL at all frequencies (p ≤ 0.048), but the change in monocular did not reach statistical significance for 18 cycles per degree (p = 0.109). All patients and 90.9% of patients achieved a visual acuity of 0.0 LogMAR or better at distance and at intermediate, respectively, and 91.8% achieved 0.3 LogMAR or better for near vision. Conclusions: The customized CSCL evaluated provided functional recovery of visual quality across distances, with acceptable reductions of CS and stereopsis that are comparable to those reported for other multifocal contact lenses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vision Science and Optometry)

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10 pages, 188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Increase in Functional Visual Loss: Another Side-Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic?

by Andrea Lembo, Ilia Bresesti, Sofia Ginelli, Irene Schiavetti and Paolo Nucci

Life 2025, 15(5), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050699 - 25 Apr 2025

Viewed by 106

Abstract

Background: Functional visual loss (FVL), also known as Non-Organic Visual Loss (NOVL), is a condition characterized by visual impairment without an identifiable organic cause. FVL has been associated with psychological distress and psychiatric disorders, factors that were significantly impacted by the COVID-19 [...] Read more.

Background: Functional visual loss (FVL), also known as Non-Organic Visual Loss (NOVL), is a condition characterized by visual impairment without an identifiable organic cause. FVL has been associated with psychological distress and psychiatric disorders, factors that were significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to assess the incidence of FVL before and after the COVID-19 pandemic and to explore potential underlying psychosocial factors contributing to its increase. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study at the University Eye Clinic, Milan, analyzing patient records from two six-month periods: pre-pandemic (January–June 2019) and post-pandemic (January–June 2023). We included patients aged 3–80 years old and collected their demographic, clinical, and ophthalmological data. Statistical analyses compared the FVL incidence rates and symptom prevalence across both periods. Results: The incidence of FVL significantly increased from 4.0% pre-pandemic to 9.1% post-pandemic (p < 0.001). Certain symptoms, such as eye irritation and luminous scotoma, showed significant changes post-pandemic. Pediatric patients demonstrated an increased tendency towards emulation behavior. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic appears to have influenced the prevalence and characteristics of FVL, likely due to heightened psychological distress. Further research is needed to explore the long-term trends and intervention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology)

13 pages, 454 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Epidemiological and Occupational Pattern of Patch-Test Reactions to p-Tert-butylphenol-formaldehyde Resin in North-Eastern Italy, 1997–2021

by Luca Cegolon, Alessandro Badalini and Francesca Larese Filon

Life 2025, 15(5), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050698 - 25 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Background. Skin contact with items containing p-tert-butylphenol-formaldehyde resin (PTBP-FR) may induce sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Methods. This multi-centric cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of sensitization to PTBP-FR in 30,629 consecutive outpatients patch-tested during 1997–2021 in four research centers from [...] Read more.

Background. Skin contact with items containing p-tert-butylphenol-formaldehyde resin (PTBP-FR) may induce sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Methods. This multi-centric cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of sensitization to PTBP-FR in 30,629 consecutive outpatients patch-tested during 1997–2021 in four research centers from Northern Italy: Padua; Pordenone; Trieste; and Trento/Bolzano/Rovigo. Patch tests were applied on the upper back of patients with suspected ACD. All patches were removed after 48 h and read at 72 or 96 h. Results. The overall prevalence of PTBP-FR sensitization was 1.11% (=341/30,629) of cases, with lower prevalence occurring in the Province of Trento/Bolzano/Rovigo (0.36%). The body area most frequently affected were the hands (36.32%), followed by face (19.52%) and legs (8.09%). During 1997–2004, the prevalence of PTBP-FR positivity was significantly lower in Trento/Bolzano/Rovigo (aOR = 0.19; 95%CI: 0.11; 0.35), whereas it was higher among restaurant workers (aOR = 2.44; 95%CI: 1.44; 4.13). During the entire study period (1997–2021), excluding Trento/Bolzano/Rovigo, PTBP-FR positivity significantly decreased in the period 2011–2021 (aOR = 052; 95%CI: 0.39; 0.69) compared to 1997–2010 in males (OR = 0.69; 95%CI: 0.52; 0.91). Conclusions. Females were likely to react to PTBP-FR at patch tests. Prevalence of PTBP-FR sensitization significantly decreased over time, possibly reflecting reduced occupational and non-occupational exposure due to replacement of the resin with other adhesive products (acrylates or epoxy agents). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dermatology: Inflammatory Disorders and Future Perspectives)

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17 pages, 5765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Analysis of Long Non-Coding RNAs and mRNAs Reveals Key Trans-Target Genes Associated with Heat Stress Response in Rhododendron delavayi

by Changming Liu, Yang Liu, Xinyue Zhang, Lujie An and Zhiguo Tian

Life 2025, 15(5), 697; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050697 - 25 Apr 2025

Viewed by 166

Abstract

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been defined as non-coding transcripts exceeding 200 nucleotides, which play essential roles during transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation in multiple biological processes. Understanding R. delavayi lncRNAs is of great significance as it is profoundly influenced by heat stress. In [...] Read more.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been defined as non-coding transcripts exceeding 200 nucleotides, which play essential roles during transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation in multiple biological processes. Understanding R. delavayi lncRNAs is of great significance as it is profoundly influenced by heat stress. In this research, a total of 1145 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE-lncRNAs) and 9447 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (log₂|FC| > 1, p < 0.05) were characterized between heat-stress-treated groups and control groups. Further analysis showed that 229 DE-lncRNAs (144 upregulated and 85 downregulated) were commonly distributed in two comparisons (CK_vs._H3 and CK_vs._H6). We further investigated the cis- and trans-acting genes of the upregulated DE-lncRNAs, and found that 142 upregulated DE-lncRNAs corresponded to 1565 cis-acting DEGs, and 143 upregulated DE-lncRNAs corresponded to 3417 trans-acting DEGs. KEGG enrichment analysis of these target genes revealed that cis- and trans-acting DEGs of upregulated DE-lncRNA were primarily enriched in five and twelve KEGG pathways, respectively. Co-expression network analysis of upregulated DE-lncRNAs and DEGs enriched in the common KEGG pathways revealed 57 co-expression relationships between 28 DE-lncRNAs and 43 cis-acting DEGs and 554 co-expression relationships between 26 DE-lncRNAs and 90 trans-acting DEGs. Six DE-lncRNAs and six of their target DEGs were used as candidate genes to verify the RNA-seq data using qRT-PCR. Further analysis revealed three target genes (TrxG, PEPC, and CCR) out of six candidate DEGs that were selected as candidate genes for subsequent research. This study examined the relationship between DE-lncRNAs and DEGs and further screened out candidate DE-lncRNAs that can potentially provide an important theoretical basis and experimental data for the genetic improvement of heat tolerance in R. delavayi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Biotic and Abiotic Stresses 2024)

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19 pages, 1229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Liver Steatosis and Fibrosis, Serum FGF-21 and Autophagy Markers in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Tugce Ozlu Karahan, Elvan Yilmaz Akyuz, Demet Yilmaz Karadag, Yusuf Yilmaz and Fatih Eren

Life 2025, 15(5), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050696 - 25 Apr 2025

Viewed by 258

Abstract

Background: This randomized controlled study sought to determine the effect of intermittent fasting on anthropometric measurements, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21, and autophagy markers, as well as on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis levels in overweight or obese patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease [...] Read more.

Background: This randomized controlled study sought to determine the effect of intermittent fasting on anthropometric measurements, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21, and autophagy markers, as well as on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis levels in overweight or obese patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Methods: Patients were randomly assigned into two groups: received a dietary treatment involving 22–25 kcal/kg/day of energy for 8 weeks and followed the same dietary intervention and a 16:8 pattern. The extent of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis was determined using transient elastography on a FibroScan^® device. The controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM), determined by transient elastography, reflect hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, respectively. In duplicate, serum levels of FGF-21, Beclin-1, and ATG-5 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The study included 48 patients with a mean age of 48.2 ± 1.4 years (27 female and 21 male). Improvements in anthropometric measurement and CAP and LSM levels and a decrease in serum FGF-21 levels were found in both groups (p < 0.05). Changes in the CAP and FGF-21 levels were higher in the energy + time-restricted diet group (p < 0.05). Autophagy-related protein (ATG)-5 levels increased only in the energy + time-restricted diet group [(0.74 (0.46–1.29) ng/mL vs. 0.95 (0.73–1.32) ng/mL, p = 0.03]. Conclusions: Intermittent fasting was potentially practical in the management of MAFLD. In particular, changes in FGF-21 and ATG-5 levels indicate the potential of intermittent fasting to regulate metabolic processes and autophagy. However, methodological limitations should be taken into consideration when interpreting the study results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Emerging Therapies)

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34 pages, 1996 KiB

Open AccessReview

Non-Invasive Prenatal Screening for Down Syndrome: A Review of Mass-Spectrometry-Based Approaches

by Răzvan Lucian Jurca, Ioana-Ecaterina Pralea, Maria Iacobescu, Iulia Rus, Cristina-Adela Iuga and Florin Stamatian

Life 2025, 15(5), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050695 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Viewed by 126

Abstract

Down Syndrome or Trisomy 21 (T21) is a complex genetic disease characterized by the presence of an extra chromosome 21, which leads to multiple clinical features and manifestations that severely affect the patient’s quality of life. Various methods of prenatal screening have been [...] Read more.

Down Syndrome or Trisomy 21 (T21) is a complex genetic disease characterized by the presence of an extra chromosome 21, which leads to multiple clinical features and manifestations that severely affect the patient’s quality of life. Various methods of prenatal screening have been developed over time, allowing informed decision-making. However, a common drawback of the current methods for detecting T21 is their invasive nature. Over the past years, mass-spectrometry-based omics technologies have become a key tool for discovering biomarkers for the prenatal screening of T21, particularly focusing on proteins, peptide sequences, or metabolites in samples, like amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood, and others. Recently, there has been a noticeable shift towards using less invasive biological sample types (e.g., maternal serum, plasma, and urine) reflecting a growing interest in non-invasive methods for prenatal screening. These advances aim to improve the sensitivity and accuracy for T21 detection while reducing the risks associated with more invasive procedures. The first section of this paper offers an in-depth review of studies utilizing mass-spectrometry-based omics for the prenatal screening of T21. This part provides an overview of the methodologies employed and their key findings. Instead, the subsequent section offers a comprehensive examination of the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and metabolites (DEMs) reported in the literature in T21 prenatal screening. Additionally, pathway analysis is carried out to explore the biological pathways that these molecules are involved in and how they relate to the clinical features of the syndrome. These findings aim to guide future research in the field and foster the development of more advanced, less invasive prenatal screening techniques for T21. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Reproductive and Developmental Biology)

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