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Life
Volume 15
Issue 5
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Life, Volume 15, Issue 5 (May 2025) – 150 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): This article reviews the mechanisms, preclinical results, and potential clinical opportunities of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) for malignant gliomas. SDT has been reported to have a synergistic effect when combining low-intensity ultrasound with the sonosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), leading to significant potential in the targeted treatment of high-grade gliomas. Our research of the existing literature found that the sonodynamic effect of PpIX increases tumor immunogenicity and induces apoptosis. It appears that SDT with 5-aminolevulinc acid (5-ALA)—the prodrug of PpIX—holds potential for the treatment of malignant gliomas. This review enhances our understanding of the multifaceted possibilities of SDT for brain tumor patients. View this paper
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17 pages, 957 KiB  
Review
A New Perspective on Overfeeding in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU): Challenges, Dangers and Prevention Methods
by Vlad-Dimitrie Cehan, Alina-Roxana Cehan, Mihai Claudiu Pui and Alexandra Lazar
Life 2025, 15(5), 828; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050828 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 688
Abstract
Overfeeding, currently defined as providing excessive energy and nutrients beyond metabolic requirements, is a common yet often overlooked issue in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. Understanding the factors contributing to overfeeding and implementing strategies to prevent it is essential for optimizing patient [...] Read more.
Overfeeding, currently defined as providing excessive energy and nutrients beyond metabolic requirements, is a common yet often overlooked issue in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. Understanding the factors contributing to overfeeding and implementing strategies to prevent it is essential for optimizing patient care in the ICU. Several factors contribute to overfeeding in the ICU, including inaccurate estimation of energy requirements, formulaic feeding protocols, and failure to adjust nutritional support based on individual patient needs. Prolonged overfeeding can lead to insulin resistance and hepatic dysfunction, exacerbating glycemic control, increasing the risk of infectious complications, and worsening clinical outcomes. Clinically, overfeeding has been linked to delayed weaning from mechanical ventilation, prolonged ICU stay, and increased mortality rates. Regular review and adjustment of feeding protocols, incorporating advances in enteral and parenteral nutrition strategies, are essential for improving patient outcomes. Clinicians must be proficient in interpreting metabolic data, understanding the principles of energy balance, and implementing appropriate feeding algorithms. Interdisciplinary collaboration among critical care teams, including dieticians, physicians, and nurses, is crucial for ensuring consistent and effective nutritional management. Overfeeding remains a significant concern in the ICU after discharge as well, implying further complications for patient safety and integrity. By understanding the causes, consequences, and strategies for the prevention of overfeeding, healthcare providers can optimize nutrition therapy and mitigate the risk of metabolic complications. Through ongoing education, interdisciplinary collaboration, and evidence-based practice, the ICU community can strive to deliver personalized and precise nutritional support to critically ill patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Critical Issues in Intensive Care Medicine)
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14 pages, 3293 KiB  
Article
Antioxidant Potential of Natural Extract of Ginkgo biloba L. in Relation to Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Vessels of Chicken Embryo
by Miriam Bačkorová, Veronika Petruľová and Eva Petrovová
Life 2025, 15(5), 827; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050827 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 275
Abstract
The chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model is an embryonic blood capillary system considered a suitable “in vivo” model for studying the irritation effect of plant extracts on the vascular system, including impacts on hemostasis, hyperemia, hemorrhage, and coagulation. The main aim of the [...] Read more.
The chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model is an embryonic blood capillary system considered a suitable “in vivo” model for studying the irritation effect of plant extracts on the vascular system, including impacts on hemostasis, hyperemia, hemorrhage, and coagulation. The main aim of the present work was to investigate the irritation effects of different concentrated alcohol extracts of Ginkgo biloba L. (GBE) leaves on the blood vessels of the CAM model during early embryogenesis, evaluated using the Luepke scoring system. The antioxidant properties of GBE were assessed using DPPH radical scavenging and the FRAP method, alongside HPLC-DAD analysis to confirm the presence of major therapeutically relevant metabolites, revealing a strong therapeutic potential of the extract. On embryonic day 9, different concentrations of GBE as well as the controls (saline solution and 30% ethanol) were applied to the CAM surface. Vascular changes were observed immediately after application, with vasoconstriction leading to the temporary “disappearance” of blood vessels. At 30 s post-application, all GBE concentrations and ethanol induced hyperemia and mild hemorrhage, which gradually diminished over time. No changes were observed with saline application. The extent of morphometric changes in the vessels was also influenced by the concentration of GBE used. Concentrations of 20% and 30% GBE induced vasoconstriction. Lower concentrations of GBE induced vasodilation, with maximum values recorded after 240 s for 1% and 15% GBE. The results of this study may help to better characterize the vascular effects of natural Ginkgo biloba under in vivo conditions and promote greater interest in the use of alternative animal models in pharmacological and biomedical research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Substances in Nutrition and Health of Animals: 2nd Edition)
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18 pages, 4261 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Suitable Habitats and Identification of Key Protection Areas for Polyplectron katsumatae in Jianfengling, Hainan Province, China
by Wutao Yao, Yong Ma, An Long, Lixi Liu, Erping Shang, Shuyan Zhang, Jin Yang and Tianxiong Gao
Life 2025, 15(5), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050826 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 261
Abstract
Polyplectron katsumatae is a rare and endangered species endemic to Hainan, China. It has long been regarded as a subspecies of the widely distributed Grey Peacock-Pheasant (Polyplectron bicalcaratum), a classification that has resulted in a paucity of targeted conservation studies and [...] Read more.
Polyplectron katsumatae is a rare and endangered species endemic to Hainan, China. It has long been regarded as a subspecies of the widely distributed Grey Peacock-Pheasant (Polyplectron bicalcaratum), a classification that has resulted in a paucity of targeted conservation studies and rendered efforts to protect and restore its populations and habitats exceedingly challenging. In this study, the Jianfengling section of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park was designated as the research area. We comprehensively utilized infrared camera monitoring data for P. katsumatae and other species, alongside habitat environmental factor data obtained through multiple monitoring approaches. An ensemble species distribution model (ESDM) was employed to evaluate the habitat suitability for four ground-dwelling bird species, including P. katsumatae, and to investigate their environmental preferences and competitive interactions during habitat selection. Subsequently, the Marxan model was applied to identify key protection areas for P. katsumatae. The results indicate that the suitable habitat for P. katsumatae is primarily distributed in the central, eastern, and certain southern areas of the study region, with low spatial overlap and minimal competition from the suitable habitats of the other three ground-dwelling bird species. However, due to anthropogenic disturbances and the inherently stringent habitat requirements of P. katsumatae, its overall suitable habitat area is limited, exhibiting a concentrated distribution overall with fragmented, small patches within it. Our study recommends designating the eastern and southern regions of the study area as key protection areas for P. katsumatae, thereby providing a robust baseline environment and policy support for the targeted protection of its habitat and the recovery of its populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife Behavior and Biodiversity)
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53 pages, 1226 KiB  
Review
Global Occurrence of Cyanotoxins in Drinking Water Systems: Recent Advances, Human Health Risks, Mitigation, and Future Directions
by Jerikias Marumure, Willis Gwenzi, Zakio Makuvara, Tinoziva T. Simbanegavi, Richwell Alufasi, Marvelous Goredema, Claudious Gufe, Rangarirayi Karidzagundi, Piotr Rzymski and Dariusz Halabowski
Life 2025, 15(5), 825; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050825 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 660
Abstract
This paper applies a semi-quantitative approach to review the diversity, environmental controls, detection methods, human health risks, and mitigation of cyanotoxins in drinking water systems (DWSs). It discusses the environmental factors controlling the occurrence of cyanotoxins, presents the merits and limitations of emerging [...] Read more.
This paper applies a semi-quantitative approach to review the diversity, environmental controls, detection methods, human health risks, and mitigation of cyanotoxins in drinking water systems (DWSs). It discusses the environmental factors controlling the occurrence of cyanotoxins, presents the merits and limitations of emerging methods of their detection (qPCR, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, and electrochemical biosensors), and outlines the human exposure pathways and health outcomes with identification of high-risk groups and settings. High-risk groups include (1) communities relying on untreated drinking water from unsafe, polluted water sources and (2) low-income countries where cyanotoxins are not routinely monitored in DWSs. The fate and behavior processes are discussed, including removing cyanotoxins in DWSs based on conventional and advanced treatment processes. The available methods for cyanotoxin removal presented in this paper include (1) polymer-based adsorbents, (2) coagulation/flocculation, (3) advanced oxidation processes, (4) ultra- and nanofiltration, and (5) multi-soil layer systems. Future research should address (1) detection and fate in storage and conveyance facilities and at the point of consumption, (2) degradation pathways and toxicity of by-products or metabolites, (3) interactive health effects of cyanotoxins with legacy and emerging contaminants, (4) removal by low-cost treatment techniques (e.g., solar disinfection, boiling, bio-sand filtration, and chlorination), (5) quantitative health risk profiling of high-risk groups, and (6) epidemiological studies to link the prevalence of human health outcomes (e.g., cancer) to cyanotoxins in DWSs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algae—a Step Forward in the Sustainability of Resources: 2nd Edition)
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21 pages, 695 KiB  
Review
Injectables in the Therapy of Mid-Portion Achilles Tendinopathy, a Descriptive Review
by Daniela Poenaru, Claudia Gabriela Potcovaru, Miruna Ioana Sandulescu, Mariana Constantinovici and Delia Cinteza
Life 2025, 15(5), 824; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050824 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 354
Abstract
Achilles mid-portion tendinopathy is defined as a painful thickening of the tendon, identified also on different imagistic examinations, occurring in sport people as well in inactively middle-aged individuals. The chronic and/or relapsing evolution interfere with daily living and alter the quality of life. [...] Read more.
Achilles mid-portion tendinopathy is defined as a painful thickening of the tendon, identified also on different imagistic examinations, occurring in sport people as well in inactively middle-aged individuals. The chronic and/or relapsing evolution interfere with daily living and alter the quality of life. Eccentric physical exercise is a cornerstone in her management and several injectable agents are used in clinical settings to reduce pain and improve function. According to the presumed pathogenic mechanisms, many classes of agents are in use: corticosteroids, protease inhibitors, sclerosing agents, pro-inflammatory agents, autologous products. The modalities of administration, either intra- or peritendon, the timing and number of sessions are displayed. Practical approach of chronic mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy consists of rest, tendon protection, eccentric exercise and therapeutical injections. The clinicians must choose between a spectrum of agents active on different pathogenic mechanisms, with benefits in the short and medium term. Future research may be focused on comparison between the different agents and on long term evolution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthopedic Disease Treatment and Management: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Directions)
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18 pages, 762 KiB  
Article
Correlation Between Sarcopenia and Oral Health in Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis
by Petra Kovačević Totić, Iva Klarić Puđa, Karla Kovačević Čorak, Velimir Altabas, Milan Milošević, Selma Cvijetić Avdagić and Karmela Altabas
Life 2025, 15(5), 823; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050823 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 232
Abstract
Patients on hemodialysis have signs of chronic systemic inflammation and a higher incidence of sarcopenia. Poor oral health can also trigger systemic inflammation and thus affect sarcopenia. The study included 100 patients on chronic hemodialysis who underwent oral status, routine laboratory measurements, bioimpedance [...] Read more.
Patients on hemodialysis have signs of chronic systemic inflammation and a higher incidence of sarcopenia. Poor oral health can also trigger systemic inflammation and thus affect sarcopenia. The study included 100 patients on chronic hemodialysis who underwent oral status, routine laboratory measurements, bioimpedance analysis, hand grip strength measurement, and two questionnaires regarding oral health and sarcopenia. Data were analyzed using the Fisher exact test and the Mann–Whitney U test. In total, 28.0% of the participants had sarcopenia. The median total number of erupted teeth in all patients was 12.0 (7.0–23.0). A positive correlation of the total number of erupted teeth and erupted premolars with sarcopenia was confirmed (p = 0.035). CRP was significantly elevated in patients with sarcopenia (p = 0.035). Laboratory parameters showed that the blood albumin level was reduced in all patients (p = 0.002). The median overall score of the SarQoL questionnaire for all participants was 60.37 (43.87–70.61), which indicates that patients on hemodialysis are aware of their limitations caused by sarcopenia. Moreover, SarQoL was significantly negatively correlated with sarcopenia. This study confirmed poorer oral health in hemodialysis patients who had sarcopenia. Therefore, intervention studies are needed to improve the oral health of patients on HD, which could possibly influence the incidence of sarcopenia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)
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12 pages, 2361 KiB  
Article
The (ProteUS) Anisotropy Effect in Deep Fascia Ultrasonography: The Impact of Probe Angulation on Echogenicity and Thickness Assessments
by Carmelo Pirri, Nina Pirri, Diego Guidolin, Enrico De Rose, Veronica Macchi, Andrea Porzionato, Raffaele De Caro and Carla Stecco
Life 2025, 15(5), 822; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050822 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 234
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of probe angulation on echogenicity and thickness measurements of the deep fascia, addressing methodological challenges in musculoskeletal ultrasound examination. The anisotropic nature of connective tissues can lead to distortions, affecting US imaging accuracy and diagnostic reliability. Echogenicity and [...] Read more.
This study investigates the influence of probe angulation on echogenicity and thickness measurements of the deep fascia, addressing methodological challenges in musculoskeletal ultrasound examination. The anisotropic nature of connective tissues can lead to distortions, affecting US imaging accuracy and diagnostic reliability. Echogenicity and thickness variations were analyzed across different probe inclinations in both transverse and longitudinal orientations. Measurements at 0° were compared with −5° and +5° angles to assess their impact on imaging consistency due to 3D-printed support. Echogenicity differed significantly with probe angulation, in particular in transverse scan at 0°, which showed substantial variation at −5° (mean diff. = 55.14, p < 0.0001) and +5° (mean diff. = 43.75, p = 0.0024). Thickness measurements also varied, reinforcing that non-perpendicular probe angulation introduces distortions. The same results were reported for longitudinal scans. These findings highlight the need for the use of standardized scanning protocols to improve reliability. The protean nature of deep fascia anisotropy, highly sensitive to minimal changes in probe orientation, necessitates precise and consistent imaging to accurately reveal its structural organization. Optimizing probe orientation is essential for advancing fascial US diagnostics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Musculoskeletal Pain and Disorders: Diagnosis, Treatment and Management)
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15 pages, 1552 KiB  
Article
Cognitive Slowing, Dysfunction in Verbal Working Memory, Divided Attention and Response Inhibition in Post COVID-19 Condition in Young Adults
by Johanna Takács, Darina Deák, Beáta Seregély and Akos Koller
Life 2025, 15(5), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050821 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 6141
Abstract
After COVID-19 infection, about 30% of people have clinically persisting symptoms, characterized as Post COVID-19 Condition (PCC). One of the most reported symptoms in PCC is cognitive dysfunction, yet there are only a few studies investigating long-term effects on different domains of cognitive [...] Read more.
After COVID-19 infection, about 30% of people have clinically persisting symptoms, characterized as Post COVID-19 Condition (PCC). One of the most reported symptoms in PCC is cognitive dysfunction, yet there are only a few studies investigating long-term effects on different domains of cognitive function. A total of 107 young adults, university students aged 18–34 years, participated. In total, 68.2% had contracted SARS-CoV-2; 21.9% showed PCC. Three groups were compared: no-C19 (COVID-19-negative controls), C19 (COVID-19-recovered without PCC) and PCC. Attention and executive function were measured with the Vienna Test System (Schuhfried®, Mödling, Austria). In verbal working memory, the PCC group had a significantly lower performance with a moderate effect. The rate of below-average performance was higher in PCC (56.2%) compared to no-C19 (20.6%) and C19 (15.8%). In divided attention and response inhibition, PCC also showed lower performance, 62.5% and 37.5%, respectively, than no-C19 and C19. The co-occurrence of decreased cognitive functions was pronounced in PCC. The present study revealed significant long-lasting cognitive dysfunction in PCC in young adults, two years after COVID-19 infection. Verbal working memory was significantly impaired, and a lower performance was found in divided attention and response inhibition. In addition, there was an increased reaction time in most cognitive tasks, demonstrating cognitive slowing in young people with PCC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)
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13 pages, 2602 KiB  
Article
Retinal Phosphenes Induced by Transorbital Electrical Stimulation: Influence of Light Adaptation, Electrode Montage, and View Direction
by Alexander Hunold, Daniela Ortega, Stefanie Freitag, Dietmar Link, Andrea Antal, Sascha Klee and Jens Haueisen
Life 2025, 15(5), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050820 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 245
Abstract
In this study, the perception of phosphenes was used as a surrogate identifier for stimulation sites for use in retinal-degenerative diseases. We aimed to investigate the influence of adaptation, electrode montage, and direction of view on electrically induced phosphenes. We developed a practical [...] Read more.
In this study, the perception of phosphenes was used as a surrogate identifier for stimulation sites for use in retinal-degenerative diseases. We aimed to investigate the influence of adaptation, electrode montage, and direction of view on electrically induced phosphenes. We developed a practical methodology to assess non-invasive ocular electrical stimulation, addressing specific areas in the retina. Phosphene thresholds were identified under light and dark adaptation for non-invasive transorbital electrical stimulation. The location and extent characterized the morphology of electrically induced retinal phosphenes for five directions of view and for seven electrode montages in 62 participants. Our results indicated the lowest phosphene thresholds under light adaptation. Cumulative charts of phosphenes visualized the location of phosphene hot spots and their focality for the investigated directions of view and electrode montages. Under consistent light adaptation, we found changes in electrode montage generated stronger changes in the phosphenes’ morphology and distribution. Adjusting the electrodes in the orbital vicinity was more effective than changing the direction of view to shift the phosphene hot spot location to a pathological region to induce neuronal activity there. In this study, we established the first practical methodology to adapt non-invasive transorbital electrical stimulation to address specific areas in the retina. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technical Innovations in Transcranial Electrical Stimulation)
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19 pages, 1779 KiB  
Article
Accurate Chemogenetics Determines Electroacupuncture Analgesia Through Increased CB1 to Suppress the TRPV1 Pathway in a Mouse Model of Fibromyalgia
by Huan-Chin Lin, Hi-Joon Park, Hsien-Yin Liao, Kai-Ting Chuang and Yi-Wen Lin
Life 2025, 15(5), 819; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050819 - 20 May 2025
Viewed by 303
Abstract
Fibromyalgia, one of the most challenging pains to treat, lacks impartial considerations for diagnosis and useful assessment. The core symptoms are persistent extensive pain accompanied by fatigue, psychological disorders, sleep disturbance, and obesity. This study aims to explore the role of cannabinoid receptor [...] Read more.
Fibromyalgia, one of the most challenging pains to treat, lacks impartial considerations for diagnosis and useful assessment. The core symptoms are persistent extensive pain accompanied by fatigue, psychological disorders, sleep disturbance, and obesity. This study aims to explore the role of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) on transient receptor potential V1 (TRPV1) signaling pathways in a mouse model of fibromyalgia. This model was subjected to intermittent cold stress (ICS) to induce fibromyalgia, as measured by the nociceptive behavior determined by von Frey and Hargreaves’ tests. Our results showed a lower mechanical threshold (2.32 ± 0.12 g) and thermal latency (4.14 ± 0.26 s) in ICS-induced fibromyalgia mice. The hyperalgesia could be alleviated by 2 Hz electroacupuncture (EA) or by TRPV1 knockout. We found decreased CB1 receptors, upregulated TRPV1, and related kinases in the dorsal root ganglion, spinal cord, hypothalamus, and periaqueductal gray in fibromyalgia mice. EA reversed these effects associated with fibromyalgia, aligning with observations in Trpv1−/− mice. Peripheral acupoint or the intracerebral ventricle injection of a CB1 agonist significantly attenuated mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. The EA analgesic effect was reversed by a CB1 antagonist injection, suggesting the involvement of the CB1 signaling pathway. The accurate chemogenetic activation of paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which is a structure of the hypothalamus, initiated fibromyalgia pain. The chemogenetic inhibition of PVN attenuated fibromyalgia pain via the downregulation of TRPV1 pathway. Our discoveries shed light on the involvement of CB1 in the TRPV1 signaling pathway in the effects of EA in fibromyalgia, suggesting its potential as a treatment target. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology: 2nd Edition)
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16 pages, 2779 KiB  
Article
Osteochondral Alterations in Patients Treated with Total Knee Arthroplasty Due to Rheumatoid Arthritis and Primary Osteoarthritis: Cross-Sectional Study with Focus on Elucidating Effects of Knee Malalignment
by Andreja Baljozovic, Aleksa Lekovic, Slobodan Nikolic, Danijela Djonic, Marija Djuric, Zoran Bascarevic and Jelena Jadzic
Life 2025, 15(5), 818; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050818 - 20 May 2025
Viewed by 233
Abstract
Micro-computed tomography assessment of osteochondral microstructural properties of the distal femur and proximal tibia was comprehensively conducted to compare adult patients with knee rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and primary knee osteoarthritis (KOA), with special focus on the effects of knee malalignment. This study encompassed [...] Read more.
Micro-computed tomography assessment of osteochondral microstructural properties of the distal femur and proximal tibia was comprehensively conducted to compare adult patients with knee rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and primary knee osteoarthritis (KOA), with special focus on the effects of knee malalignment. This study encompassed 402 bone samples divided into three groups: the RA group [patients who were subjected to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) due to RA, n = 23, age: 61 ± 10 years], the KOA group [individuals subjected to TKA due to KOA, n = 24, age: 71 ± 9 years] and the control group [sex-matched cadavers without degenerative knee diseases, n = 20, age: 67 ± 11 years]. Our data revealed that the RA, KOA, and control groups differ significantly in osteochondral microstructural properties depending on the knee alignment. Specifically, increasing femoral and tibial cortical porosity, coupled with thinner articular cartilage, were noted in the RA and KOA groups, compared to the controls. Furthermore, larger femoral and tibial cortical pores, lower tibial and femoral subchondral trabecular bone fraction, and thinner tibial articular cartilage were noted in the RA group in comparison to the KOA group, implying that the medial-to-lateral load distribution in the knee joint could be most affected in these patients. Our data illustrated that the thinnest cartilage, a thicker and less porous cortex, along with lower trabecular bone volume, were present in the lateral femoral and tibial condyles of RA individuals with valgus knee alignment. Observed subchondral trabecular microarchitectural alterations could be morphological factors contributing to different effects of surgical treatment and variable implant stability in individuals with RA, warranting further research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reconstruction of Bone Defects)
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18 pages, 4633 KiB  
Article
Mechanisms of Soil Microbial Community Adaptation in Cold-Region Wetlands Under Retrogressive Succession
by Junnan Ding and Shaopeng Yu
Life 2025, 15(5), 817; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050817 - 20 May 2025
Viewed by 323
Abstract
Retrogressive succession alters soil conditions and microbial community dynamics in cold-region wetlands, yet its ecological implications remain understudied. This study explored the structure and function of soil microbial communities across three successional stages: swamp (SP), swamped meadow (SM), and meadow (MW). High-throughput 16S [...] Read more.
Retrogressive succession alters soil conditions and microbial community dynamics in cold-region wetlands, yet its ecological implications remain understudied. This study explored the structure and function of soil microbial communities across three successional stages: swamp (SP), swamped meadow (SM), and meadow (MW). High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified 2852 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), with 1682 shared among all stages (58.85%). Alpha diversity indices, including Shannon, Chao, ACE, and Sobs, were significantly higher in MW, with the Shannon index increasing by approximately 32% compared to SP, indicating enhanced richness and evenness. In contrast, Simpson and Coverage indices were highest in SP. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, and Acidobacteriota were dominant phyla, showing distinct distributions across stages. Beta diversity analysis (PCoA and NMDS) revealed clear separation of microbial communities. Soil organic carbon (SOC), pH, soil water content (SWC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and bulk density (BD) significantly influenced microbial composition and distribution. Functional prediction using FAPROTAX and BugBase indicated a shift from anaerobic metabolism, nitrogen fixation, and cellulolysis in the SP to aerobic chemoheterotrophy and stress tolerance in MW. These results demonstrate that microbial communities adapt to changing soil environments during retrogressive succession, highlighting their role in ecosystem function and resilience in cold-region wetlands. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)
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13 pages, 1439 KiB  
Article
Impact of Neuromuscular Fatigue on Dynamic Knee Valgus in Female Basketball Players
by Beatriz B. Gomes, Ricardo Cardoso, Rui A. Fernandes and Rui A. Ferreira
Life 2025, 15(5), 816; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050816 - 20 May 2025
Viewed by 323
Abstract
Dynamic knee valgus is a biomechanical condition often linked to an increased risk of knee injuries, particularly in female athletes, due to greater hip adduction, internal rotation, and knee abduction during dynamic movements. This study aimed to assess the impact of neuromuscular fatigue [...] Read more.
Dynamic knee valgus is a biomechanical condition often linked to an increased risk of knee injuries, particularly in female athletes, due to greater hip adduction, internal rotation, and knee abduction during dynamic movements. This study aimed to assess the impact of neuromuscular fatigue on dynamic knee valgus in female basketball players during single-leg drop jumps (DJ-SL) and change of direction (COD) tests at 45° and 90°. Thirty-three athletes, divided into national and regional performance groups, performed these movements before and after a fatigue protocol. Fatigue was induced through a series of anaerobic exercises, and frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) was used to measure knee valgus. The results showed that dynamic knee valgus increased with the angle of directional change (from 24.77° ± 8.25 at 45° to 34.55° ± 10.40 at 95° pre-fatigue, and from 26.59° ± 12.30 at 45° to 35.87° ± 10.37 post-fatigue), but was not significantly affected by neuromuscular fatigue. The national group demonstrated lower valgus angles compared to the regional group, indicating potential performance differences based on competitive level. These findings suggest that while neuromuscular fatigue does not notably impact knee valgus, the higher valgus angles during directional changes warrant attention in injury prevention programs for female basketball players. Further research is needed to explore other factors influencing knee mechanics and injury risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Knee Biomechanics)
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11 pages, 230 KiB  
Article
Prevalence and Characteristics of Patients with Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes in Croatia
by Lora Stanka Kirigin Biloš, Maja Baretić, Andrea Vukić Dugac, Krešimir Schoenwald, Ivan Bambir, Duška Tješić Drinković, Nevena Krnić and Velimir Altabas
Life 2025, 15(5), 815; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050815 - 20 May 2025
Viewed by 318
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) in the Croatian cystic fibrosis (CF) population, the age at diagnosis, insulin requirements, and the relationship between age at diagnosis and other clinical parameters. Medical records from 152 patients with genetically and laboratory-confirmed [...] Read more.
This study investigated the prevalence of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) in the Croatian cystic fibrosis (CF) population, the age at diagnosis, insulin requirements, and the relationship between age at diagnosis and other clinical parameters. Medical records from 152 patients with genetically and laboratory-confirmed CF were reviewed through to 2025. The American Diabetes Association criteria were used to diagnose CFRD. Anthropometric and clinical data were collected from the latest medical records. A total of 17 out of 152 patients had CFRD, with a prevalence of 4.8% in the paediatric population (4/84) and 19.1% in adults (13/68). The median age of CFRD diagnosis was 14 years (range 9–22 years, SD = 3.95). Thirteen patients used insulin: one used bolus only, seven used basal-bolus multiple daily injections, and five used insulin pumps. The average total daily insulin (TDI) per kilogram (kg) body weight was 0.447 U/kg (SD = 0.429). The age at CFRD diagnosis was positively correlated with the body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.029). Patients requiring insulin by age 15 had higher TDI and were more likely to have CF liver disease (p = 0.027, p = 0.037, respectively). The prevalence of CFRD and age at diagnosis aligned with previous studies. Patients diagnosed at a younger age and requiring insulin earlier had lower BMIs, likely due to a faster decline in beta cell function and earlier onset of insulinopenia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cystic Fibrosis: A Disease with a New Face)
14 pages, 864 KiB  
Article
Impact of Left Ventricular Mass on Mortality in Symptomatic Severe Aortic Stenosis: A Sex-Specific Analysis
by Solange Desirée Avakian, Flávio Tarasoutchi and Antonio de Padua Mansur
Life 2025, 15(5), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050814 - 20 May 2025
Viewed by 267
Abstract
Aortic stenosis (AS) is a common and serious valvular disease in older adults, often leading to increased left ventricular mass (LVM) due to pressure overload. Excessive LVM is linked to adverse outcomes, but its sex-specific prognostic significance remains unclear. Focusing on sex-based differences, [...] Read more.
Aortic stenosis (AS) is a common and serious valvular disease in older adults, often leading to increased left ventricular mass (LVM) due to pressure overload. Excessive LVM is linked to adverse outcomes, but its sex-specific prognostic significance remains unclear. Focusing on sex-based differences, this study evaluated the left ventricular mass index (LVMi) prognostic value in patients with symptomatic severe AS. We retrospectively analyzed 531 outpatients (283 men, 248 women; mean age 74.7 years) with symptomatic but stable severe AS and no prior valve procedures. Clinical and echocardiographic data were collected between April 2020 and February 2024, with a mean follow-up of 2.67 years. A total of 165 patients (31.1%) died during follow-up, 86% from cardiovascular causes. Deceased patients had lower ejection fraction and higher LVMi. Multivariate Cox analysis identified LVMi and atrial fibrillation (AF) as independent predictors of mortality, while valve intervention predicted survival. In women, both LVMi and AF predicted mortality; valve intervention was protective. In men, only the lack of valve intervention predicted death. Elevated LVMi was a strong predictor of mortality in non-operated patients, with the most pronounced impact observed in women with severe AS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Diseases: From Basic Research to Clinical Application—2nd Edition)
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14 pages, 2681 KiB  
Article
Engineered Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Strains for Enhanced Astaxanthin Production
by Federico Perozeni, Margherita Angelini, Matteo Ballottari and Stefano Cazzaniga
Life 2025, 15(5), 813; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050813 - 20 May 2025
Viewed by 748
Abstract
Microalgae have evolved a diverse carotenoid profile, enabling efficient light harvesting and photoprotection. Previous studies have demonstrated the feasibility of genome editing in the green algal model species Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, leading to significant modifications in carotenoid accumulation. By overexpressing a fully redesigned [...] Read more.
Microalgae have evolved a diverse carotenoid profile, enabling efficient light harvesting and photoprotection. Previous studies have demonstrated the feasibility of genome editing in the green algal model species Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, leading to significant modifications in carotenoid accumulation. By overexpressing a fully redesigned β-carotene ketolase (bkt), the metabolic pathway of C. reinhardtii was successfully redirected toward astaxanthin biosynthesis, a high-value ketocarotenoid with exceptional antioxidant properties, naturally found in only a few microalgal species. In this study, a tailor-made double knockout targeting lycopene ε-cyclase (LCYE) and zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) was introduced as a background for bkt expression to ensure higher substrate availability for bkt enzyme. The increased zeaxanthin availability resulted in a 2-fold increase in ketocarotenoid accumulation compared to the previously engineered bkt1 or bkt5 strain in the UVM4 background. Specifically, the best Δzl-bkt-expressing lines reached 2.84 mg/L under low light and 2.58 mg/L under high light, compared to 1.74 mg/L and 1.26 mg/L, respectively, in UVM4-bkt strains. These findings highlight the potential of rationally designed microalgal host strains, developed through genome editing, for biotechnological applications and high-value compound production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algae—a Step Forward in the Sustainability of Resources: 2nd Edition)
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17 pages, 638 KiB  
Review
Milpa Diet for MASLD in Mesoamerican Populations: Feasibility, Advantages, and Future Perspectives
by Aline Huerta-Álvarez, Mariana Arellano, Clyo Anahí Chávez-Méndez, Paulina Carpinteyro-Espin, Carmen Palacios-Reyes and Juanita Pérez-Escobar
Life 2025, 15(5), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050812 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 916
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease, linked closely to metabolic syndrome and rising obesity rates. Affecting up to 37% of the global adult population, MASLD prevalence is exceptionally high among individuals of Hispanic descent, with [...] Read more.
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease, linked closely to metabolic syndrome and rising obesity rates. Affecting up to 37% of the global adult population, MASLD prevalence is exceptionally high among individuals of Hispanic descent, with genetic factors such as the PNPLA3 gene mutation playing a significant role. The subject of this review is the traditional Mesoamerican “milpa” diet, which includes unprocessed local crops like maize, beans, pumpkins, chili, and tomatoes and may represent a strategy to combat MASLD. Current treatment recommendations emphasize weight loss; a reduced intake of saturated fats, processed meats, and added sugars; and increased physical activity. The milpa diet, rich in protein, fiber, vitamins, and bioactive compounds, aligns with these recommendations and could potentially mitigate MASLD by preventing liver fat accumulation and fibrosis. This narrative review focuses on available preclinical and clinical studies adopting the milpa diet as a culturally relevant, nutritious, and sustainable dietary approach in preventing and treating MASLD. More clinical studies are needed to develop precise nutritional quantitative recommendations and guidelines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology)
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9 pages, 3702 KiB  
Case Report
Bilateral Choroidal Detachment Following Pseudophakic Cystoid Macular Edema Treatment with Oral Acetazolamide
by Agnieszka Kudasiewicz-Kardaszewska, Małgorzata Ozimek, Tomasz Urbański and Sławomir Cisiecki
Life 2025, 15(5), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050811 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 290
Abstract
Aim: This case report presents an unusual instance of bilateral choroidal effusion following the oral administration of acetazolamide for the treatment of pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME). Case Presentation: An 87-year-old Caucasian man experienced sudden, painless vision loss in both eyes several days [...] Read more.
Aim: This case report presents an unusual instance of bilateral choroidal effusion following the oral administration of acetazolamide for the treatment of pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME). Case Presentation: An 87-year-old Caucasian man experienced sudden, painless vision loss in both eyes several days after beginning treatment for PCME in his left eye. He had undergone uncomplicated cataract surgery in both eyes two months earlier. The treatment regimen included oral acetazolamide (250 mg twice daily) and topical pranoprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). One week after the initiation of acetazolamide treatment, the patient suffered a marked decline in visual acuity. Bilateral choroidal effusion was diagnosed. Prompt discontinuation of acetazolamide and initiation of topical dexamethasone (1% hourly) and atropine (1% twice daily) resulted in rapid clinical improvement. Conclusions: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) such as acetazolamide, although commonly used to manage intraocular pressure, can cause choroidal effusion—a rare but potentially sight-threatening complication. Ophthalmologists should exercise caution, particularly in elderly patients, and be alert to early signs of this adverse effect. Early diagnosis and prompt management are essential to prevent permanent visual damage. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of bilateral choroidal detachment associated with acetazolamide in the context of PCME. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vision Science and Optometry)
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16 pages, 553 KiB  
Review
Complex Transfemoral Access During Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: A Narrative Review of Management, Complexity Scores, and Alternative Access
by Ioannis Skalidis, Neila Sayah, Thierry Unterseeh, Thomas Hovasse, Francesca Sanguineti, Philippe Garot, Youcef Lounes, Antoinette Neylon and Mariama Akodad
Life 2025, 15(5), 810; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050810 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 311
Abstract
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has become a well-established treatment for severe aortic stenosis across all levels of surgical risk. While transfemoral access remains the default approach, complications arising from vascular access—especially in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD)—pose significant challenges. Hostile vascular [...] Read more.
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has become a well-established treatment for severe aortic stenosis across all levels of surgical risk. While transfemoral access remains the default approach, complications arising from vascular access—especially in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD)—pose significant challenges. Hostile vascular access, characterized by narrow vessel diameters, severe calcification, and tortuosity, complicates the procedure and necessitates alternative strategies. Recent advancements, such as intravascular lithotripsy (IVL), have shown promise in managing severely calcified arteries, improving the feasibility of transfemoral TAVR in patients previously considered ineligible. IVL uses pulsatile sonic waves to fragment arterial calcifications, enhancing vessel compliance and facilitating safe device delivery. Studies have demonstrated that IVL-assisted TAVR improves procedural success and reduces complications in patients with PAD. Additionally, orbital atherectomy, an adjunctive therapy targeting both concentric and eccentric calcifications, may complement the management of complex arterial calcification. The Hostile and passage–puncture scores offer valuable risk stratification tools for predicting vascular complications, aiding in better access site selection. Post-procedural echocardiography, particularly femoral artery sonography, may also play a role in detecting vascular complications early, enabling timely intervention. Finally, alternative access sites are increasingly being explored, with emerging data helping to guide the final access site decision. As TAVR continues to expand into lower risk populations, optimizing vascular access strategies remains essential to improving procedural outcomes. This review highlights the importance of preoperative imaging, endovascular techniques, and post-procedural monitoring in overcoming vascular challenges and ensuring successful TAVR outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Valve Therapy: Clinical and Molecular Perspectives)
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17 pages, 3059 KiB  
Article
Helix Folding in One Dimension: Effects of Proline Co-Solvent on Free Energy Landscape of Hydrogen Bond Dynamics in Alanine Peptides
by Krzysztof Kuczera
Life 2025, 15(5), 809; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050809 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 308
Abstract
The effects of proline co-solvent on helix folding are explored through the single discrete coordinate of the number of helical hydrogen bonds. The analysis is based on multi-microsecond length molecular dynamics simulations of alanine-based helix-forming peptides, (ALA)n, of length n = 4, 8, [...] Read more.
The effects of proline co-solvent on helix folding are explored through the single discrete coordinate of the number of helical hydrogen bonds. The analysis is based on multi-microsecond length molecular dynamics simulations of alanine-based helix-forming peptides, (ALA)n, of length n = 4, 8, 15 and 21 residues, in an aqueous solution with 2 M concentration of proline. The effects of addition of proline on the free energy landscape for helix folding were analyzed using the graph-based Dijkstra algorithm, Optimal Dimensionality Reduction kinetic coarse graining, committor functions, as well as through the diffusion of the helix boundary. Viewed at a sufficiently long time-scale, helix folding in the coarse-grained hydrogen bond space follows a consecutive mechanism, with well-defined initiation and propagation phases, and an interesting set of intermediates. Proline addition slows down the folding relaxation of all four peptides, increases helix content and induces subtle mechanistic changes compared to pure water solvation. A general trend is for transition state shift towards earlier stages of folding in proline relative to water. For ALA5 and ALA8 direct folding is dominant. In ALA8 and ALA15 multiple pathways appear possible. For ALA21 a simple mechanism emerges, with a single path from helix to coil through a set of intermediates. Overall, this work provides new insights into effects of proline co-solvent on helix folding, complementary to more standard approaches based on three-dimensional molecular structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Molecular Dynamics to Biological Systems)
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16 pages, 896 KiB  
Systematic Review
Association Between Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Overall and Site-Specific Cancers (Pancreatic, Liver, Thyroid, Lung): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Lv Tian, Yixuan Wen, Chuanwang Liu, Tao Li and Jun Fan
Life 2025, 15(5), 808; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050808 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 419
Abstract
Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder during pregnancy. However, current studies have not reached a consensus on the correlation between GDM and the risk of developing cancers. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to [...] Read more.
Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder during pregnancy. However, current studies have not reached a consensus on the correlation between GDM and the risk of developing cancers. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to comprehensively evaluate the association between GDM and the risk of overall cancer and cancers at specific sites (pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer). Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases from the establishment of the databases to 16 January 2025. Two researchers independently assessed the quality of the included studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and extracted relevant data. Data were analyzed using STATA Version 17.0. Results: This systematic review and meta-analysis included a total of 8 studies involving 1,936,836 participants. We calculated the pooled hazard ratio (HR) to evaluate the association, and the results showed that the pooled HR for overall cancer risk was 1.16 (95%CI: 1.04–1.28), indicating a significant increase in the risk of overall malignancies among patients with GDM. GDM was also significantly associated with the risk of pancreatic cancer (HR = 2.80; 95%CI: 1.20–6.55), thyroid cancer (HR = 1.21; 95%CI: 1.08–1.36), and liver cancer (HR = 1.33; 95%CI: 1.10–1.61). Additionally, the association between GDM and lung cancer was close to being statistically significant (HR = 1.19; 95%CI: 0.98–1.44). Conclusion: Our study suggests that GDM is associated with an increased risk of overall cancer, as well as pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, and liver cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)
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18 pages, 1451 KiB  
Systematic Review
Viruses in Simuliidae: An Updated Systematic Review of Arboviral Diversity and Vector Potential
by Alejandra Rivera-Martínez, S. Viridiana Laredo-Tiscareño, Jaime R. Adame-Gallegos, Erick de Jesús de Luna-Santillana, Carlos A. Rodríguez-Alarcón, Julián E. García-Rejón, Mauricio Casas-Martínez and Javier A. Garza-Hernández
Life 2025, 15(5), 807; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050807 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 596
Abstract
Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) are important vectors of pathogens, including filarial nematodes, protozoans, and arboviruses, which significantly impact human and animal health. Although their role in arbovirus transmission has not been as thoroughly studied as that of mosquitoes and ticks, advances in molecular [...] Read more.
Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) are important vectors of pathogens, including filarial nematodes, protozoans, and arboviruses, which significantly impact human and animal health. Although their role in arbovirus transmission has not been as thoroughly studied as that of mosquitoes and ticks, advances in molecular tools, particularly metagenomics, have enabled the identification of non-cultivable viruses, significantly enhancing our understanding of black-fly-borne viral diversity and their public and veterinary health implications. However, these methods can also detect insect-specific viruses (i.e., viruses that are unable to replicate in vertebrate hosts), which may lead to the incorrect classification of black flies as potential vectors. This underscores the need for further research into their ecological and epidemiological roles. This systematic review, conducted following the PRISMA protocol, compiled and analyzed evidence on arbovirus detection in Simuliidae from scientific databases. Several arboviruses were identified in these insects, including vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey serotype (VSVNJ), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), and Rift Valley fever virus. Additionally, in vitro studies evaluating the vector competence of Simuliidae for arboviruses such as dengue virus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, and Sindbis virus were reviewed. These findings provide critical insights into the potential role of black flies in arbovirus transmission cycles, emphasizing their importance as vectors in both public and veterinary health contexts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology)
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13 pages, 1107 KiB  
Article
Physiological Response of Citrus reticulata Blanco var. Gonggan Seedlings to High-Temperature Stress
by Shaoping Wu, Jinyan Liao, Chunxing Ye, Shanyi Chen, Yingshan Wang, Xiaochun Zhang, Junwen Huang and Cong Chen
Life 2025, 15(5), 806; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050806 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 301
Abstract
The physiological and biochemical responses of Citrus reticulata Blanco var. Gonggan (Gonggan) to high-temperature stress were explored in the present study, offering valuable insights into the growth of this plant in elevated temperature scenarios. Plants were exposed to daytime temperatures of 22 °C, 40 [...] Read more.
The physiological and biochemical responses of Citrus reticulata Blanco var. Gonggan (Gonggan) to high-temperature stress were explored in the present study, offering valuable insights into the growth of this plant in elevated temperature scenarios. Plants were exposed to daytime temperatures of 22 °C, 40 °C, and 45 °C, with corresponding nighttime temperatures of 17 °C, 35 °C, and 40 °C, respectively. Each treatment was administered for 12 h, with a daytime light intensity of 14,400 lux. Key parameters such as the chlorophyll content, peroxidase activity, malondialdehyde content, cytoplasmic membrane permeability, and photosynthetic metrics were assessed. The results showed that the content of malondialdehyde decreased with the increase in temperature, with the highest content at 22 °C. After high-temperature treatment at 40 °C and 45 °C, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) compared with the Gonggan plants treated at 22 °C. Peroxidase activity exhibited an increasing trend as the temperature increased, and there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the peroxidase activity at 22 °C and 45 °C. Similar trends are displayed for high-temperature stress, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and intercellular CO2, which initially decreased and then significantly increased. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. When plants were subjected to high-temperature stress at 40 °C, the net photosynthetic rate showed a significant increase compared to the control group at 22 °C, but in a 45 °C stress environment, the Pn showed a decreasing trend. In the experimental group, relative conductivity decreased with the increase in temperature. Meanwhile, Gonggan plants exhibited moderate heat tolerance to short-term or moderate high-temperature stress, primarily through antioxidant and repair mechanisms. However, their heat tolerance was limited under prolonged or extremely high-temperature conditions, characterized by significant membrane damage and photosynthetic inhibition. Overall, Gonggan plants demonstrate moderate heat tolerance, making them suitable for intermittent high-temperature environments rather than prolonged extreme heat conditions. These findings provide a foundation for understanding the adaptive strategies of Gonggan plants and their cultivation in high-temperature settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Physiology: From Omic Analysis Toward Physiological Mechanism Research: 2nd Edition)
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32 pages, 3117 KiB  
Systematic Review
Cardiac Manifestations and Emerging Biomarkers in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Diana-Andreea Ciortea, Mădălina Nicoleta Matei, Mihaela Debita, Ancuța Lupu, Mirela Mătăsaru, Gabriela Isabela Verga (Răuță) and Silvia Fotea
Life 2025, 15(5), 805; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050805 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 401
Abstract
Background: Cardiac involvement is a key prognostic factor in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a rare but serious inflammatory condition that typically occurs 2–6 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection and is characterized by fever, systemic inflammation, and multiorgan involvement. Biomarkers may aid in [...] Read more.
Background: Cardiac involvement is a key prognostic factor in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a rare but serious inflammatory condition that typically occurs 2–6 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection and is characterized by fever, systemic inflammation, and multiorgan involvement. Biomarkers may aid in early detection, severity assessment, and treatment stratification. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic utility of established and emerging serum biomarkers in MIS-C, with an emphasis on cardiac dysfunction and disease severity. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to April 2025. Eligible studies included pediatric MIS-C cases with reported serum biomarkers. Meta-analyses were performed for NT-proBNP and troponin using random-effects models. Descriptive profiling was applied to emerging biomarkers. Subgroup comparisons were explored between severe and moderate MIS-C. Quality assessment followed the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, and publication bias was assessed via funnel plots and Egger’s test. Results: A total of 67 studies were included, comprising >4000 pediatric MIS-C cases. NT-proBNP and troponin were consistently elevated (pooled means: 9697 pg/mL and 0.384 ng/mL, respectively), with a low risk of publication bias. Emerging biomarkers such as CXCL9, angiopoietin-2, and vitamin D revealed high inter-study variability but potential prognostic value. Subgroup analyses for selected studies (n = 5) suggested higher biomarker levels in severe MIS-C. Conclusions: NT-proBNP and troponin are robust indicators of cardiac injury in MIS-C. Emerging biomarkers show promise but require validation. Future studies should include copeptin and adopt standardized reporting to refine biomarker-guided management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinarity in Cardiovascular Pathology)
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22 pages, 3547 KiB  
Article
Hypoglycemic, Antioxidant Activities, and Probiotic Characteristics of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LBUX2302 Isolated from Stool Samples of Neonates
by Pedro A. Reyes-Castillo, Ana Laura Esquivel-Campos, Edgar Torres-Maravilla, Eduardo Zúñiga-León, Felipe Mendoza-Pérez, Rosa González-Vázquez, María Guadalupe Córdova-Espinoza, María Angélica Gutiérrez-Nava, Raquel González-Vázquez and Lino Mayorga-Reyes
Life 2025, 15(5), 804; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050804 - 18 May 2025
Viewed by 298
Abstract
Lacticaseibacillus species have shown potential in managing hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and oxidative stress, depending on the strain and species. This study aimed to isolate a novel Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus strain from healthy newborns and assess its hypoglycemic and antioxidative activity, along with other probiotic properties. [...] Read more.
Lacticaseibacillus species have shown potential in managing hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and oxidative stress, depending on the strain and species. This study aimed to isolate a novel Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus strain from healthy newborns and assess its hypoglycemic and antioxidative activity, along with other probiotic properties. A non-hemolytic L. rhamnosus LBUX2302 was isolated, and it exhibited survival rates of 2.7%, 22%, and 27.5% at pH 2, 3, and 5 for 120 min. It metabolized various carbon sources and showed resistance to gentamicin, dicloxacillin, and penicillin; coaggregated with Salmonella typhi ATCC14028, Staphylococcus aureus STCC6538, and Escherichia coli O157:H7. L. rhamnosus LBUX2302 showed hydrophobicity, autoaggregation, and adhesion to HaCat, HeLa, MCF-7, SK-LU-1, and SW620 cell lines. It also exhibited extracellular activity of bile salt hydrolase. Enzymatic inhibition assays revealed 66% and 24% inhibitions of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. Its cell-free supernatant inhibited DPPH (89%), hydroxyl (81%), and superoxide anion radicals (61%). Also, antioxidant activity was observed in whole cells and cell fragments. Finally, the presence of ferulic acid activity was detected. The results highlight L. rhamnosus LBUX2302 as a promising probiotic with hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects, warranting further in vivo evaluation for its possible inclusion in functional food and health formulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Isolation and Characterization of New Microbial Species and Strains)
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15 pages, 547 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Link Between Nutritional and Functional Status and Short-Term Postoperative Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Pancreatic Cancer Surgery
by Irene Lidoriki, Maximos Frountzas, Eva Karanikki, Adam Mylonakis, Alexandros Kozadinos, Iliana Tsikrikou, Maria Kyriakidou, Lysandros Karydakis, Dimitrios Stefanoudakis, Maria Lampou, Michail Vailas, Evangelos Felekouras, Konstantinos G. Toutouzas and Dimitrios Schizas
Life 2025, 15(5), 803; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050803 - 18 May 2025
Viewed by 330
Abstract
Background: Patients with pancreatic cancer are at increased risk of malnutrition and functional decline. This study aimed to identify preoperative nutritional and functional risk factors associated with postoperative complications. Methods: Adult patients with pancreatic cancer admitted to two university surgical departments in Athens, [...] Read more.
Background: Patients with pancreatic cancer are at increased risk of malnutrition and functional decline. This study aimed to identify preoperative nutritional and functional risk factors associated with postoperative complications. Methods: Adult patients with pancreatic cancer admitted to two university surgical departments in Athens, Greece, were included. Preoperative laboratory values, nutritional status, and functional status were assessed. Results: Among 96 patients included in this study, postoperative complications occurred in 69 (71.9%). Complication rates were significantly higher in patients with severe malnutrition (87.9% vs. 62.7%, p = 0.015), low Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) (90.5% vs. 66.2%, p = 0.023), low handgrip strength (91.7% vs. 61.5%, p = 0.037), and low gait speed (90.5% vs. 63.6%, p = 0.027). Major complications were linked to lower hemoglobin (Hb) (11.5 ± 1.9 vs. 12.8 ± 1.7 g/dL, p = 0.001), lower hematocrit (HCT) (34.7 ± 5.4% vs. 38.4 ± 4.7%, p = 0.001), and severe malnutrition (42.4% vs. 23.7%, p = 0.05). Lower Hb, lower HCT, malnutrition, and greater waist circumference were associated with postoperative mortality. Longer hospital stays were correlated with weaker handgrip strength and slower gait speed. Conclusion: Preoperative malnutrition and impaired functional status are significant predictors of adverse postoperative outcomes in pancreatic cancer surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Gastrointestinal Cancer and Nutritional Health)
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12 pages, 1219 KiB  
Article
Empagliflozin Leads to Faster Improvement in Arterial Stiffness Compared to Dapagliflozin: A Double-Blind Clinical
by Erick González Campos, Fernando Grover Páez, Carlos Gerardo Ramos Becerra, Luis Ricardo Balleza Alejandri, Daniel Osmar Suárez Rico, Ernesto Germán Cardona Muñoz, Sara Pascoe González, María Guadalupe Ramos Zavala, Alberto Beltrán Ramírez, Jesús Jonathan García Galindo and David Cardona Müller
Life 2025, 15(5), 802; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050802 - 18 May 2025
Viewed by 439
Abstract
(1) Background: Arterial stiffness, often measured by carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV), is crucial in cardiovascular disease. Dapagliflozin has shown rapid effects on arterial stiffness, but there is limited evidence of empagliflozin’s acute effects, especially in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. This study [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Arterial stiffness, often measured by carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV), is crucial in cardiovascular disease. Dapagliflozin has shown rapid effects on arterial stiffness, but there is limited evidence of empagliflozin’s acute effects, especially in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. This study evaluated the acute effects of empagliflozin and dapagliflozin on arterial stiffness and blood pressure (BP). (2) Methods: A one-week double-blind randomized trial involved 30 T2D patients on stable metformin therapy. Participants received empagliflozin (25 mg/day), dapagliflozin (10 mg/day), or a placebo. Arterial stiffness was assessed via cf-PWV, and BP was measured with an automated sphygmomanometer. (3) Results: Both SGLT2 inhibitors significantly reduced cf-PWV compared to the placebo after one week (p < 0.05), with dapagliflozin showing a more pronounced effect. No significant differences were observed in BP changes. (4) Conclusion: Short-term treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors acutely reduces arterial stiffness in T2D patients, with empagliflozin demonstrating a stronger effect, supporting the potential vascular benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors beyond glucose control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vascular Health and Metabolism)
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12 pages, 1314 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Pupil Size on Cone Contrast Sensitivity
by Ali Almustanyir, Meznah S. Almutairi, Amal Aldrwish, Nabeela Hasrod, Bader A. Alqhtani, Tahani Alqahtani, Muteb Alanazi, Mansour Alghamdi, Essam Almutleb, Balsam Alabdulkader, Faisal Fakhouri and Mosaad Alhassan
Life 2025, 15(5), 801; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050801 - 17 May 2025
Viewed by 457
Abstract
Background: Measuring contrast sensitivity for each of the three cone types separately allows for a more precise and clinically valuable assessment of color vision. This study examined how pupil size affects cone contrast sensitivity (CCS). Methods: This study included 50 participants of equal [...] Read more.
Background: Measuring contrast sensitivity for each of the three cone types separately allows for a more precise and clinically valuable assessment of color vision. This study examined how pupil size affects cone contrast sensitivity (CCS). Methods: This study included 50 participants of equal gender. The mean age was 20.88 (±1.8) years. Using the ColorDx, a Landolt C stimulus of various sizes in an adaptive screening mode, we sequentially determined contrast sensitivity for long-, medium-, and short-wavelength stimuli. Two consecutive measurements were performed on participants, one with their natural pupil size (range 4–5 mm diameter) and, subsequently, with six artificial eye pupils (1 mm to 6 mm). Results: Generally, the 1 mm pupil size caused the greatest reduction in contrast sensitivity for two of the three cones. There was no significant main effect of sex (F = 0.96, df = 1, p = 0.32) on the log cone contrast sensitivity of the L-cone. However, pupil size had a significant main effect (F = 116.1, df = 6, p < 0.001). Within each sex, the log CCS was significantly reduced as the pupil size decreased compared with the normal pupil size. Conclusions: New technologies that assess individual cone pathway functions could potentially assist in identifying early or progressive conditions that may impact color vision pathways from the retina to the brain. Standardized protocols—such as controlled retinal illumination—are critical to avoid misinterpretation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vision Science and Optometry)
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39 pages, 2404 KiB  
Systematic Review
Musculoskeletal Impairments and Dysfunction in Individuals with Head and Neck Cancer Following Surgery with Neck Dissection—A Systematic Review
by Norazlin Mohamad, Ana Izabela Sobral de Oliveira-Souza, Stephanie M. Ntoukas, Ester Moreira de Castro-Carletti, Munayati Munajat, Liz Dennett, Kerry S. Courneya, Susan Armijo-Olivo and Margaret L. McNeely
Life 2025, 15(5), 800; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050800 - 17 May 2025
Viewed by 1105
Abstract
Background: Various forms of head and neck cancer (HNC) surgery that include a neck dissection procedure have been shown to negatively influence the neuromusculoskeletal function of the structures affected. This review aimed to identify the neuromusculoskeletal impairments experienced by individuals with HNC [...] Read more.
Background: Various forms of head and neck cancer (HNC) surgery that include a neck dissection procedure have been shown to negatively influence the neuromusculoskeletal function of the structures affected. This review aimed to identify the neuromusculoskeletal impairments experienced by individuals with HNC following surgery involving different types of neck dissection procedures. Methods: The search was conducted in four databases, encompassing randomized control trials (RCTs), cross-sectional studies, and cohort studies that explored neuromusculoskeletal impairments and dysfunction following HNC surgery. The risk of bias in the included studies was assessed using the ROB 2 tool for RCTs and the ROBINS-I tool for non-RCTs. Results: Sixty-seven studies were included (prospective cohort studies n = 29; cross-sectional studies n = 21; retrospective studies n = 13; and RCTs n = 4). This review revealed diverse neuromusculoskeletal impairments and disabilities in individuals with HNC after undergoing various types of neck dissection. The overall quality of evidence was low due to methodological limitations and variability in assessment tools. Conclusions: The extent and type of neuromusculoskeletal impairment resulting from surgery varied depending on the type of surgery and the outcome measures used. Further high-quality studies with standardized assessment, consistent outcome measures, and long-term follow-up are needed to improve the credibility of research in this area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)
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Article
The plk1 Gene Regulatory Network Modeling Identifies Three Circuits for plk1-mediated Genomic Instability Leading to Neoplastic Transformation
by Jeison F. Suescum-Holguín, Diana Carolina Clavijo-Buriticá, Edward Fabian Carrillo-Borda and Mauricio Alberto Quimbaya
Life 2025, 15(5), 799; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050799 - 17 May 2025
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Abstract
Genomic instability has been increasingly recognized over the past decade as a fundamental driver of cancer initiation and progression, largely owing to its association with specific genes and cellular mechanisms that offer therapeutic potential. However, a comprehensive molecular framework that captures the interconnected [...] Read more.
Genomic instability has been increasingly recognized over the past decade as a fundamental driver of cancer initiation and progression, largely owing to its association with specific genes and cellular mechanisms that offer therapeutic potential. However, a comprehensive molecular framework that captures the interconnected processes underlying this phenomenon remains elusive. In this study, we focused on polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), a key cell cycle regulator frequently overexpressed in diverse human tumors, to reconstruct a regulatory network that consolidates pre-existing biological knowledge exclusively related to pathways involved in genome stability maintenance and cancer. The resulting model integrates nine biological processes, 1030 reactions, and 716 molecular species to form a literature-supported network in which PLK1 serves as a central regulatory node. However, rather than depicting an isolated PLK1-centric system, this network reflects a broader and more complex architecture of interrelated genomic instability mechanisms. As expected, the simulations reproduced known behaviors associated with PLK1 dysregulation, reinforcing the well-established role of the kinase in genome destabilization. Importantly, this model also enables the exploration of additional, less-characterized dynamics, including the potential involvement of genes such as kif2c, incenp, and other regulators of chromosomal segregation and DNA repair, which appear to contribute to instability events downstream of PLK1. While these findings are grounded in mechanistic simulations and require further experimental validation, gene expression and survival analyses across tumor types support their clinical relevance by linking them to poor prognosis in specific cancers. Overall, the model provides a systemic and adaptable foundation for studying PLK1-related genomic instability, enabling both the reinforcement of known mechanisms and discovery of candidate genes and circuits that may drive tumorigenesis through compromised genome integrity across distinct cancer contexts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Synthetic Biology and Systems Biology 2024)
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