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Volume 17
Issue 13
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Sustainability, Volume 17, Issue 13 (July-1 2025) – 565 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Machine learning models are valuable in assessing how agricultural practices influence greenhouse gas emissions. We identified soil moisture thresholds associated with soil CO2 emissions under climate-smart practices. Using a classification and regression tree approach, we determined a critical moisture level below which CO2 emissions were significantly lower. Generalized additive and multilinear regression models (GAMs and MLR) were used to predict short-term emissions from sweet corn plots supplemented with biochar, chicken, and dairy manure. The use of biochar resulted in the greatest reduction in soil CO2 emissions, and GAMs outperformed MLR. Identifying these thresholds provides support for more effective mitigation strategies and sustainable soil management to reduce emissions and maintain yields under changing climate conditions. View this paper
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16 pages, 2066 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Open Forest Habitats on Psychological Well-Being
by Emilia Janeczko, Krzysztof Czyżyk, Małgorzata Woźnicka and Anna Wiśniewska
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6233; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136233 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 375
Abstract
Open habitats in forests perform several important functions. In addition to enriching biodiversity, they have an impact on the diversification of the forest landscape, and through complex processes and trophic relationships, they provide greater sustainability in forest communities. It turns out that they [...] Read more.
Open habitats in forests perform several important functions. In addition to enriching biodiversity, they have an impact on the diversification of the forest landscape, and through complex processes and trophic relationships, they provide greater sustainability in forest communities. It turns out that they are also important not only for the functioning of nature, but also due to their regenerative properties, through which people can improve their well-being and recover their mental balance. The purpose of this study was to determine whether and to what extent mid-forest open dunes and wetlands are able to provide people with feelings of relaxation and mental renewal. The study was conducted in June 2024 in one of the forest complexes located in the suburban zone of Warsaw. The experiment was conducted with the participation of 52 young adult volunteers. The experiment used a pre–posttest method. The subjects’ mood and well-being were determined using four psychological questionnaires: the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Restorative Outcome Scale (ROS), Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS), and Profile of Mood States (POMSs). The key findings from the research conducted are as follows: compared to the control sample (before entering the forest), exposure to all three variants of greenery had a restorative effect on the experimental participants; the water environment had the most favorable effect compared to the control sample (before entering the forest); and exposure to this environment provided the greatest increase in positive feelings and the greatest decrease in negative feelings. Research has shown that areas important for preserving forest biodiversity are also important for humans because of their high restorative properties. Preserving non-forest enclaves in forests and promoting their regenerative values for humans can be one nature-based solution to improve people’s health and well-being, especially for people living in urban areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Forestry for a Sustainable Future)
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24 pages, 1883 KiB  
Article
An Integrated Life Cycle Assessment of a Hemp-Based Craft Beer: A Case Study from Italy
by Marco Ruggeri, Giuliana Vinci, Marco Savastano and Lucia Maddaloni
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6232; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136232 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 265
Abstract
With over 180 million tons produced annually and a global market exceeding 500 billion dollars, beer is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world, thanks to its broad variety of styles, traditions, ingredients, and brewing techniques. However, behind this widespread [...] Read more.
With over 180 million tons produced annually and a global market exceeding 500 billion dollars, beer is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world, thanks to its broad variety of styles, traditions, ingredients, and brewing techniques. However, behind this widespread popularity lies a potentially impactful production chain, whose environmental impacts remain underexplored, particularly within the craft segment. This research evaluates the sustainability of a hemp-based craft beer produced in the Lazio region (Italy) using an integrated approach that combines life cycle assessment with environmental impact monetization. The results indicate that the main impacts in beer production are related to global warming potential (0.916 kg CO2 eq/L), terrestrial ecotoxicity (0.404 kg 1.4-DCB eq/L), land use (0.841 m2a crop eq/L), and fossil resource scarcity (0.211 kg oil eq/L), primarily due to malt production and hop transportation. Packaging analysis revealed that including environmental costs, aluminum cans may add an additional environmental cost of €0.80–1.60 per unit, while glass bottles, despite their weight, incur a lower additional cost. For a beer priced at €3.50, this would translate to a real cost of €4.30–5.10, reflecting a 22–45% increase. Improving sustainability in the brewing sector requires strategic actions, such as careful supplier selection and appropriate packaging choices. Overall, sustainability in brewing emerges as a balance between production needs, distribution impacts, and systemic decisions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development in Food Quality and Safety)
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25 pages, 1563 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Decision Systems in Green E-Business Models: Pricing and Channel Strategies in Low-Carbon O2O Supply Chains
by Yulin Liu, Tie Li and Yang Gao
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6231; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136231 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 264
Abstract
This paper investigates sustainable decision systems within green E-business models by analyzing how different O2O (online-to-offline) fulfillment structures affect emission-reduction efforts and pricing strategies in a two-tier supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a new retailer. Three practical sales formats—package self-pickup, nearby [...] Read more.
This paper investigates sustainable decision systems within green E-business models by analyzing how different O2O (online-to-offline) fulfillment structures affect emission-reduction efforts and pricing strategies in a two-tier supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a new retailer. Three practical sales formats—package self-pickup, nearby delivery, and hybrid—are modeled using Stackelberg game frameworks that incorporate key factors such as inconvenience cost, logistics cost, processing fees, and emission-reduction coefficients. Results show that the manufacturer’s emission-reduction decisions and both parties’ pricing strategies are highly sensitive to cost conditions and consumer preferences. Specifically, higher inconvenience and abatement costs consistently reduce profitability and emission efforts; the hybrid model exhibits threshold-dependent advantages over single-mode strategies in terms of carbon efficiency and economic returns; and consumer green preference and distance sensitivity jointly shape optimal channel configurations. Robustness analysis confirms the model’s stability under varying parameter conditions. These insights provide theoretical and practical guidance for firms seeking to develop adaptive, low-carbon fulfillment strategies that align with sustainability goals and market demands. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Information Management and E-Commerce)
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16 pages, 1550 KiB  
Article
Wildfire Severity Reduction Through Prescribed Burning in the Southeastern United States
by C. Wade Ross, E. Louise Loudermilk, Steven A. Flanagan, Grant Snitker, J. Kevin Hiers and Joseph J. O’Brien
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6230; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136230 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 227
Abstract
With wildfires becoming more frequent and severe in fire-prone regions affected by warmer and drier climate conditions, reducing hazardous fuels is increasingly recognized as a preventative strategy for promoting sustainability and safeguarding valued resources. Prescribed fire is one of the most cost-effective methods [...] Read more.
With wildfires becoming more frequent and severe in fire-prone regions affected by warmer and drier climate conditions, reducing hazardous fuels is increasingly recognized as a preventative strategy for promoting sustainability and safeguarding valued resources. Prescribed fire is one of the most cost-effective methods for reducing hazardous fuels and hence wildfire severity, yet empirical research on its effectiveness at minimizing damage to highly valued resources and assets (HVRAs) remains limited. The overarching objective of this study was to evaluate wildfire severity under differing weather conditions across various HVRAs characterized by diverse land uses, vegetation types, and treatment histories. The findings from this study reveal that wildfire severity was generally lower in areas treated with prescribed fire, although the significance of this effect varied among HVRAs and diminished as post-treatment duration increased. The wildland–urban interface experienced the greatest initial reduction in wildfire severity following prescribed fire, but burn severity increased more rapidly over time relative to other HVRAs. Elevated drought conditions had a significant effect, increasing wildfire severity across all HVRAs. The implications of this study underscore the role of prescribed fire in promoting sustainable land management by reducing wildfire severity and safeguarding both natural and built environments, particularly in the expanding wildland–urban interface. Full article
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28 pages, 4142 KiB  
Article
Evaluating and Predicting Green Technology Innovation Efficiency in the Yangtze River Economic Belt: Based on the Joint SBM Model and GM(1,N|λ,γ) Model
by Jie Wang, Pingping Xiong, Shanshan Wang, Ziheng Yuan and Jiawei Shangguan
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6229; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136229 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 373
Abstract
Green technology innovation (GTI) is pivotal for driving energy transition and low-carbon development in manufacturing. This study evaluates the spatiotemporal efficiency and predicts trends of GTI in China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB, 2010–2022) using a combined “input-desirable output-undesirable output” framework. Combining the [...] Read more.
Green technology innovation (GTI) is pivotal for driving energy transition and low-carbon development in manufacturing. This study evaluates the spatiotemporal efficiency and predicts trends of GTI in China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB, 2010–2022) using a combined “input-desirable output-undesirable output” framework. Combining the SBM and super-efficiency SBM models, we evaluate regional GTI efficiency (2010–2022) and reveal its spatiotemporal patterns. An improved GM(1,N|λ,γ) model with a new information adjustment parameter (λ) and nonlinear parameter (γ) is applied for prediction. Key findings include: (1) The GTI efficiency remains generally low during the study period (provincial average: 0.7049–1.4526), showing an “east-high, west-low” spatial heterogeneity. Temporally, provincial efficiency peaked in 2016, with intensified fluctuations around 2020 due to policy iterations and external shocks. (2) Regional efficiency displays a stepwise decline pattern from downstream to middle-upstream areas. Middle-upstream regions face efficiency constraints from insufficient inputs and undesirable output redundancy, yet exhibit significant optimization potential. (3) Parameter analysis highlights that downstream provinces (γ ≈ 1) exhibit mature green adoption, while mid-upstream regions (e.g., Hubei) face severe technological lock-in and reliance on traditional energy. Additionally, middle and downstream provinces (e.g., Sichuan, Anhui) with low λ values show rapid policy responsiveness, but face efficiency volatility from frequent shifts. (4) The improved GM(1,N|λ,γ) model shows markedly enhanced prediction accuracy compared to traditional grey models, effectively addressing the “poor-information, grey-characteristic” data trend extraction challenges in GTI research. Based on these findings, targeted policy recommendations are proposed to advance GTI development. Full article
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17 pages, 2200 KiB  
Article
Phosphogypsum Processing into Innovative Products of High Added Value
by Daniil I. Monastyrsky, Marina A. Kulikova, Marina A. Egorova, Nina P. Shabelskaya, Oleg A. Medennikov, Asatullo M. Radzhabov, Yuliya A. Gaidukova and Vera A. Baranova
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6228; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136228 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 232
Abstract
The paper presents a comprehensive study of the processing possibilities for phosphogypsum, a large-tonnage chemical industry waste, into highly sought-after products, such as ultraviolet pigments, and alkalizing reagents for the preparation of organomineral fertilizers. The materials obtained were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), [...] Read more.
The paper presents a comprehensive study of the processing possibilities for phosphogypsum, a large-tonnage chemical industry waste, into highly sought-after products, such as ultraviolet pigments, and alkalizing reagents for the preparation of organomineral fertilizers. The materials obtained were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was found that the phosphogypsum thermal treatment process in the presence of a reducing agent (charcoal, sunflower husk) allowed us to obtain new products with a high added value. For the first time, the possibility of obtaining various products by varying process conditions was established. The process of thermal reduction of phosphogypsum in the presence of charcoal at temperatures of 800–900 °C and an isothermal holding time of 60 min resulted in us obtaining samples capable of glowing when irradiated with ultraviolet light. This effect is due to the formation of a composite material based on calcium sulfide and calcium sulfate in the system. The process of the regenerative heat treatment of phosphogypsum at temperatures of 1000–1200 °C resulted in us obtaining a composite material consisting of calcium oxide and sulfate, which can be used for fractionating liquid waste from livestock farming and to obtain organomineral fertilizer. The technological methods developed allow the usage of chemical industrial waste and agricultural waste in secondary processing to produce highly innovative products that will contribute to the achievement of the sustainable development goals, in particular, “Ensuring rational consumption and production patterns”. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Sustainable Resource Recovery and Recycling Technologies)
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17 pages, 2881 KiB  
Article
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment and Sustainable Retrofit of Masonry Factories: A Case Study of Industrial Archeology in Naples
by Giovanna Longobardi and Antonio Formisano
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6227; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136227 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 215
Abstract
Masonry industrial buildings, common in the 19th and 20th centuries, represent a significant architectural typology. These structures are crucial to the study of industrial archeology, which focuses on preserving and revitalizing historical industrial heritage. Often left neglected and deteriorating, they hold great potential [...] Read more.
Masonry industrial buildings, common in the 19th and 20th centuries, represent a significant architectural typology. These structures are crucial to the study of industrial archeology, which focuses on preserving and revitalizing historical industrial heritage. Often left neglected and deteriorating, they hold great potential for adaptive reuse, transforming into vibrant cultural, commercial, or residential spaces through well-planned restoration and consolidation efforts. This paper explores a case study of such industrial architecture: a decommissioned factory near Naples. The complex consists of multiple structures with vertical supports made of yellow tuff stone and roofs framed by wooden trusses. To improve the building’s seismic resilience, a comprehensive analysis was conducted, encompassing its historical, geometric, and structural characteristics. Using advanced computer software, the factory was modelled with a macro-element approach, allowing for a detailed assessment of its seismic vulnerability. This approach facilitated both a global analysis of the building’s overall behaviour and the identification of potential local collapse mechanisms. Non-linear analyses revealed a critical lack of seismic safety, particularly in the Y direction, with significant out-of-plane collapse risk due to weak connections among walls. Based on these findings, a restoration and consolidation plan was developed to enhance the structural integrity of the building and to ensure its long-term safety and functionality. This plan incorporated metal tie rods, masonry strengthening through injections, and roof reconstruction. The proposed interventions not only address immediate seismic risks but also contribute to the broader goal of preserving this industrial architectural heritage. This study introduces a novel multidisciplinary methodology—integrating seismic analysis, traditional retrofit techniques, and sustainable reuse—specifically tailored to the rarely addressed typology of masonry industrial structures. By transforming the factory into a functional urban space, the project presents a replicable model for preserving industrial heritage within contemporary cityscapes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Resilience and Green Building Construction for Environmental Sustainability)
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21 pages, 2629 KiB  
Article
SDG 6 in Practice: Demonstrating a Scalable Nature-Based Wastewater Treatment System for Pakistan’s Textile Industry
by Kamran Siddique, Aansa Rukya Saleem, Muhammad Arslan and Muhammad Afzal
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6226; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136226 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 309
Abstract
Industrial wastewater management remains a critical barrier to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) in many developing countries, where regulatory frameworks exist but affordable and scalable treatment solutions are lacking. In Pakistan, the textile sector is a leading polluter, with untreated effluents [...] Read more.
Industrial wastewater management remains a critical barrier to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) in many developing countries, where regulatory frameworks exist but affordable and scalable treatment solutions are lacking. In Pakistan, the textile sector is a leading polluter, with untreated effluents routinely discharged into rivers and agricultural lands despite stringent National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). This study presents a pilot-scale case from Faisalabad’s Khurrianwala industrial zone, where a decentralized, nature-based bioreactor was piloted to bridge the gap between policy and practice. The system integrates four treatment stages—anaerobic digestion (AD), floating treatment wetland (FTW), constructed wetland (CW), and sand filtration (SF)—and was further intensified via nutrient amendment, aeration, and bioaugmentation with three locally isolated bacterial strains (Acinetobacter junii NT-15, Pseudomonas indoloxydans NT-38, and Rhodococcus sp. NT-39). The fully intensified configuration achieved substantial reductions in total dissolved solids (TDS) (46%), total suspended solids (TSS) (51%), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (91%), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (94%), nutrients, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) (86%), sulfate (26%), and chloride (41%). It also removed 95% iron (Fe), 87% cadmium (Cd), 57% lead (Pb), and 50% copper (Cu) from the effluent. The bacterial inoculants persist in the system and colonize the plant roots, contributing to stable bioremediation. The treated effluent met the national environmental quality standards (NEQS) discharge limits, confirming the system’s regulatory and ecological viability. This case study demonstrates how nature-based systems, when scientifically intensified, can deliver high-performance wastewater treatment in industrial zones with limited infrastructure—offering a replicable model for sustainable, SDG-aligned pollution control in the Global South. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress and Challenges in Realizing SDG-6 in Developing Countries)
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20 pages, 300 KiB  
Review
Mapping Constructivist Active Learning for STEM: Toward Sustainable Education
by Rania Bou Saad, Ariadna Llorens Garcia and Jose M. Cabre Garcia
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6225; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136225 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 425
Abstract
As STEM education evolves, educators face growing challenges in selecting and adapting active learning strategies that are pedagogically sound, scalable, and aligned with sustainability goals. This study identifies and analyzes thirteen active (X-BLs) methods using a quantitative and qualitative, multi-criteria framework based on [...] Read more.
As STEM education evolves, educators face growing challenges in selecting and adapting active learning strategies that are pedagogically sound, scalable, and aligned with sustainability goals. This study identifies and analyzes thirteen active (X-BLs) methods using a quantitative and qualitative, multi-criteria framework based on historical originality, conceptual distinctiveness, and compatibility with STEM education. The resulting classification—organized into the categories of originality, innovation, collaboration, and technology—provides a dynamic lens for understanding the development and context of active learning approaches. Beyond its theoretical contribution, the framework offers practical guidance for curriculum designers, school leaders, and policy makers seeking to implement context-sensitive, future-oriented STEM education. By clarifying which methods are foundational and which are more adaptive or emergent, the findings can support strategic decision making, promote pedagogical innovation, and contribute to building more sustainable and interdisciplinary learning environments. This work also sets the stage for further exploration of culturally and regionally grounded pedagogical approaches that address real-world challenges. Full article
15 pages, 3677 KiB  
Article
Spatial–Temporal Restructuring of Regional Landscape Patterns and Associated Carbon Effects: Evidence from Xiong’an New Area
by Yi-Hang Gao, Bo Han, Hong-Wei Liu, Yao-Nan Bai and Zhuang Li
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6224; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136224 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 235
Abstract
China’s accelerated urbanization has instigated construction land expansion and ecological land attrition, aggravating the carbon emission disequilibrium. Notably, the “land carbon emission elasticity coefficient” in urban agglomerations far exceeds international benchmarks, underscoring the contradiction between spatial expansion and low-carbon goals. Existing research predominantly [...] Read more.
China’s accelerated urbanization has instigated construction land expansion and ecological land attrition, aggravating the carbon emission disequilibrium. Notably, the “land carbon emission elasticity coefficient” in urban agglomerations far exceeds international benchmarks, underscoring the contradiction between spatial expansion and low-carbon goals. Existing research predominantly centers on single-spatial-type or static-model analyses, lacking cross-scale mechanism exploration, policy heterogeneity consideration, and differentiated carbon metabolism assessment across functional spaces. This study takes Xiong’an New Area as a case, delineating the spatiotemporal evolution of land use and carbon emissions during 2017–2023. Construction land expanded by 26.8%, propelling an 11-fold escalation in carbon emissions, while emission intensity decreased by 11.4% due to energy efficiency improvements and renewable energy adoption. Cultivated land reduction (31.8%) caused a 73.4% decline in agricultural emissions, and ecological land network restructuring (65.3% forest expansion and wetland restoration) significantly enhanced carbon sequestration. This research validates a governance paradigm prioritizing “structural optimization” over “scale expansion”—synergizing construction land intensification with ecological restoration to decelerate emission growth and strengthen carbon sink systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic The Hydrosphere in Crisis: Human Impact, Climate Change, and Pathways to Resilience, 2nd Edition)
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18 pages, 6753 KiB  
Article
Deformation Analysis of 50 m-Deep Cylindrical Retaining Shaft in Composite Strata
by Peng Tang, Xiaofeng Fan, Wenyong Chai, Yu Liang and Xiaoming Yan
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6223; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136223 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 311
Abstract
Cylindrical retaining structures are widely adopted in intercity railway tunnel engineering due to their exceptional load-bearing performance, no need for internal support, and efficient utilization of concrete compressive strength. Measured deformation data not only comprehensively reflect the influence of construction and hydrogeological conditions [...] Read more.
Cylindrical retaining structures are widely adopted in intercity railway tunnel engineering due to their exceptional load-bearing performance, no need for internal support, and efficient utilization of concrete compressive strength. Measured deformation data not only comprehensively reflect the influence of construction and hydrogeological conditions but also directly and clearly indicate the safety and stability status of structure. Therefore, based on two geometrically similar cylindrical shield tunnel shafts in Shenzhen, the surface deformation, structure deformation, and changes in groundwater outside the shafts during excavation were analyzed, and the deformation characteristics under the soil–rock composite stratum were summarized. Results indicate that the uneven distribution of surface surcharge and groundwater level are key factors causing differential deformations. The maximum horizontal deformation of the shafts wall is less than 0.05% of the current excavation depth (H), occurring primarily in two zones: from H − 20 m to H + 20 m and in the shallow 0–10 m range. Vertical deformations at the wall top are mostly within ±0.2% H. Localized groundwater leakage in joints may lead to groundwater redistribution and seepage-induced fine particle migration, exacerbating uneven deformations. Timely grouting when leakage occurs and selecting joints with superior waterproof sealing performance are essential measures to ensure effective sealing. Compared with general polygonal foundation pits, cylindrical retaining structures can achieve low environmental disturbances while possessing high structural stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development and Analysis of Tunnels and Underground Works)
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22 pages, 1200 KiB  
Article
Carbon Capture and Storage as a Decarbonisation Strategy: Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications for Sustainable Development
by Maxwell Kongkuah, Noha Alessa and Ilham Haouas
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6222; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136222 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 376
Abstract
This paper examines the impact of carbon capture and storage (CCS) deployment on national carbon intensity (CI) across 43 countries from 2010 to 2020. Using a dynamic common correlated effects (DCCE) log–log panel, we estimate the elasticity of CI with respect to sectoral [...] Read more.
This paper examines the impact of carbon capture and storage (CCS) deployment on national carbon intensity (CI) across 43 countries from 2010 to 2020. Using a dynamic common correlated effects (DCCE) log–log panel, we estimate the elasticity of CI with respect to sectoral CCS facility counts within four income-group panels and the full sample. In the high-income panel, CCS in direct air capture, cement, iron and steel, power and heat, and natural gas processing sectors produces statistically significant CI declines of 0.15%, 0.13%, 0.095%, 0.092%, and 0.087% per 1% increase in facilities, respectively (all p < 0.05). Upper-middle-income countries exhibit strong CI reductions in direct air capture (–0.22%) and cement (–0.21%) but mixed results in other sectors. Lower-middle- and low-income panels show attenuated or positive elasticities—reflecting early-stage CCS adoption and infrastructure barriers. Robustness checks confirm these patterns both before and after the 2015 Paris Agreement and between emerging and developed economy panels. Spatial analysis reveals that the United States and United Kingdom achieved 30–40% CI reductions over the decade, whereas China, India, and Indonesia realized only 10–20% declines (relative to a 2010 baseline), highlighting regional deployment gaps. Drawing on these detailed income-group insights, we propose tailored policy pathways: in high-income settings, expand tax credits and public–private infrastructure partnerships; in upper-middle-income regions, utilize blended finance and technology-transfer programs; and in lower-income contexts, establish pilot CCS hubs with international support and shared storage networks. We further recommend measures to manage CCS’s energy and water penalties, implement rigorous monitoring to mitigate leakage risks, and design risk-sharing contracts to address economic uncertainties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimising Air Quality and Health Benefits of Transport Decarbonisation)
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24 pages, 4521 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Transition to Low-Carbon Energy: A Comparative Analysis of Population, Economic Growth, and Energy Consumption in Oil-Producing OECD and BRICS Nations
by Kathleen Marshall Park, Natasya Liew, Sarthak Pattnaik, Ali Ozcan Kures and Eugene Pinsky
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6221; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136221 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 426
Abstract
Considering the United Nations Climate Change Accord and insights from the OECD Global Material Resources Outlook to 2060, this study explores the intricate interrelationships of population growth, economic expansion, energy consumption, and carbon emissions in key OECD and BRICS countries. With the global [...] Read more.
Considering the United Nations Climate Change Accord and insights from the OECD Global Material Resources Outlook to 2060, this study explores the intricate interrelationships of population growth, economic expansion, energy consumption, and carbon emissions in key OECD and BRICS countries. With the global economy heavily reliant on fossil fuels—the primary drivers of carbon emissions—we examine historic and projected energy use trends in developed and emerging economies. Through a combination of exploratory data analysis and ARIMA-based statistical forecasting, we investigate the relationships among GDP growth, energy use, and emissions, drawing distinctions between OECD and BRICS nations. Our findings reveal that, while developed economies demonstrate declining energy use, emerging markets show an upsurge in usage tied to economic growth. This research presents a compelling case for transitioning to a low-carbon future, drawing on renewable energy sources and proposing a roadmap to achieve both economic resilience and environmental sustainability. Our work serves as a call to action for policy-driven, cleaner energy investments to curb emissions and safeguard the planet. Full article
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20 pages, 383 KiB  
Article
Optimization of China’s Child-Friendly City Construction Policy from the Perspective of Policy Tools
by Hanyu Cao, Quansheng Wang and Qi Zhang
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6220; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136220 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 333
Abstract
The construction of child-friendly cities is important for social and economic development. Based on the two-dimensional analysis framework of “Policy Tools–Policy Elements”, this study uses NVIVO 15 qualitative analysis software to code and quantitatively analyze China’s current child-friendly city construction policies. This study [...] Read more.
The construction of child-friendly cities is important for social and economic development. Based on the two-dimensional analysis framework of “Policy Tools–Policy Elements”, this study uses NVIVO 15 qualitative analysis software to code and quantitatively analyze China’s current child-friendly city construction policies. This study examines the formulation strategies and operational characteristics of policy texts on building child-friendly cities in China. The research shows that there are structural imbalances in current policies on child-friendly city construction in China, with too many supply-oriented policy tools and insufficient application of environmental policy and demand-oriented policy tools. The mix of policy instruments is poorly structured, with insufficient attention to children’s rights and social policies and a lack of monitoring and evaluation of policy performance. In the future, China’s children’s urban construction policy should strengthen the balance between the design of policy structures, optimize the structure of policy tools, strengthen the design and protection of laws and policies of children’s rights, and establish a monitoring and evaluation system of policy performance. Full article
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40 pages, 13344 KiB  
Article
Geopolymers from Olive Stone Bottom Ashes for Sustainable Construction: Influence of the Molding Method
by Elena Picazo Camilo, Juan José Valenzuela Expósito, Raúl Carrillo Beltrán, Griselda Elisabeth Perea Toledo and Francisco Antonio Corpas Iglesias
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6219; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136219 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 279
Abstract
The forming methodology influences the physicochemical, mechanical, and microstructural properties. In this study, which aims to develop a geopolymeric material for potential insulation applications in buildings such as vertical walls, geopolymers were developed using industrial wastes from different industries: slate stone cutting sludge [...] Read more.
The forming methodology influences the physicochemical, mechanical, and microstructural properties. In this study, which aims to develop a geopolymeric material for potential insulation applications in buildings such as vertical walls, geopolymers were developed using industrial wastes from different industries: slate stone cutting sludge (SSCS) and chamotte (CH) were used as precursors, and olive stone bottom ash (OSBA) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) were used as alkaline activators. Two forming methods were evaluated: uniaxial pressing and casting of the material, varying the forming method and the liquid/solid ratio. The results showed that the pressed geopolymers achieved higher bulk densities (up to 2.13 g/cm3) and significantly higher compressive strength (28.04 MPa at 28 days), attributable to a higher compactness and degree of geopolymer reaction. In contrast, the casting geopolymers exhibited surface efflorescence, related to slower curing and higher porosity, which reduced their compressive strength (17.88 MPa). In addition, the pressed geopolymers showed better thermal stability and fire performance. These results demonstrate that the variation of the forming method has a direct influence on the material properties of geopolymers, and that the pressing process allows for a reduction of the alkaline activator content, thus reducing its environmental footprint. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Materials, Nature-Based Solutions and Energy-Efficient Solutions in Sustainable Buildings and Cities)
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24 pages, 605 KiB  
Article
A Triple-Bottom-Line Performance Measurement Model for the Sustainability of Post-Mining Landscapes in Indonesia
by Justan Riduan Siahaan, Gagaring Pagalung, Eymal Bahsar Demmallino, Abrar Saleng, Andi Amran Sulaiman and Nadhirah Nagu
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6218; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136218 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 262
Abstract
Indonesia’s post-mining landscapes require an integrated governance approach to achieve equitable and sustainable reclamation. This study developed and evaluated the TILANG Framework (Triple-Bottom-Line Integrated Land Governance) as a multidimensional model that aligns ecological restoration, community empowerment, and institutional accountability. Based on a meta-synthesis [...] Read more.
Indonesia’s post-mining landscapes require an integrated governance approach to achieve equitable and sustainable reclamation. This study developed and evaluated the TILANG Framework (Triple-Bottom-Line Integrated Land Governance) as a multidimensional model that aligns ecological restoration, community empowerment, and institutional accountability. Based on a meta-synthesis of 773 academic and institutional remarks coded using NVivo 12, the study identified sustainable cacao agriculture as a viable compensation mechanism that supports livelihood recovery while restoring degraded land. The framework draws on six foundational theoretical components—Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Stakeholder Theory, Legitimacy Theory, the Theory of Planned Behavior, the Triple Bottom Line, and multi-level governance—and is operationalized through six implementation principles: Trust, Inclusivity, Legitimacy, Alignment, Norms, and Governance. The findings support performance-based land reclamation by embedding behavioral readiness and institutional co-financing into sustainability strategies. This model is particularly relevant to Indonesia’s ongoing land-use transformation, where post-extractive zones are shifting toward agroecological and community-centered recovery. The study found that (1) reframing land compensation as a restorative, performance-based mechanism enables more legitimate and inclusive post-mining governance; (2) sustainable cacao agriculture represents a viable and socially accepted strategy for ecological recovery and rural livelihood revitalization; and (3) the TILANG Framework advances land-use transformation by integrating corporate responsibility, behavioral readiness, and multi-level governance into a cohesive performance model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental and Economic Sustainability in Agri-Food System)
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24 pages, 4714 KiB  
Article
The Role of Food Markets in Urban Sustainable Tourism: A Case Study from Bucharest (Romania)
by Iuliana Vijulie, Gabriel Vânău, Mihaela Preda and Ana Maria Taloș
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6217; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136217 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 416
Abstract
Urban food markets are increasingly being recognized not only as centres of cultural identity and tourism but also as pivotal spaces for promoting urban sustainability. This study explores the role of urban markets in advancing sustainable cultural tourism, using Obor Market in Bucharest [...] Read more.
Urban food markets are increasingly being recognized not only as centres of cultural identity and tourism but also as pivotal spaces for promoting urban sustainability. This study explores the role of urban markets in advancing sustainable cultural tourism, using Obor Market in Bucharest as a case study. As a historic marketplace and cultural landmark, Obor Market embodies Bucharest’s traditional commercial practices and community-oriented values. Through a mixed-methods approach, combining Geographic Information Systems (GIS) mapping and systematic surveys, we evaluate the location of markets, cultural authenticity, and visitor satisfaction. The quantitative findings reveal meaningful correlations between demographic factors (particularly nationality and age) and visitor perceptions, highlighting the market’s appeal through its authentic culinary offerings and immersive sensory experience. However, this study also identifies shortcomings in current promotional strategies employed by local stakeholders. The results suggest that urban food markets can serve as sustainable urban assets, fostering cross-cultural integration, supporting local economies, and encouraging environmentally conscious tourism behaviours. We argue for data-informed urban cultural policies that enhance the visibility, accessibility, and sustainability of such spaces, reinforcing their dual role as economic drivers and cultural touchstones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Tourism, Culture, and Heritage)
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21 pages, 5716 KiB  
Article
Urban Allotment Gardens with Turf Reduce Biodiversity and Provide Limited Regulatory Ecosystem Services
by Marta Melon, Tomasz Dzieduszyński, Beata Gawryszewska, Maciej Lasocki, Adrian Hoppa, Arkadiusz Przybysz and Piotr Sikorski
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6216; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136216 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 243
Abstract
Urban gardens, including family allotment gardens (FAGs) and community gardens (CGs), play an increasingly important role in urban resilience to climate change—particularly through the delivery of regulatory ecosystem services. They occupy as much as 2.6% of Warsaw’s land area and thus have a [...] Read more.
Urban gardens, including family allotment gardens (FAGs) and community gardens (CGs), play an increasingly important role in urban resilience to climate change—particularly through the delivery of regulatory ecosystem services. They occupy as much as 2.6% of Warsaw’s land area and thus have a tangible impact on the entire metropolitan system. These gardens are used in different ways, and each use affects the magnitude of the provided ecosystem services. This preliminary study explores how different types of allotment garden uses affect biodiversity and ecosystem services, addressing a critical knowledge gap in the classification and ecological functioning of urban gardens. We surveyed 44 plots in Warsaw, categorizing them into five vegetation use types: turf, flower, vegetable, orchard, and abandoned. For each plot, we assessed the floristic diversity, vegetation structure (leaf area index, LAI), and six regulatory services: air and soil cooling, water retention, humidity regulation, PM 2.5 retention, and nectar provision. Flower gardens had the highest species diversity (Shannon index = 1.93), while turf gardens had the lowest (1.43) but the highest proportion of native species (92%). Abandoned plots stood out due to the densest vegetation (LAI = 4.93) and ecological distinctiveness. Principal component analysis showed that the selected ecosystem services explained 25% of the variation in vegetation types. We propose a use-based classification of urban gardens and highlight abandoned plots as a functionally unique and overlooked ecological category. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)
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29 pages, 3568 KiB  
Article
Gender-Responsive Research and Innovation: Issues and Initiatives
by Sanaz Nikghadam-Hojjati, Eda Marchetti, Maria Gustavsson, Filipa Ferrada, Ana Inês Oliveira, Agneta Halvarsson Lundqvist, Anna Fogelberg Eriksson, Oliviu Matei, Jose Barata, Sepideh Kalateh, Nataša Božić, Simona Stojanova, Said Daoudagh and Laura Andreica
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6215; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136215 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 642
Abstract
The demands and preferences of men are often prioritized in societal challenges, despite women comprising half of the world’s population. Gender-Responsive Research and Innovation (GRRI) offers an approach to address this bias, promoting comprehensive and equitable solutions to better-understood real-world problems. The successful [...] Read more.
The demands and preferences of men are often prioritized in societal challenges, despite women comprising half of the world’s population. Gender-Responsive Research and Innovation (GRRI) offers an approach to address this bias, promoting comprehensive and equitable solutions to better-understood real-world problems. The successful implementation of GRRI depends on recognizing obstacles, staying informed about relevant initiatives, and using this knowledge to develop effective strategies, ultimately contributing to a fairer and more responsive society. This research, using a mixed-methods approach, identified 10 critical GRRI concerns, measures, and strategies to address them, as well as 18 noteworthy initiatives across research, industrial, and regulatory contextual fields. It also enhances the understanding of GRRI, laying the groundwork for an ontology of GRRI that can benefit policymakers, organizations, and researchers seeking more inclusive strategies and practices. Full article
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20 pages, 881 KiB  
Article
Aligning Values for Impact: A Value Mapping Tool Applied to Social Innovation for Sustainable Business Modelling
by Carla Vivas, Susana Leal, João A. M. Nascimento, Luís Cláudio Barradas and Sandra Oliveira
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6214; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136214 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 728
Abstract
As sustainability becomes increasingly central to organizational strategy, social economy organizations (SEOs) are rethinking their business models. This study employs stakeholder analysis using the value mapping (VM) tool developed by Short, Rana, Bocken, and Evans for the development of the VOLTO JÁ project. [...] Read more.
As sustainability becomes increasingly central to organizational strategy, social economy organizations (SEOs) are rethinking their business models. This study employs stakeholder analysis using the value mapping (VM) tool developed by Short, Rana, Bocken, and Evans for the development of the VOLTO JÁ project. The objective of the VOLTO JÁ project is to operationalize a senior exchange programme between SEOs. The VM approach extends beyond conventional customer value propositions to prioritize sustainability for all stakeholders and identify key drivers of sustainable business model (SBM) innovation. The multi-stakeholder methodology comprises the following elements: (1) sequential focus groups aimed at enhancing sustainable business thinking; (2) semi-structured interviews; and (3) workshop to facilitate qualitative analysis and co-create the VM. The findings are then categorized into four value dimensions: (1) value captured—improved participant well-being, enhanced reputational capital, mitigation of social asymmetries, and affordable service experiences; (2) value lost—underused community assets; (3) value destroyed—institutional and systemic barriers to innovation; and (4) new value opportunities—knowledge sharing, service diversification, and open innovation to foster collaborative networks. The study demonstrates that the application of VM in SEOs supports SBM development by generating strategic insights, enhancing resource efficiency, and fostering the delivery of socially impactful services. Full article
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22 pages, 3020 KiB  
Article
Research on the Spatiotemporal Changes and Driving Forces of Ecological Quality in Inner Mongolia Based on Long-Term Time Series
by Gang Ji, Zilong Liao, Kaixuan Li, Tiejun Liu, Yaru Feng and Zhenhua Han
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6213; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136213 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 297
Abstract
The ecological environment of Inner Mongolia constitutes a critical component of China’s ecological civilization construction. To comprehensively assess and monitor ecological quality dynamics in this region, this study employed MODIS remote sensing data products (2000–2020) and derived four key indicators, —vegetation index (NDVI), [...] Read more.
The ecological environment of Inner Mongolia constitutes a critical component of China’s ecological civilization construction. To comprehensively assess and monitor ecological quality dynamics in this region, this study employed MODIS remote sensing data products (2000–2020) and derived four key indicators, —vegetation index (NDVI), wetness index (WET), build-up and soil index (NDBSI), and land surface temperature (LST)—via the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. A Remote Sensing-based Ecological Index (RSEI) was constructed using principal component analysis (PCA) to establish an annual long-term time series, thereby eliminating subjective bias from artificial weight assignment. Integrated methodologies—including Theil–Sen Median and Mann–Kendall trend analysis, Hurst exponent, and geographical detector—were applied to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of ecological quality in Inner Mongolia and its responses to climatic and anthropogenic drivers. This study proposes a novel framework for large-scale ecological quality assessment using remote sensing. Key findings include the following: The mean RSEI value of 0.41 (2000–2020) indicates an overall improving trend in ecological quality. Areas with ecological improvement and degradation accounted for 76.06% and 23.84% of the region, respectively, exhibiting a spatial pattern of “northwestern improvement versus southeastern degradation.” Pronounced regional disparities were observed: optimal ecological conditions prevailed in the Greater Khingan Range (northeast), while the Alxa League (southwest) exhibited the poorest conditions. Northwestern improvement was primarily driven by increased precipitation, rising temperatures, and conservation policies, whereas southeastern degradation correlated with rapid urbanization and intensified socioeconomic activities. Our results demonstrate that MODIS-derived RSEI effectively enables large-scale ecological monitoring, providing a scientific basis for regional green development strategies. Full article
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21 pages, 4683 KiB  
Article
Economic and Sustainability Assessment of Floating Photovoltaic Systems in Irrigation Ponds: A Case Study from Alicante (Spain)
by María Inmaculada López-Ortiz, Joaquín Melgarejo-Moreno and José Alberto Redondo-Orts
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6212; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136212 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 399
Abstract
Environmental problems, along with the increasing energy demand and high electricity costs in the agricultural sector, justify the need to explore renewable energy sources in order to improve irrigation efficiency and sustainability. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyse the feasibility [...] Read more.
Environmental problems, along with the increasing energy demand and high electricity costs in the agricultural sector, justify the need to explore renewable energy sources in order to improve irrigation efficiency and sustainability. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyse the feasibility of installing floating photovoltaic panels in the irrigation ponds of irrigation communities (ICs) in the province of Alicante. To this end, a practical case study based on the operating data of a photovoltaic installation on an irrigation pond, which shows 31% self-consumption and a 27% reduction in energy costs, is presented. Based on these results, this type of installation has been considered for the rest of the ponds in the province of Alicante, with an estimated total investment of EUR 130 million and annual savings of EUR 23 million in energy costs. Additionally, barriers such as the initial investment and the need for public financing for large-scale implementation are identified. Finally, it is concluded that the adoption of floating photovoltaic energy represents a key opportunity to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, mitigate environmental impact, and promote the circular economy in the agricultural sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Planning: Management and Uses of Water from a Historical Perspective)
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30 pages, 3155 KiB  
Article
Optimizing UAV Spraying for Sustainable Agriculture: A Life Cycle and Efficiency Analysis in India
by Shefali Vinod Ramteke, Pritish Kumar Varadwaj and Vineet Tiwari
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6211; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136211 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 388
Abstract
Problem: Agriculture in India faces pressing challenges related to water scarcity, excessive pesticide use, and inefficient energy consumption, impacting both economic sustainability and environmental health. Methodology: This study integrates Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Intelligent Management Models (IMMs), and Multi-Criteria [...] Read more.
Problem: Agriculture in India faces pressing challenges related to water scarcity, excessive pesticide use, and inefficient energy consumption, impacting both economic sustainability and environmental health. Methodology: This study integrates Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Intelligent Management Models (IMMs), and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to assess the economic and environmental benefits of UAV-based spraying in Indian agriculture. Data were collected from UAV service providers and field trials in Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan. Results: UAV spraying achieved a 70% reduction in water use, 40% reduction in pesticide consumption, and a 50% reduction in CO2 emissions compared to conventional spraying. DEA results showed higher efficiency scores for UAVs, while IMM optimization achieved 95% pesticide coverage and reduced drift by 80%. Implications: MCDA ranked government subsidies as the most effective policy intervention. These findings support UAV spraying as a viable, scalable solution for climate-smart agriculture in India, offering both productivity and sustainability gains. Full article
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2 pages, 874 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Lee, S.; Park, J.-W. Hematite/Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanofilm for Fenton and Photocatalytic Oxidation of Methylene Blue. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2866
by Sangbin Lee and Jae-Woo Park
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6210; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136210 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 150
Abstract
The authors would like to make the following correction to the published paper [...] Full article
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1 pages, 129 KiB  
Retraction
RETRACTED: Liu et al. Research on Sustainable Form Design of NEV Vehicle Based on Particle Swarm Algorithm Optimized Support Vector Regression. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7812
by Zongming Liu, Xuhui Chen, Xinan Liang, Shiwen Huang and Yang Zhao
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6209; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136209 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 212
Abstract
The journal retracts the article titled “Research on Sustainable Form Design of NEV Vehicle Based on Particle Swarm Algorithm Optimized Support Vector Regression” [...] Full article
22 pages, 1548 KiB  
Article
Exploring Key Factors Influencing ESG Commitment: Evidence from Taiwanese Listed Companies
by Kai-Chao Yao, Cheng-Chang Lai, Wen-Jye Shyr, Da-Fang Chou and Kun-Ming Huang
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6208; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136208 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 434
Abstract
This study addresses critical Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) research gaps in Asia by developing a validated and holistic framework tailored to Taiwanese listed companies. Integrating the Resource-Based View (RBV), Institutional Theory, and Stakeholder Theory, the framework encompasses five key dimensions relevant to [...] Read more.
This study addresses critical Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) research gaps in Asia by developing a validated and holistic framework tailored to Taiwanese listed companies. Integrating the Resource-Based View (RBV), Institutional Theory, and Stakeholder Theory, the framework encompasses five key dimensions relevant to ESG commitment: Corporate Governance, Regulatory Pressure, Stakeholder Influence, Financial Performance, and ESG Implementation. This study adopts a two-round Delphi method involving 15 cross-sector ESG experts and uses a 7-point Likert scale questionnaire to validate 40 ESG sub-indicators. The research offers significant theoretical and practical contributions. Academically, it integrates multiple theoretical perspectives, providing a more comprehensive and enriched understanding of the key drivers influencing ESG commitment. It offers robust empirical validation within the specific Taiwanese context, thereby contributing to the body of knowledge in ESG research. Practically, it provides structured guidance for enhancing ESG readiness, empowering companies to implement more effective and impactful ESG strategies, and offers a practical tool for improving ESG performance. Furthermore, this framework’s adaptability positions it as a scalable model for ESG assessment and strategic alignment across Asia, providing valuable insights for policymakers and businesses seeking to advance sustainable development in the region. Full article
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27 pages, 3197 KiB  
Article
A Hybrid Energy-Saving Scheduling Method Integrating Machine Tool Intermittent State Control for Workshops
by Hong Cheng, Haixiao Liu, Shuo Zhu, Zhigang Jiang and Hua Zhang
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6207; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136207 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 223
Abstract
Production scheduling and machine tool intermittent state control separately influence a workshop’s machining and intermittent energy consumption. Effective scheduling decisions and intermittent state control are crucial for optimizing the overall energy consumption in the workshop. However, the scheduling scheme determines the machine tool [...] Read more.
Production scheduling and machine tool intermittent state control separately influence a workshop’s machining and intermittent energy consumption. Effective scheduling decisions and intermittent state control are crucial for optimizing the overall energy consumption in the workshop. However, the scheduling scheme determines the machine tool intermittent durations, which imposes strong constraints on the decision-making process for intermittent state control. This makes it difficult for intermittent state control to be used in providing feedback and optimizing scheduling decisions, significantly limiting the overall energy-saving potential of the workshop. To this end, a workshop energy-saving scheduling method is proposed integrating machine tool intermittent state control. Firstly, the variation characteristics of workshop machining energy consumption, machine tool intermittent durations, and intermittent energy consumption are analyzed, and an energy-saving optimization strategy is designed. Secondly, by incorporating variables such as intermittent durations, intermittent energy consumption, and variable operation start time, a multi-objective integrated optimization model is established. Thirdly, the energy-saving optimization strategy is integrated into chromosome encoding, and multiple crossover and mutation genetic operator strategies, along with a low-level selection strategy, are introduced to improve the NSGA-II algorithm. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified through a machining case. Results show that the generated Gantt chart reflects both production scheduling and intermittent state control decision outcomes, resulting in a 1.51% reduction in makespan, and 3.90% reduction in total energy consumption. Full article
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21 pages, 2860 KiB  
Article
A Community-Based Intervention Proposal for Municipal Solid Waste Management: Analyzing Willingness, Barriers and Spatial Strategies
by Jose Alejandro Aristizábal Cuellar, Elkin Puerto-Rojas, Sharon Naomi Correa-Galindo and Myriam Carmenza Sierra Puentes
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6206; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136206 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 643
Abstract
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management programs can help to mitigate the triple planetary crises of climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution. However, their success largely depends on the public willingness to engage in the pro-environmental separation and delivery of MSW, particularly for difficult-to-manage [...] Read more.
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management programs can help to mitigate the triple planetary crises of climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution. However, their success largely depends on the public willingness to engage in the pro-environmental separation and delivery of MSW, particularly for difficult-to-manage items such as electronics, batteries and appliances, which often contain toxic materials. Most existing research tends to focus on infrastructure improvements or behavioral interventions, with little integration of psychosocial and contextual analyses to develop evidence-based strategies for increasing community participation in the sustainable management of MSW. To address this gap, we conducted a study combining quantitative data from surveys with qualitative and geospatial data obtained through social mapping sessions and information obtained from local waste collectors in five municipalities in Norte de Santander, Colombia—a region marked by high socioeconomic vulnerability. Our study presents a novel integration of psychosocial and geospatial data to inform MSW interventions in low-resource settings. We identified that the awareness of the consequences of poor MSW management, the awareness of environmental benefits of delivery and the subjective norm predicts the willingness to separate and deliver MSW. Nonetheless, various psychosocial and contextual barriers hinder these actions. Based on these insights, we propose a low-cost, community-tailored intervention to enhance the separation and delivery of difficult-to-manage MSW and foster civic engagement in similar socio-environmental contexts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Psychology of Sustainability and Sustainable Development)
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21 pages, 3209 KiB  
Article
Towards Sustainable Health and Safety in Mining: Evaluating the Psychophysical Impact of VR-Based Training
by Aldona Urbanek, Kinga Stecuła, Krzysztof Kaźmierczak, Szymon Łagosz, Wojtek Kwoczak and Artur Dyczko
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6205; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136205 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 376
Abstract
Mining involves daily descents underground and enduring dangerous and difficult conditions. Hence, it is very important to use solutions that will reduce the risk in miners’ work and ensure the greater safety and comfort of work in accordance with the goals of sustainable [...] Read more.
Mining involves daily descents underground and enduring dangerous and difficult conditions. Hence, it is very important to use solutions that will reduce the risk in miners’ work and ensure the greater safety and comfort of work in accordance with the goals of sustainable development. One way is training using virtual reality. Virtual reality provides greater safety (safe training conditions, the possibility of making a mistake without health consequences, practicing emergency scenarios, etc.) and aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals—particularly SDG 3 (health), SDG 8 (decent work), SDG 9 (innovation), and SDG 12 (sustainable production). However, it is also a technology that has its weaknesses (occurrence of contraindications, side effects, etc.). Therefore, the use of VR-based training should be examined in terms of the well-being and health of training employees. Due to this, this article examines the occurrence of psychophysical complaints during VR training; the tolerance and adequacy of the duration of a 50 min training session in VR was assessed; and the average time needed to adapt to the virtual environment was determined. The VR training was developed as a result of a research project conducted by JSW Nowe Projekty S.A. (ul. Ignacego Paderewskiego 41, 40-282 Katowice, Poland), Główny Instytut Górnictwa—Państwowy Instytut Badawczy (plac Gwarków 1, 40-160 Katowice, Poland), JSW Szkolenie i Górnictwo Sp. z o.o. at Jastrzębska Spółka Węglowa Capital Group (ul. Górnicza 1, 44-335 Jastrzębie-Zdrój, Poland) on the development and implementation of innovative training using VR for miners. The solution was developed in the context of mining’s striving for sustainable development in the area of improving working conditions and human safety. The first method used in the study is a survey completed by participants of training courses using virtual reality. The second method is the analysis of trainer observation sheets, which contain observations from training courses. The results revealed that for over 70% of respondents, the need to carry out activities in VR was not associated with fatigue. No average score for psychophysical symptoms assessed by respondents on a scale of 1 to 6 (including disorientation, blurred vision, dizziness, confusion, etc.) exceeded 1.4. The vast majority (85.5%) did not take off the goggles before the end of the training—the training lasted 50 min. This research contributes to the discussion on sustainable industrial transformation by demonstrating that VR training not only improves worker safety and preparedness but also supports development goals through human-centered innovation in the mining sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Management)
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16 pages, 743 KiB  
Article
Effects of Non-Inversion Tillage and Cover Crops on Weed Diversity and Density in Southeastern Romania
by Mădălin Radu, Ciprian Bolohan, Costel Mihalașcu, Andrei Măruțescu, Max John Newbert and Vasileios P. Vasileiadis
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6204; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136204 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 387
Abstract
Conservation agriculture is increasingly recognized as a sustainable alternative to conventional farming in temperate regions due to its benefits in terms of reducing soil erosion, enhancing water retention, and mitigating climate change. Despite these benefits, these practices are not broadly adopted, partially due [...] Read more.
Conservation agriculture is increasingly recognized as a sustainable alternative to conventional farming in temperate regions due to its benefits in terms of reducing soil erosion, enhancing water retention, and mitigating climate change. Despite these benefits, these practices are not broadly adopted, partially due to perceived weed management challenges in conservation systems. This paper explores how a conservation system that uses cover crops and non-inversion tillage (chiselling) influences the weed flora abundance and evolution before cover crop termination and over a complete rotation cycle (sunflower–winter wheat–maize–sunflower) in southeastern Romania when compared to conventional tillage (ploughing). Overall, the conservation system significantly reduced weed density by 31%, preserving a higher diversity and evenness (H′ = 0.75, E = 0.46) by the end of the rotation cycle and an evenly distributed weed community compared to the conventional system, where the opportunistic species Veronica hederifolia exhibited dominance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management: Plant, Biodiversity and Ecosystem)
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