Topic Editors

Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal 68740-970, PA, Brazil
Dr. Sheyla Farhayldes Souza Domingues
Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal 68740-970, PA, Brazil
Prof. Dr. Júlia Angélica Gonçalves Da Silveira
Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil

Advances in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Animals

Abstract submission deadline
31 October 2025
Manuscript submission deadline
31 December 2025
Viewed by
10108

Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

Advances in infectious and parasitic diseases of animals is an evolving field dedicated to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases that affect livestock and wildlife. This area of veterinary medicine is critical for ensuring animal welfare, protecting food security, and sustaining the economic viability of livestock industries. Infectious and parasitic diseases in animals, particularly those caused by bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic pathogens, pose a significant threat to animal health and can lead to outbreaks that devastate populations. These diseases can also have profound economic consequences, reducing productivity and increasing veterinary costs. Key advances in this field include improved diagnostic techniques, such as molecular methods and rapid testing platforms, which allow for earlier detection and more accurate identification of pathogens. Vaccination strategies have also evolved, with new vaccines being developed to target emerging and resistant strains. Furthermore, antimicrobial and antiparasitic stewardship is becoming an essential component in controlling the spread of infectious diseases, with a growing emphasis on the responsible use of antibiotics and antiparasitics to prevent resistance. Understanding the epidemiology of infectious and parasitic diseases, including modes of transmission and risk factors, is central to devising effective control measures. Environmental factors, animal management practices, and genetic susceptibilities are being studied to reduce the incidence and spread of diseases. Additionally, the development of novel therapies, including alternative antimicrobial and antiparasitic agents and immune-modulating treatments, shows promise in the fight against resistant pathogens. The One Health approach, recognizing the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, is gaining momentum in tackling zoonotic diseases—those that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Continued research, collaboration, and innovation in infectious disease management are essential for maintaining animal health, ensuring food safety, and mitigating the risk of zoonotic transmission.

  • Pathogens Affecting Animal Health: Overview of Major Species; Virulence Factors and Host–Pathogen Interactions;
  • Epidemiology and Surveillance: Geographic and Temporal Trends; Risk Factors and Transmission Dynamics;
  • Diagnostic Approaches: Traditional Culture-Based Methods; Molecular and Serological Techniques; Emerging Technologies and Point-of-Care Diagnostics;
  • Disease Manifestations and Clinical Presentation: Clinical Signs and Symptoms; Subclinical Infections and Carrier States;
  • Immunization and Vaccination Strategies: Existing Vaccines and their Efficacy; Novel Vaccine Development and Antigen Selection;
  • Antibiotic and Antiparasitic Usage and Antimicrobial/Antiparasitic Resistance: Responsible Use of Antibiotics and Antiparasitic; Surveillance of Resistance Patterns;
  • Treatment Modalities: Antibiotic and Antiparasitic Therapies and Drug Selection; Alternative Therapeutic Approaches; Integrative Approaches: Combining Pharmaceuticals and Vaccines;
  • Experimental Models and Study Populations: In vitro Models; Animal Trials and Field Studies; Epidemiological Surveys;
  • Case Studies and Clinical Reports: Illustrative Cases of Animal Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; Diagnostic Challenges and Successes; Treatment Outcomes and Lessons Learned;
  • Future Directions and Innovations: Emerging Trends in Animal Disease Research; Promising Technologies and Methodologies; Recommendations for Future Studies and Policies;
  • Zoonotic Diseases: Pathogens; Risk Factors and Transmission Dynamics; Responsible Use of Antibiotics and Antiparasitic; Surveillance of Resistance Patterns; Case Studies and Clinical Reports.

Prof. Dr. Felipe M. Salvarani
Dr. Sheyla Farhayldes Souza Domingues
Prof. Dr. Júlia Angélica Gonçalves Da Silveira
Topic Editors

Keywords

  • animal health
  • pathogens
  • zoonotic
  • epidemiology
  • diagnosis
  • clinical presentation
  • immunization
  • vaccine
  • antibiotic
  • antimicrobial resistance
  • treatment

Participating Journals

Journal Name Impact Factor CiteScore Launched Year First Decision (median) APC
Agriculture
agriculture
3.3 4.9 2011 19.2 Days CHF 2600 Submit
Animals
animals
2.7 4.9 2011 16.1 Days CHF 2400 Submit
Antibiotics
antibiotics
4.3 7.3 2012 15.8 Days CHF 2900 Submit
Microorganisms
microorganisms
4.1 7.4 2013 11.7 Days CHF 2700 Submit
Poultry
poultry
- - 2022 28.8 Days CHF 1000 Submit
Pathogens
pathogens
3.3 6.4 2012 15.3 Days CHF 2200 Submit
Veterinary Sciences
vetsci
2.0 2.9 2014 21.2 Days CHF 2100 Submit
Biologics
biologics
- - 2021 21.8 Days CHF 1000 Submit

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Published Papers (16 papers)

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15 pages, 894 KiB  
Article
Improvement of Cryopreservation and Production of Attenuated Babesia Parasites to Prevent Bovine Babesiosis
by Carmen Rojas-Martínez, José J. Lira-Amaya, Massaro W. Ueti, Roberto O. Castañeda-Arriola, Julio V. Figueroa Millán and Jesús A. Álvarez Martínez
Pathogens 2025, 14(5), 498; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14050498 - 20 May 2025
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of various concentrations of PVP-40 on the in vitro cryopreservation and recovery of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina. We also assessed a reduced dose of attenuated Babesia strains to determine its efficacy in preventing clinical disease. A [...] Read more.
This study evaluated the effects of various concentrations of PVP-40 on the in vitro cryopreservation and recovery of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina. We also assessed a reduced dose of attenuated Babesia strains to determine its efficacy in preventing clinical disease. A microaerophilic stationary phase blood culture system was used to recover Babesia parasites that were cryopreserved in solutions with various PVP-40 concentrations and Babesia parasites in 20% PVP-40 were used to vaccinate naïve cattle. The animals were vaccinated intramuscularly with frozen parasites cryopreserved in 20% PVP-40, with a dose of either 1 × 108 or 1 × 107 erythrocytes infected with both attenuated B. bigemina and B. bovis produced from blood cultures. The control group received uninfected erythrocytes. During the vaccination, clinical parameters such as rectal temperature and hematocrit levels were unaffected. The animals were relocated to a farm in a Babesia hyperendemic area to test the efficacy of these live vaccines in controlling disease onset. Some vaccinated animals showed mild disease. In the vaccinated groups, parasites were detected in blood smears for only one day during the challenge. In contrast, the control group experienced fever for three consecutive days, a decline in hematocrit levels, and significant health deterioration. In this group, parasites were detected in smears for four consecutive days. All the animals in the control group required treatment to manage their high parasitemia and prevent mortality. In this study, we demonstrated that increasing the concentration of PVP-40 to cryopreserve parasites improved the recovery and proliferation of Babesia spp. in blood culture, and we also showed that when animals were vaccinated with cryopreserved, in vitro cultured, attenuated Babesia parasites in 20% PVP-40, they were effectively protected from severe clinical babesiosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Animals)
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15 pages, 504 KiB  
Article
The Risk Factors Associated with the Carriage to Critical Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli in Healthy Household Dogs: A One Health Perspective
by Carlos Alejandro Zelaya, Gabriel Arriagada, Rosario Medina, Beatriz Escobar, Fernando Sánchez, Nicolás Galarce and Lisette Lapierre
Animals 2025, 15(10), 1357; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15101357 - 8 May 2025
Viewed by 216
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Escherichia coli poses a global public health threat, yet companion animals such as dogs remain underrepresented in surveillance efforts. This study investigated risk factors associated with E. coli resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ceftazidime, and enrofloxacin in 263 healthy dogs [...] Read more.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Escherichia coli poses a global public health threat, yet companion animals such as dogs remain underrepresented in surveillance efforts. This study investigated risk factors associated with E. coli resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ceftazidime, and enrofloxacin in 263 healthy dogs from urban and rural veterinary clinics in Chile. Fecal samples were collected from dogs that had not received antibiotics in the preceding four weeks, and E. coli isolates growing on antimicrobial-impregnated selective agar were tested using VITEK2, following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. A structured questionnaire captured demographic, clinical, and environmental data, and logistic regression was used to identify significant associations. Resistance rates were 13.3% for amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 5.98% for ceftazidime, and 18.3% for enrofloxacin. Dogs purchased from pet stores had 6.04-fold higher odds of ceftazidime resistance compared to adopted dogs (95% CI: 1.88–21.32, p = 0.003). Prior hospitalization increased the risk of enrofloxacin resistance (OR = 4.24, p < 0.001), while cohabitation with healthcare workers reduced the risk of resistance to both enrofloxacin (OR = 0.17, p < 0.001) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (OR = 0.32, p = 0.008). Notably, occasional contact with free-roaming animals also exhibited a protective effect (OR = 0.32, p = 0.011). These results underscore the need for AMR surveillance in companion animals, improved antimicrobial stewardship, and the adoption of a One Health approach to effectively address AMR across species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Animals)
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15 pages, 1832 KiB  
Article
Risk Factors and Spatial Distribution of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Backyard Poultry Production Systems in Central Chile
by Bruno Cantin-Rosas, Mariela Luján Tomazic, Anabel Elisa Rodríguez, Nikita Enciso, Juliette Brante-Bernier, Patricia Honores, Catalina Godoy-Alfaro, Claudio Abarca, Raúl Alegría-Morán and Galia Ramirez-Toloza
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050448 - 7 May 2025
Viewed by 259
Abstract
Gastrointestinal parasites impact the health and productivity of domestic birds and may even be more common in production systems with lower biosafety conditions. In this context, backyard poultry production systems (BPPS), defined as small-scale family production systems, could be more affected. However, information [...] Read more.
Gastrointestinal parasites impact the health and productivity of domestic birds and may even be more common in production systems with lower biosafety conditions. In this context, backyard poultry production systems (BPPS), defined as small-scale family production systems, could be more affected. However, information about its epidemiology is limited in the Central Zone of Chile. This study aimed to determine the risk factors and spatial distribution of gastrointestinal parasites in BPPS in Central Chile. Thus, feces samples were collected from 51 backyards and analyzed using copro–parasitological techniques. In parallel, an epidemiological survey was conducted on the farmers, and the data were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression to identify risk factors. Spatial analysis was performed with the detected parasite species to determine high-risk clusters. Eimeria spp. was the most frequently detected parasite (72.5%), followed by Capillaria spp. (50.9%) and Ascaridia galli (49%). Regarding parasitic burden, nearly 90% of BPPS showed low parasitic burden for Eimeria spp. and helminths. In turn, the availability of potable drinking water (95% CI: 0.054–0.905; p = 0.036) and proper ventilation of the pens (95% CI: 0.003–0.429; p = 0.009) reduced the presence of parasites. Spatial high-risk clusters were detected for Eimeria spp. (RR = 2.60; p-value < 0.0001), A. galli (RR = 2.93; p-value = 0.021), and Trichostrongylus spp. (RR = 5.85; p-value = 0.050). Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Animals)
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13 pages, 2297 KiB  
Article
Poultry Mites Contributing to Human Dermatitis: A Retrospective Study in Italy (2010–2024)
by Iolanda Moretta, Simona Principato, Leonardo Brustenga and Mario Antonello Principato
Poultry 2025, 4(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry4020021 - 2 May 2025
Viewed by 225
Abstract
Dermanyssus gallinae, Ornithonyssus sylviarum, and Ornithonyssus bursa are ectoparasitic bird mites that affect both avian hosts and humans, causing economic losses in poultry farming and dermatological issues in humans. Due to their small size and transient feeding behaviour, mite-induced dermatitis is [...] Read more.
Dermanyssus gallinae, Ornithonyssus sylviarum, and Ornithonyssus bursa are ectoparasitic bird mites that affect both avian hosts and humans, causing economic losses in poultry farming and dermatological issues in humans. Due to their small size and transient feeding behaviour, mite-induced dermatitis is often misdiagnosed. In this study, over 4900 cases of entomodermatoses, recorded at the Urania Research Centre and the Department of Veterinary Medicine of Perugia—Parasitology Section between 2010–2024, were analysed, selecting cases linked to bird mites. Data on lesion onset, timing, infestation location, environmental factors, lesion type, and symptoms were examined. Avian Dermanyssoidea mites were responsible for about 4% of dermatological cases, with D. gallinae and O. sylviarum being the most prevalent, while O. bursa was less frequent. Species identification was also based on the morphology of the chelicerae and palps, with cases peaking in spring and summer. These mites were widely distributed across Italy, and Ornithonyssus species caused more severe skin reactions than Dermanyssus. Infestations often involved both genera. This study provides the first large-scale analysis of bird mite infestations in Italy, offering new insights into their distribution, infestation dynamics, and clinical symptoms. The findings contribute to improving diagnostic accuracy, pest control strategies, and public health interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Animals)
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9 pages, 373 KiB  
Article
Lungworm Infection in Extensively Managed Goats in Nyangatom District of South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia
by Asrat Solomon Kenasew, Ayele Anjulo Kerkela and Tolisa Matiwos Tasisa
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050419 - 28 Apr 2025
Viewed by 645
Abstract
One of the common parasitic diseases of goats is lungworm infection, which causes significant economic losses due to losses in production and productivity. A cross-sectional study was carried out from December 2023 to November 2024 to determine the lungworm infection prevalence and associated [...] Read more.
One of the common parasitic diseases of goats is lungworm infection, which causes significant economic losses due to losses in production and productivity. A cross-sectional study was carried out from December 2023 to November 2024 to determine the lungworm infection prevalence and associated risk factors in goats in the study area. Fecal examinations were conducted using the Baermann technique on the 384 goats selected by a simple random sampling technique. An overall prevalence of 33.85% was recorded, and Dictyocaulus filaria was the only lungworm identified during the study period. A statistically significant difference was observed between the prevalence of lungworms in female (45.65%) and male (23%) goats (p < 0.05). A higher prevalence (42.63%) was observed in younger goats than the prevalence (25.87%) in older goats, and the difference between the prevalence was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Regarding the body condition score, the difference was also statistically significant (p < 0.05). Non-dewormed goats were more prone to lungworm infection (41.24%) than dewormed goats (15.45%). Hence, lungworm infection is a considerable disease in the study area, and providing infrastructure for veterinary services was recommended. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Animals)
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13 pages, 3230 KiB  
Article
Toxoplasmosis in Sheep Caused by Toxoplasma gondii Clonal Type I
by Yurong Yang, Yiheng Ma, Kai Quan, Bingyan Guo and Yibao Jiang
Animals 2025, 15(8), 1074; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15081074 - 8 Apr 2025
Viewed by 286
Abstract
Ovine toxoplasmosis has a significant negative impact on sheep farming, and abortion is the main clinical manifestation. The objective of the present study was to survey ovine toxoplasmosis and assess its potential harm T. gondii in sheep. Sheep serum or heart fluid was [...] Read more.
Ovine toxoplasmosis has a significant negative impact on sheep farming, and abortion is the main clinical manifestation. The objective of the present study was to survey ovine toxoplasmosis and assess its potential harm T. gondii in sheep. Sheep serum or heart fluid was collected from 1035 sheep, along with the tissue or blood samples collected from 164 of them. We investigated ovine toxoplasmosis by a modified agglutination test (MAT) (n = 1035 sheep) and by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (n = 164 sheep) in China. The results showed that 75 sheep were seropositive (titer ≥ 1:100), with a prevalence of 7.2%, as assessed by MAT. The molecular prevalence of T. gondii in sheep was 16.4% (27/164), as assessed by PCR. From these 164 tissue or blood samples, 22 tissues and 2 blood samples were selected in order to isolate T. gondii by mouse bioassay. A viable T. gondii strain (TgSheepCHn15, ToxoDB #10) was isolated from sheep tissues in the veterinary clinic. This strain was avirulent for Swiss mice, and the survival time of mice was 97 ± 31 days. This is the first instance of the isolation of a Type I strain from sheep with avirulence in mice. The prevalence of T. gondii has been decreasing in sheep from China. However, T. gondii remains present in sheep herds and should not be ignored. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Animals)
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10 pages, 22717 KiB  
Article
Identification of the Recently Described Avian Hepatitis E Genotype 7 in an Outbreak of Hepatitis-Splenomegaly Syndrome (HSS) with High Mortality and Severe Drop in Egg Production in a Parent Stock Flock in Bangladesh
by Miguel Matos, Ivana Bilic, László Kőrösi, Rakibul Hasan, Dieter Liebhart, Nicola Palmieri and Michael Hess
Poultry 2025, 4(2), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry4020016 - 3 Apr 2025
Viewed by 281
Abstract
This study reports an outbreak of hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome (HSS) in a color broiler parent stock flock in Bangladesh, marking the first known instance of HSS associated with avian hepatitis E virus (aHEV) genotype 7 outside Europe and only the second report of HSS [...] Read more.
This study reports an outbreak of hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome (HSS) in a color broiler parent stock flock in Bangladesh, marking the first known instance of HSS associated with avian hepatitis E virus (aHEV) genotype 7 outside Europe and only the second report of HSS in South Asia. The affected flock exhibited severe clinical signs, including a high cumulative mortality, reaching 31.6% in hens, and an abrupt decrease in egg production, dropping by over 20 percent. Histopathological analysis of liver and spleen samples revealed multifocal areas of necrosis, hemorrhages, and bacterial colonies. RT-PCR confirmed the presence of aHEV and immunohistochemistry showed signals within hepatic sinusoids and peri-ellipsoidal zones in the spleen. Complete genome sequencing of RNA from liver and bile samples on the Illumina platform established a pathogenic link to aHEV genotype 7. Despite aHEV’s known association with HSS, inconsistencies in disease manifestation suggest additional cofactors influencing pathogenesis, with secondary bacterial infections potentially contributing to clinical severity in this outbreak. Overall, this case expands the geographic distribution of aHEV genotype 7 and highlights the need for further epidemiological studies to investigate genotype–pathogenicity associations, especially in regions with limited prior data on HSS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Animals)
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11 pages, 1897 KiB  
Article
Emergence of Novel Anaplasma Species in the Mediterranean Area
by Valentina Chisu, Rosanna Zobba, Giovanna Masala, Giovanna Chessa, Laura Giua, Piera Bianco, Carla Cacciotto, Emanuela Bazzoni and Alberto Alberti
Animals 2025, 15(7), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071029 - 2 Apr 2025
Viewed by 332
Abstract
The emergence of new Anaplasma strains in the Mediterranean region poses a challenge for both veterinary medicine and public health, as it can lead to more complex diagnostic and treatment strategies. Species related to Anaplasma platys and A. phagocytophilum, two important tick-borne [...] Read more.
The emergence of new Anaplasma strains in the Mediterranean region poses a challenge for both veterinary medicine and public health, as it can lead to more complex diagnostic and treatment strategies. Species related to Anaplasma platys and A. phagocytophilum, two important tick-borne pathogens, have been reported in several Mediterranean countries. However, the data on their presence in Sardinia remain limited. This study aimed to identify theAnaplasmaspecies genetically related to zoonotic agents, such as A. phagocytophilum or A. platys, in Sardinian horses, cattle, and swine. Using various molecular approaches targeting the groEL and gltA genes, the results confirm the presence of Candidatus (Ca.) Anaplasma turritanum and reveal the emergence of Candidatus (Ca.) Anaplasma cinensis and an A. phagocytophilum-like strain, designated as A. phagocytophilum-like 2, in Sardinian horses and cattle. These findings underscore the importance of ongoing surveillance in Sardinia and similar Mediterranean regions, as well as the urgent need for enhanced diagnostic tools and preventive strategies. Given the zoonotic potential of these emerging strains, these findings emphasize the need for greater vigilance in both veterinary and human health sectors to mitigate the risks associated with tick-borne Anaplasma species transmission. Ongoing research and proactive measures are essential to reduce the public health burden and prevent the spread of these pathogens across animal and human populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Animals)
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19 pages, 365 KiB  
Review
Multi-Omics Technologies Applied to Improve Tick Research
by Arlex Rodríguez-Durán, Vinícius Andrade-Silva, Muhammad Numan, Jéssica Waldman, Abid Ali, Carlos Logullo, Itabajara da Silva Vaz Junior and Luís Fernando Parizi
Microorganisms 2025, 13(4), 795; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040795 - 31 Mar 2025
Viewed by 618
Abstract
The advancement of multi-omics technologies is crucial to deepen knowledge on tick biology. These approaches, used to study diverse phenomena, are applied to experiments that aim to understand changes in gene transcription, protein function, cellular processes, and prediction of systems at global biological [...] Read more.
The advancement of multi-omics technologies is crucial to deepen knowledge on tick biology. These approaches, used to study diverse phenomena, are applied to experiments that aim to understand changes in gene transcription, protein function, cellular processes, and prediction of systems at global biological levels. This review addressed the application of omics data to investigate and elucidate tick physiological processes, such as feeding, digestion, reproduction, neuronal, endocrine systems, understanding population dynamics, transmitted pathogens, control, and identifying new vaccine targets. Furthermore, new therapeutic perspectives using tick bioactive molecules, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antitumor, were summarized. Taken together, the application of omics technologies can help to understand the protein functions and biological behavior of ticks, as well as the identification of potential new antigens influencing the development of alternative control strategies and, consequently, the tick-borne disease prevention in veterinary and public health contexts. Finally, tick population dynamics have been determined through a combination of environmental factors, host availability, and genetic adaptations, and recent advances in omics technologies have improved our understanding of their ecological resilience and resistance mechanisms. Future directions point to the integration of spatial omics and artificial intelligence to further unravel tick biology and improve control strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Animals)
13 pages, 2966 KiB  
Article
Occurrence of Vibrio spp. and Pseudomonas spp. Isolates of Nodipecten nodosus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Water from a Mariculture Farm in Angra dos Reis, Brazil
by Antônia L. dos Santos, Salvatore G. De-Simone, Guilherme S. L. Carvalho, Kayo C. B. Fernandes and Maysa B. M. Clementino
Microorganisms 2025, 13(4), 752; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040752 - 26 Mar 2025
Viewed by 307
Abstract
Bivalve mollusks face a crisis due to infectious diseases, resulting in high mortality and economic losses. The need for continuous monitoring to prevent contamination from sewage and rainwater in aquaculture is evident. The recent mass mortality of scallops in Ilha Grande Bay (IGB), [...] Read more.
Bivalve mollusks face a crisis due to infectious diseases, resulting in high mortality and economic losses. The need for continuous monitoring to prevent contamination from sewage and rainwater in aquaculture is evident. The recent mass mortality of scallops in Ilha Grande Bay (IGB), Rio de Janeiro’s largest scallop producer, due to environmental contaminants underscores the need for further research. This study aims to investigate the recent collapse of the scallop population and assess the human impact by analyzing the circulation of pathogens. Materials and Methods: Mollusks were collected from three sites in Ilha Grande Bay (IGB), a region known for its significant scallop production, and from scallop farms in Angra dos Reis, RJ. A total of 216 gill and adductor tissue samples from lion’s foot scallops were analyzed. Bacterial contamination was identified using MALDI-TOF, while antimicrobial susceptibility and carbapenem production were assessed via disk diffusion tests. Results: Mollusks were contaminated with V. alginolyticus, V. fluvialis, V. harveyi, Pseudomonas putida, and Pseudomonas monteilii. All isolates were sensitive to meropenem, but P. putida showed higher resistance to ciprofloxacin. Conclusions: The presence of these pathogenic and resistant bacteria in scallop adductor tissues is a concern for the aquaculture industry and a significant public health risk. The potential for these bacteria to enter the human food chain through consuming contaminated seafood or recreational activities such as bathing is a serious issue that needs to be addressed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Animals)
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12 pages, 240 KiB  
Article
Clinical and Clinicopathological Features of 108 Dogs Infected with Babesia gibsoni in Hong Kong
by Karen Chan, Paweł M. Bęczkowski and Angel Almendros
Animals 2025, 15(5), 645; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15050645 - 23 Feb 2025
Viewed by 703
Abstract
Babesia gibsoni is an intra-erythrocytic protozoan responsible for the most common arthropod-borne infection affecting dogs in Hong Kong. This study describes clinical findings and determines clinicopathological alterations in hematology, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, and coagulation profile of infected dogs. A retrospective analysis was conducted [...] Read more.
Babesia gibsoni is an intra-erythrocytic protozoan responsible for the most common arthropod-borne infection affecting dogs in Hong Kong. This study describes clinical findings and determines clinicopathological alterations in hematology, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, and coagulation profile of infected dogs. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 108 dogs presented to an emergency and specialty hospital in Hong Kong from 2012 to 2022. Each dog had a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnosis and a complete medical record including documented results of a complete blood count (CBC) and a serum biochemistry profile. Moderate to marked thrombocytopenia and anemia were found in the majority of cases. Regenerative anemia with varying degrees of alterations of red blood cell indices, monocytosis, eosinopenia, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, hyperglobulinemia, elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), proteinuria, and bilirubinuria were the major findings in infected dogs. The findings of this study enhance our understanding on when to consider B. gibsoni as a differential diagnosis to initiate molecular investigation and subsequent treatment specific to the infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Animals)
23 pages, 713 KiB  
Review
What to Expect from Brazil as a Nation Certified as Free from Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) Without Vaccination
by Felipe Masiero Salvarani, André de Medeiros Costa Lins, Janayna Barroso dos Santos and Fernanda Monik Silva Martins
Agriculture 2025, 15(4), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15040382 - 11 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1204
Abstract
Achieving a Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)-free status without vaccination marks a significant milestone for Brazil, a major agricultural powerhouse with extensive cattle herds and vast borders. This certification represents not only a scientific and logistical achievement but also an opportunity for enhanced market access [...] Read more.
Achieving a Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)-free status without vaccination marks a significant milestone for Brazil, a major agricultural powerhouse with extensive cattle herds and vast borders. This certification represents not only a scientific and logistical achievement but also an opportunity for enhanced market access and strengthened biosecurity. However, transitioning to this status involves challenges, including maintaining stringent monitoring and surveillance, managing porous border regions, and mitigating risks from neighboring regions with varying FMD statuses. This review explores the expectations surrounding Brazil’s new status, including the anticipated economic benefits, the influence on Brazil’s international trade position, and the role of sustainable disease management practices. We also discuss potential risks, such as accidental reintroduction and surveillance gaps, which could impact livestock health and trade dynamics. With a focus on effective biosecurity, regional cooperation, and advanced diagnostic capabilities, Brazil’s journey to maintaining FMD-free status highlights both the opportunities and complexities of disease control in a nation deeply reliant on its agricultural sector. This status demands ongoing surveillance to support Brazil’s agricultural economy and ensure the long-term health security of its livestock industries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Animals)
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14 pages, 9212 KiB  
Article
Feline Calicivirus Infection Manipulates Central Carbon Metabolism
by Guangrong Zhao, Hongwei Zhu, Xiu Xue, Chenpei Zhao, Xin Yu, Linlin Jiang, Jingxian Cong, Yang Liu, Yuanlong He, Jianlong Zhang and Xingxiao Zhang
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020138 - 7 Feb 2025
Viewed by 889
Abstract
Viruses can manipulate the host metabolism to achieve optimal replication conditions, and central carbon metabolism (CCM) pathways are often crucial in determining viral infections. Feline calicivirus (FCV), a diminutive RNA viral agent, induces upper respiratory tract infections in feline hosts, with highly pathogenic [...] Read more.
Viruses can manipulate the host metabolism to achieve optimal replication conditions, and central carbon metabolism (CCM) pathways are often crucial in determining viral infections. Feline calicivirus (FCV), a diminutive RNA viral agent, induces upper respiratory tract infections in feline hosts, with highly pathogenic strains capable of precipitating systemic infections and subsequent host cell necrosis, thereby presenting a formidable challenge to feline survival and protection. However, the relationship between FCV and host cell central carbon metabolism (CCM) remains unclear, and the precise pathogenic mechanisms of FCV are yet to be elucidated. Upon FCV infection of Crandell-Rees Feline Kidney (CRFK) cells, an enhanced cellular uptake of glucose and glutamine was observed. Metabolomics analyses disclosed pronounced alterations in the central carbon metabolism of the infected cells. FCV infection was found to augment glycolytic activity while sustaining the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux, with cellular ATP levels remaining invariant. Concurrently, both glutamine metabolism and the flux of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) were noted to be intensified. The application of various inhibitory agents targeting glycolysis, glutamine metabolism, and the PPP resulted in a significant suppression of FCV proliferation. Experiments involving glucose and glutamine deprivation demonstrated that the absence of either nutrient markedly curtailed FCV replication. Collectively, these findings suggest a critical interplay between central carbon metabolism and FCV proliferation. FCV infection stimulates CRFK cells to augment glucose and glutamine uptake, thereby supplying the necessary metabolic substrates and energy for viral replication. During the infection, glutamine emerges as the primary energy substrate, ensuring ATP production and energy homeostasis, while glucose is predominantly channeled into the pentose phosphate pathway to facilitate nucleotide synthesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Animals)
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14 pages, 2024 KiB  
Brief Report
Antibody Responses and the Vaccine Efficacy of Recombinant Glycosyltransferase and Nicastrin Against Schistosoma japonicum
by Bowen Dong, Haoran Zhong, Danlin Zhu, Luobin Wu, Jinming Wang, Hao Li and Yamei Jin
Pathogens 2025, 14(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14010070 - 14 Jan 2025
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Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease and the second most common parasitic disease after malaria. While praziquantel remains the primary treatment, concerns about drug resistance highlight the urgent need for new drugs and effective vaccines to achieve sustainable control. Previous proteomic studies from [...] Read more.
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease and the second most common parasitic disease after malaria. While praziquantel remains the primary treatment, concerns about drug resistance highlight the urgent need for new drugs and effective vaccines to achieve sustainable control. Previous proteomic studies from our group revealed that the expression of Schistosoma japonicum glycosyltransferase and nicastrin as proteins was higher in single-sex males than mated males, suggesting their critical roles in parasite reproduction and their potential as vaccine candidates. In this study, bioinformatic tools were employed to analyze the structural and functional properties of these proteins, including their signal peptide regions, transmembrane domains, tertiary structures, and protein interaction networks. Recombinant forms of glycosyltransferase and nicastrin were expressed and purified, followed by immunization experiments in BALB/c mice. Immunized mice exhibited significantly elevated specific IgG antibody levels after three immunizations compared to adjuvant and PBS controls. Furthermore, immunization with recombinant glycosyltransferase and nicastrin significantly reduced the reproductive capacity of female worms and liver egg burden, though egg hatchability and adult worm survival were unaffected. These findings demonstrate that recombinant glycosyltransferase and nicastrin are immunogenic and reduce female worm fecundity, supporting their potential as vaccine candidates against schistosomiasis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Animals)
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15 pages, 1420 KiB  
Article
Morphological and Molecular Identification of Sarcocystis arctica in Captive Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in China Helps Clarify Phylogenetic Relationships with Sarcocystis caninum and Sarcocystis felis
by Zhe Liao, Niuping Zhu, Yurong Yang, Shuangsheng Deng, Thomas Jäkel and Junjie Hu
Animals 2025, 15(2), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020180 - 10 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1110
Abstract
To date, only one case is known where protozoan parasites of the genus Sarcocystis were found to infect cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus); the cysts in the musculature were morphologically identified as S. felis. Here, we characterized sarcocysts by morphological and molecular [...] Read more.
To date, only one case is known where protozoan parasites of the genus Sarcocystis were found to infect cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus); the cysts in the musculature were morphologically identified as S. felis. Here, we characterized sarcocysts by morphological and molecular methods that were observed in cheetahs who died in zoos in China. Only one type of sarcocyst was present in two of six cheetahs. By light microscopy, the sarcocyst wall was striated, 1.4–2.1 μm thick. Ultrastructurally, the wall had irregular-shaped, small villar protrusions, resembling wall type 9c, similar to those of S. arctica, S. caninum, and S. felis. The samples shared their highest molecular identity values with those of S. arctica and S. caninum: 99.9–100% and 99.8–100% (18S rRNA), 99.5% and 99.3–99.5% (28S rRNA), 95.9–97.5% and 96.3–97.3% (ITS-1), and 99.6% and 99.2–99.7% (cox1), respectively. Compared with ITS-1 of S. felis, identities ranged between 87.5% and 88.9%. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that the newly sequenced Sarcocystis clustered with S. arctica and S. caninum, whereas S. felis (ITS-1) and S. canis (ITS-1, 18S rRNA, cox1) were sister species. Thus, we addressed the Sarcocystis species from the cheetahs as S. arctica, which is the first record of a Sarcocystis species believed to be specific for canids as intermediate hosts to infect a feline host. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Animals)
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11 pages, 3470 KiB  
Brief Report
Effect of Praziquantel on Preventing Delayed Infection of Schistosoma japonicum in Buffaloes and Goats
by Xiang Gui, Bing Shao, Haoran Zhong, Rongxue Lv, Hao Li, Ke Lu, Yang Hong, Zhiqiang Fu, Zhenjie Lu, Mengge Xu, Yamei Jin and Jinming Liu
Microorganisms 2025, 13(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13010017 - 25 Dec 2024
Viewed by 755
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma japonicum, continues to pose a major public health threat in East Asia, with an estimated 71 million people at risk of infection. Domestic animals, especially buffaloes and goats, serve as important reservoir hosts, facilitating the transmission of the [...] Read more.
Schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma japonicum, continues to pose a major public health threat in East Asia, with an estimated 71 million people at risk of infection. Domestic animals, especially buffaloes and goats, serve as important reservoir hosts, facilitating the transmission of the parasite to humans. While praziquantel (PZQ) is the first-line treatment for schistosomiasis due to its broad-spectrum efficacy against adult schistosomes, its prophylactic potential is less explored. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of PZQ in preventing S. japonicum infection in buffaloes and goats via assessing worm burden, worm size, hematological changes, and immune modulation. In the present study, buffaloes and goats were pretreated with PZQ at various doses (7–25 mg/kg body weight), followed by infection with S. japonicum cercariae. The results showed significant reductions in total worm burden and female worm burden, with one oral administration at 13 mg/kg for buffaloes and one injection at 25 mg/kg for goats offering the most robust protection. Worm length was also significantly reduced in both buffaloes and goats, indicating that PZQ not only prevented infection in this study but also inhibited worm growth. Furthermore, PZQ pretreatment modulated immune responses, as evidenced by increased levels of nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) in buffaloes and Lym% in goats. These findings suggest that PZQ has significant prophylactic potential in livestock, offering a practical solution for reducing schistosome transmission from animals to humans in endemic regions. Additionally, this study indicates that PZQ pretreatment does not contribute to resistance development, as newly established infections are effectively cleared during the initial treatment window. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Animals)
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