Risk Factors and Spatial Distribution of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Backyard Poultry Production Systems in Central Chile
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Size and Study Area
2.1.1. Sample Size
2.1.2. Study Area
2.1.3. Sampling Method
2.2. Parasitological Examination for Gastrointestinal Parasite Identification
2.2.1. Flotation Technique
2.2.2. McMaster Counting Technique
2.3. Data Management and Risk Factors and Spatial Analysis
2.3.1. Questionnaire Survey
2.3.2. Multivariable Regression Analysis
2.3.3. Spatial Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Frequency of Gastrointestinal Parasites in BPPS in Central Chile
3.2. Estimated Gastrointestinal Parasite Burden in BPPS in Central Chile
3.3. Risk Factors for Gastrointestinal Parasites in BPPS in Central Chile
3.4. Spatial Analysis for Gastrointestinal Parasitosis in BPPS in Central Chile
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Topics | Number of Questions |
---|---|
Environmental conditions and management systems in animal production | 13 |
Knowledge about coccidial disease | 8 |
Economic and financial aspects of the operation | 5 |
Characteristics of the chicken and production model | 5 |
Sanitary management and animal welfare in poultry production | 5 |
Biosecurity and cleaning protocols in animal production | 4 |
Responsibility and management of farm personnel | 4 |
Animal welfare and health monitoring | 4 |
Environmental characteristics and property access | 3 |
Basic services | 3 |
Government support | 2 |
Parasite | Frequency of Findings | Percentage (%) | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Eimeria spp. | 37 | 72.5 | 58.0–83.7 |
Heterakis gallinarum | 13 | 25.4 | 14.8–39.9 |
Ascaridia galli | 25 | 49.0 | 35.0–63.2 |
Capillaria spp. | 26 | 50.9 | 36.8–65.0 |
Trichostrongylus spp. | 13 | 25.4 | 14.8–39.9 |
Cestode-like egg | 1 | 1.96 | 0.1–11.8 |
Parasite | Intensity | ||
---|---|---|---|
Low | Medium | High | |
For coccidian (OPG *) | (<1800) | (1800–6000) | (>6000) |
Eimeria spp. | 88.3% (45/51) | 7.8% (4/51) | 3.9% (2/51) |
For nematodes (EPG +) | (<500 EPG +) | (500–2000) | (>2000) |
Heterakis gallinarum | 98.0% (50/51) | 2.0% (1/51) | 0.0% (0/51) |
Ascaridia galli | 100.0% (51/51) | 0.0% (0/51) | 0.0% (0/51) |
Capillaria spp. | 100.0% (51/51) | 0.0% (0/51) | 0.0% (0/51) |
Trichostrongylus spp. | 94.1% (48/51) | 3.9% (2/51) | 2.0% (1/51) |
Model | Variables | Category | p-Value | OR | CI 95% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Superior | |||||
Eimeria spp. | (Intercept) | 0.343 | 0.195 | 0.007 | 5.712 | |
Presence of Capillaria spp. | no | reference | ||||
yes | 0.045 * | 18.415 | 1.065 | 318.329 | ||
Access restriction | control | reference | ||||
no control | 0.097 | 15.24 | 0.61 | 381.023 | ||
Ventilation system | no | reference | ||||
yes | 0.009 * | 0.033 | 0.003 | 0.429 | ||
Trichostrongylus spp. | (Intercept) | 0.88 | 1.155 | 0.179 | 7.445 | |
Market products at fairs | sometimes | reference | ||||
frequently | 0.599 | 0.381 | 0.01 | 13.934 | ||
no | 0.026 * | 0.073 | 0.007 | 0.733 | ||
Producer applies treatments | no | reference | ||||
yes | 0.066 | 5.165 | 0.898 | 29.712 | ||
Capillaria spp. | (Intercept) | 0.347 | 2.931 | 0.312 | 27.5 | |
Presence of Eimeria spp. | no | reference | ||||
yes | 0.047 * | 9.727 | 1.029 | 91.993 | ||
Access restriction | control | reference | ||||
no control | 0.018 * | 0.026 | 0.001 | 0.542 | ||
Medicines | no | reference | ||||
yes | 0.097 | 3.21 | 0.809 | 12.741 | ||
Ascaridia galli | (Intercept) | 0.01 | 22.702 | 2.137 | 241.137 | |
Water | no potable | reference | ||||
potable | 0.036 * | 0.221 | 0.054 | 0.905 | ||
Street sale of products | frequently | reference | ||||
no | 0.021 * | 0.086 | 0.011 | 0.691 | ||
Adult person handles the birds | no | reference | ||||
yes | 0.069 | 0.18 | 0.028 | 0.988 |
Parasite Specie | Cluster nº | Coordinates | Radius (km) | Relative Risk (RR) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latitude | Longitude | |||||
Eimeria spp. | 1 | −34.177200 | −71.398790 | 41.29 | 2.60 | <0.0001 * |
Heterakis gallinarum | 1 | −33.612541 | −70.929228 | 3.48 | 4.29 | 0.269 |
2 | −34.301510 | −71.398110 | 13.81 | 5.44 | 0.828 | |
Trichostrongylus spp. | 1 | −34.158290 | −71.416580 | 37.3 | 5.85 | 0.050 |
Capillaria spp. | 1 | −33.146020 | −70.797880 | 127.21 | 1.95 | 0.940 |
Ascaridia galli | 1 | −34.362870 | −71.738540 | 10.33 | 2.93 | 0.021 * |
2 | −33.151530 | −70.888650 | 8.27 | 2.53 | 0.912 |
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Cantin-Rosas, B.; Tomazic, M.L.; Rodríguez, A.E.; Enciso, N.; Brante-Bernier, J.; Honores, P.; Godoy-Alfaro, C.; Abarca, C.; Alegría-Morán, R.; Ramirez-Toloza, G. Risk Factors and Spatial Distribution of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Backyard Poultry Production Systems in Central Chile. Vet. Sci. 2025, 12, 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050448
Cantin-Rosas B, Tomazic ML, Rodríguez AE, Enciso N, Brante-Bernier J, Honores P, Godoy-Alfaro C, Abarca C, Alegría-Morán R, Ramirez-Toloza G. Risk Factors and Spatial Distribution of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Backyard Poultry Production Systems in Central Chile. Veterinary Sciences. 2025; 12(5):448. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050448
Chicago/Turabian StyleCantin-Rosas, Bruno, Mariela Luján Tomazic, Anabel Elisa Rodríguez, Nikita Enciso, Juliette Brante-Bernier, Patricia Honores, Catalina Godoy-Alfaro, Claudio Abarca, Raúl Alegría-Morán, and Galia Ramirez-Toloza. 2025. "Risk Factors and Spatial Distribution of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Backyard Poultry Production Systems in Central Chile" Veterinary Sciences 12, no. 5: 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050448
APA StyleCantin-Rosas, B., Tomazic, M. L., Rodríguez, A. E., Enciso, N., Brante-Bernier, J., Honores, P., Godoy-Alfaro, C., Abarca, C., Alegría-Morán, R., & Ramirez-Toloza, G. (2025). Risk Factors and Spatial Distribution of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Backyard Poultry Production Systems in Central Chile. Veterinary Sciences, 12(5), 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050448