Central and Local Modulators of Reproduction and Fertility: An Update

Dear Colleagues,

Reproduction and fertility depend on the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonad (HPG) axis. The key actor in HPG axis activity is the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), a decapeptide able to induce the discharge of pituitary gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)) which in turn sustain the production of sex steroids by gonads, with successful gametogenesis as a result. In addition to intricate endocrine communication routes, also paracrine and autocrine communications along the HPG axis ensure successful gametogenesis. In this respect, the list of centrally and peripherally produced modulators of reproduction is growing and deserves attention to preserve both reproduction and fertility trough the formation of high-quality gametes. In fact, reproduction is highly sensitive to environmental factors such as diet, stress or endocrine disruptors, among others, and the possibility of epigenetic modulation of reproduction with transgenerational outcomes has recently been raised. To date, several modulators exert their activity within the hypothalamus modulating the activity of GnRH secreting neurons in response to exogenous and endogenous environmental “cues”; similarly, peripherally produced modulators directly affect gametogenesis with effects on reproduction and fertility. Despite experimental evidence, molecular and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of HPG activity remain to be fully elucidated yet, hence the need to fill this gap in order to devise clinically effective treatment strategies.

This Special issue aims at expanding the current knowledge on central and local modulators of reproduction and fertility in both physiological and pathological conditions and on their possible therapeutic exploitation. Experimental studies in in vitro and in vivo models, review articles, and clinical studies as well are all welcome for consideration.

Dr. Rosaria Meccariello
Guest Editor

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