Microbial Modulation in Human Immune and Metabolic Systems: Emerging Mechanisms and Translational Opportunities

Dear Colleagues,

Microorganisms are key regulators of human immune and metabolic homeostasis, exerting their effects through intricate molecular interactions with the host across diverse microbial niches, including the gut, oral cavity, skin, and respiratory tract. Advances in multi-omics technologies have enabled comprehensive characterization of microbial communities, demonstrating that, beyond compositional profiling, their functional roles are critical drivers of host responses. Microbial-derived metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids and bile acid derivatives, interact with host receptors and signaling pathways to regulate epithelial barrier integrity, immune tolerance, and metabolic processes. These interactions influence critical molecular mechanisms such as transcriptional regulation, cytokine production, and immune cell differentiation. Disruptions in microbial composition and function, commonly referred to as dysbiosis, have been associated with chronic inflammation and metabolic disorders. In addition to bacteria, emerging evidence highlights the roles of the virome and mycobiome in modulating host gene expression and immune signaling. This Special Issue aims to consolidate current advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying host–microbe interactions and to highlight emerging translational strategies that leverage microbial modulation to improve immune and metabolic health.

Dr. Hooi-Leng Ser
Guest Editor

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