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Energies
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Modeling, Control, Stability and Applications of Energy Storage Systems
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Modeling, Control, Stability and Applications of Energy Storage Systems

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F1: Electrical Power System".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2022) | Viewed by 13371

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Álvaro Ortega Manjavacas

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute for Research in Technology, ICAI, Comillas Pontifical University, Santa Cruz de Marcenado, 26 28015 Madrid, Spain
Interests: modeling, control and stability of energy storage systems connected to transmission and distribution systems; frequency estimation, control and stability in low-inertia systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Energy storage systems are destined to be a fundamental part of power systems in their path towards a decarbonized future. This is fairly justified by their remarkable flexibility, their gradually increasing efficiency, and their sustained cost reduction. Notwithstanding skeptical reactions in their origins, the blooming of energy storage technologies other than pumped hydroelectric storage is now undeniable. However, one must recognize the fact that such energy storage systems are still in their infancy, and an important research effort needs still to be done in the years to come.

With the above in mind, this Special Issue aims at collecting the state of the art of energy storage systems in all their aspects. We encourage papers that provide technical original ideas, reviews, real-world applications, dynamic and economic analyses, and developments of existing storage technologies.

In particular, topics of interest for publication in this Special Issue include, but are not limited to:

  • Conceptual design and proof-of-concept of novel energy storage technologies
  • Studies of new applications of energy storage systems
  • EMT and RMS modeling of storage devices and power-electronics converters
  • Aggregated modeling and operation of distributed energy storage systems and electric vehicle fleets
  • Operation and economic modeling of energy storage systems
  • Harmonic analysis and dynamic couplings of converter-interfaced energy storage systems
  • Design of novel/improvement of existing control techniques for energy storage systems
  • Small-signal, transient, frequency, voltage and/or converter-driven stability analysis of energy storage systems
  • Demonstrations of real-word energy storage systems
  • Updated, detailed reviews of techno-economic aspects of energy storage systems
  • Economic analysis and viability of energy storage systems
  • Electricity and ancillary services market participation of energy storage systems

Dr. Álvaro Ortega Manjavacas
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Ancillary services
  • Battery energy storage
  • Distributed energy resources
  • Dynamic modeling
  • Electric vehicles
  • Electrochemical energy storage
  • Elecromagnetic energy storage
  • Energy storage systems
  • Low-inertia systems
  • Mechanical energy storage
  • Power system control
  • Power system reliability
  • Renewable energy sources
  • Stability analysis
  • Thermal energy storage
  • Voltage-sourced converters

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 5056 KiB  
Article
Safety Assessment for External Short Circuit of Li-Ion Battery in ESS Application Based on Operation and Environment Factors
by Jae-Beom Jung, Min-Gyu Lim, Jin-Yong Kim, Byeong-Gill Han, ByungKi Kim and Dae-Seok Rho
Energies 2022, 15(14), 5052; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145052 - 11 Jul 2022
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5250
Abstract
In recent years, the demand for medium and large secondary batteries in EV (electric vehicle) and ESS (energy storage systems) applications has been rapidly increasing worldwide, and accordingly, the market size is increasing exponentially. However, the recent fire accidents related to secondary batteries [...] Read more.
In recent years, the demand for medium and large secondary batteries in EV (electric vehicle) and ESS (energy storage systems) applications has been rapidly increasing worldwide, and accordingly, the market size is increasing exponentially. However, the recent fire accidents related to secondary batteries for EVs and ESS are having a negative impact on the battery market. Therefore, this paper implements an accident simulation device to perform an external short-circuit test, one of the typical safety tests for NMC-series prismatic and pouch-type batteries that are widely used among battery cells used in medium and large secondary batteries. The implemented accident simulation device for the external short-circuit test is composed of short-circuit resistance, measuring device, control device, etc., and is configured to analyze external short-circuit characteristics according to various test conditions. Based on this, an external short-circuit test according to the type, short-circuit resistance and SOC (states of charge) of the lithium-ion battery was performed to confirm the current and temperature characteristics according to each condition. As a result of performing an external short-circuit test for each protection device in the battery module and preprocessing temperature, it is certain that the module fuse operates over 120 times faster than the cell fuse based on the same SOC conditions, and the quantity of electric charge in the module fuse is over 110 times smaller than of the cell fuse in the case of a short-circuit fault. It is also found that the highest and lowest preprocessing temperatures are considered to be severe conditions. Based on the proposed mechanism of an external short circuit in a Li-ion battery and the test device for the external short circuit, it is confirmed that this paper can contribute to the safety assessment of Li-ion battery-based ESS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Control, Stability and Applications of Energy Storage Systems)
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12 pages, 6003 KiB  
Article
Operation Algorithm for Protection Coordination Device in High-Voltage Customer with ESS for Demand Management
by Sung-Moon Choi, Byeong-Gill Han, Mi-Young Kim and Dae-Seok Rho
Energies 2022, 15(9), 3257; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093257 - 29 Apr 2022
Viewed by 1633
Abstract
Installations of an Energy Storage System (ESS) with various functions such as power stabilization of renewable energy, demand management, and frequency adjustment are increasing. In particular, ESS for demand management is being established for high-voltage customers (300 KVA–1000 KVA) who have placed an [...] Read more.
Installations of an Energy Storage System (ESS) with various functions such as power stabilization of renewable energy, demand management, and frequency adjustment are increasing. In particular, ESS for demand management is being established for high-voltage customers (300 KVA–1000 KVA) who have placed an Auto Section Switch (ASS) at the connection point within the distribution system. However, a power outage may occur in the Power Receiving System (PRS) when a short-circuit fault due to insulation breakdown occurs at the ESS DC side. The reason for this breakdown is that the fault current is reduced by transformer impedance, and the ASS is opened before the DC power fuse. Therefore, using the Graphic Solution Method (GSM), this paper presents an operation algorithm for protection coordination that isolates the fault section by first operating the DC power fuse with a small fault current. Furthermore, fault analysis modeling for a PRS composed of a switchgear section, a main distribution panel, a Power Conditioning System (PCS), a power fuse, and a battery is performed through PSCAD/EMTDC. From the simulation results, it is confirmed that the fault section is quickly isolated, and power outages for high-voltage customers are prevented because the DC power fuse selected by the proposed operation algorithm of protection coordination is opened before the ASS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Control, Stability and Applications of Energy Storage Systems)
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19 pages, 602 KiB  
Article
Optimal Participation of Heterogeneous, RES-Based Virtual Power Plants in Energy Markets
by Oluwaseun Oladimeji, Álvaro Ortega, Lukas Sigrist, Luis Rouco, Pedro Sánchez-Martín and Enrique Lobato
Energies 2022, 15(9), 3207; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093207 - 27 Apr 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2727
Abstract
In this work, the optimal participation of heterogeneous, Renewable Energy Source (RES)-based Virtual Power Plant (VPP) in Day-Ahead Market (DAM) and Intra-Day Market (IDM) is studied. For this purpose, a detailed model of the RES-based VPP and of the market operation is needed. [...] Read more.
In this work, the optimal participation of heterogeneous, Renewable Energy Source (RES)-based Virtual Power Plant (VPP) in Day-Ahead Market (DAM) and Intra-Day Market (IDM) is studied. For this purpose, a detailed model of the RES-based VPP and of the market operation is needed. The VPP includes both dispatchable and non-dispatchable RESs and flexible demand assets. This paper presents an improved, linear solar thermal plant model to consider its non-linear efficiency curve. A novel demand model with two flexibility levels that are associated with the different market sessions is also proposed. The market operation allows for updates of energy offers and this is used by the VPP to submit DAM auctions and to participate subsequently in IDM to correct for deviations. Finally, the optimal participation of the VPP in energy markets is assessed under different weather conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Control, Stability and Applications of Energy Storage Systems)
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25 pages, 2591 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Phasor Measurement Unit Placement Using Several Proposed Case Factors for Power Network Monitoring
by Maveeya Baba, Nursyarizal B. M. Nor, Muhammad Aman Sheikh, Abdul Momin Baba, Muhammad Irfan, Adam Glowacz, Jaroslaw Kozik and Anil Kumar
Energies 2021, 14(18), 5596; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185596 - 7 Sep 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2909
Abstract
Recent developments in electrical power systems are concerned not only with static power flow control but also with their control during dynamic processes. Smart Grids came into being when it was noticed that the traditional electrical power system structure was lacking in reliability, [...] Read more.
Recent developments in electrical power systems are concerned not only with static power flow control but also with their control during dynamic processes. Smart Grids came into being when it was noticed that the traditional electrical power system structure was lacking in reliability, power flow control, and consistency in the monitoring of phasor quantities. The Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is one of the main critical factors for Smart Grid (SG) operation. It has the ability to provide real-time synchronized measurement of phasor quantities with the help of a Global Positioning System (GPS). However, when considering the installation costs of a PMU device, it is far too expensive to equip on every busbar in all grid stations. Therefore, this paper proposes a new approach for the Optimum Placement of the PMU problem (OPP problem) to minimize the installed number of PMUs and maximize the measurement redundancy of the network. Exclusion of the unwanted nodes technique is used in the proposed approach, in which only the most desirable buses consisting of generator bus and load bus are selected, without considering Pure Transit Nodes (PTNs) in the optimum PMU placement sets. The focal point of the proposed work considers, most importantly, the case factor of the exclusion technique of PTNs from the optimum PMU locations, as prior approaches concerning almost every algorithm have taken PTNs as their optimal PMU placement sets. Furthermore, other case factors of the proposed approach, namely, PMU channel limits, radial bus, and single PMU outage, are also considered for the OPP problem. The proposed work is tested on standard Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE)-case studies from MATPOWER on the MATLAB software. To show the success of the proposed work, the outputs are compared with the existing techniques. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Control, Stability and Applications of Energy Storage Systems)
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