Children

14 pages, 1658 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hematologic Risk Factors for the Development of Retinopathy of Prematurity—A Retrospective Study

by Gabriela Ildiko Zonda, Raluca Mogos, Alina-Sînziana Melinte-Popescu, Ana-Maria Adam, Valeriu Harabor, Dragos Nemescu, Demetra Socolov, Anamaria Harabor, Marian Melinte-Popescu, Maura Adelina Hincu, Ingrid-Andrada Vasilache, Alexandru Carauleanu, Gigi Adam and Luminita Paduraru

Children 2023, 10(3), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030567 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2152

Abstract

(1) Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) can cause severe visual impairment or even blindness. We aimed to assess the hematological risk factors that are associated with different stages of ROP in a cohort of preterm newborns, and to compare the clinical characteristics and [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) can cause severe visual impairment or even blindness. We aimed to assess the hematological risk factors that are associated with different stages of ROP in a cohort of preterm newborns, and to compare the clinical characteristics and therapeutic interventions between groups. (2) Methods: This retrospective study included 149 preterm newborns from a tertiary maternity hospital in Romania between January 2018 and December 2018, who were segregated into: Group 1 (with ROP, n = 59 patients), and Group 2 (without ROP, n = 90 patients). The patients that were affected by ROP were subsequently divided into the following subgroups: Subgroup 1 (Stage 1, n = 21), Subgroup 2 (Stage 2, n = 35), and Subgroup 3 (Stage 3, n = 25). The associations were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression and sensitivity analysis. (3) Results: Platelet mass indexes (PMI) that were determined in the first, seventh, and tenth days of life were significantly associated with Stage 1 ROP. PMI determined in the first day of life was also significantly associated with Stage 2 ROP. The sensitivity and specificity of these parameters were modest, ranging from 44 to 57%, and 59 to 63%. (4) Conclusions: PMI has a modest ability to predict the development of ROP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine)

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23 pages, 438 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Efficacy and Safety of Elexacaftor-Tezacaftor-Ivacaftor in the Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis: A Systematic Review

by Nikoletta Kapouni, Maria Moustaki, Konstantinos Douros and Ioanna Loukou

Children 2023, 10(3), 554; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030554 - 15 Mar 2023

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 8974

Abstract

Elexacaftor/Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor (ELX/TEZ/IVA) is a new CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator) modulator treatment, used over the last few years, which has shown an improvement in different clinical outcomes in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The objective of this study was a systematic research [...] Read more.

Elexacaftor/Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor (ELX/TEZ/IVA) is a new CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator) modulator treatment, used over the last few years, which has shown an improvement in different clinical outcomes in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The objective of this study was a systematic research of the literature on the efficacy and safety of this CFTR modulator on patients with CF. A search of Pubmed was conducted for randomized clinical trials and observational studies published from 2012 to September 2022. The included full manuscripts comprised nine clinical trials and 16 observational studies, whose participants were aged ≥12 years or were children 6–11 years old with at least one Phe508del mutation and/or advanced lung disease (ALD). These studies reported that ELX/TEZ/IVA has a significant positive effect on the lung function of patients with CF, by ameliorating parameters such as FEV₁, LCI, pulmonary exacerbations or sweat chloride concentration, increasing BMI and improving quality of their life. Its role in cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) is not yet clear. It was found that this new CFTR modulator has an overall favorable safety profile, with mild to moderate adverse events. Further studies are needed for a deeper understanding of the impact of CFTR modulators on other CF manifestations, or the possibility of treating with ELX/TEZ/IVA CF patients with rare CFTR mutations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine)

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14 pages, 1219 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Genetic Testing in Children with Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies: A Review of Advances in Epilepsy Genomics

by Yu-Tzu Chang, Syuan-Yu Hong, Wei-De Lin, Chien-Heng Lin, Sheng-Shing Lin, Fuu-Jen Tsai and I-Ching Chou

Children 2023, 10(3), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030556 - 15 Mar 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5493

Abstract

Advances in disease-related gene discovery have led to tremendous innovations in the field of epilepsy genetics. Identification of genetic mutations that cause epileptic encephalopathies has opened new avenues for the development of targeted therapies. Clinical testing using extensive gene panels, exomes, and genomes [...] Read more.

Advances in disease-related gene discovery have led to tremendous innovations in the field of epilepsy genetics. Identification of genetic mutations that cause epileptic encephalopathies has opened new avenues for the development of targeted therapies. Clinical testing using extensive gene panels, exomes, and genomes is currently accessible and has resulted in higher rates of diagnosis and better comprehension of the disease mechanisms underlying the condition. Children with developmental disabilities have a higher risk of developing epilepsy. As our understanding of the mechanisms underlying encephalopathies and epilepsies improves, there may be greater potential to develop innovative therapies tailored to an individual’s genotype. This article provides an overview of the significant progress in epilepsy genomics in recent years, with a focus on developmental and epileptic encephalopathies in children. The aim of this review is to enhance comprehension of the clinical utilization of genetic testing in this particular patient population. The development of effective and precise therapeutic strategies for epileptic encephalopathies may be facilitated by a comprehensive understanding of their molecular pathogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diagnosis in Children with Developmental Delay)

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27 pages, 769 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Respiratory Management of the Preterm Infant: Supporting Evidence-Based Practice at the Bedside

by Milena Tana, Chiara Tirone, Claudia Aurilia, Alessandra Lio, Angela Paladini, Simona Fattore, Alice Esposito, Davide De Tomaso and Giovanni Vento

Children 2023, 10(3), 535; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030535 - 10 Mar 2023

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 14910

Abstract

Extremely preterm infants frequently require some form of respiratory assistance to facilitate the cardiopulmonary transition that occurs in the first hours of life. Current resuscitation guidelines identify as a primary determinant of overall newborn survival the establishment, immediately after birth, of adequate lung [...] Read more.

Extremely preterm infants frequently require some form of respiratory assistance to facilitate the cardiopulmonary transition that occurs in the first hours of life. Current resuscitation guidelines identify as a primary determinant of overall newborn survival the establishment, immediately after birth, of adequate lung inflation and ventilation to ensure an adequate functional residual capacity. Any respiratory support provided, however, is an important contributing factor to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The risks correlated to invasive ventilatory techniques increase inversely with gestational age. Preterm infants are born at an early stage of lung development and are more susceptible to lung injury deriving from mechanical ventilation. Any approach aiming to reduce the global burden of preterm lung disease must implement lung-protective ventilation strategies that begin from the newborn’s first breaths in the delivery room. Neonatologists today must be able to manage both invasive and noninvasive forms of respiratory assistance to treat a spectrum of lung diseases ranging from acute to chronic conditions. We searched PubMed for articles on preterm infant respiratory assistance. Our narrative review provides an evidence-based overview on the respiratory management of preterm infants, especially in the acute phase of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, starting from the delivery room and continuing in the neonatal intensive care unit, including a section regarding exogenous surfactant therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Acute and Chronic Lung Disease of the Newborn: Open Challenges and Novel Insights)

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17 pages, 939 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Diagnostic Performance of Artificial Intelligence-Based Computer-Aided Detection and Diagnosis in Pediatric Radiology: A Systematic Review

by Curtise K. C. Ng

Children 2023, 10(3), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030525 - 8 Mar 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4201

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based computer-aided detection and diagnosis (CAD) is an important research area in radiology. However, only two narrative reviews about general uses of AI in pediatric radiology and AI-based CAD in pediatric chest imaging have been published yet. The purpose of this [...] Read more.

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based computer-aided detection and diagnosis (CAD) is an important research area in radiology. However, only two narrative reviews about general uses of AI in pediatric radiology and AI-based CAD in pediatric chest imaging have been published yet. The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate the AI-based CAD applications in pediatric radiology, their diagnostic performances and methods for their performance evaluation. A literature search with the use of electronic databases was conducted on 11 January 2023. Twenty-three articles that met the selection criteria were included. This review shows that the AI-based CAD could be applied in pediatric brain, respiratory, musculoskeletal, urologic and cardiac imaging, and especially for pneumonia detection. Most of the studies (93.3%, 14/15; 77.8%, 14/18; 73.3%, 11/15; 80.0%, 8/10; 66.6%, 2/3; 84.2%, 16/19; 80.0%, 8/10) reported model performances of at least 0.83 (area under receiver operating characteristic curve), 0.84 (sensitivity), 0.80 (specificity), 0.89 (positive predictive value), 0.63 (negative predictive value), 0.87 (accuracy), and 0.82 (F1 score), respectively. However, a range of methodological weaknesses (especially a lack of model external validation) are found in the included studies. In the future, more AI-based CAD studies in pediatric radiology with robust methodology should be conducted for convincing clinical centers to adopt CAD and realizing its benefits in a wider context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Pediatric Radiology and Nuclear Medicine)

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12 pages, 1866 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing the Utility of Hemoglobin, HALP Score, FAR Ratio, and Coagulation Parameters as Predictors for Preterm Birth

by Ingrid Hrubaru, Andrei Motoc, Catalin Dumitru, Felix Bratosin, Roxana Manuela Fericean, Satish Alambaram, Ioana Mihaela Citu, Gratiana Nicoleta Chicin, Izabella Erdelean, Florin Gorun, Cosmin Citu and Zoran Laurentiu Popa

Children 2023, 10(3), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030527 - 8 Mar 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2516

Abstract

Premature birth is a worldwide health issue, posing a high mortality risk for newborns, as well as causing emotional and financial difficulties, and long-term health issues for patients. Identifying effective predictors for preterm birth is essential for prolonging gestation or improving obstetric care. [...] Read more.

Premature birth is a worldwide health issue, posing a high mortality risk for newborns, as well as causing emotional and financial difficulties, and long-term health issues for patients. Identifying effective predictors for preterm birth is essential for prolonging gestation or improving obstetric care. As invasive methods are costly, risky, and not universally available, we aim to assess the predictive capacity of various serum parameters in pregnant women during the third trimester, as a non-invasive alternative. Based on previous studies, it was hypothesized that hemoglobin, the association of hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, and platelets’ (HALP) score, and coagulation parameters such as the prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin clotting time (aPTT), D-dimers, and fibrinogen to albumin ratio (FAR) have significant prediction capabilities. With a retrospective design, a total of 161 patients with a history of preterm birth were included in the analysis, being matched 1:1 with a control group of women who gave birth at term. All laboratory samples were collected during the third trimester of pregnancy. The computed area under the curve (AUC) ranged between 0.600 and 0.700 in all six studied parameters, suggesting a fair discrimination. The highest predictive value for preterm birth was observed to be represented by the HALP score with AUC = 0.680 and the highest sensitivity (75%, p-value = 0.001). The highest specificity was achieved by the prothrombin time (69%), and the HALP score was also 69%. The FAR score had an AUC of 0.646, with a sensitivity of 68%, and specificity of 64% (p-value = 0.020). All other variables were significant estimates for the risk of preterm birth, although with lower accuracy. Pregnant women with a hemoglobin level below 12.0 g/dL had a 3.28 higher likelihood of giving birth prematurely. A prothrombin time below 12.5 s determined a 2.11 times higher risk of preterm birth. Similarly, the aPTT below 25 s was linked with 3.24 higher odds of giving birth prematurely. However, the strongest predictors were the D-dimers above 250 ng/mL (OR = 4.26), the FAR score below 0.1, with an odds ratio of 5.30, and the HALP score with a 6.09 OR for a cut-off value above 24. It is important to determine these parameters in pregnant women at risk for giving birth prematurely, but further external validation is required to confirm these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine)

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15 pages, 995 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Overshoot of the Respiratory Exchange Ratio during Recovery from Maximal Exercise Testing in Young Patients with Congenital Heart Disease

by Marco Vecchiato, Andrea Ermolao, Emanuele Zanardo, Francesca Battista, Giacomo Ruvoletto, Stefano Palermi, Giulia Quinto, Gino Degano, Andrea Gasperetti, Massimo A. Padalino, Giovanni Di Salvo and Daniel Neunhaeuserer

Children 2023, 10(3), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030521 - 7 Mar 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3210

Abstract

Introduction: The overshoot of the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) after exercise is reduced in patients with heart failure. Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the presence of this phenomenon in young patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), who generally present reduced cardiorespiratory [...] Read more.

Introduction: The overshoot of the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) after exercise is reduced in patients with heart failure. Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the presence of this phenomenon in young patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), who generally present reduced cardiorespiratory fitness. Methods: In this retrospective study, patients with CHD underwent a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) assessing the RER recovery parameters: the RER at peak exercise, the maximum RER value reached during recovery, the magnitude of the RER overshoot and the linear slope of the RER increase after the end of the exercise. Results: In total, 117 patients were included in this study. Of these, there were 24 healthy age-matched control subjects and 93 young patients with CHD (transposition of great arteries, Fontan procedure, aortic coarctation and tetralogy of Fallot). All patients presented a RER overshoot during recovery. Patients with CHD showed reduced aerobic capacity and cardiorespiratory efficiency during exercise, as well as a lower RER overshoot when compared to controls. RER magnitude was higher in the controls and patients with aortic coarctation when compared to those with transposition of great arteries, previous Fontan procedure, and tetralogy of Fallot. The RER magnitude was found to be correlated with the most relevant cardiorespiratory fitness and efficiency indices. Conclusions: The present study proposes new recovery indices for functional evaluation in patients with CHD. Thus, the RER recovery overshoots analysis should be part of routine CPET evaluation to further improve prognostic risk stratifications in patients with CHD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Congenital Heart Disease in Children)

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12 pages, 287 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Parenting Stress in Mothers of Children with Permanent Hearing Impairment

by Grazia Isabella Continisio, Domenico D’Errico, Silvia Toscano, Nelson Mauro Maldonato, Raffaella De Falco, Francesco Nunziata, Angelica Rodio, Antonio Casarella, Valeria Del Vecchio, Anna Rita Fetoni and Rita Malesci

Children 2023, 10(3), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030517 - 6 Mar 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4905

Abstract

Permanent childhood hearing impairment (PCHI) represents the most frequent sensory pathology at birth. PCHI has a relevant psychological impact on the life of both the affected children and their families. Thus, the aim of this work is to explore the degree of parental [...] Read more.

Permanent childhood hearing impairment (PCHI) represents the most frequent sensory pathology at birth. PCHI has a relevant psychological impact on the life of both the affected children and their families. Thus, the aim of this work is to explore the degree of parental distress felt by mothers of a deaf or hard-of-hearing child, to determine if this stress is associated with variables related to the children’s health (e.g., the severity of hearing loss, presence of other conditions, difficulty with treatment options, difficulty with rehabilitation) or family characteristics such as socio-economic and educational status. The study used the Parenting Stress Index–Short Form (PSI-SF) questionnaire administered to mothers. The results were analyzed in relation to variables such as parents’ education level, number of children, severity of hearing loss, presence of other chronic conditions, presence of cognitive delay, familiarity with hearing loss, time of diagnosis, use of prosthetics, and start in a rehabilitation program. The data indicate a correlation between maternal stress levels and low-educational levels, as well as the presence of congenital infections and cognitive delay. These results highlight the need for a comprehensive physical and psychological approach for hearing-impaired children, as stress factors can affect the adherence to effective rehabilitation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hearing Disorders in Children: Early Intervention, Treatment and Rehabilitation)

13 pages, 1269 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Evaluation of the Hypotensive Preterm Infant: Evidence-Based Practice at the Bedside?

by Elizabeth Murphy, David B. Healy, Roberto Chioma and Eugene M. Dempsey

Children 2023, 10(3), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030519 - 6 Mar 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5942

Abstract

Choosing the appropriate management approach for the preterm infant with low blood pressure during the transition period generally involved intervening when the blood pressure drifted below a certain threshold. It is now clear that this approach is too simplistic and does not address [...] Read more.

Choosing the appropriate management approach for the preterm infant with low blood pressure during the transition period generally involved intervening when the blood pressure drifted below a certain threshold. It is now clear that this approach is too simplistic and does not address the underlying physiology. In this chapter, we explore the many monitoring tools available for evaluation of the hypotensive preterm and assess the evidence base supporting or refuting their use. The key challenge relates to incorporating these outputs with the clinical status of the patient and choosing the appropriate management strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Acute and Chronic Lung Disease of the Newborn: Open Challenges and Novel Insights)

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20 pages, 820 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

From Metabolic Syndrome to Type 2 Diabetes in Youth

by Dario Iafusco, Roberto Franceschi, Alice Maguolo, Salvatore Guercio Nuzio, Antonino Crinò, Maurizio Delvecchio, Lorenzo Iughetti, Claudio Maffeis, Valeria Calcaterra and Melania Manco

Children 2023, 10(3), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030516 - 5 Mar 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5554

Abstract

In the frame of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes emerges along a continuum of the risk from the clustering of all its components, namely visceral obesity, high blood pressure and lipids, and impaired glucose homeostasis. Insulin resistance is the hallmark common to all [...] Read more.

In the frame of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes emerges along a continuum of the risk from the clustering of all its components, namely visceral obesity, high blood pressure and lipids, and impaired glucose homeostasis. Insulin resistance is the hallmark common to all the components and, in theory, is a reversible condition. Nevertheless, the load that this condition can exert on the β-cell function at the pubertal transition is such as to determine its rapid and irreversible deterioration leading to plain diabetes. The aim of this review is to highlight, in the context of metabolic syndrome, age-specific risk factors that lead to type 2 diabetes onset in youth; resume age specific screening and diagnostic criteria; and anticipate potential for treatment. Visceral obesity and altered lipid metabolism are robust grounds for the development of the disease. Genetic differences in susceptibility to hampered β-cell function in the setting of obesity and insulin resistance largely explain why some adolescents with obesity do develop diabetes at a young age and some others do not. Lifestyle intervention with a healthy diet and physical activity remains the pillar of the type 2 diabetes treatment in youth. As to the pharmacological management, metformin and insulin have failed to rescue β-cell function and to ensure long-lasting glycemic control in youth. A new era might start with the approval for use in pediatric age of drugs largely prescribed in adults, such as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and sodium-dependent glucose transport inhibitors, and of new weight-lowering drugs in the pipeline such as single and multiple agonists of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor. The latter drugs can have tremendous impact on the natural history of the disease. By treating diabetes, they will reduce the burden of all the metabolic abnormalities belonging to the syndrome while causing a tremendous weight loss hitherto never seen before. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-Art in Metabolic Syndrome in Childhood)

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16 pages, 508 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Genome-Wide Sequencing Modalities for Children with Unexplained Global Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disabilities—A Narrative Review

by Mary Hsin-Ju Ko and Hui-Ju Chen

Children 2023, 10(3), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030501 - 3 Mar 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3869

Abstract

Unexplained global developmental delay (GDD) and intellectual disabilities (ID) together affect nearly 2% of the pediatric population. Establishing an etiologic diagnosis is crucial for disease management, prognostic evaluation, and provision of physical and psychological support for both the patient and the family. Advancements [...] Read more.

Unexplained global developmental delay (GDD) and intellectual disabilities (ID) together affect nearly 2% of the pediatric population. Establishing an etiologic diagnosis is crucial for disease management, prognostic evaluation, and provision of physical and psychological support for both the patient and the family. Advancements in genome sequencing have allowed rapid accumulation of gene–disorder associations and have accelerated the search for an etiologic diagnosis for unexplained GDD/ID. We reviewed recent studies that utilized genome-wide analysis technologies, and we discussed their diagnostic yield, strengths, and limitations. Overall, exome sequencing (ES) and genome sequencing (GS) outperformed chromosomal microarrays and targeted panel sequencing. GS provides coverage for both ES and chromosomal microarray regions, providing the maximal diagnostic potential, and the cost of ES and reanalysis of ES-negative results is currently still lower than that of GS alone. Therefore, singleton or trio ES is the more cost-effective option for the initial investigation of individuals with GDD/ID in clinical practice compared to a staged approach or GS alone. Based on these updated evidence, we proposed an evaluation algorithm with ES as the first-tier evaluation for unexplained GDD/ID. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diagnosis in Children with Developmental Delay)

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12 pages, 308 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Literature Review-Based Cohort

by Stefania Costi, Sabino Germinario, Marco Pandolfi, Maria Rosa Pellico, Andrea Amati, Maurizio Gattinara, Cecilia Beatrice Chighizola, Roberto Caporali and Achille Marino

Children 2023, 10(3), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030502 - 3 Mar 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2719

Abstract

Background: Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) is a rare autoinflammatory bone disorder that mainly involves children and adolescents. The association with other inflammatory disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis, and arthritis, has been reported in the literature. In particular, the relationship between [...] Read more.

Background: Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) is a rare autoinflammatory bone disorder that mainly involves children and adolescents. The association with other inflammatory disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis, and arthritis, has been reported in the literature. In particular, the relationship between bone and intestinal inflammation is still poorly understood. For this purpose, our review aims to describe the cases reported in the literature concerning this association and to compare them with data from our single-center cohort of patients. Methods: We conducted a literature review of published cases of CNO associated with IBD. Eligible articles were identified through a Medline search in the PubMed database until December 2022. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients with CNO referred to G. Pini Hospital and compared them with the literature-review-based cohort. Results: Fifty-seven patients with a defined diagnosis of CNO and associated IBD were described in the literature (female 55%). The median age of onset of the disease (CNO or IBD) was 11 years. In 32/53 (60%), a diagnosis of Crohn’s disease (CD) was made, while 18 (34%) patients were classified as suffering from ulcerative colitis (UC) and 3 (6%) from undifferentiated IBD. The diagnosis of CNO preceded the diagnosis of IBD in 59% of cases; while in 24%, IBD anticipated CNO; and in 17%, the two conditions appeared simultaneously. The median time between the two events was 24 months. In our Italian cohort (n = 23 patients), no diagnosis of IBD was made. No significant differences were found when comparing clinical and demographical characteristics of the Italian vs. review-based cohort, except for a significant involvement of rachis in the Italian group. Conclusions: The correlation between autoinflammatory bone disease and intestinal inflammation should be further investigated. It is essential to promote awareness among pediatric rheumatologists and gastroenterologists about this possible association to facilitate the diagnosis and better optimize treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art and Recent Advances in Pediatric Rheumatology)

16 pages, 346 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Relations between Positive Parenting Behavior during Play and Child Language Development at Early Ages

by Magda Rivero, Rosa Vilaseca, María-José Cantero, Clara Valls-Vidal and David Leiva

Children 2023, 10(3), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030505 - 3 Mar 2023

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 9495

Abstract

Parental behavior in interactions with children has been related to child language development. Our study contributes to the literature about relations between the characteristics of parent–child interactions during play and a child’s language development in typically developing children at early ages, with data [...] Read more.

Parental behavior in interactions with children has been related to child language development. Our study contributes to the literature about relations between the characteristics of parent–child interactions during play and a child’s language development in typically developing children at early ages, with data from mothers and fathers from the same families in Spain. Our aim was to analyze the relation between positive parenting behaviors assessed with the Spanish version of the Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes (PICCOLO) and child language development assessed with the Bayley-III scales. We controlled for some sociodemographic variables. The participants were 90 children aged 15–31 months and their mothers and fathers. Bivariate analysis showed significant positive relations between mothers’ responsive, encouraging and teaching behaviors and a child’s language scores. Relations were found between fathers’ encouraging and teaching behaviors and a child’s language. Regression models indicate that maternal and paternal encouraging behaviors predicted 18% of the variability in the child’s receptive language, and maternal responsive and teaching behaviors predicted 16% of the variability in the child’s expressive language and total language scores. The study provides new data that support the relevance of positive parental behaviors to improve a child’s linguistic development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Children and Adolescents: Assessment and Intervention)

10 pages, 256 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Pediatric and School-Age Vision Screening in the United States: Rationale, Components, and Future Directions

by Christina Ambrosino, Xi Dai, Bani Antonio Aguirre and Megan E. Collins

Children 2023, 10(3), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030490 - 2 Mar 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 7224

Abstract

Pediatric vision screening detects children at risk for visual conditions with the goal of connecting those in need with an eye care provider for evaluation and treatment. The primary aim for vision screening in younger children is the detection of those at risk [...] Read more.

Pediatric vision screening detects children at risk for visual conditions with the goal of connecting those in need with an eye care provider for evaluation and treatment. The primary aim for vision screening in younger children is the detection of those at risk for amblyopia, which can result in irreversible vision loss if left untreated. In older children, screening goals broaden to include the detection of risk for uncorrected refractive error. In the United States, professional organization guidelines and state-mandated requirements for vision screening vary widely across both the timing and components of screening. In this article, we describe the goals and components of pediatric vision screenings, current challenges, novel approaches to providing follow-up services through school-based vision programs, and future directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Pediatric Ophthalmology)

13 pages, 521 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in High School Students: A Quasi Experimental Study via Smartphone during the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Regina Márcia Ferreira Silva, Lauryane Fonseca Terra, Michele da Silva Valadão Fernandes, Priscilla Rayanne E. Silva Noll, Alexandre Aparecido de Almeida and Matias Noll

Children 2023, 10(3), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030479 - 1 Mar 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4592

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether exposure to information about physical activity and its barriers can increase the level of physical activity and reduce the time exposed to sedentary behaviors in high school students involved in integrated professional and technological [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether exposure to information about physical activity and its barriers can increase the level of physical activity and reduce the time exposed to sedentary behaviors in high school students involved in integrated professional and technological education during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. This quasi experimental study was conducted with integrated education high school students, divided into two groups: Intervention Group (IG; n = 59) and Control Group (CG; n = 54). Physical activity and sedentary behavior were identified and measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire pre-and post-intervention for both groups. IG students received educational material thrice a week for four weeks. The focus of the material was the importance of physical activity and need to reduce the time exposed to sedentary behavior. The results revealed that IG students showed an average daily reduction of 47.14 min in time exposed to sedentary behaviors, while the CG students showed an increase of 31.37 min. Despite this, the intervention was not effective in improving physical activity levels in the IG and the mean reduction in the time exposed to sedentary behavior was not significant (p = 0.556). The intervention was ineffective in increasing the practice of physical activity and reducing the time exposed to sedentary behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting Physical Activity in the School Setting)

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32 pages, 1309 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Components of Perinatal Palliative Care: An Integrative Review

by Laure Dombrecht, Kenneth Chambaere, Kim Beernaert, Ellen Roets, Mona De Vilder De Keyser, Gaëlle De Smet, Kristien Roelens and Filip Cools

Children 2023, 10(3), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030482 - 1 Mar 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5654

Abstract

When a severe diagnosis is made before or after birth, perinatal palliative care (PPC) can be provided to support the infant, parents and involved healthcare providers. An integrative and systematic overview of effectiveness and working components of existing PPC programs was needed. An [...] Read more.

When a severe diagnosis is made before or after birth, perinatal palliative care (PPC) can be provided to support the infant, parents and involved healthcare providers. An integrative and systematic overview of effectiveness and working components of existing PPC programs was needed. An integrative search was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, CINAHL, PsycInfo and Web of Science. Study designs examining the effect of PPC compared to regular care, and (empirical) articles describing the components of care included in existing PPC initiatives were included. Three independent authors reviewed titles, abstracts and full texts against eligibility criteria. PRISMA guidelines were followed; 21.893 records were identified; 69 publications met inclusion criteria. Twelve publications (17.4%) discussed the effect of a PPC program. Other publications concerned the description of PPC programs, most often by means of a program description (22/69; 31.9%), guidelines (14/769; 20.3%) or case study (10/69; 14.5%). Outcome measures envisioned four main target categories: care coordination, parents and family members, care for the fetus/neonate and healthcare providers. No trials exist to date. Analysis of working components revealed components related to changes directed to the policy of the hospital wards and components involving actual care being provided within the PPC program, directed to the fetus or infant, the family, involved healthcare providers or external actors. PPC is a growing research field where evidence consists mainly of descriptive studies and guidelines. The extensive list of possible PPC components can serve as a checklist for developing future initiatives worldwide. PPC includes several important actors: the fetus/infant and their family and included healthcare providers on both maternity and neonatal wards. This leads to a large variety of possible care components. However, while some studies show proof of concept, an evidence base to determine which components are actually effective is lacking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Palliative Care for the Youngest: Hot Topics in Perinatal and Neonatal Palliative Care across the Globe)

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12 pages, 1207 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of 11 Weeks of Physical Exercise on Physical Fitness and Executive Functions in Children

by Mingyang Zhang, Hanna Garnier, Guoping Qian and Shunchang Li

Children 2023, 10(3), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030485 - 1 Mar 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4003

Abstract

Object: The aim of our study was to evaluate and compare the effects of physical exercise interventions on physical fitness and executive functions in children. Methods: Six-year-old children participated in the study and were randomly divided into physical exercise group (PE group, n [...] Read more.

Object: The aim of our study was to evaluate and compare the effects of physical exercise interventions on physical fitness and executive functions in children. Methods: Six-year-old children participated in the study and were randomly divided into physical exercise group (PE group, n = 43) and control group (C group, n = 46). The children in the PE group participated in a physical exercise program for 45 min daily, four days a week for 11 weeks. The children in the C group continued with their usual routines. Then, all the children were tested before and after the experiment for body composition (height, weight, BMI), physical fitness (20-m shuttle run test, standing long jump test, grip strength test, 4 × 10 m shuttle run test and sit and reach tests), and executive functions test (animal go/no-go task, working memory span task, simple reaction test and flexible item selection task) before and after the 11-week period. Results: The 11 weeks of physical exercise did not significantly affect the body composition of the children (p > 0.05). The physical fitness and executive functions test results showed that 11 weeks of physical exercise interventions improves physical fitness (cardiopulmonary fitness, muscle strength, speed sensitivity and flexibility quality) and executive functions parameters (inhibitory control, working memory, the reaction time, and cognitive flexibility) in children (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Conclusion: 11 weeks of physical exercise can improve the physical fitness and executive functions of six-year-old children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Orthopedics & Sports Medicine)

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17 pages, 861 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin D and Omega-3 (Fatty Acid) Supplementation in Pregnancy for the Primary Prevention of Food Allergy in Children-Literature Review

by Gavriela Feketea, Maria Kostara, Roxana Silvia Bumbacea, Emilia Vassilopoulou and Sophia Tsabouri

Children 2023, 10(3), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030468 - 27 Feb 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5490

Abstract

During the last decades the prevalence of food allergy (FA), an adverse immune response to a specific food antigen, has risen, with negative effects on the quality of life (QoL) of many children and their families. The pathogenesis of FA is complex, involving [...] Read more.

During the last decades the prevalence of food allergy (FA), an adverse immune response to a specific food antigen, has risen, with negative effects on the quality of life (QoL) of many children and their families. The pathogenesis of FA is complex, involving both genetic and environmental factors. SPINK5, STAT6, HLA and FOXP3 are some of the genes that are reported to be implicated in FA development. Regarding environmental factors, particular interest has been focused on modification of the dietary habits of pregnant women for the primary prevention of FA. Specifically, Vitamin D and omega-3 (Ω-3) fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy may influence the development of FA in the offspring. Vitamin D is a hormone with various actions, including mediation of the immune system, reducing the production of inflammatory cytokines and promoting tolerance. Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy suppresses T-regulatory cells in the fetus, and Vitamin D supplementation might protect against FA development. Dietary Ω-3 fatty acids are found mainly in fish and vegetable oils. They are beneficial for human health, playing a role in the immune system as anti-inflammatory agents, and providing cell membrane stabilization with inhibition of antigen presentation. It is documented that maternal supplementation with Ω-3 during pregnancy may protect from allergic sensitization in the children. The aim of this literature review was to explore the potential preventive role of maternal supplementation during pregnancy with Vitamin D and Ω-3 in the development of FA in the offspring. With the prevalence of FA rising, all the possible protective mechanisms and measures for FA prevention need to be explored, starting with those that can be modified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eczema and Food Allergy in Children)

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11 pages, 283 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influence of Tooth Brushing and Previous Dental Visits on Dental Caries Status among Saudi Arabian Children

by Sreekanth Kumar Mallineni, Abdullah Alassaf, Basim Almulhim and Sara Alghamdi

Children 2023, 10(3), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030471 - 27 Feb 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4161

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the dental caries status and its association with tooth brushing frequency and previous dental visits among Arabian children. Methods: Arabian school children attend a specialty pediatric dental clinic at Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia. Only children of Saudi origin with primary [...] Read more.

Objective: To evaluate the dental caries status and its association with tooth brushing frequency and previous dental visits among Arabian children. Methods: Arabian school children attend a specialty pediatric dental clinic at Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia. Only children of Saudi origin with primary dentition were included in the study, and only one examiner was involved in the assessment and data collection. The parents of children completed a questionnaire to investigate possible explanatory variables for caries status, including tooth brushing frequency and previous dental visits. Dental caries were diagnosed according to the criteria recommended by the World Health Organization (2013). The comparison performed was based on sex, age, tooth brushing frequency, and previous dental visits. The descriptive statistics were carried out using SPSS (version 21.0) with a p-value of <0.05 significance. Results: The study involved 268 Saudi children with a mean age of 4.6 ± 1.1 years. The caries prevalence was 78.8%, and the mean dmft was 5.82 ± 4.48, while the overall mean scores for decayed, missing, and filled were 3.903 ± 3.69, 1.18 ± 1.69, and 0.73 ± 1.35, respectively. The mean dmft scores for the <3 years, 3.1–6 years, and >6 years old children were found to be 1.74, 6.58, and 4.58, respectively. Among the children, the females reported higher dmf scores (7.51 ± 4.18) compared to males (4.97 ± 4.39) with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). Fifty percent of the children had tooth brushing habits of once daily, followed by never (22.4%), twice daily (15.7%), and rarely (11.2%) brushed their teeth. Statistically significant correlations were found between the children’s dental caries status, age, and dental visits, while sex and tooth brushing did not find a correlation. Conclusion: The prevalence of dental caries among Arabian preschool children was higher. Mandibular second molars were commonly affected by dental caries, while mandibular central incisors were less frequently affected. The child’s age and frequency of dental checkups were positively related to the prevalence of dental caries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers in Early Childhood Oral Health Care)

22 pages, 1707 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Neuropsychological Outcomes of Children Treated for Brain Tumors

by Alessia Pancaldi, Marisa Pugliese, Camilla Migliozzi, Johanna Blom, Monica Cellini and Lorenzo Iughetti

Children 2023, 10(3), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030472 - 27 Feb 2023

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 10699

Abstract

Central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms are the most common solid tumors diagnosed in children. CNS tumors represent the leading cause of cancer death and cancer-related morbidity for children less than 20 years of age, although there has been a moderate increase in survival [...] Read more.

Central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms are the most common solid tumors diagnosed in children. CNS tumors represent the leading cause of cancer death and cancer-related morbidity for children less than 20 years of age, although there has been a moderate increase in survival rates over the past several decades. The average survival at 5 years now nearly reaches 75%, and for some, non-malignant histology approximates 97% at 20 years from diagnosis. Neurological, cognitive, and neuropsychological deficits are the most disabling long-term effects of brain tumors in children. Childhood is a time of extreme brain sensitivity and the time of life in which most brain development occurs. Thus, the long-term toxicities that children treated for CNS tumors experience can affect multiple developmental domains and day-to-day functioning, ultimately leading to a poor quality of survival (QoS). We reviewed literature focusing on the risk factors for cognitive and neuropsychological impairment in pediatric patients treated for brain tumors with the aim of better understanding who is at major risk and what the best strategies for monitoring these patients are. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Hematology & Oncology)

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10 pages, 1067 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Working with Children with Autism Undergoing Health-Care Assessments in a Day Hospital Setting: A Perspective from the Health-Care Professionals

by Chiara Davico, Daniele Marcotulli, Elisa Succi, Carlotta Canavese, Ancuta F. Bodea, Mariacristina Pellegrino, Enrica Cuffari, Valentina F. Cudia, Barbara Svevi, Federico Amianto, Federica Ricci and Benedetto Vitiello

Children 2023, 10(3), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030476 - 27 Feb 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5612

Abstract

Background: Hospitals can be especially stressful for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) due to the communication and social skills deficits, lower capacity to adapt to disruption, and sensory hypersensitivity that are typical of these patients. Purpose: This study investigated how health-care professionals [...] Read more.

Background: Hospitals can be especially stressful for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) due to the communication and social skills deficits, lower capacity to adapt to disruption, and sensory hypersensitivity that are typical of these patients. Purpose: This study investigated how health-care professionals (HPs) experienced the clinical care and management of children with ASD undergoing medical testing in a day hospital setting, and assessed the rate of successful completion of laboratory tests and instrumental examinations. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire was administered to 45 HPs, inquiring about their experience in obtaining blood and urine tests, ECG, audiometry, and EEG from children with ASD. The clinical sample included 153 consecutively referred children with ASD (74.5% males, mean age 5.6 years) undergoing a medical diagnostic work-up as part of their diagnostic evaluation. The success rate of completing the various assessments was examined. Results: HPs identified aggressive behavior and communication deficits as the major challenges when providing care to children with ASD. The parents were seen as an important resource for managing the children. The completion rate of the laboratory tests and instrumental examinations was high (between 88.5% and 98.4% according to the specific type of examination). The lowest non-completion rate was found for the EEG (12.5%). Conclusions: Despite considerable challenges being reported by HPs in managing children with ASD, the scheduled assessments could be completed in the large majority of cases. Targeted approaches to preventing aggressive behaviors and obviating the communication barriers in children with ASD undergoing hospital exams are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Autism and Children)

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10 pages, 1227 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Maxilla-Mandibular Discrepancies through Soft-Tissue References: Reliability and Validation of the Anteroposterior Measurement

by Cinzia Maspero, Niccolò Cenzato, Francesco Inchingolo, Maria Grazia Cagetti, Gaetano Isola, Davide Sozzi, Massimo Del Fabbro and Gianluca Martino Tartaglia

Children 2023, 10(3), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030459 - 26 Feb 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2245

Abstract

This research aimed to identify a new measurement to diagnose the sagittal maxillary and mandibular difference that considers the patient’s profile (soft tissue Wits appraisal: obtained by projecting points A and B on the occlusal plane and subsequently measuring the linear distance between [...] Read more.

This research aimed to identify a new measurement to diagnose the sagittal maxillary and mandibular difference that considers the patient’s profile (soft tissue Wits appraisal: obtained by projecting points A and B on the occlusal plane and subsequently measuring the linear distance between the two points). This new measurement was compared to the conventional Wits appraisal obtained to diagnose sagittal jaw discrepancy. In total, 300 subjects (162 males, 138 females) aged between 6 and 50 years requiring orthodontic treatment were analyzed. The cephalometric tracings on the pre-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs were obtained and the two measurements taken were the Wits appraisal and a new measurement which were both calculated and compared. The analysis of the linear correlations between the conventional Wits value and the measurement obtained on the soft-tissue were undertaken. The relevance was established at 5% (p < 0.05). The mean values were also calculated within sex and age classes, and comparisons between sexes were obtained employing the t test Student’s for independent samples. Subsequently, chi-square analysis was also utilized to verify the sex distributions in the age groups considered. The results obtained suggested that these two measurements were significantly correlated with each other, with no characteristic patterns of sex or age. These data allowed an estimation of the reference values of the new measurement (−1.9 mm and 5.4 mm for patients with Class I molar relationship) showing that the former was more variable than the latter. The new measurement could allow for an accurate evaluation of the jaws sagittal discrepancy from soft tissue analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Diagnostic Tools for Dentomaxillofacial Abnormalities and Malformations among Children)

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10 pages, 1163 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Different Etching Times on Pit-and-Fissure Sealant Micro-Shear Bond Strength to the Enamel of Primary Teeth

by Johnny Kharouba, Anna Annael Gonoratsky, Tamar Brosh, Mahmoud Masri, Rabea Iraqi and Sigalit Blumer

Children 2023, 10(3), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030461 - 26 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3875

Abstract

Successful clinical use of pit-and-fissure sealants relies on the sufficient etching of the enamel, field isolation and sealant retention. The etching time changes the physical and mechanical surface properties of the etched tooth tissues; therefore, it impacts both etching depth and the bond [...] Read more.

Successful clinical use of pit-and-fissure sealants relies on the sufficient etching of the enamel, field isolation and sealant retention. The etching time changes the physical and mechanical surface properties of the etched tooth tissues; therefore, it impacts both etching depth and the bond strength of sealants to the enamel. We examined if reducing the recommended 15 s etching time of primary teeth enamel affects the micro-shear bond strength (µSBS) of pit-and-fissure sealants. The cusps of forty non-carious, extracted human primary molars were separately etched for 8, 15 or 30 s. Then, a pit-and-fissure sealant was placed and light-cured. The µSBS values were evaluated and compared among the three groups. The mean µSBS values ± standard deviations were 34.68 ± 16.93, 34.19 ± 17.35 and 36.56 ± 16.57 MPa in the cusps etched for 8, 15 and 30 s, respectively. No statistically significant differences in µSBS were observed among the three test groups. In this study, we showed for the first time that the recommended etching time of primary teeth enamel may be reduced from 15 to 8 s without compromising the µSBS of the sealant. Further evaluations in a clinical setting are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pediatric Dental Health: Prevalence, Diagnosis and Treatment)

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9 pages, 291 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Complementary Feeding Methods: Associations with Feeding and Emotional Responsiveness

by Carla Fernandes, Fátima Martins, Ana F. Santos, Marília Fernandes and Manuela Veríssimo

Children 2023, 10(3), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030464 - 26 Feb 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3526

Abstract

Learning to eat complementary foods is a crucial milestone for infants, having implications across development. The most used method for introducing complementary foods is Traditional Spoon-Feeding (TSF). However, the alternative method Baby-Led Weaning (BLW) is increasingly becoming used as it has been associated [...] Read more.

Learning to eat complementary foods is a crucial milestone for infants, having implications across development. The most used method for introducing complementary foods is Traditional Spoon-Feeding (TSF). However, the alternative method Baby-Led Weaning (BLW) is increasingly becoming used as it has been associated with positive outcomes. Research analyzing associations between complementary feeding methods and responsive parenting is practically non-existent. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze differences in emotional and feeding responsiveness between caregivers who previously implemented traditional vs. non-traditional feeding approaches. Caregivers (mostly mothers) of 179 children between 3 and 5 years were asked about the complementary feeding method that they had followed previously (70.4% reported using the TSF, 16.8% said they used the BLW and 12.8% used both methods simultaneously). In addition, they reported on their feeding practices using the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire and on their responses to children’s distress using the Coping with Children’s Negative Emotions Scale. The results showed that parents who reported using a non-traditional (BLW or both) complementary feeding method reported less pressure to eat and minimization of reactions to children’s negative emotions, compared to parents who used a traditional method (although these reported using more problem-focused reactions). The findings suggest that complementary feeding methods and responsive parenting may be linked, leaving the question of which one sets the stage for the other. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Childhood and Adolescent Obesity and Weight Management: 3rd Edition)

13 pages, 1008 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dental Treatment Characteristics of Autistic Children and Differences in Dental Procedures under General Anesthesia Relative to Healthy Counterparts

by Bayan Alghafis, Abdulaziz Alharbi, Sanaa Al-Haj Ali, Faisal Alsineedi and Ohoud Alsudairi

Children 2023, 10(3), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030466 - 26 Feb 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3782

Abstract

Here, we assess the dental treatment characteristics among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and compare the dental procedures delivered under general anesthesia (GA) with those of healthy-matched counterparts. In this retrospective cohort study, we collected data from medical records of ASD children [...] Read more.

Here, we assess the dental treatment characteristics among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and compare the dental procedures delivered under general anesthesia (GA) with those of healthy-matched counterparts. In this retrospective cohort study, we collected data from medical records of ASD children (n = 82) which included demographic profile, medical status (including the severity of the ASD and associated comorbidities), and dental history (including dental visits, behavior, care approach, and dental procedures provided). For those children who received dental GA (DGA) (n = 64), we compared all procedures delivered and the number of repeat sessions with healthy children (n = 64). Our results reveal that most ASD children (78%) received DGA, mainly with one repeat session (63.4%). The dental procedures provided to the children differed significantly according to the severity of the ASD and the behavior of the children. Furthermore, increasing severity led to significantly worse behavior of the children, increased need for DGA and repeat sessions. Comparison of the dental procedures under GA with healthy children revealed a significantly lower mean of almost all dental procedures in ASD children, except fissure-sealed teeth (p < 0.05). Considering these findings, DGA is unavoidable for ASD children with moderate-to-severe conditions or negative behavior in the dental office, even when their dental needs are lower than healthy children. The severity of ASD was the most important factor affecting the behavior of the children and the care approach they received. Along with children’s behavior, they most influenced the dental procedures delivered and the need for repeat DGA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health Behaviours and Their Predictors in Children)

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11 pages, 314 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Dexmedetomidine: An Alternative to Pain Treatment in Neonatology

by Laura Mantecón-Fernández, Sonia Lareu-Vidal, Clara González-López, Gonzalo Solís-Sánchez and Marta Suárez-Rodríguez

Children 2023, 10(3), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030454 - 25 Feb 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5069

Abstract

Infants might be exposed to pain during their admissions in the neonatal intensive care unit [NICU], both from their underlying conditions and several invasive procedures required during their stay. Considering the particularities of this population, recognition and adequate management of pain continues to [...] Read more.

Infants might be exposed to pain during their admissions in the neonatal intensive care unit [NICU], both from their underlying conditions and several invasive procedures required during their stay. Considering the particularities of this population, recognition and adequate management of pain continues to be a challenge for neonatologists and investigators. Diverse therapies are available for treatment, including non-pharmacological pain management measures and pharmacological agents (sucrose, opioids, midazolam, acetaminophen, topical agents…) and research continues. In recent years one of the most promising drugs for analgesia has been dexmedetomidine, an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist. It has shown a promising efficacy and safety profile as it produces anxiolysis, sedation and analgesia without respiratory depression. Moreover, studies have shown a neuroprotective role in animal models which could be beneficial to neonatal population, especially in preterm newborns. Side effects of this therapy are mainly cardiovascular, but in most studies published, those were not severe and did not require specific therapeutic measures for their resolution. The main objective of this article is to summarize the existing literature on neonatal pain management strategies available and review the efficacy of dexmedetomidine as a new therapy with increasing use in the NICU. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pain and Therapeutic Interventions in Children)

10 pages, 217 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Title: Caring for Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Challenge to Caregivers in Rural Areas of South Africa

by Duppy Manyuma, Mary Maluleke, Ndidzulafhi Selina Raliphaswa, Thingahangwi Cecilia Masutha, Mphedziseni Esther Rangwaneni, Takalani Eldah Thabathi and Ndivhaleni Robert Lavhelani

Children 2023, 10(3), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030440 - 24 Feb 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3624

Abstract

Background: In South Africa, children with cerebral palsy are nested within a family setting by immediate relatives, particularly in the rural areas. These immediate relatives are regarded as caregivers and are not trained with regard to providing care to children with special needs. [...] Read more.

Background: In South Africa, children with cerebral palsy are nested within a family setting by immediate relatives, particularly in the rural areas. These immediate relatives are regarded as caregivers and are not trained with regard to providing care to children with special needs. Therefore, they have to find ways to adapt to their new roles of caregiving using the available resources. The aim of this paper is to present the challenges encountered by caregivers of children with cerebral palsy in rural areas of South Africa. Methods: This qualitative, explorative, descriptive, and contextual study included 10 caregivers for children with cerebral palsy who were purposively recruited from the three respective hospitals in Vhembe District within Limpopo Province. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews and analysed using a thematic approach. Ethical considerations and measures to ensure trustworthiness were upheld throughout the study. Results: Four themes emerged from the study, namely economic problems facing caregivers; health problems encountered by caregivers; maltreatment of caregivers by community members, as well as access to transport for caregivers and children. Conclusion: Participants narrated that caring for a child with cerebral palsy is not an easy task for the caregiver, particularly in the rural areas of South Africa. They encounter various challenges as they strive to provide quality care to the children that they are caring for. An investigation is recommended concerning the kind of model which should be developed to support caregivers in caring for children with cerebral palsy in the rural areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Neurology & Neurodevelopmental Disorders)

18 pages, 317 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Food Advertisement and Dietary Choices in Adolescents: An Overview of Recent Studies

by Anastasia Tsochantaridou, Theodoros N. Sergentanis, Maria G. Grammatikopoulou, Kyriakoula Merakou, Tonia Vassilakou and Eleni Kornarou

Children 2023, 10(3), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030442 - 24 Feb 2023

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 16891

Abstract

Adolescents are exposed to food marketing through many routes, including television, movies, videos, print media, online games, and social media. The interplay between exposure to unhealthy food advertisements and food choices by adolescents is a field of special interest given the ongoing evolution [...] Read more.

Adolescents are exposed to food marketing through many routes, including television, movies, videos, print media, online games, and social media. The interplay between exposure to unhealthy food advertisements and food choices by adolescents is a field of special interest given the ongoing evolution of social media trends and marketing strategies. The purpose of this review was to synthesize the scientific findings in the last five years (2017–2022) regarding the possible influence of nutrition-related advertisements through television, social media, or video games on the choice and consumption of unhealthy foods and drinks in adolescents. Nineteen studies were included in this review. Adolescents exposed to unhealthy food and beverage advertising showed high desire and intention to consume the advertised foods, as evidenced by the majority of included studies. The effects of advertisements are reinforced by peer pressure and influencers and interact with socioeconomic, biological, and environmental factors. Food marketing represents part of the obesogenic environment of the present time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Body Image, Weight Pressure and Disordered Eating Behaviors among Children and Adolescents)

16 pages, 1971 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Relationship between Product and Process Characteristics of Handwriting Skills of Children in the Second Grade of Elementary School

by Helena Coradinho, Filipe Melo, Gabriela Almeida, Guida Veiga, José Marmeleira, Hans-Leo Teulings and Ana Rita Matias

Children 2023, 10(3), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030445 - 24 Feb 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3353

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between the quality and speed of handwriting and the process characteristics of the handwriting of children in the second grade of elementary school considered as a function of age and gender. A sample [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between the quality and speed of handwriting and the process characteristics of the handwriting of children in the second grade of elementary school considered as a function of age and gender. A sample of 57 children (mean age 7.25 years, SD 0.43) participated in the study. The Concise Assessment Method for Children’s Handwriting (BHK) was used to assess the quality and speed of handwriting. The characteristics of the process of handwriting were assessed using MovAlyzeR^® software. The handwriting of boys showed a significantly greater number of strokes and slanted more to the right than the handwriting of girls. Handwriting quality and speed significantly correlated with several process characteristics: the number of strokes, reaction time, duration, relative pen-down duration, average pen pressure, vertical size, horizontal size, road length, and average absolute velocity. This research contributes to the construction of normative values in the process characteristics of the handwriting of elementary school children and provides a promising step towards the early identification of difficulties that can lead to dysgraphia, thus preventing later difficulties in handwriting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child Psychomotricity: Development, Assessment, and Intervention)

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11 pages, 583 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of a First Aid Training Program for Young Children: A Systematic Review

by Eleana Tse, Katerina Plakitsi, Spyridon Voulgaris and George A. Alexiou

Children 2023, 10(3), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030431 - 23 Feb 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 10279

Abstract

Background: Many first aid programs have been conducted in schools, and researchers have identified that interventions improved students’ knowledge, skills, and attitude. This study examines the content, practices, and assessment of first aid interventions at primary schools and evaluates their effectiveness. Methods: A [...] Read more.

Background: Many first aid programs have been conducted in schools, and researchers have identified that interventions improved students’ knowledge, skills, and attitude. This study examines the content, practices, and assessment of first aid interventions at primary schools and evaluates their effectiveness. Methods: A systematic review was undertaken. We searched MEDLINE and Cochrane library databases from January 1990 to December 2021 using the search terms: ‘’first aid’’ AND ‘’primary school children’’. School-based first aid training targeting 6 to 10 years old studies in English were eligible for inclusion. Results: We included 11 studies that were approached by experimental (n = 6) and by observational studies (n = 5). Researchers conducted interventions in Europe (n = 9) and America (n = 2). An essential part of the teaching was hands-on practice. Most studies included in their program cardiopulmonary resuscitation (n = 8) and basic life support (n = 7). The main findings showed that trained children have significantly better knowledge of and skills in first aid than those before or without training. Children under 11 years old were not strong enough to achieve the proper depth of chest compressions. Depth of chest compressions correlates with children’s age, weight, height (n = 2), and body mass index (n = 3). Conclusions The effectiveness of resuscitative or non-resuscitative first-aid training for primary school children improved students’ knowledge and skills. Subsequent research could investigate children’s reactions in actual first aid conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Emergency Medicine & Intensive Care Medicine)

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25 pages, 492 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Food Allergies and Quality of Life among School-Aged Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review

by Artemis-Eirini Drakouli, Ioanna Kontele, Dimitrios Poulimeneas, Stella Saripanagiotou, Maria G. Grammatikopoulou, Theodoros N. Sergentanis and Tonia Vassilakou

Children 2023, 10(3), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030433 - 23 Feb 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5243

Abstract

Recently, besides the focus on the medical diagnosis and therapeutic interventions for food allergy (FA), the psychosocial aspects of this frequent condition have also been investigated. The current systematic review aimed to explore and synthesize the scientific evidence published from January 2015 to [...] Read more.

Recently, besides the focus on the medical diagnosis and therapeutic interventions for food allergy (FA), the psychosocial aspects of this frequent condition have also been investigated. The current systematic review aimed to explore and synthesize the scientific evidence published from January 2015 to April 2022 on Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) among children and adolescents with FAs. Twenty-eight research studies were included in the review, which was conducted on three databases (PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library). In most studies, the scores indicate an average level of HRQoL for children and adolescents with FAs, with girls and older children being more negatively affected than boys and younger ones, respectively. Few studies compared HRQoL between children with FA and healthy children, with 3 of them showing worse HRQoL for children with FAs. Immunotherapy has been found to improve the QoL of children with FAs. Anaphylaxis history, number of FAs, additional allergies, number and severity of symptoms were identified as the main factors with a negative impact on QoL. More comparative studies on the HRQoL of children and adolescents with FAs and healthy populations or children with other chronic diseases are required in order to improve QoL of children with FAs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in Pediatric Patients and Vulnerable Populations: Updates and Advances)

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15 pages, 316 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring the Opportunity to Use Virtual Reality for the Education of Children with Disabilities

by Ioana Bianca Chițu, Alina Simona Tecău, Cristinel Petrișor Constantin, Bianca Tescașiu, Tamara-Oana Brătucu, Gabriel Brătucu and Ioana-Mădălina Purcaru

Children 2023, 10(3), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030436 - 23 Feb 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 7876

Abstract

Inclusive education represents one of the most challenging aspects of modern education. In recent years, a major challenge in achieving inclusivity in education has been to find modern tools that might adapt the teaching process to the needs of children with disabilities. This [...] Read more.

Inclusive education represents one of the most challenging aspects of modern education. In recent years, a major challenge in achieving inclusivity in education has been to find modern tools that might adapt the teaching process to the needs of children with disabilities. This article investigates the possibility to use virtual reality (VR) technology to improve the learning process of children with disabilities. In this regard, a qualitative study based on the Focus Group method was conducted among 31 specialists who work with children with disabilities, with the aim of identifying potential opportunities and limits of using VR technology in the education of this category of children. The research results reveal that for most of the interviewees the VR application was a new experience; they appreciated that this technology could improve the educational process for children with disabilities and it could become a useful tool to support the education of such children. These results could have a positive impact on the activities carried out by policymakers, academia, and the economic environment in their efforts to implement policies aimed at improving the inclusive education system. To this end, some VR applications could be developed in a collaborative system involving IT companies and universities in the designing and implementation of these applications. Full article

15 pages, 417 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Mother-Baby Bond: Role of Past and Current Relationships

by Emanuela Bianciardi, Francesca Ongaretto, Alberto De Stefano, Alberto Siracusano and Cinzia Niolu

Children 2023, 10(3), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030421 - 22 Feb 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6784

Abstract

During the perinatal period, up to 25% of women experience difficulties in relating to their child. The mother-child bond promotes the transition to motherhood, protects the woman from depression, and protects the child from the intergenerational transmission of the disease. This study prospectively [...] Read more.

During the perinatal period, up to 25% of women experience difficulties in relating to their child. The mother-child bond promotes the transition to motherhood, protects the woman from depression, and protects the child from the intergenerational transmission of the disease. This study prospectively investigated if the relationship with the co-parent, the attachment style, and the bond that women had with their parents influenced the mother-fetus and then mother-child bond. We also explored the role of depression and anxiety. One hundred nineteen pregnant women were enrolled. We administered clinical interviews and psychometric tools. A telephone interview was conducted at 1, 3, and 6 months of follow-up. Maternal insecure attachment style (r = −0.253, p = 0.006) and women’s dyadic adjustment in the couple’s relationships (r = 0.182, p = 0.049) were correlated with lower maternal–fetal attachment. Insecure attachment styles and depression correlate with bottle-feeding rather than breastfeeding. The bond women had with their mothers, not their fathers, was associated with breastfeeding. Depression (OR = 0.243, p = 0.008) and anxiety (OR = 0.185, p = 0.004; OR = 0.304, p < 0.0001) were related to mother-infant bonding. Close relationships, past and present, affect the bond with the fetus and the child differently. Psychotherapy can provide reassuring and restorative intersubjective experiences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on Perinatal Depression and Child Developmental Disorders)

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15 pages, 1232 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Strategies to Aid Successful Transition of Adolescents with Congenital Heart Disease: A Systematic Review

by Pier Paolo Bassareo, Massimo Chessa, Giovanni Di Salvo, Kevin Patrick Walsh and Colin Joseph Mcmahon

Children 2023, 10(3), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030423 - 22 Feb 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3731

Abstract

The majority of patients born with congenital heart disease (CHD) need lifelong surveillance with serial clinical attendance and examinations. However, loss of follow-up (namely no documented follow-up for 3 years or more) is a recognised common problem since it is often related to [...] Read more.

The majority of patients born with congenital heart disease (CHD) need lifelong surveillance with serial clinical attendance and examinations. However, loss of follow-up (namely no documented follow-up for 3 years or more) is a recognised common problem since it is often related to remarkable worsening in the health of CHD patients with increased morbidity and mortality. Transitioning from paediatric to adult care has proven to be the most vulnerable point in the care of these subjects. As such, a systematic review was carried out to ask the following questions: What is the percentage of loss of follow-up worldwide? Are there regional fluctuations in the percentage? Is there a link between loss of follow-up and the complexity of CHD? What strategies should be employed to lower the risk of discontinuity in care? The most recent worldwide averaged loss of follow-up is 26.1%, with significant fluctuations across continents and countries. This percentage is even higher (31.9%) when one includes all untraceable patients, presuming that they are not having any cardiac follow-up. The highest discontinuity of care was reported in the USA and in patients with simple CHD. Planning the rules of transition seems to be one of the most reliable tools to minimise the number of CHD patients who are lost in transition. Recalling patients, with general practitioners who are crucial in readdressing half of the lost to follow-up CHD patients to adult CHD specialists, and a good relationship between paediatric cardiologists and the adult CHD team are two other valuable strategies in aiding successful transition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress of the Pediatric Cardiology: 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 1006 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Telerehabilitation-Based Structured Home Program on Activity, Participation and Goal Achievement in Preschool Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Triple-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial

by Sinem Asena Sel, Mintaze Kerem Günel, Sabri Erdem and Merve Tunçdemir

Children 2023, 10(3), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030424 - 22 Feb 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4058

Abstract

A home program is implemented as an evidence-based mode of delivering services for physiotherapy and rehabilitation. Telerehabilitation is a method applied in physiotherapy modalities for children. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of usual care plus a Telerehabilitation-Based Structured Home Program on [...] Read more.

A home program is implemented as an evidence-based mode of delivering services for physiotherapy and rehabilitation. Telerehabilitation is a method applied in physiotherapy modalities for children. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of usual care plus a Telerehabilitation-Based Structured Home Program on preschool children with cerebral palsy (CP) compared to usual care. Forty-three children aged 3–6 years (mean age 4.66 ± 1.08 years) with CP were randomly assigned to the Telerehabilitation-Based Structured Home Program and usual care groups. Their motor function was assessed with the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM); performance and satisfaction were evaluated with the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM); goal achievement was assessed with the Goal Attainment Scale (GAS); and activity and participation were evaluated with Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI). Participants were evaluated at baseline, immediately post-intervention (12 weeks) and at follow-up (24 weeks). There was a statistically significant difference between pre- and post-test GMFM, COPM, GAS and PEDI scores in the intervention and control groups (p < 0.001). The Telerehabilitation-Based Structured Home Program showed statistically significant changes in activity, participation and goal achievement after 12 weeks of intervention (p < 0.001). However, significant results were not obtained in the usual care group. The Telerehabilitation-Based Structured Home Program may be an effective method for preschool children with CP. (Registration number: NCT04807790; no = KA-20124/26.01.2021). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Neurology & Neurodevelopmental Disorders)

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12 pages, 457 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Improvement of Self-Esteem in Children with Specific Learning Disorders after Donkey-Assisted Therapy

by Francesco Corallo, Lilla Bonanno, Davide Cardile, Francesca Luvarà, Silvia Giliberto, Marcella Di Cara, Simona Leonardi, Angelo Quartarone, Giuseppe Rao and Alessandra Pidalà

Children 2023, 10(3), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030425 - 22 Feb 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3946

Abstract

Dyslexia is a learning disorder related to receptive language characterized by difficulties with decoding, fluent word recognition, automatic naming skills and/or reading comprehension skills. It usually leads to severe functional impairment and the permanent need for support and interventions. Since animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) [...] Read more.

Dyslexia is a learning disorder related to receptive language characterized by difficulties with decoding, fluent word recognition, automatic naming skills and/or reading comprehension skills. It usually leads to severe functional impairment and the permanent need for support and interventions. Since animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) have been found to improve physical, emotional, cognitive and/or social functioning in humans, the aim of this study is to demonstrate the effectiveness of onotherapy on children with SLD by improving self-esteem and school performance. Sixteen patients with a diagnosis of dyslexia were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: the first was a conventional neuropsychological group therapy without onotherapy, and the second was a neuropsychological group therapy incorporating AAIs with therapy donkeys. The neuropsychological assessment included the WISC-IV, DDE and the TMA test, which were administered before and after the treatment in both groups. The results of the experimental group show significant improvement in word reading test correctness (p = 0.03) and speed (p = 0.03), non-word reading test speed (p = 0.01), reading text test correctness (p = 0.05) and speed (p = 0.03), word writing test correctness (p = 0.01), non-word writing test correctness (p = 0.02), writing sentences with homophonic words correctness (p = 0.01), interpersonal TMA (p = 0.04) and the total TMA (p = 0.04), which were significative. On the other hand, in the control group, significant differences were found in word reading test speed (p = 0.01), non-word reading test speed (p = 0.04), reading text test speed (p = 0.02), writing word test correctness (p = 0.01), writing non-word test correctness (p = 0.01) and writing sentences with homophonic words (p = 0.01). However, in this group, we observed no significant difference in the esteem of children. Training associated with the donkeys determined improved scholastic performances as far as reading is concerned and a change in self-esteem. Therefore, we can state that AAIs for dyslexia could be a viable and effective option to enhance the rehabilitation process, increase self-esteem and improve cognitive functions and language skills recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Neurology & Neurodevelopmental Disorders)

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14 pages, 289 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Gaming Preferences and Personality among School Students

by Balan Rathakrishnan, Soon Singh Bikar Singh and Azizi Yahaya

Children 2023, 10(3), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030428 - 22 Feb 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 7463

Abstract

Gaming has vastly developed into numerous genres; nonetheless, most studies in the literature emphasize the violent genre only. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between personality and gaming preferences among school students. This study also aims to investigate the difference [...] Read more.

Gaming has vastly developed into numerous genres; nonetheless, most studies in the literature emphasize the violent genre only. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between personality and gaming preferences among school students. This study also aims to investigate the difference in the time spent on gaming based on gender. The third objective involves examining the differences in frequency in playing a video game based on age. The sample group comprised 420 school students aged between 12 and 17 years old, including hardcore and casual gamers. The online survey was conducted using Google Forms, and the participants were requested to answer the demographic questionnaire, Big Five Inventory, and Gaming Preferences Questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 software for general descriptive statistics. The results show that there was a significant relationship between gaming preferences role-playing game (RPG), combat, online, and music genres) and personality (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientious, neuroticism, and openness). The results also indicate a difference between gender and the number of hours spent on gaming, but no such difference existed between age and the frequency of playing games. From the psychological perspective, gaming preference is related to their personality and influences the behavior of children and overall health in daily life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Mental Health)

12 pages, 1075 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Associations between Force-Time Related Single-Leg Counter Movement Jump Variables, Agility, and Linear Sprint in Competitive Youth Male Basketball Players

by Ömer Pamuk, Yücel Makaracı, Levent Ceylan, Hamza Küçük, Tuba Kızılet, Tülay Ceylan and Erdi Kaya

Children 2023, 10(3), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030427 - 22 Feb 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5904

Abstract

Background: Previous research has reported a strong relationship between vertical jumping, sprinting, and agility, as a reflection of lower-limb power. Unilateral analysis of this relationship has not yet been explored. This study primarily investigated the associations between single-leg countermovement jump (CMJ), sprint, and [...] Read more.

Background: Previous research has reported a strong relationship between vertical jumping, sprinting, and agility, as a reflection of lower-limb power. Unilateral analysis of this relationship has not yet been explored. This study primarily investigated the associations between single-leg countermovement jump (CMJ), sprint, and agility performances in youth basketball players. Methods: Thirty-five male basketball players from the youth category (age 15.06 ± 2.62 years, n = 32 right-limb dominant; n = 3 left-limb dominant) performed single-leg CMJ, 20 m sprint, and T-drill agility tests over two sessions. Force–time-related performance variables were measured using a single-leg CMJ test on a Kistler force plate. Results: Significant moderate to large negative correlations were observed between single-leg CMJ variables, 20 m sprint, and T-drill agility, except for mean force for both dominant and non-dominant leg measures (r = −0.384 to −0.705). Mean power and mean force were correlated with the physical characteristics of the athletes for both legs (r = −0.389 to −0.843). Flight time and jump height were identified as the best predictor variables for both sprint and agility time in the stepwise model (R² = 0.608 to 0.660). No statistical inter-limb differences were found during the single-leg CMJ test (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The study findings suggest that youth basketball players with greater single-leg jump output most likely have better sprint and agility performances. Thus, trainers and athletic performance coaches may include unilateral limb exercises in their training programs to enhance lower-limb explosive performance and reduce limb asymmetries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Childhood Physical Activity and Health)

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12 pages, 5467 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effectiveness of an Oral Health Education Program Using a Smart Toothbrush with Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence Technology in Children

by Jihyun Lee, Taeyang Lee, Hoi-In Jung, Wonse Park and Je Seon Song

Children 2023, 10(3), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030429 - 22 Feb 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7089

Abstract

This randomized controlled trial aimed to educate patients and manage oral hygiene remotely via a smart toothbrush (ST) by using mobile applications and to improve oral hygiene and habits by evaluating the plaque state via images from a Q-ray cam, which is a [...] Read more.

This randomized controlled trial aimed to educate patients and manage oral hygiene remotely via a smart toothbrush (ST) by using mobile applications and to improve oral hygiene and habits by evaluating the plaque state via images from a Q-ray cam, which is a quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) digital imaging device. In total, 68 children (aged 6–12 years) were randomly divided into three groups. Group I was assigned an electro-toothbrush (ET), group II was assigned a smart toothbrush (ST), and group III used a manual toothbrush (MT). Each group used an assigned toothbrush and was checked after 1 and 3 months. Oral hygiene status was evaluated using the patient hygiene performance (PHP) index and fluorescent plaque index (FPI), which are presented in the QLF program. In addition, questionnaires on oral health behaviors and attitudes were also evaluated. There was a 0.24 decrease in the PHP index and a 1.40 decrease in the simple hygiene score three months later compared with the baseline in the ST group, with no significant difference between the three methods (p = 0.518, p = 0.626). Many group II participants said that ST helped with oral hygiene, and they were willing to use it continuously. In addition, all participants’ brushing times and attitudes toward oral hygiene improved after oral hygiene education using a Q-ray cam. Therefore, the use of STs provided good dental health education and a plaque-decreasing effect to children aged 6–12 years old. Furthermore, the QLF device can be used as a useful tool for maintaining good oral hygiene in children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Dentistry & Oral Medicine)

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17 pages, 867 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Evaluation of Individuals with Non-Syndromic Global Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability

by Rowim AlMutiri, Maisa Malta, Michael I. Shevell and Myriam Srour

Children 2023, 10(3), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030414 - 21 Feb 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6540

Abstract

Global Developmental Delay (GDD) and Intellectual Disability (ID) are two of the most common presentations encountered by physicians taking care of children. GDD/ID is classified into non-syndromic GDD/ID, where GDD/ID is the sole evident clinical feature, or syndromic GDD/ID, where there are additional [...] Read more.

Global Developmental Delay (GDD) and Intellectual Disability (ID) are two of the most common presentations encountered by physicians taking care of children. GDD/ID is classified into non-syndromic GDD/ID, where GDD/ID is the sole evident clinical feature, or syndromic GDD/ID, where there are additional clinical features or co-morbidities present. Careful evaluation of children with GDD and ID, starting with detailed history followed by a thorough examination, remain the cornerstone for etiologic diagnosis. However, when initial history and examination fail to identify a probable underlying etiology, further genetic testing is warranted. In recent years, genetic testing has been shown to be the single most important diagnostic modality for clinicians evaluating children with non-syndromic GDD/ID. In this review, we discuss different genetic testing currently available, review common underlying copy-number variants and molecular pathways, explore the recent evidence and recommendations for genetic evaluation and discuss an approach to the diagnosis and management of children with non-syndromic GDD and ID. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diagnosis in Children with Developmental Delay)

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14 pages, 462 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Efficacy of a Task-Oriented Intervention for Children with a Dual Diagnosis of Specific Learning Disabilities and Developmental Coordination Disorder: A Pilot Study

by Eugène A. A. Rameckers, Roche Crafford, Gillian Ferguson and Bouwien C. M. Smits Engelsman

Children 2023, 10(3), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030415 - 21 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6141

Abstract

Background: Task-oriented approaches are recommended for children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) to address deficits in motor performance and reduce activity limitations. Although this approach is used in several settings, the efficacy of these approaches in children with in dual-diagnosis of specific learning [...] Read more.

Background: Task-oriented approaches are recommended for children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) to address deficits in motor performance and reduce activity limitations. Although this approach is used in several settings, the efficacy of these approaches in children with in dual-diagnosis of specific learning disabilities (SLD) and DCD is less widely known. This study aims to determine the effect of a group-based intervention based on neuromotor task training (NTT) principles on the motor performance of children aged 6–10 years with SLD/DCD. Methods: A pre-post-test controlled study design was conducted in children with a primary diagnosis of specific learning disabilities (SLD). DCD status was confirmed based on clinical assessment. Children scoring ≤16th percentile on the Motor Assessment Battery for Children 2nd Edition (MABC-2), who also presented with a functional motor problem, according to the MABC checklist were considered as having DCD. Children were allocated to the NTT intervention group based on teachers’ perceived notion of need and received two 45–60 min training sessions per week for nine weeks. Children allocated to the usual care (UC) group, received their planned occupational therapy and physical education. The MABC-2 was used to assess changes in motor performance. Outcome and Results: Our numbers confirm that it is crucial to identify the presence of motor coordination difficulties in children who have been diagnosed with SLD. A task-oriented training program based on NTT principles, presented in small groups, has a positive effect on the motor performance in learners with neurodevelopmental disorders and this effect was larger than in the usual care group. Conclusion and Implications: Although using a small group format in children with multiple neurodevelopmental disorders may be challenging for the therapists, it may be a way of delivering services to children in schools for special education. What this paper adds: Children with DCD plus LSD show improvement in their motor skills by performing group-based NTT in the school environment. Group-based NTT shows a significant improvement in the TSS score of the MABC-2 compared to usual care. Children with DCD plus SLD show equal effect sizes after NTT intervention as DCD without SLD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rehabilitation of Children with Disabilities)

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16 pages, 340 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Work as a Social Determinant of Health in Mother’s Own Milk Feeding Decisions for Preterm Infants: A State of the Science Review

by Tricia J. Johnson, Paula P. Meier, Daniel T. Robinson, Sumihiro Suzuki, Suhagi Kadakia, Andrew N. Garman and Aloka L. Patel

Children 2023, 10(3), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030416 - 21 Feb 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2558

Abstract

In the United States, 10% of infants are born preterm (PT; <37 weeks gestational age) each year and are at higher risk of complications compared to full term infants. The burden of PT birth is borne disproportionately by Black versus non-Black families, with [...] Read more.

In the United States, 10% of infants are born preterm (PT; <37 weeks gestational age) each year and are at higher risk of complications compared to full term infants. The burden of PT birth is borne disproportionately by Black versus non-Black families, with Black mothers significantly more likely to give birth to a PT infant. One proven strategy to improve short- and long-term health outcomes in PT infants is to feed mother’s own milk (MOM; breast milk from the mother). However, mothers must make decisions about work and MOM provision following PT birth, and more time spent in paid work may reduce time spent in unpaid activities, including MOM provision. Non-Black PT infants are substantially more likely than Black PT infants to receive MOM during the birth hospitalization, and this disparity is likely to be influenced by the complex decisions mothers of PT infants make about allocating their time between paid and unpaid work. Work is a social determinant of health that provides a source of income and health insurance coverage, and at the same time, has been shown to create disparities through poorer job quality, lower earnings, and more precarious employment in racial and ethnic minority populations. However, little is known about the relationship between work and disparities in MOM provision by mothers of PT infants. This State of the Science review synthesizes the literature on paid and unpaid work and MOM provision, including: (1) the complex decisions that mothers of PT infants make about returning to work, (2) racial and ethnic disparities in paid and unpaid workloads of mothers, and (3) the relationship between components of job quality and duration of MOM provision. Important gaps in the literature and opportunities for future research are summarized, including the generalizability of findings to other countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Disparities in Maternal and Infant Health Outcomes)

11 pages, 421 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Neuroactive Amino Acid Profile in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Results from a Clinical Sample

by Martina Randazzo, Adriana Prato, MariaAnna Messina, Concetta Meli, Antonino Casabona, Renata Rizzo and Rita Barone

Children 2023, 10(2), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020412 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5167

Abstract

Biological bases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) include both genetic and epigenetic causes. Patients with ASD show anomalies in the profile of certain plasma amino acids, including neuroactive amino acids. Monitoring plasma amino acids may be relevant for patient care and interventions. We [...] Read more.

Biological bases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) include both genetic and epigenetic causes. Patients with ASD show anomalies in the profile of certain plasma amino acids, including neuroactive amino acids. Monitoring plasma amino acids may be relevant for patient care and interventions. We evaluated the plasma amino acid profile in samples extracted from dry blood spots by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Fourteen amino acids and eleven amino acid ratios were examined in patients with ASD and intellectual disability (ID), and neurotypical control subjects (TD). The amino acid profile in the ASD group showed reduced levels of ornithine (p = 0.008), phenylalanine (p = 0.042) and tyrosine (p = 0.013). The statistically significant amino acid ratios were Leu+Val/Phe+Tyr (p = 0.002), Tyr/Leu (p = 0.007) and Val/Phe (p = 0.028), such differences remaining significant only in the comparison between ASD and TD. Finally, a positive correlation emerged between the score of the restricted and repetitive behavior on ADOS-2 and the citrulline levels in the ASD group (p = 0.0047). To conclude, patients with ASD may show a distinguishable metabolic profile useful for studying their metabolic pathways in order to develop screening tests and targeted therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Autism Research: Diagnosis, Treatment and Best Practices)

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12 pages, 825 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of the Treatment of Severe Early Childhood Caries on Growth-Development and Quality of Life

by Ecenur Eyisoy Bagis, Sera Simsek Derelioglu, Fatih Sengül and Sinan Yılmaz

Children 2023, 10(2), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020411 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4232

Abstract

Purpose: Untreated early childhood caries (ECC) adversely affect children’s quality of life. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of ECC on growth, development, and quality of life. Design and Methods: A total of 95 children were divided into three groups: general anesthesia [...] Read more.

Purpose: Untreated early childhood caries (ECC) adversely affect children’s quality of life. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of ECC on growth, development, and quality of life. Design and Methods: A total of 95 children were divided into three groups: general anesthesia (GA) (n = 31), dental clinic (DC) (n = 31), and control (n = 33). ECOHIS was applied to the parents in the GA and DC groups during a pre-treatment period and also applied in the post-treatment in the first and sixth months. Height, weight, and BMI measurements of the children in the study groups were taken and recorded at the pre-treatment stage and in the post-treatment in the first and sixth months. However, for the control group, these measurements were made just at the baseline and in the sixth month. Results: Upon the treatment of ECC, the total ECOHIS score significantly decreased (p < 0.001) in both groups in the following first month, whereas the scores of the children in the GA group reached a similar level to the DC group at the end of the sixth month. Following treatment, the weight and height of the children with ECC who initially had significantly lower BMI percentiles than the control group (p = 0.008) were observed to increase and, thus, they reached a similar BMI percentile value to the control group in the sixth month. Conclusions: The results of our study revealed that development and growth deficiencies in the children with ECC could be reversed rapidly by dental treatments and, thus, their quality of life would increase. The importance of treating ECC was revealed since treating ECC had positive effects both on the children’s growth and development and on the quality of life of the children and their parents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Pediatric Health)

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10 pages, 1137 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Postnatal Outcomes of Fetuses with Prenatal Diagnosis of 6–9.9 mm Pyelectasis

by Sivan Farladansky-Gershnabel, Hadar Gluska, Segev Meyer, Maya Sharon-Weiner, Hanoch Schreiber, Shmuel Arnon and Ofer Markovitch

Children 2023, 10(2), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020407 - 19 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 8873

Abstract

Pyelectasis, also known as renal pelvic dilatation or hydronephrosis, is frequently found on fetal ultrasound. This study correlated prenatally-detected, moderate pyelectasis with postnatal outcomes. This retrospective, observational study was conducted at a tertiary medical center in Israel. The study group consisted of 54 [...] Read more.

Pyelectasis, also known as renal pelvic dilatation or hydronephrosis, is frequently found on fetal ultrasound. This study correlated prenatally-detected, moderate pyelectasis with postnatal outcomes. This retrospective, observational study was conducted at a tertiary medical center in Israel. The study group consisted of 54 fetuses with prenatal diagnosis of pyelectasis on ultrasound scan during the second trimester, defined as anteroposterior renal pelvic diameter (APRPD) 6–9.9 mm. Long-term postnatal outcomes and renal-related sequelae were obtained using medical records and telephone-based questionnaires. The control group included 98 cases with APRPD < 6 mm. Results indicate that fetal pyelectasis 6–9.9 mm was more frequent among males (68.5%) than females (51%, p = 0.034). We did not find significant correlations between 6–9.9 mm pyelectasis and other anomalies or chromosomal/genetic disorders. Pyelectasis resolved during the pregnancy in 15/54 (27.8%) cases. There was no change in 17/54 (31.5%) and 22/54 (40.7%) progressed to hydronephrosis Among the study group, 25/54 (46.3%) were diagnosed with neonatal hydronephrosis. There were more cases of renal reflux or renal obstruction in the study group compared to the control group 8/54 (14.8%) vs. 1/98 (1.0%), respectively; p = 0.002. In conclusion, most cases of 6–9.9 mm pyelectasis remained stable or resolved spontaneously during pregnancy. There was a higher rate of postnatal renal reflux and renal obstruction in this group; however, most did not require surgical intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Healthcare for Neonates Volume II)

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14 pages, 1078 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Peer Support and Exercise Adherence in Adolescents: The Chain-Mediated Effects of Self-Efficacy and Self-Regulation

by Yuxin Zou, Shijie Liu, Shuangshuang Guo, Qiuhao Zhao and Yujun Cai

Children 2023, 10(2), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020401 - 18 Feb 2023

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 9727

Abstract

In the context of exercise psychology, the mediating relationship between peer support, self-efficacy and self-regulation, and adolescents’ exercise adherence was to be explored. Methods: A questionnaire was distributed among 2200 teenagers from twelve middle schools in Shanghai. The “process” program in SPSS and [...] Read more.

In the context of exercise psychology, the mediating relationship between peer support, self-efficacy and self-regulation, and adolescents’ exercise adherence was to be explored. Methods: A questionnaire was distributed among 2200 teenagers from twelve middle schools in Shanghai. The “process” program in SPSS and the bootstrap method were applied to construct and analyze the direct and indirect effects of peer support on adolescents’ exercise adherence. Results: Peer support directly affected adolescents’ exercise adherence (β = 0.135, p < 0.001, effect size of 59%) and self-efficacy (β = 0.493, p < 0.001, effect size accounted for 42%), and self-regulation (β = −0.184, p < 0.001, effect size of 11%) influenced exercise adherence indirectly. In addition, self-efficacy and self-regulation could impose a chain-mediated effect on peer support and exercise adherence (effect size of 6%). Conclusion: Peer support could promote adolescents’ exercise adherence. Self-efficacy and self-regulation are mediating factors of peer support on exercise adherence in teenagers, self-regulation as well as self-efficacy-imposed chain-mediating effects on peer support and adolescents’ exercise adherence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Education, Physical Activity, and Health Education in Children and Adolescents)

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17 pages, 395 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Current Worldwide Trends in Pediatric Helicobacter pylori Antimicrobial Resistance

by Reka Borka Balas, Lorena Elena Meliț and Cristina Oana Mărginean

Children 2023, 10(2), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020403 - 18 Feb 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3488

Abstract

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has acquired several resistance mechanisms in order to escape the currently used eradication regimens such as mutations that impair the replication, recombination, and transcription of DNA; the antibiotics capability to interact with protein synthesis and ribosomal activity; [...] Read more.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has acquired several resistance mechanisms in order to escape the currently used eradication regimens such as mutations that impair the replication, recombination, and transcription of DNA; the antibiotics capability to interact with protein synthesis and ribosomal activity; the adequate redox state of bacterial cells; or the penicillin-binding proteins. The aim of this review was to identify the differences in pediatric H. pylori antimicrobial-resistance trends between continents and countries of the same continent. In Asian pediatric patients, the greatest antimicrobial resistance was found to metronidazole (>50%), probably due to its wide use for parasitic infections. Aside from the increased resistance to metronidazole, the reports from different Asian countries indicated also high resistance rates to clarithromycin, suggesting that ciprofloxacin-based eradication therapy and bismuth-based quadruple therapy might be optimal choices for the eradication of H. pylori in Asian pediatric population. The scarce evidence for America revealed that H. pylori strains display an increased resistance to clarithromycin (up to 79.6%), but not all studies agreed on this statement. Pediatric patients from Africa also presented the greatest resistance rate to metronidazole (91%), but the results in terms of amoxicillin remain contradictory. Nevertheless, the lowest resistance rates in most of the African studies were found for quinolones. Among European children, the most frequent antimicrobial resistance was also noticed for metronidazole and clarithromycin (up to 59% and 45%) but with a predominance for clarithromycin as compared to other continents. The differences in antibiotic use among continents and countries worldwide is clearly responsible for the discrepancies regarding H. pylori antimicrobial-resistance patterns, emphasizing the crucial role of global judicious antibiotic use in order to control the increasing resistance rates worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Childhood Helicobacter pylori Infection: Treatment and Prevention)

10 pages, 241 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Anorectal Malformations: Ideal Surgery Timing to Reduce Incontinence and Optimize QoL

by Gloria Pelizzo, Carlotta Paola Maria Canonica, Francesca Destro, Milena Meroni, Dario Rizzo, Lorena Canazza, Giorgio Giuseppe Orlando Selvaggio, Eleonora Durante, Gianvincenzo Zuccotti and Valeria Calcaterra

Children 2023, 10(2), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020404 - 18 Feb 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3813

Abstract

Anorectal malformations (ARMs) are rare and involve a wide spectrum of malformations. Prenatal diagnosis is often incomplete, and the diagnostic pathway is started during the newborn period to identify the type of malformation and the correct treatment. This retrospective study included patients between [...] Read more.

Anorectal malformations (ARMs) are rare and involve a wide spectrum of malformations. Prenatal diagnosis is often incomplete, and the diagnostic pathway is started during the newborn period to identify the type of malformation and the correct treatment. This retrospective study included patients between 8 and 18 y.o. diagnosed with ARM, referring to Our Clinic. We proposed two questionnaires, Rintala Bowel Function Score and the Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale, and we defined four groups referring to surgical timing (age in months < 3, 3–6, 6–9, >9). In total, 74 patients were recruited (mean age 13.05 ± 2.80 y.o.), and data analysis showed a significant relationship between comorbidity and surgical timing. Moreover, timing was related to outcome in terms of fecal continence (better if surgery performed before 3 months) and Quality of Life (QoL). QoL, however, is influenced by other factors (emotional and social life, psychological sphere and take of care of chronic disease). We considered rehabilitation programs, more often practiced by children who underwent surgery after 9 months, to maintain an appropriate relational life. This study highlights the importance of surgical timing as the first step of a multidisciplinary follow-up, taking care of the child in every phase of his growth, tailored to the single patient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Surgery)

14 pages, 872 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Cystathionine Beta-Synthase Deficiency: Three Consecutive Cases Detected in 40 Days by Newborn Screening in Emilia Romagna (Italy) and a Comprehensive Review of the Literature

by Egidio Candela, Michele Zagariello, Valeria Di Natale, Rita Ortolano, Francesca Righetti, Valentina Assirelli, Giacomo Biasucci, Alessandra Cassio, Andrea Pession and Federico Baronio

Children 2023, 10(2), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020396 - 17 Feb 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3578

Abstract

Cysthiatonine beta-synthase (CBS) deficiency (CBSD) is an autosomal recessive rare disorder caused by variations on CBS that leads to impaired conversion of homocysteine (Hcy) to cystathionine. Marked hyperhomocysteinemia is the hallmark of the disease. The administration of pyridoxine, the natural cofactor of CBS, [...] Read more.

Cysthiatonine beta-synthase (CBS) deficiency (CBSD) is an autosomal recessive rare disorder caused by variations on CBS that leads to impaired conversion of homocysteine (Hcy) to cystathionine. Marked hyperhomocysteinemia is the hallmark of the disease. The administration of pyridoxine, the natural cofactor of CBS, may reduce total plasma Hcy. Patient phenotype is classified on pyridoxine responsivity in two groups: pyridoxine-responsive and non-responsive patients. Ectopia lentis, bone deformities, developmental delay, and thromboembolism are the classic signs and symptoms of the disease. Early diagnosis and treatment impact patients’ natural history. Therapy aims to lower promptly and maintain Hcy concentrations below 100 μmol/L. Depending on the patient’s phenotype, the treatment goals could be obtained by the administration of pyridoxine and/or betaine associated with a methionine-restricted diet. CBSD could be diagnosed in the early days of life by expanded newborn screening (ENS), however, the risk of false negative results is not negligible. In Emilia-Romagna (Italy), during the first 10 years of screening experience, only three cases of CBSD identified have been diagnosed, all in the last two years (incidence 1:118,000 live births). We present the cases and a comprehensive review of the literature to emphasize the role of ENS for early diagnosis of CBSD and its potential pitfalls, reiterating the need for a more effective method to screen for CBSD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Neonatology)

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11 pages, 1321 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effectiveness of the Schroth Best Practice Program and Chêneau-Type Brace Treatment in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Long-Term Follow-Up Evaluation Results

by Tuğba Kuru Çolak, Burçin Akçay, Adnan Apti and İlker Çolak

Children 2023, 10(2), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020386 - 16 Feb 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 8171

Abstract

Background: Although the number of studies showing the efficacy of conservative treatment in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis has increased, studies with long-term follow-up are very limited. The aim of this study was to present the long-term effects of a conservative management method including exercise [...] Read more.

Background: Although the number of studies showing the efficacy of conservative treatment in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis has increased, studies with long-term follow-up are very limited. The aim of this study was to present the long-term effects of a conservative management method including exercise and brace in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients with idiopathic scoliosis who presented at our department and were followed up for at least 2 years after completing the treatment. The main outcome measurements were the Cobb angle and angle of trunk rotation (ATR). Results: The cohort participants were 90.4% female, with a mean age of 11 years and the maximum Cobb angle was mean 32.1°. The mean post-treatment follow-up period was 27.8 months (range 24–71 months). The improvements after treatment in mean maximum Cobb angle (p < 0.001) and ATR (p = 0.001) were statistically significant. At the end of treatment, the maximum Cobb angle was improved in 88.1% of the patients and worsened in 11.9% compared to baseline. In the long-term follow-up evaluations, 83.3% of the curvatures remained stable. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that moderate idiopathic scoliosis in growing adolescents can be successfully halted with appropriate conservative treatment and that long-term improvement is largely maintained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Neurology & Neurodevelopmental Disorders)

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